1 Referred to [1]

https://sersc.org/journals/index.php/IJFGCN/article/download/28434/15767/

In this study, the researchers have fabricated the shell and tube heat exchanger with choosing the
materials on the essential goal of improving the heat transfer effectiveness for brewery applications.
Closer baffle spacing improves the heat transfer rate of heat exchanger by inducing higher turbulence.
He used highly thermal conductive materials for tubes for proper heat transfer. Effectiveness of heat
exchanger depend upon turbulence provided. It has great advantages of pressures and pressure drops
can be varied over a wide range, thermal stresses can be obliged cheaply. Cleaning and repair are
relatively easy. A 3D (CFD) technique was used for numerical analysis and manufacturing design and
done other analytical Calculations of heat exchanger for dimensioning. The conventional methods like
and Kern methods were used for theoretical calculations. Moreover also done the costing and bill of
highly thermal conductive materials for enhancing of heat transfer rate.

2 Referred to [2]
https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=102233

In this research, shell and tube heat exchanger is designed for obtaining the outlet temperatures of
the hot and cold fluids by using analytical solution and shell and tube exchanger system analyzed
through the concepts of efficiency, effectiveness ( ε-NTU), and irreversibility. Ethylene glycol and water as
the base fluid and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles in suspension consists in nanofluid of cold
water flowing in the tube and volume fractions of nanoparticles range from 0.1 to 0.5. Results were
obtained graphically by making graph of Reynolds number versus mass flow rate in the shell, efficiency
versus Reynolds number in the shell, effectiveness versus Reynolds number in the shell, irreversibility
versus Reynolds number in the shell, heat Transfer rate (QActual) versus Reynolds number in the Shell,
heat Transfer rate (QMax) versus Reynolds number in the Shell, Outlet temperature of the cold fluid
versus Reynolds number in the shell and Outlet temperature of the hot fluid versus Reynolds number in
the shell. This research concludes that it is not enough to have high effectiveness, which represents a
more rate of heat exchange if the efficiency is low, when result is the smallest possible outlet
temperature. When process is efficient and effective, the most accurate result for the hot fluid outlet
temperature occurs. Flow laminar effect was also observed through the results and obtained results had
significant relevance.