Brigham Young University

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Theses and Dissertations

1985

Mormons, LDS Theology and the Nuclear Dilemma

Michael Henry Ballow
Brigham Young University - Provo

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Ballow, Michael Henry, "Mormons, LDS Theology and the Nuclear Dilemma" (1985). Theses and
Dissertations. 4498.
https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4498

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D
10
mrmuns
cormons
wor
Mr
mormons
hormons
Mor muns LDS theology and the nuclear dilemma

A thesis
presented tu
to the
david M kennedy center
fur international stjdies
for stidies
studies
brigham young university

in partial fjifiliment
filfillment
fulfillment
for the degree
of the requirements eom
master of arts

by

michael henry bali

ball
bailoww
ballow
june 1985
 this thesis by henry ballow
henr
michael hene is accepted in its

studies
fr
present form
foum

of
Tn by

brigham
the david
yang
yong
yung
M kennedy center for
international
yjng university as satisfying the thesis
fur

fr
requirement fforr the degree of master vf arts

stawa
slama taylor
atawa
slawa cummktt ee memder
member

qlu
alu
daelee
da
5 rge PC
ay C H department chairman

11
 acknwledgements
acknowledgements
Acknowledge ments

to
tu my knowledge little study has been done qf
aff the word
humility we make die with the standard
due line of thinking which
notates
nutates anything
connotates
connutates
con fra the kind of pride that goeth before a

fall to its equally irritating extreme false modesty we can

never quite get the proper balance two points may be f sume
sme
some

wurth
worth
every since becoming a member chirch uf
f the church
E af jesus christ
of latter day saint 1I have been reminded that there is nothing
truly new the psalmist said it a different way Is there ary
thing whereof it may be said see this is new it hath been
already f uld time which was before us
is
moreover under this definition uf
there is nothing ander aff new

aff independent discovery tu the exclusion of

which is uf thers
all others
in other words nothing exists in vacuo all discoveries new

ideas qr
ar knowledge are interrelated and interdependent experi-
ences likewise 1I could nut have completed this study without
withuit
if numerous people
the help of my thesis committee chairman ray
pay
rav
hilliam phillip flammer who
wh encouraged me when 1I needed it
donna parker who showed genuine interest and reminded me f
cc asins when friends and colleagues said
deadlines countless vccaslons
just the right thing in the right way my mother who kept the
faith and my fae
father
fal1 her whose character 1I wanted tu exemplify

dedicated tu the memory off my father

lil
ili
ill
lii
 table of contents

acknwledgements
acknowledgements
Acknowledge ments iii
introduction 1I

section 1I LDS cncep6

theology concepts
1 s and beliefs

priesthood
free agency Priest huld
huud and pacifism 3

if
law of muses
moses and the gospel of jesis
jesjs
cesis christ 6

a israel gods agent

as q

tv humble israel and gl

b to rify god
glorify
rafy 10
doctrine
duct rine covenants section 98
& 19
the role of hegira 24
24.24

the principle ofaf stewardship

uf 26
the 12th article off faith 30
the principle off cqntinjuus
continjous
continuous revelation 35
D cunclasi
doctrinal summary and conclusionan ap
3p
.33

a the linear interpretation 45

45.45

II
section 11 LDSselective pacifism and
US military policies

nventinal
nuclear and Cconventional weaponry 54
a mirved
midved warheads 51
5 1

b missile accuracy
accjracy
11cciracy 58
c command control
communication and intelligence
commjnication
conunanicatiqn aq
5q
5

d
niclear
between nuclear
Distinct
blurring off the distinction in
and conventional wearunr
weaoonrv rz62
62.62

1In detectability
e Tn ga64
64.64

f shortened interaction time

and computer assisted nuclear war 69
65
65.65
g ABMs and star wars .66

h Sib marine warfare

submarine 68
military and government leadership
eader ship 0

IV
 ili where are all the
section 111
III murmon
mormon pacifists
Paci fists

authority and obedience 75

75.75
a the appearance of
endorsement by church leaders 78
b the appearance off doctrinal endorsement 80
80.80
c church endorsement through its departments 84
84.84
d LDS societal and Cal tarai
taral
cultural
cai pressures
Pres sires 92
92.92
just war jjstiftable defense
jistifiable
theory and LDS justifiable 103
a just war theory
thery and nuclear war 104
1 jus ad belljm
bellan
bellzn 104
104
.104
2 jas bell
beli
in belio
bello log
106
.106
b LDS justifiable defense
just war theory and nuclear war 108

fatalism and armageddon 111

ecology applied stewardship 117
personal alienation 124
.124

a alienation and semantics 124

assigning collective guilt
b 126
issie is Bey
c the issue nd ones control
beyond 127
employment in the utah
military industrial Ckcomplex
implex 132
132
.132

cvnclasln
conclusion 138

bibliography 149

v
o-
c-

introduction

members of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints

are more conspicuous and influential in the united states than
ever before this year 1985 in parti
partl
particular
cilar there is an unprece-
dented number of individjals public ally refer t themselves as
individuals who publically
1I
active mvrmqns
cormons
mormons jr
or grund
background
cume from a mormon back
come whether it be
as miss america an olympic gold
guld medalist or the first american
senat jr in space
senator latter day saints and the values they represent
are in the news
often within the same news broadcast ne hears as well of
vf
the threat of an american military confrontation some where in the
somewhere
sume

world a new weapon or an expansion

expansiqn of an old
oid
ld an increase in the
defense budget or a new chapter in the oid
clidld
old
oid war events and
viewpoints which frequently base their arg
argument
aro ament on
kin
kun the need t
return tj valies of
the values a patriQ tic and militarily strong
patriotic strino america
ur peace through strength
or
at least two hae noted the connection between this
writers have
emerging supposedly traditional america and the new visibility off
2
the cormons
mormons
mormuns
Mor muns
mons ip
As up and coming role models members of the LHS
drs

irobert
arobert
robert gottlleb peter wiley americas saints
& new Yyrk
qrk
erk
ork
putnams
pitnams
Putna ms sons
GP putnamsr suns 1984 8790
ap 87
pp 90 119

2ibid
bibid
ibid ap
pp 6566

1
 2

ar and peace are

chjrcn and their attitudes towards issues uof nar
dar L

coming increase
cuming
becoming
be increasingly
creas angly
increas
in ngly responsible for
fur the future direct
direction
lon of the
iun
lun
US and the way in which aane rican
american
Aine society con itsel
ducts itsell
conducts
cun

the object of my tu identify LDS beliefs relating

thesis is to
tff settling disputes and examine how these b-
tc war as a means tof
to
tu gar
eliefs conform to our
lar
lor present american defense strategy 1I assert

althojgh
althuagh
that although mormon philosophy allt
allows for several responses tu
fur
ws fum to
conflict only two selective and absulite
absulite pacifism are of any

application to the modern american latter day saint recent

advancements in njclear
niclear
nuclear armaments hu wever have weakened the case
however
of the selective pacifist leaving only the absuljtist
absoutist interpre-
absolutist
tablon despite this development hw
tation
tabion evec
however volce of pacifism
ever the voice
in the LDS chjrch cunspicjjsly small my thesis will
charch remains conspicjojsly
church
tu explain
attempt to why

accordingly thesis is divided into three parts

my

section 7 entitled LDS Theu

T
theo lugy concepts and beliefs is an
theology
dogy

explanation of duct zines and principles relating to

doctrines
rines tu methods auf
0f

conflict management as exist in LDS teachings sectiun

section 11
II LDS
TI

selective pacifism and US military ouli elides

doil cles applies these LS
oulicies
cies r 9

cjrrent
beliefs tou the carrent
cirrent US military post jrp
postjrp
pksturp and finally sec-

ili where are all the lormon pacifists

III
IN
tion 111 Paci fists examines the
position
causes behind the minority pusil
liun
busil
e lon of
f pacifism amna latter dav
among
amno

saints
 section 1I LDS theology
theo
Theu lugy
iggy concepts
cuncepts and beliefs

LDS attitjdes
atti
attl
attitides
attitudes
tides
bides regarding conflict management are derived frum
from

bat interrelating suur

eight separate bae
bit sources
sour ces a rinciple
orn
ornciple
onn
principle
rin ciple of
orm
the nin
nln

free agency b the law of moses

muses c the gospel of jesus christ
d defensible warfare as delineated in Duc
doc trine cove
ductrine
doctrine covenants
Cuve nants &

section 98 e the role

rule
roie of mi ration f the principle of steward-
migration
ship g the twelfth faith of the LDS chjrcn
article of chirca
chircn and

finally h cntinajs revelation

the principle of continjojs

priesthood
free agency Priest hood
huud
houd and
ans pacifism

often the first express

expression nun mormon learns ii utah
lon a non
iun
ion
free agency is defined as the ability and freedom tto choose
chouse
3
gudd or
gu
good
god ur evil it is an eternal principle and crjcial
cricial in
uricial
enabling man to undergo the testing which is an essential part of
tu jndergo
undergu
murta
morta lity
mortality indeed according to
tu mormon theology
murnon the logy original
the ori
orl
uri ginal
conflict between christ and satan was tu preserve
to oreserve
ore serve this freedom of
choice in grden
orden fop
order fur free agency tu
for to exist a laws must exist b

opposition must
mist exist c a knowledge of good and evil must exist
4
and d jnfettered
fettered
infettered
unfettered
jn
inan power mst prevail
of choice must this
L

belief in an jnfettered
fettered agency is translated into cun
infettered
unfettered
jn
in crete
concrete forms

sbrice
3brice
brjce
brace R onkie
unkie
onkle
mcconkle
mcconkie
McC Duc trine
doctrine
mormon doc salt lake city
ity boo-
kcraft inc 1966 p 2

bibid
4ibid
bid
3
 4

of behavior and finds its best reflection in LDS scripture

scrip tire
prescribing the rights of the governing of the
body of LDS chirch
charch
church
the priesthood
priesthood
for latter day saints the Priest haz is both the govern-
hAA

te chirch
organization of the
mental corganization church as well as the spirit jal
jai
spiritual
ial
authority to act in gods name the rights of the priesthood
spint jai
spirit jal powers of heaven and are to
spintjal
spiritial
are connected to the spiritual
ial
ual be

anly upon
maintained only
unly the principles of righteousness
that they nferred
inferred
conferred upon us
may be cl it is trie bit
when we inder take to cover our sin or to gratify our
undertake oor
pride gar
oar
lar vain ambition or
or to exercise control or
ur
opon the soils of the children
dominion or compulsion upon
of men in any degree of unrighteuisness
unrighteousness behold the
heavens withdraw themselves the spirit of the lord is
grieved and when it is withdrawn amen 5
to the priesth-
aithurity
authority
ood or the aithur ity of that man
under this injunction
no power or influence can or ought to be maintained by
virtue of the priesthood only by persuasion by long
suffering by gentleness and meekness and by love
unfeigned
by kindness and pure knowledge which shall greatly 6
gille
enlarge the soil without hypocrisy and without guile

accordingly then any means which endeavors to psych-

ologically or physically compel another persons thought or
or

action would be considered anathema to the latter day saints and

hence come the warnings from LDS leaders against comman

commin
communism
Cummin ism

athe
5the
the Euc if the church of jesus christ of
trine and covenants of
doctrine
latter day saints salt lake city 1973 edition section 12137
hereafter cited as 0 & C

6tbid
ibid section 121 41 42 hereafter all enbolded text is
mine unless otherwise indicated
 5
7
socialism and the evils of the dole alcoholism etc death
or the threat of death would of course be the ultimate form such
soch
cumpjlsln could take
compjision
As defined by webster pacifism tu war orr
is opposition to
3
violence as a means if
of settling disputes this word
w rd is used in
a variety of ways but all usage falls into two ddivisions
sigs
slos

absolute or qualified pacifism absolute is the given nurm

norm
9
15
while qualified includes any exception to this norm

since christ himself maintained that angry thoughts were a

10
form of violence nut argue
and few would not that th ughts precede
thoughts
ughes

actions pacifism in a mormon context wj ld define as violent

would
any action including its preceding thought which seeks to
tu
compel a pecson tu think or act against their
person orr group of people to
will this is the foundation or norn
norm for
fur LDS pacifism
although the doctrine of free agency certainly
certalnl establishes
an attitude or
ur mindset
mindret QE nonviolence
of non
nun violence it does not
nut
nob all
ali
ail
answer 311
questions with its emphasis on
sins ur
our
oum lar
our
lam jr pride
gur
our p ide

vain ambition if the priesthood free agency

and by virtue of

as exemplified in priesthood teachings must

most clearly explains
what latter day saints may do nob do to their fellow
or not
nut man

sbrice
7brice
bruce R onkie
unkie
onkle
mcconkle
mcconkie
McC mormon doctrine salt city
lake ciby bogk
ruuk
book
craft inc 1966 pp ap 151 207
0
8websters
websters ninth new collegiate dictionary
dictlunary springfield
mass merriam webster inc 1984 p 845
9anut
9nut
not surprisingly
noc the argument over the subtle nuances off
defining absolute pacifism often reach talmudic proportions in
the ngn amun world and are at any rate superfluous to
non Mnormon
mormon
rmun
rmon
hormon tu the
af this study
confines of
uf
10
52122
521.22
matthew 52122 also refer to McC onkle
unkie
onkie
mcconkle
mcconkie murmon
mormon
ap ogi
doctrine pp ngi
91793
191793
191
91 793
 6

in an filly address the

active or offensive sense it does not fully
case of an opponents sins pride and vain ambition or
in other words the rights of mormons
cormons
mjrmuns when acted upon moreover
the expression to any degree of unrighteousness nob clearly
is not
nut
nub

defined to better understand the asage

jsage of these terms and the
isage
rights of mormons
cormons in a defensive position other teachings must be

considered

hoses and the gospel of jesus christ

noses
the law of muses
moses

it is considered by many naive to believe that there is

anything to be gained from turning the other cheek yet
absolute pacifism is exactly what jesus taught according to the
testimony of the apostle matthew
ye have heard that it hath been said thou shalt love tav thv
neighbour and hate thine enemy bat bit 1I say unto you
bic
bac
love your enemies bless them that curse yuu
you do gaz
gaa KA to
qgood
qood
them that hate you and pray fly for them which despitefully
fur
use you and persecute you that ye may be the children
of your father which is in gor
heaven fuu
fou maketh his sun to
fur he mabeth
for tu
sendeth rain on the
rise on the evil and on the good and senneth
just
ust and the unjust
unust
knust
1

the apostle duke

like
dike
luke
bit 1I say jato
but
bub into you which hear love your enemies
jabo
unto
do good to them which hate you bless them that curse
you and pray furfoc
fuc despitefully
for them which despite Filly use you
and unto
into him smiseth thee onn the one cheek offer
that smiteth
also the other and him that taketh away they cloke
cluke
nob to take thy coat also foc
forbid not
nut
nub for if ye love them
fur
which love you what thank have ye
t for sinners also do
even the same

matthew 643
64345
45

ace
uce
bluke
2luke 6272932
uke 627 2932
 7
and as recor
recur
recorded
ded in the book of mormon
hormon
and behold it is written also thlu shalt
aiso that thou
thoo love thy
neigh br
neighbor and hate thine enemy but behold 1I say anto
love your enemies bless them that curse you do good to
antl you
unto
them that hate you and pray for them who despitefully use
yoo and persecute you that ye may be the children af
yuu
you uf your
of
father who is in heaven gor maketh his sun to rise on
for he mabeth un
the evil and on the good therefore those things which
if 3
were of old time
5
which were under the law in me are all
fulfilled
srom
from these three accounts of the same sermon it can be

understud that although there was an older law which

understood was inter-
preted to justify some if
degree of hatred of an enemy it was

saper
super
saperceded
superseded
superceded
ceded by the law of christ
this
T code effect in both the old and
the law off moses in
new worlds up until the time of christ according tto LDS theologe
theulugv
theologv
theolo gv
contained very detailed social instruction and a litany of

athe
3the
the book of mormon lake city church of jesus christ
salt
if latter
of day saints 1973 3 124346
nephi 1243 46 hereafter cited
according to book and chapter the question of if christs pacifism
was debated in christian circles for more than eighteen cent iries
centuries
inies
dries
before the advent of joseph smith and mormonism although the new
befume
testament is replete with references to undiscriminating iove luve off
love
our fellow man non nun vig lence and the virture of
viulence
violence
virulence
viu if returning good for
fur
goud foc
evil many christians find support fod for vlIe and
violence
fur vile nce in several new
testament scriptures the incident of christ the money
changers in the temple is most qften aften used to justify vij
often violence
vii lence
matt 2112 although a mormon pr phet david 0 mckay dis-
prophet
misses this conclusion qut
lut of hand as a misapplication of
oat
out
oot
oub if the
text noted theologian oscar cullman goes one une step further to tu
quest ion the historicity of
question
lon
iun if whoie incident since no
the whole nu reference
was made totu it at christs trial refer totj david 0 mckay
gospel ideals salt lake city improvement era 1953 ap
pp
287 and oscar cullman jesus
286287
286 the revolutionaries
& new york
harper row publishers 1970 p 17
& two other scriptures
matt 1034 and duke luke 2236 containing the word sword are
like
dike
interpreted by david 0 mckay as metaphorical to prove that
christ advocated offen sive violence finds no support in his
offensive
uffen
teachings nor
nur in the example of vf his life tndeed to prove that
indeed
christ supported defensive vio lence also
violence
viu inter pre
interpre
aiso puts a strained interpret
tabign
tation
bation
batlon
tablon un
on a tiny minority of new testament scripture and ign ignores
lires
lores
kires
the bulk ofif teachings which contradict this view
 8
daties to remind the people of their relationship to
baties
duties
ceremonial dabies
dubies
4
god and to each other old testament verse has been used to
support many often contradictory points of view or persuasion
in the meager rec
record
rd
mecord we have however two types of
sanctioned behavior during discernible
darlng war are discernable
daring discern able first the armies
of israel as agents of god
gud acting as proxy to mete out punish-
ment and second warfare to humble israel and glorify the
lord in israels sight or to establish the reputation of israel
and god in the eyes of other nations

israel as gods agent

forty year exodus
the period between the end of the furty and the

early years of the thei cratic nation of israel when she was most
theocratic must

isolated from other influences gives the best picture of how the
agent of god formula works after this time the record is not
nut
always clear as to if the wars and contentions which occurred were
fur the chastisement of the israelites themselves
for defense or for
through the purifying experiences of the exodus the lord
obtained a people who wouldest keep his commandments and live
by every woud
word that pruce
proce
pruceedeth
proceedeth
edeth ut
jut if the mouth of the
of
5
urd
lord rather than cunq ierino heroes the israelites
ierinq
conquering
cinq were
to be mere instruments in the hands of the lord to punish the
former inhabitants of palestine create a fur them-
for
homeland fum
selves and fulfill the lords promise made to abraham
for thy righteousness or for
not fur fur the uprightness of
does thou go to possess their land but
dues
thine heart doest
4
4deut
deot chapters 12 26

5deut
deut
beut 823
82 3
 9
for the wickedness of these nations the LORD thy god
doch drive them gut
duth
doth
duch aut
uut from before thee and that he may
out
perform the word which the lord sware anto
unto
into thy fathers
abraham isaac and jacob
jacub 6

moreover LDS doctrine teaches that the lord has established

a different standard for himself and man

for my not your thoughts

thoughts are ngh
nut
noh neither are
your ways my ways saith the lord
for as the heavens are higher than the earth so are
my ways higher than your ways and my thoughts than your
thoughts
1I the lqrd
lard
L rd will forgive whom 1I will forgive if
but of
you it is required to forgive all men 8

behavior ther eure that is unjustifiable fur

eore
therefore for man is allowable
fur god
for r as in this case allowed for man acting under the
direct
direction
lon of god
iun
ion any command justifying vio lence in this con-
violence
viu
text is based on unale that gods omniscience and wisdom
rationale
un the rati onale
reflects an eternal perspective and is for man at least the
rile
exception rather than the raie
rale
rule
As agents of godisrael was commanded to kill every man
hittites orites
woman and child of the Hitt ites Am urites cannaanites penz
periz
zit
zites vites
hiviles
hivites
les Hi and the jebusites
Jebus ites other cities were put inder
under
tributary status
statis if they submitted peacefully or ur if not only the
9
males were killed israel succeeded in battle only when the
comma ndnients were totally obeyed when the ar
lords commandments nies exceeded
arnies
armies
10
or otherwise disobeyed their orders they were defeated

eat
aut
eab
eut 96
isaiah
aisa
7isa ah 558
adD
8d & C 6410
aut
eut 2011
10
deut
beut compare both chapters 6 & 7
 10
uther stipulations in the
there were other ways israel could
conduct war although all men uver
over the age of twenty could be
drafted into the army large numbers were exempt
priests and levites
were engaged in the temple
who
service were exempt numbers 13 so was also aiso a man
who had built a house and had not
nob yet dedicated it one
nut une
nub yet eaten of its
who had planted a vineyard and had nob
nut
not
fruit and one who was engaged to be married and had not
yet taken his betrothed home
hume beut 2057
deut 205 7 A newly
fur one year beut
married man was exempt for deut 245 and
finally every one
une who was afraid or faint hearted
was barred from the service lest his breth rens heart
brethrens
faint as well as his heart beut
deut 208 by these sweeping
restrict
restrictions
restrich ions
luns
lons the temple service industrial and agricul-
tural pursuits were exalted above militarism at a time when
the military cast wielded the predominating influence in
other
many othee
futher countries I1

to humble israel and glorify gud

god

the old testament is replete with a cycle of events which

parallels the bogk
rook
BUOK
BOOK of momon
mormon
ie a righteous people becomes
prosperous tarns
turns tu tu be eventually humbled through war
to sin to
dissection
famine exile or internal dissent
dis sention
dissentiun
dissention
lon and miraculously delivered
iun
lun
by god significantly the durd
lord
dord tlok special precautions to prove
lurd book
touk
took
twok

chusen people that they were saved through his hand alone
to his chosen
and the lord said unto gideon the people that are
with thee are boo
tuo many for
too
blo fur me to
tu give the Midia
midianites
nites
into their hands lest israel vaunt themselves
12
against
me saying mine own hand hath saved me
the israelites win the battle of course gaining a renewed
desire to follow the commandments and a greater reputation for god

in the process the pattern was repeated again and again

david and goliath samson and the philistines deborah and the

11
doctrine and covenants commentary
qu ted in gordon
quoted gurdon C
bed

assun war conscription con

asson
thomasson
thom
Thum Cun science and mormonism santa
conscience
barbara murmon heli
hell
Hen
Heil ren
mormon rentage
tage 1972 appendix ap
pp I
1 II
11

127idges
judges 72
 11
ites
canaanites
canaanitess
Canaan in each case israel was delivered in such a

manner that the people would know the lord saveth nob
not with
nut
13
sword and spear cor
for the battle is the lords
As israel continued to transgress however the punishments
became worse series of exiles partial exiles and
hence began a
eventually restoration to the land of israel until the final
diaspora in 70 AD under roman hands As gods chosen people
the israelites never quite under stuA that they were instruments
stor
understood
stoa
tu preserve gods commandments but his reputation as
not only to
well
for
fur my names sake will 1I defer mine anger and
for my praise will 1I refrain from thee that 1I cut thee
offf
not of
for behold 1I have refined thee 1I have chosen thee
in the furnace of affliction
for mine own sake yea fur for mine own sake will 1I do
fur 1I will not suffer my name to be Fulli
this fum
for ted
polluted
4
nut give my glory unto another
and 1I will not

of these two instances only one israel as gods agent

required the active participation
participatiun of the army even then the
lord made a point of if people involved in
if limiting the number of
combat and natinn in miraculous
delivered the whole nati
nation ways never-
theless
th because of the imperfect record it is nut always clear
not
when and why these acts were justified
of the complete mosaic code doctrine retains only the
LDS

ten commandments and the injunction against eatinq

eating foods
feuds con
fuuds
taining
baining fresh blood is latter day saints nevertheless share and
13
joshua 2412
14 1
20911
nephi 209 11
15
acts 1520 compare McC onkle
unkie
unkle
mcconkie
mcconkle mormon
murmon
burmon doctrine p 182
782
 12

are influenced by these often violent judaic traditions uof the L

type jesus warned of in his sermon on the mount

moreover
mor
Mur euver mormonism teaches that the jehovah iff the old
testament and jesus christ in the new testament are the same god
script jre is usually juxtaposed with
old testament scripture new testament
buk
bogk
book
rok
ruk of mormon
Morm gon
con
uon doctrine & covenants and LDS church history with-
out much su it is understandable
discrimination in church talks so
that the average member is not quite sure or even cares when it is
jehovah or christ being quoted cormons
mormons
Mormons like many christians
are generally unaware of how the two laws gether
fit tu
together contrary
to our traditions however the mosaic law is much more pacifistic
than we give it credit
if hoses as
the apostle paul identified the law of moses
muses a lesser
law une given
one because of transgression and explained the
reasons fur
for such a strict law

wherefore the law was our schoolmaster to bring us

is
onto christ that we might be justified by faith
unto
venant
for if that first cu
covenant had been faultless then
should no place have been sought for
fur the second
fur finding fault with them he saith behold the days
for
come saith the lord when 1I will make a new covenant
with the house af israel and with the house of judah
hoase of
uf &

not according tu
to the covenant that 1I made with their
fathers in the day when 1I took them bv the hand to
tu lead
jut
lut of the land of egypt because they continued not
out
them pot
vot nut
in my covenant and 1I regarded them not
nob saith the durd
nut lurd
lord
dord
for this is the covenant that 1I will make with the bouee
huise
hoise
house
bouse
if
of israel after those days saith the lord 1I will put
mind and write them in their hearts
into their reind
my laws int
and 1I will be to them a god
gud and they shall be to me a
people
 13

and they shall not teach every neighbour

his neigh budr and
buur
bour
man
every man his brother saying know the lord for all shall
tu the greatest
know me from the least to 10

from these passages two things are learned a that by

noses
following the law of moses
hoses the people were prepared to receive
muses

the law of christ and that upon graduation the lord would
b

somehow place his teachings into the hearts and minds of the
people this power to internalize doctrine is identified as the
holy spirit and is most clearly explained by king benjamin in
the book of mormon

for the natjral

natiral
natieal man is an enemy to god and has been
from the fall of adam and will be forever and ever
unless he yields to the enticings if
ent icings of the holy spirit
pjtteth
putteti off the natural man and beco
and putteth becu meth a saint
be cometh
if
through the atonement of christ the lord 17
1

benjamins
the effect of king Bena mins speech on the people caused
them to respond
saying yea we believe all the words
with one voice
as and also we know of their
which thou hast spoken unto us
surety and truth because of the spirit of the lord rmnip
omnip-
otent which has wrought a mighty change in us or in our
dispostiun
dispostion
disposition
dispo stion
hearts that we have no more dispost18
lon to do evil but
iun
ion
to do good continually
1

the apostle paul taught that the if the spirit is

fruit of
love uy
joy peace lung
long suffering gentleness goodness
lungsuffering
longsuffering faith
19
meekness temperance ln the same
in way that the lengthy tenets
of the law of moses
muses could be summed up in the phrase an eye for
16
galatians 319 hebrews 87
8711
11
17
moslah
mosiah 319
18
1 8

mosiah 52
19
galatians 522
 14

tu
an eye and a touth
tooth
eth
uth fur
for a tooth the gospel of christ was co-
mplete in love thy neighbor as thyself this freedom did not
nut
however alter the effects of disobedience winder
linder the law of
under
christ in fact the penalties were to
tu be much greater
he that despised moses
muses law died without mercy under
two or three witnesses

oh how much surer punishment suppose

sorer ye shall he be
fuut the son ofE
thought worthy who hath trodden under foot
faut
if
god and hath counted the blood of venant wherewith
the cu
covenant
dune despite
he was sanctified an unholy thing and hath done
onto the spirit of grace
unto
fur
for we anuw that hath said vengeance belongeth
knuw him
know belungeth
beio ngeth unto
belo
belu
me 1I will recompense saith the lord and again the lord
shall judge his people it is tu fall into
a fearful thing to
the hands of the living god 20

the difference is that the lord not man would provide

druvide the
orovide
punishment the law of muses lut in detail for the here
moses spelled out

and now what the gospel of jesus christ would leave to the

conscience
cun
con if man in
science of his temporal existence and to the judgment
of god in the hereafter compare for
fur example the law of moses
muses

with the gospel of christ adultery1

in the case of the adulter
adultec
and the scribes pharisees
Pharis ees brought unto
and into him a
woman taken in adultery
now moses
muses is
in the law commanded us that such should be
stoned sayest thou
but what gayest
he lifted up himself and said unto
into them that is
bhat
he hwat
without sin ygo let him
yoo
you
among you first cast a stone at her
when jesus had lifted up himself and saw none but the
woman said unto
into
he her woman where are those thine
accusers hath no man condemned thee she said no man
lord and jesus said21 unto her neither do
du 1I condemn thee
go and sin no
nu more
mure
1

mome

20
102830
hebrews 1028 30
21
john 835 17 1011
ioli
loil
10.11
 1I
15
L

because of our judaic christian heritage a great deal of

mosaic and christian law becomes intertwined we often substitute
man
an eye for an eye for faith in divine retribution the gospel
of christ is a difficult thing to practice because it requires us
is
jut
to trust in the unseen to go gut if the
odt on a limb and wait to see 11
out
lord will cut it off the lord however gives us ti
is extra power tu
accomplish this task through the influence of his spirit the gift
of the holy ghost priest holds
the levitical and melchizedek priesthuods
priesthoods
hoods and
by abilities that follow all believers as recorded in mark 16
the
1718
17 18 the ancient israelites were not condemned for their lack
of spiritual capacity to follow the ccmandments
coninandnaents but for their
lack of faith to obtain a greater spiritual capacity moreover
mure
more jver
aver
the lord has preserved a record for us of those who took him up on

the experiment
the apostle paul taught that we which live are alway
delivered unto fur jesus sake that the life also of jesus
into death for
might be made manifest in our mortal flesh in hisepistle to
the romans pajl
pail
paul quoted psalms 4422 fr
fur thy sake we are killed
all the day long we fur the slaughter
are accounted as sheep for
in context and in his use of metaphor paul added tu
to the picture
of passivity and submission begun
begin jesus christ by

As of three hundred years after christ at least one

pails message
christian theologian writer advocated pauls
ifare enjoined then to love our enemies whom have
we
inuredgur forbidden to retaliate who
we to hate if injured
injry
can suffer inary
injury at gar
oar hands christians count it better
our
to be slain than to slay 22

22
Terapology as quoted by E glenn hinson
tertullian
tallian rinson
hinsun who
shall suffer injury at our hands waging peace p 14714
 16

alan kreider pacifist writer has argued convincingly

a

that the early christians preached and practiced absolute non

aon
nun

violence until the assimilation and accommodation of christianity

23
under constantine although the LDS church teaches that there
was a general apostasy after christs ascent it neither specifies
how iong
lung
long it took nor to what degree cormons
mormons do not
nut discredit
everything that happened between christ and joseph smith what-
ever the case the book of mormon gives a detailed account of
probably the greatest example of absolute pacifism to be found in
scripture namely the anti nephi lekites or the people of
lehites ammon

sometime between ninety and seventy years before the

appearance of christ in the new world a group of newly converted
christians
took their swords and ail
all
ali the weapons which were
fur the shedding of mans blood and they did bury
used for
them up deep in the earth

this they did it being in their view a testi

and testimony
muny
mony
to god and also to men that they never would use weapons
for the shedding of mans blood and this they did
again fur
GA that rather than shed
vouching and covenanting with god
the blood of their brethren they would give up their own
lives and rather than take away from a brother they would
into him and rather than spend their days
anto
unto
give anbo 24
4
in idleness
they would labor abundantly with their hands
the LDS church teaches that fifteen hundred years ago the
if
last prophet and leader of this people mormon engraved a

condensed version of the sacred history of his people ie the

23
the pacifism of the early church as cited
alan kreider
in waging peace an anthology ed by jim wallis san francisco
harper row publishers 1982 p 122 125
&

24
241718
alma 2417 18
 17
prophecies revelations things which were considered must
25
precious on plates of gold to be preserved and later trans-
lated by joseph smith latter day saints believe that the book of
mormon contains the most important convictions of an inspired
or a period of over a thousand years
ilc
ild
people for & moreover
Mor euver cormons
mormons

believe the book of mormon was translated through the power of god

into the pre

predominant
dominant language of the modern church american
english tt
it is of particular import therefore that its editor
mormon chose to include the example of the people of ammon

the record goes on to

1I u state that their enemies pre
preoared
prepared
oared gor
for
fur
war and attacked them
now when the people saw that they were coming against
them they went out to meet them and prostrated
themselves before them to the earth and began to
call on the name of the dord
lord and thus they were in
this attitude when the Lama
rama
lamanites
ramanites
dama tj fall upon
nites began to upun them
and began to slay them with the sword
and thus without meeting any resistance they did slay a
thoi
thui sand and five of them and we know that they are 5
thousand 25
for they have gone to dwell with their god
blessed fur
when their enemies saw that the anti nephi lekites
lehites would offer no

defense
there were hearts
many whose had swollen in them
for those of their brethren who
fur had fallen under the
sword for they repented of the things which they had
fur
foc
done
and came to pass that they threw down their weapons of
it
war and they would not take them again for they were
stang gor
sting for the murders which they had committed and they
stung fur
came down even as their bretheren relying opson
opton the mercies
apon
upon
of those whose arms were lifted totu slay them 26

25 1
nephi 193
26
242122
alma 2421 22
 is
18

and to pass that the people of god were joined

it
came tc loined if
that day by more than the number who had been slain and
those who had been slain were righteous people therefore
we have no reason to
tu doubt but what they were saved
and there was not a wicked man slain among them but there
mure than a thousand brought to the knowledge of the
were more
truth thus we see that the lord wormeth
worketh in many ways to
27
if his people
the salvation of perpie
the key tto understanding the experience of the anti nephi
lekites
lehites lies in this last verse the gospel does nut deny the
dues not
existence of sane men who intend harm or crazed men who are past
q
28
feeling and no longer
lunger responsible fum
for their actions
fur it does
nut claim that every
not man will be won over
uver by love
iove
luve tt
it dues claim
does
wever
however
hu that sume can be
some reached by returning good for evil and
gor
air actions will glean these individuals out
that jir
our
oor
on one
une hand we know suff ereth the righteous
that the lord suffereth
tu be slain that his justice and judgment nay
to may come upon
cume upun the
29
wicked on the uther hand it is forgotten that
other if we are
righteous the lord will either nub
not suffer our
nut
nob ur enemies to
lur tu cume
come

apon
upun as
upon us this is the special promise to the inhabitants u f
and
30
the land of the americas or he will fight gur fur js
lur battles for
our is
1I conjecture that his choice fur
would for us
is is probably dependent on

whether we have individually completed the purposes for our

ten puras
poras
temporal
tem pural 1
probation ie obtained a body
budy christlike
learned christ like
27
242427
alma 2424 27
28
moroni 918 21
29
alma 6013
30
spencer W kimball the false gods we iship
rship
worship
W ensign
june 1976 p 6
 19

love and perhaps performed a part in gods plan of

if redemption for
the rest of mankind however nut one of these three options
not
requires in our
any violence on part are cormons
mormons
Mormons then ever
justified in taking up arms if so not under the conditions of
the new testament of jesus

doctrine & covenants section 98

LDS scripti
scripts
scripture
scrip ti e adds another teaching as pertaining
oertaining
dertaining to war

and hoses with the gospel of

violence which bridges the law of muses
moses

christ
if will smite you or your families once and
men
ye bear it patiently and revile nub
nob against them neither
nut
not
seek revenge ye shall be rewarded
bit if ye bear it not patiently it shall be accounted
but
unto you as being meted out as a just measure unto yu
into you
and again if your enemy shall smite you the second time
nob against your enemy and bear it
and you revile not
nut
patiently your reward shall be an hundredfold
hundred fold
fuld
foid
and again if he shall smite you the third time and ye bear
it patiently you reward shall be doubled unto
into you
fourfold
foor
four foid
fuld
fold
and these three testimonies shall stand against your enemy
nut and shall nut
if he repent nob
not not be blotted oub
nob
nub out
odt
and now onto you if that enemy shall escape
verily 1I say unto
my vengeance rot brought into judgment before
rut
that he be nob
nut
not
me then ye shall see to it that ye warn him in my name
that he come no more upon you neither upon your family
onto the third and fourth
even your childrens children unto
generation
and then if he shall come upon you or your children or ur
your childrens children unto the third and fourth
generation 1I have delivered thine enemy into thine hands
 20

and then if thou wilt spare him thou shalt be rewarded

for thy righteousness and also thy children and thy
childrens children onto
into the third and fourth generation
unto
nevertheless thine enemy is in thine hands and if thou
ardest him according to his works thou art justified
rewardest
rew
if he has sought thy life and thy life is endangered by
hire thine enemy is in thine hands and thou art justified
him
hime
himm

behold this is the

he law 1I gave onto
into my servant nephi
unto and
jseph
seph and jacob and isaac and abraham
thy father Jjoseph and
all mine ancient prophets and apostles
and again this is the law that 1I gave unto mine ancients
that they should not go out unto
onto battle against any nation
kindred tongue or people save 1I the lord cAm
cal anded
commanded
cwm
then
them
and if
any nation tongue or people should proclaim war
against them they shouldfirst lift a standard of peace
unto that people nation or tongue
and nut accept the offey
if that people did
not uttering
uffer
offem ng of peace
neither the second nor the third time they should bring
these testimonies before the loud
lord
then the lord would give unto them a commandment and
1I
justify them in going out to battle against that nation
tongue jr people
or
and 1I the lord would fight their battles and their
childrens battles and intil
their childrens childrens until
they had avenged in all their enemies to the
themselves on
third and fourth generation
mapie unto all people
behold this is an ensample
ensamaple
raple saith the
fur justification before me
lord your god for
this remarkable revelation is divided into tw two parts

instructions on intra corm nunity conflict and instruction on

eunity
community
coru

international war TQto justify hostility between families an

unrepent
enemy must first give unrepentant
unrepentent
inrepentent
ene ft ense four times the statute
ent etense
ftense
ffense
af limitations for
uf ild these four offenses is four
fur
iod foor generations in
length secondly the life off the individual must be in danger

ID & C 982338
9823 38
 21

in order to warrant defense if the fourth offense is given and

the above conditions are met then the follower of christ is

justified in taking the life of his enemy which the dord
lurd will
lord
durd
deliver into his hands nevertheless the follower of christ is
considered more righteous if he spares his enemy even after the
fourth time and bylogical extension the fifth or
ur sixth
prce eds to
the revelation then proceeds tu outline the conditions which
must be fur justification
filled for in internatl
international
nal
nai strife first
proclaim
the enemy must pru
pyu
pyo claim war secondly
secundly a standard of peace must
be rejected three times thirdly the dordlord must
lurd mist give the
commandment totu battle presumably through his pro pru
prophet
phet finally
if these requirements are filled the durd lurd pro
lord
dord pru mises to
promises tu fight the
battle
in the first case the scrip tare specifically states that
scripture
bare
god will deliver the enemy into the christians hand by whatever

dune it certainly does

means this is done nob appear to
dues not
nut tu require mich
much

uvey kill strategy or

overkill
uver elaborate
ur elabu furthermore this
rate weapons systems firthermure
clause becomes a moot point for the christian who wants the
greater blessing in the secondsecund case the scrip tire attests that
scripture
it is the lord who will fight jjr battles but does
gur
our nob clearly
dues not
nut
nub

explain mans yule

yole
rule if any in the pro
role
mlle
mole process
pru cess moreover
mor
Mur euver while
the first half of
af
uf the revelation is still somewhat applicable to
tu
us if the member can find a spot
sput on earth nob
nut covered by a
not
secular government with no
nu sanctions for
fur murder canpunents
both cocaponents
if the revelation presuppose that the followers of the lord are a
of
separate political entity a theocracy
 22

such a condition did exist more or

less between the mormon
hegira from naivuo until the end of brigham youngs berrit
najvoo
nauvoo territorial
territ urial
governorship during this time brigham young often invoked these
doctrines
duct rines of
mines justifiable defense although he taught his people
tu be prepared and be as ready and willing to defend
to themselves
theml
themi selves
as they are that the lord should be ready and willing to
tu defend
theml
them he made it clear it was a lack of spirituality among the
people required it
but suspicious that this people do not possess the
1I am
faith they should have therefore 1I calci
calculate tu carry
late to
labe
with me proper weapons of defence
1 tu have faith to
to
I wish you tu lay hold on the prupro
promises
mises
and claim them as your own if you had faith like the
ancients you might escape the edge of if the sword stop
stup
the mouths of the lions quench the violence of af fire
uf
open the prison doors and burst asunder iron fetters
all this could be accomplished by faith but lest you
should not have faith we have caused to be done that
which has been done in having tthis
2
is people prepared fur
for
any emergency that should arise

neither doc trine

doctrine
duc brine however can be applied to
tu members of the
charch as they exist today in modern nation
church states indeed the
revelation itself refers only to
tu times when the followers of god
lived apart as separate political entities Hu wever because
however
gether with other teachings
these principles get easily jumbled ui
together
farther examination
they deserve further
the writings of the Nep
nephltes
nephites
hites in the book of murmon
mormon present
the clearest example we have of the political and military peroga
tives of an LDS theo
theu cracy during warfare
theocracy

2brigham journal of discourses 26 vqls

brigham young vals
vols
vois london
latter day saints book depot 18541886779157
1886779157
18541886
1854 1886 9157 discourse
delivered on
un feb 23 1862 jr
hereafter cited as JO
 23
and again the lord has said that ye shall defend your
families even unto fur this cause
into bloodshed therefore for
were the nephites
Nep hites contending with the Lama nites to
lamanites
defend themselves and their families and their lands
their country and their rights and their religion
now the Nep hites were taught to defend themselves against
nephites
their enemies even to the shedding of blood if it were
necessary yea and they were also taught never to give
an offense yea and never to raise the sw rd except it
sword
were against an enemy except it were to preserve their
lives arinst
arinsb
3

nephites
the Nep hites therefore fulfilled the conditions of the law
and if
warranted the intervention of god on their behalf

and this was their faith that by so doing god would

prosper them in the land or in other words if they
were faithful in keeping the commandments of god that
he wouldprosper them in the land yea warn them to
ther danger
flee or to prepare for war according to their
and god would make it knorn
also that known unto there
then whither
them
therm
themm
they should go to defend them elves against thear
themselves their
the4r enemies
and by so doing the lord would deliver them

this then is a one instance where a follower of god mav

take the life of his fellow man secondly these scriptures
affirm that only a defensive posture is justified and emphasize
5
as does
dues D C 98
&
that it is life which is to be defended

lma
3alma
balma
ima 4347 alma 4814
lma
4alma
balma 481516
ima 4815 16

5curiously
curiously gold silver and personal riches are absent
from the list although the words lands and country could be
construed to be these things include D C 9831
& sought tav
thv
life and thy life is endangered emphasis mine and it
becomes clear that material possessions are a minor consideration
these verses farther
further suggest it is also morally wrung
wrong to even
venture outside ones borders in order to defend oneself this
however presents a dilemma only for fur those who want to defend
themselves in someone elses
alses ntry interestingly when the
country
coi
cui
anti lehi nephites were about to be attacked once again the
nephites
Nep hites did not send armies into their lands but rather gave
them nephite lands of their own and placed armies between the
anti lehi nephites and their enemies
 24
thirdly verse 16 defines at least une methud
one method by which the
methid
lurd fights his peoples battles
lord
dord
durd
the significantly goes on to commend
book of mormon
lonnon and
attitjdes
explain the attl
atti tides of the nephite military leaders and
attitides
attitudes by

implication
implicatiun those which modern members of the church should
possess
pus
pos sess
and moroni was a strong and a mighty man he was a man
ofL a perfect understanding yea a man that did noc
UI riot delight
not
in bloodshed a man whose soul did joy in the liberty and
country1 and his brethren from bondage
the freedom of his countr bundage
and slavery
now they were sorry to take up arms against the Lama nites
lamanites
because they did not delight in the shedding of blood yea
nut all
and this was nob
not
nub som
they were sorry soa
to be the means of
sending so many of their brethren out of this world into an
c
eternal world unprepared to meet their god

the agent of god example of the old testament as ex-

plained in the previ js sect
previous section
lon
iun
ion exemplifies yet another component
of an LDS theocracy although this proxy tu
to act in the name of
lord
the dord
durd gether with the jos
together
lurd tu jus in bello
belio and jus
bellu jas ad bellam
beliam elements
bellum
of justifiable defense present intriguing concepts that would
govern an LDS theocracy during war modern latter day saints
living under nun
non theocratic governments could not however become

likewise justified
the roie
rule
role of hegira

oses
besides the law of moses
muses the gospel of jesus and the
conditions as prescribed in the doctrine & covenants members of

the church of christ have reacted in a fourth way to hostility

tu austil
hustil ity
iry
crum
crom
from their neighbors namely they moved away there are recor
recur
recorded
ded

nna
ahna
hna 481123
 25

incidents of inspired migrations from persecution throughout

the standard works
nut
not
now 1I do nob writethese plates all the words which
upon
they the prophet nephis bribrothers
thers murmured against me
but it sufficeth
suffi ceth me to say that they did seek to take
away my life
and it to
camepass that the lord
loed did warn me that I
1
nephi should depart from them and flee into the wilder-
ness and all those who would go with me
wherefore it came to pass that 1I nephi did take my
family and sam mine elder brother and his family and
jacob and joseph my younger bretheren and also
aiso my sisters
and all those who would go with me and all those who
would go with me were those who believed in the warnings
and the revelations of god wherefore they did hearken
unto my words 1

more than four hundred years later another book of mormon people
found themselves in a like circumstance
now alma lord that the armies
having been warned of the dord
of king noah would come upon them and having made it
known to his people therefore they gathered together
their flocks and took of their grain and departed into
the wilderness before the armies of king noah
and the lord did strengthen them that the people of king
noah could not overtake them to destroy them 2

there is a similar pattern in both examples first lives

are endangered and second the lord warns his followers of the
threat those who believe in the warnings and the revelation of
god are physically separated from those who do nut
not
the experience of the restoration of the gospel in these
latter days in new york ohio missouri illinois and in the final
exodus to utah is further evidence moreover during the utah war

12
547
54
nephi 7

2musiah
osiah 2312
 26

of 1857 when president buchanan sent federal troops to the terri-

tory of utah to suppress a presumed mormonrebellion brigham
3
young ordered a general eva cution rather than fight
evacition
evanition
evacution of course
theres little option for exodus nowadays but it is noteworthy
nutew
butew thy
that hegira was an alternative to conflict up until as recently
as a hundred and twenty eight years ago

the principle of stewardship

all christian religions preach the sanctity of human life

and to lesser extent animal life
a the LDS faith alone broadens
this bel ef to include plants
bellef
belief
bei
knd out of the ground made 1I
and the lord god to grow
raily
rally that is pleasant to the sight
naturally
every tree nati
of man and man could behold it and it became aiso
also
a living soui
soul
and inanimate objects
and it came to pass that enoch looked upon
opon the earth
upun
frum the bowels thereof saying
and he heard a voice from
wu
wo wo
w is me if my
the mother of men 1I am pained
bained
oained 1I am weary
because of the wickedness of children when shall 1I
rest and be cleansed from the filthiness which is gone
forth out of me when will my creator sanctify ne me that
1I may rest and righteousness for
fur a season abide upon
opon m
my
1
2
face
brigham young taught that there is nur
nor
nut
not particle of
a

element which is not

nut filled with life and all space is filled
3leonard
bleonard arnngton
arington
tun and davis bitten
arringtun
leonard J Arring cun
con the mormon
experience new york
yurk alfred A knopf 199 p 168
ljoseph
joseph smith pearl of great price salt lake city the
church of jesus christ of ratter
tatter
latter
datter day saints 1973 muses
moses 39
hereafter cited according to book and chapter
amuses
2muses
oses 748
 2

with element there is life in all matter throughout the vast

extent of all the eternities it is inthe rock the sand the
3
dust the water the air joseph rider
jqseph smith once forbade an elder
eider
from killing a rattlesnake that was found near their encampment in
4
order that the eunity
emnity between man and beast be destroyed
furthermore mormon duc trine
doctrine teaches that plants animal
animals

and the elements will resurrect

always keep in view that the animal vegetable and
mineral kingdoms the earth and its fulness
falness will all
except the children ue
of man abide their creat
creation
creatiun
creatlon
lon
iun
ion the
law by which they were c
made and will receive their
exaltation
the revelations to
tu modern day prophets introduce a profound
and little emphasized concept that
all kingdoms have a law given and there many
king
kingdoms
kingdums
dums
doms

por
pur
foy
fur nu space in the which there is no
for there is no
king dum and there is no kingdom in which there
kingdom
dom
nu space either a greater or a lesser kingdom
is no
LDS philosophy goes
oges on
gues hat
un to explain that
bhat
1thab
6
man nut the owner
not
is nob
of anything on this earth bit merely holds a
but
mit stewardship uver
over the
earth and all it contains
3brigham yoang millennial star 327756
brigham young 32771 16 as cited in hugh
high
hagh
B nibley brigham yung
young on
yong un the environmentt essay contained in
to the glory of god
sod
ood salt
1
lake city deseret bjok
blok
book
beok 197
1972
12 0 10
0

4
ajoseph
4joseph if
joseph smith history of the church of jesus christ of
latter day saints edited
ed by B H
rberts
roberts and
2nd ed 7 vois salt
vols
lake city deseret book company 1980 vol 1I11 II p 71 hereafter
cited as HS

5brigham
brigham young JD
ij D
LI hugh B nibley
9246 as cited in high
rugh
nibley on
un the timely and the timeless salt lake city publishers
press 1978t
1978 p 91

ad
6d & C 883637
8836.37
 28

it is wisdom in me therefore give antu

a commandment 1I anto
into
you that ye shall organize yourselves and appoint every
man his stewardship
that every give an account unto
man may antu
anto me if the steward-
of
ship which is appoint unto him
for it is expedient that 1I the lord should make every
fur man
uver earthly blessings which
accountable as a steward over 1I
fur my creatures
have made and prepared fon
for
1I lurd stretched qut
lord
the durd
dord ut the heavens and built the
out
odt th 7
earth my very handiwork and all things therein are mine
god therefore holds mor nuns responsible for not
cormons
mormons
mur nons nob only the
nut
welfare of their fellow man but also in their conduct towards all
life on earth which he defines as animal plant and mineral life
through the successful completion of a stewardship members much

like an apprentice are prumis

promised
promis ed thlu hast been
thuu
thou faithful over a
few things 1I will make thee ruler over many things enter thuu
into the joy of thy lord
lurd the unfaithful stewards hw ever will
however
be cut off
uff by the lord who will then appoint them their portion
among hypocrites believers
unbelievers
and un even in outer darkness where
8Q
there is weeping and wailing and gnashing of teeth
this single duc trine
doctrine
brine by itself is a sweeping condemnation

of the violent treatment of the physical resources of the earth

and its humaninhabitants which invariably occurs daming
daring times UF
darlng
during 0
war must clearly prescribes the behavior of the
this again most
ur offensive sense
saints in an active or Farther more it implies
furthermore
mure
moue

that in the case of defensive warfare latter day saints would do

du

ad
7dD 1041114
10411
& C 14

natthew 2523 D
matthew & C 1019091
 29

everything in their power to limit the scope of battle to co-

mbatants versus combatants involving to the minimum degree
possible other forms of life which it defines as human animal
vegetable and mineral in its far reaching implications this
principle lends support to the absolutist interpretation of LDS
9
pacifism
9
aa
9aA counter argument interprets the use of
if the words
muses 226 28
dominion and subdue as contained in moses 2830
30 and the
muses 427 as justi-
use of animal skins for clothing as found in moses usti
asti
fi cation
fication for mans in discriminant use of the earths animals and
catlon fur
plants hugh high nibley answers these arguments in his essay found in
subduing the earth nibley on the timely and the timeless p
8699
86 99 using muses 51
moses ST adam began to till the earth and to
have dominion over the beasts of the field and to eat his bread
by the sweat of his brow professor nibley explains that unlike
the word subdue in the king james version the word till in
the LDS interpretation of genesis applied to the earth alone
while dominion is reserved for the animal kingdom he goes on
to define dominion as the responsibility of the master fforr the
well being of his dependents and guests
comfort and wellbeing finally
finai
Final lv
fr
through the scriptures emphasis on the word bread he concludes
that man is not a predator a manipulator or an exploiter of if
other creatures but one who cooperates with nature as a diligent
husbandman p 88 in response to the use of animal skins the
same article relates an apocryphal story in which moses
muses receives
the original garment of adam and replaces it with a garment of
cotton or hair rather than skins to avoid the shedding of animal
blood p 95 to interpret mans command to subdue
T subdie and have
dominion over the earth is weak justification for or selfish
exploitation and disregards the fact that both man and the animals
were comm anded to multiply and replenish
commanded
cumm the evidence heavily
supports the view that mankind was intended to be the overseer of
an organization of rational intelligent species and elements of
which he was only a part albeit an important part
 30
the 12th article of faith

in 1842 joseph smith was asked by a newspaper editor to

compile a summary of mormon beliefs his reply known as the
wentworth letter was characterized as one of the choicest
1
documents in literature and became the articles of
LDS church
faith of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints the
twelfth of these thirteen articles addresses the political
relationship of members to
tu their respective secular governments
and issixth teaching in the LDS church regarding the civic
a

responsibility of latter day saints

we believe in being subject to kings presidents rulers
and magistrates in obeying hon cring and sustain
honoring
hun sustaining
ng the
law

this creed covers all forms of governments and

remarkably
makes no distinction between dictatorships or democracies egr
eor
fur
for
the american LDS member however there is additional reason forfur
upholding their government
if the land which is constitutional
and that law of
supporting that principle of freedom in maintaining
rights and privileges belongs to all mankind and
is justifiable before me

therefore 1I the lord justify you and your

ygor brethren
yoor
of my church in befriending that law which is the
if the land
constitutional law of
and as pertaining to law of man 2 whatsoever is more or
less than this cometh ofif evil
it is pe cillar to mormonism that the constitution of the united
peculiar
states and indeed all constitutional forms of government are

1ng
ang
ing
NG morgan sr the wentworth letter pioneer magazine
vol 5 no 7 winter ed 1953 p 23

ad
2d & C 9867
 31

inspired of god
gud indeed the revelation establishes it as the
ultimate secular government can attain it was
form which any
furm

versai application
versal
universal
intended for ini
the constitjtion qluriuas
constitution of the united states is a glorious
cunstititiun
banner it is to all those who are privileged with the
sweets of liberty like the cooling shades and refreshing
ruck in a thirsty and weary
waters of a great rock wearyI land
wear it
is like a great tree under whose branches men from every
frum eve r
evera
evemy
frum the burning rays of the sun
clime can be shielded from
por
pur cormons
fur american mormuns
for mormons
Mormons
muns it is just as much a part ue
of their
relig
religiun
religion
lon tu
iun
lun to sipp rt the US government
support and to pro milgate
promjigate
promilgate
promulgate
aro
democracy as it is tu support the prophet of the church
to chorch the
teaching wever
however
hu does
dues equate sop
sup port
purt
support with blind sup purt
port
support
nevertheless when rile the people mourn
the wicked rule
ruie
wherefc re honest men and wise men should be sought
wherefore
for diligently and good men and wise men ye should
observe to uphold otherwise what sueve is less than
whatsueve
whatsoever
these cometh of evil
and 1I give unto you a commandment that ye shall forsake
all evil and cleave unto all good that ye shall live by
every word which proceedeth gut
proce edeth forth qut uth of guda
lut of the mmouth
out
oot muth gud4
god4
coarse
of course
clarse members cannot diligently seek honest men as
inless they are
their representatives unless informed themselves of the
issues and the candidates moreover
mor
Mur euver revulitiun
the communication revolution
and the tu create
increasing use of referendum to law in present day
US pulitics
politics has brqadened
broadened the influence and responsibility of
each individual indeed the trend towards direct representation
has created a situation where american society as a whole
whoie will

3juseph
joseph smith teachings of the prophet
pruphet joseph
juseph smith
compiled by joseph F smith salt lake city deseret bolk
bulk
BOOK co
1974 p 147
ad
4d & C 98911
989 11
 32

eventually solely accountable for its success or failure

be

this pant nut as yet been reached responsibility

point however has not respunsibility
for correct or incorrect decisions in government still lies fou
fur
for
fuu
most part in the hands of our elected
the must officials
what does the member do when his government behaves wrung
wrongly
wrong ly
not the mormon emphasis on democracy
dues nut
does limit the applicability
of this doctrine dues obedience to secular law take precedence
does
over all else these are obvious ques tins
questions to be answered and of
UE

particular interest to the american member of the LDS church

up until the early 1900s converts to mormonism were encour-

aged rather commanded to gather to zion the LDS church was

still an american based church and there was little for
fur a
foc
need fon
fun
tactful presentation of church political doctrine indeed the
desire fur
for statehood
fou
fwu was an tu present
incentive for the church to
itself as truer
trier than true and a loyal candidate for
fur admission into
the union international scene the citizens af
on the uf
0 the most
must
6
powerful nations were agitating for
fur democratic reforms there
was no reason to believe that this process wuu noh bear fruit
nut
not
ad ngh
would

thruughjt the world the advent of nazism fascism

and continue throughout

socialism and finally common

cummon ism however changed everything
cumminism
communism
Cummin As

nimber of members in uther

the numbed
number other countries increased and the
missionary program entered into areas where the case fur
for constitu-
tionalism became strained the church has and will conri
cunti nue to
continue

bleonard
5leonard
leonard J arrington and davis bitton tse
bitten the
r-he dhe mormon
experience p 128
6
stry of
stury
story
hendrik willen van loon the stuy if mankind new york
Liveng
liveright
ht publishing corporation 1984 edition pp381 455
 33

find itself in compromising situations the judgment so far

emphasize
has been to teach the gospel and deemphasize
de politics it
has been suggested that from time to time cormons in
mormons various
countries might face situations where the survival of individuals
or of the church as an institution would seem to dictate a policy
7
of closed mounted neutrality the church leadership has
neither attempted to delineate what it considers to be the
elements of a constitutional form of government nor actively
promulgated democracy through its missionary program 1I woald
would
assume though sich a list
that if such were created it would include

at the very least universal male suffrage and a if enee

guarantee of free
fur any political view to
access fod
for tu the ticket although the
question poses interesting questions to the ngn
many nun american
non

member it is beyond the confines of this particular study of

more importance are the responsibilities of the mormon
murmon citizen

under the american constitution fortunately the church

chirch has been
explicit on this latter point
church membership are citizens or subjects of
the charch
sovereignties
sovereign ties over which the church has no control
when therefore constitutional law obedient to t these
principles calls the manhood of the church into the armed
service of any country to which they owewe allegiance their
highest civic duty requires that they meet that call if
harkening
darkening
hark tu that call and obeying those in command
ening to comand over
them they shall take the lives of those who fight against
nut make off them murderers nur subject them
them that will noc
not hem
fur those who kill
to the penalty that god has prescribed fon
for
nob hold the innocent instrumentalities of the war
he will not
nut
our brethren in arms responsible forfuc the conflict
fur
foc in this
terrible war now waging thou sands of gur
thousands
thuu oar
our
oor
lur right
righteous
euis young

cdouglas
7douglas
douglas F tobler
tubler Fuhr ers
tobier and alan F keele der fjhrers
fuhrers
ems new
clothes
Cl othes sunstone
uthes Sins tune voivul 5 no 6 nuvdec
vol
vol novdec 1980 p 28
 34

men inali parts of the world and in many countries are

all
ail
sjbject to
subject tu a call into the military service of their own
countries their salvat lon and exaltation in the world
salvation
iun
lun burld to
wurld tu
cume will be secure
come
will be striking at their brethren will not
destruct
that in their work of destruction
lon they
iun
ion
nut be held against
them that sin as moroni of gid
oid said is to
uld
old tu the condemna
condemna
condemns
tion of those who sit in their places of power in a state
thoughtless
of thought less stupor those rulers in the world who in a
frenzy of hate and lust for unrighteous power and ddominion
minian
miniun
uver their fellow men have put into motion eternal forces
over
they do not cun prehend and cannot con
nut comprehend cun troi
trul
control
8
god in his own
due time will pass sentence upon
opon them

this therefore becomes the only instance when an american

member of the LDS church is justified to
tu aggressively take the
life of another human being even this principle hu wever is
however nut
not
without conditions
first ofall constitutional law must call the member into
service secund if a member kills a man the sin is on
second un the

heads of the his secular leaders however nu

no individual will be

wanbon act of
excused for any wanton brutality wickedness or destruc-
9
tion frum guilt is that
third implicit tto this ab solvement from
members must elect men into office in the first place who will
make righteous decisions and uphold
up huld
huid them while they are lnin1.1
in
11

office ie use whatever legal means to

tu influence them telep hone
telephone
hune

calls letters ect

act to make correct decisions moreover
Mor euver 1I

presume that members have an equal responsibility to remove these

officials when they do noh

nuh make righteous decisions
nut
not finally it
0
8first
first presidency message conference reports of the church
of jesus christ of latter day saints april 1942 salt lake city
church of jesus christ of latter day saints pp88 97 hereafter
cited as CR
9
eboyd
9boyd
boyd K packer the
nthe
anthe member and trie military improvement
era june 1968 p 60
 35

also follows that members can avail themselves off the use
ise of
lse any

means created by that same constitutional process

As aresult of the american experience in vietnam conscien-
statis and alternative service have gained greater
tious objector status
ase as options to participation in combat
use in light of these many
tn
choices it would appear that modern constitutional law and

history have reconciled the tenets of the gospel of christ and

those of the 12th article of faith

the principle of continuous revelation

there is a seventh LDS doctrine relating to war and

violence which takes precedence over all doctrine and has heen
been
previously
alluded to previus ly this is namely that god himself can
override all other commandments joseph smith explained
that which is wrong under one circumstance may
mav be
and often is right under another god
GA said thuuthoo
thou
nut kill
shalt not at another time he said thou
thlu shalt
thoi
utterly destroy this is the principle on which the
government of heaven is conducted by revelation adapted
to the circumstances in which the children of the kingdom
are placed whatever god requires is right no matter what
it is although we may not see the reason thereof till
long after the events transpire 1

cormons are a prophetic people not

mormons nut just
jost
ust led by a
usc
2
prophet they can receive revelation from god both invivid
individ
jaily
jally and collectively god may do this either directly to the
person involved or indirectly through his authorized agents

ljoseph
joseph smith teachings p 256
2gottlieb
9
gottlieb and wiley americas saints p 242
 36

on a personal level the authenticity of such revelation is

dependent on the members ability to discern gift of
and use the

the holy ghost although individual revelation may differ or even

conflict with instructions from ecclesiastical authorities it is
simply personal and should never be taught as having any general
application
applicat
appi
appl
applicate
icat ion
should you receive a vision or revelation from the
almighty one that the lord gave you concerning yourselves
or this people but which you are not
nut to reveal on account
nut being the proper person or because it ought
of your nob
not
noh
nut to be known by the people at present you should shut
not
nob
luck it as tight as heaven
it up and seal it as close and lock
is to you and make it as secret as the grave the lord has
safely reveal himself to such persons 3
5
fr
no confidence in those who reveal secrets for he cannot

on a general level it is the prophet and to a lesser extent

the priesthood of the church who state the current mind and will
of the lord
god now
reveals himself to man as in ancient times
that the priesthood of the church constitutes a body
fur himself in the sphere in which
of men who have each for
he moves special right to such revelation that the
president of the church is recognized as the only persun
person
through whom divine communication will come as law and
doctrine to the religious body that such revelation may
come at any time upon any subject spiritual or temporal
as god wills and finally that in the mind of every
faithful latter day saint such revelation in 4whatsoever
it counsels advises or demands is paramount
3brigham ols
dis courses of brigham young ed by john
bangham young oiscuurses
bngham oiscourses
discourses
Ois juhn
rohn
sohn
tsue salt lake city deseret ruk
widtsue
widtsoe
Wid
Widt soe buk
book
rok company 1914
1974
c ed ap
pp 1

4041
40 41
4
ajoseph
4joseph
joseph F smith as quoted in james clarknark messages of the
dark
first Presiden
presidencycv of the church of jesus christ of latter day
dav
saints 6 vols salt lake city bookcraft inc 1965195
195
19651915
1965 19 15 jul
vol
voi
joi
jol
IV p 154 hereafter cited as messages
 37
3 7

he prophets instructions are infallible in the sense

the
5
GA will never suffer
that god him to lead the people astray this
infallibility however is limited by the teachings that a prophet
6
is a prophet only when he is acting as such and that every
man and woman should know by the whispering of the spirit of god
to themselves whether their leaders are walking in the path the
7
lord dictates or not and to a minor degree through the now
largely ceremonial use of the vvote
te of consent in sacrament
Q
8
meetings ultimately at least in theory the responsibility ttoj
if any overriding commandment is indeed from god lies
determine 14 L

squarely on the shoulders of the individual member

nevertheless the precedent exists that the institution or

individual may receive revelation which overrides all previous
instruction huch
mach
much has been made f jseph smith
the fact that joseph
created political organization the counsel ofA fifty in the
a

church sire this counsel was organized as a shadow

to be sure
9
government but the metaphor is partially misleading it was not
a government in competition with the secular government but
rather one set up to have place in the absence of secular govern
ment history has since proven that the governing bodies tie
hodies of tle
the

engham
ngham young JD
JO 9289 feb 23 1862
ajoseph
6joseph
joseph smith teachings p 278
7brigham
bangham young
bngham frigham young
discourses of rrigham p 135
8
ebruce
8bruce
bruce R mcconkle
mcconkie
McC onkie
unkie mormon doctrine p 149
9
athis
9this
this is at least klaus hansens contention in his quest for
fur
empire michigan state university press 1967
 38
10
church ordinant
chirch were intended to be subordinant
suburdinant
sub to the law of the land
in fact it is predicted the saints of the church will play a

roie in some future attempt to protect the constitution as

major role
rule
11
our governing cgee
coce
coee
code accordingly inst
the dinst ititiunal church would
institutional
nut claim
noc
not rogative
its revelatory derogative
perogative
pe iong as
as long
lung constitutional law

existed on a personal basis nob so apparent

the answer is not
nut
ait
although
Alt scriptjres
scriptires
scriptures
hugh the scrip tires record the names of many individuals
labeled by god as righteous who were never required
regu ired to
tu shed
12
blvd
bludd they also contain accounts of those
blv
blu
biu
blood who were this
latter group though is by far the except
exception
exceptiun
lon
iun
ion nut the
and not rile
raie
rale
rule

doctrinal sumar
summaryy and conclusion

1I identified seven doctrines beliefs and concepts in

have
LDS philsu tj violence and conflict two con-
phy which relate to
philosophy
astonishingly
cepts free agency and stewardship establish an astuni shingly
broad pacifistic attl
atti
attitude
tade and mind set nob
mindret
mindset nub only towards man bat
nut
not but
rile out offensive behavior explicitly bub
to all things both role
rule
roie bit
but
may leave room fur
for defensive action A second source the gospel
of christ and the example of the nephites
anti lehi Nep hites discount
offensive
both offen
uffen sive and defensive violence and in my opinion do so

absolutely the third group the law r

of1 moses
ul muses
hoses and the teachings
regarding defensive warfare in D & C 98 and the book of mormon

10
BH if
roberts A comprehensive history of the church af
uf
0
saintly66 vols
Saintly
jesus christ of latter day saints vuis salt la
vois lake city
deseret news press 1930 vol 3 pp ap 9495
N joseph F smith the progress of man salt lake city
deseret news press 936
.936
1936
1
p 342
12
compare 1I nephi 412 mormon 22
 39
or defensive warfare
allow for bat do so under the auspices of a
but
theocratic government and a very narrow definition of defense
such a government is invariably lead by a prophetic leader who

determines through inspiration the righteousness of a cause

whereupon god may miraculously intervene himself as in the
case of the ancient israelites or aid his people in other ways
such as revealing to them whither they should go to defend
themselves against their enemies or
cor
gam
har by warning them to flee or
1I
to prepare for war according to their danger as in the case
nephites
of the Nep hites roie of hegira offers evidence that the
the role
rule
command to flee is an acceptable option to dealing with
conflict another teaching to secular government under
obedience tu inder
the 12th article of faith concludes that when the citizens of a
dune all in their power to effect righte
government have done righteous
uus action
ous
and that government still behaves unrighteously thei the people
then
of guilt
are absolved ue when they are called upon to participate in
said unrighteous behavior finally the doctrine of continuous
revelation and roie of man as gods agent mean that god
the role
rule gud may

override all previous commandments and require violence even

2
offensive vio
violence
viu lence LDS teachings there fure appear to support
therefore
fore
a variety of options as to how mqrmqns
cormons
mormons should resolve conflict

lma
laima
481516
4815
ima 16
2
its interesting to note that in such cases
or collectively as with the israelites in the agent of
individually
if god
blie the command from god took an all or nothing approach
rule
role
boie
either the people involved were to treat their enemies with
kindness and fgore
lrebearance
fore bearance as happened for
forebearance fur the most part or as
occurred in isolated circumstances they were to destroy them
utterly deat 72 there was no command to harass threaten or
pressure an enemy first
 40

one may hold fur that loyalty to government stands

for example
above all other allegiance since it is a principle of mormonism to
tu
uphold government even bad government under this def
definition
nitiun and
nitsun
the 12th article of faith a member could justifiably participate
in a blatant war of aggression and conquest or in a not
nob sc
nut so blatant
hlatant
if
war of aggression in the name of defense
whatever the implications of this line of 1Ireasoning this
absolute loyalty to government theory however excludes
cormons and members of the church living in democratic
american mormons
countries since it is their responsibility to elect men who will
if righteousness
make decisions according to the LDS definition of

in conflict resolution and remove those

hose
huse
1 who do not
1
nut ultimate
responsibility in this case still lies with the Mr
mrmuns
cormons
muns as a
mormons
mons

whoie
whole dune all in their power to
only after these members have done
effect government policy are they justified in claiming absolution
from guilt moreover
Mur euver as explained previously options to mili-
tary combat such as conscientious objector status and alternative
service as found in the american law make this a moot
mout
mlot point for
the individual member of the US mor mn church
mormon
Mur the LDS defini
tion of righteousness in warfare is therefore the crux
crax of the
matter
murmon
mormon teachings support four
flur types of righteous conflict
resolution at its br adest
broadest a member may conclude that defensive
warfare is permissible wever
however
H since the element of a pr
prophet
phet
pheb

is needed to declare a cause righteous before a saint is

justified in going to war cormons
mormons living under nun theocratic
non
 41

if government are limited to expensing the

forms of principle rather
than the practice of defensive warfare this principle in turn
has its awn
own if stipulations under the defense criterion
set of
first the broad definition of intelligent life
ilfe forms in the
doctrine of stewardship implies that warfare must be confined as
much as possible to combatant versus combatant second riles
raies
the rales
rules
moses imply that the number of cumba
of warfare under the law of muses comb-
atants be limited to a utilitarian role only or in other words
if individuals to save a
that god works through a small number of
larger group of individuals indeed a sithat
sitiat
situation
iun where the
ion
strength of the forces on the side of good are on a par with the
enemy may bring the role
rule if the lord into doubt
roie of hence when the
nephite general moroni finally cornered his lamanite adversary
adversari
zerahemnah and claimed that god had delivered them his
into this
hands zerahemnah could declare with all plausibility that it
was not god bit
but
bub your breastplates
breast plates and your shields that have
preserved you finally if the list of defensible items found in
the book of mormon alma 4347 4814 48141616 and in D C section 98
&

is followed defensive warfare can take place only on ones own

sll
soil
ssil
sii ll and only if ones wn life or the life of ones family is in
own

danger threats to material possessions and money are conspic-

joas
joos
uously ly absent as a call to arms

ive termed another viewpoint the arges

granges
oranges
apples and ur anges
theory of war and peace this opinion holds that off
of tense
uff ense defense
offense
and absolute pacifism are to be held in balance fach is to be
used in wisdom and inspiration according to the situation this
 42
if gd concept
interpretation finds support in the agent of god

previously explained and in alma 2427 where after the author has
completed his narrative of the anti lehi Nep
nephites
hites he ends with
thas we see that the lord wr
the phrase thos
thus wrketh
workett
keth in many ways to the
worketh
salvation of his people it dues not apply any form of value
does
judgment to the method used and there is no better or worse or if
there is it is not within mans pe rogative to know like apples
and oranges the methods are just different
in my opinion the fallacy of this theory is that it puts so
much weight on blind faith and relies totally sare
sane method of
on some

inspiration ur
or revelation which in mormon society is inevitably
if the prophet denying the
the prophet thus fostering a cult of
3
yoang
demucratic theocracy concept of brigham young
democratic and forgetting the
scripture 1
I the lord anto
onto you these saying that you
give unto may
4
understand and know how to worship wr
wrship
ship
worship
and know what you warship
nothing is learned in this system except blind faith followed by

even blinder obedience furthermore it disregards gods two

standard approach ie that the lord will forgive whom he will

5
forgive but of man it is required to forgive all men

A third theory a type of laissez faire philosophy has

also evolved christian but
A noted nun mormon
non theologian
oscar cullman explains it succinctly
the gospel does not begin by formulating a social
policy the first change must
mist take place in individual

3klaus
klaus hansen quest for
kiaus fur empire michigan state university
michigan state university press p 3642
36 42

ad
4dD & C 9319
ad
5d & C 6410
 43
men and women social changes will then result seek
first the kingdom of god
GA the early christians did not
nut
start by attacking the guter bit by observing
outer framework bub
but
the fullness of love towards all their brethren inside
the existing framework in this way they created a new
community the church alongside the social institutions
6
of the world
lne explanation of early
although this is certainly one
une

tine may also interpret their philosophy as a

christian behavior kine
one
kune

fur inactlqn
rationalization for inaction brought on by their fear ul
of the
1

state it is just as likely however that their behavior was

millennialism when people believe
an effect of early christian millenialism

that christs second coming to set all things right again is astjst
just
jush
around the corner there is little tu get involved
incentive to
themselves in making society better since the position of
mormone
murmuns
mormons in these latter days parallels that of the early
christians and the expectations of their days it is no sir prise
surprise
two points hu
that this thought has surfaced now tat4 wever farther
however further
dispute this theory
first living in the world not of the world
but nut
nob as was

if the
the case of the early christians and as is the case of latter
day saints nowadays
is relatively
a new phenomenon rene rally
raily
generally
when a group of people attained believer status they were
7

eventually separated in believers

from the un
frum

secondly professor Cill

cili
cali mans theory is actually his
tillmans
cail
cillmans
cullmans
Cull
response
christian resp Kinse to an age old qjesti
questi
political question
n does social
change come from the bottom up or from the top
tup down according

6oscar
boscar
oscar cullman the early church
oscam philadelphia the wes-
tminster press 1955 p 202
7
nibley we will still weep for zion
hugh pr
prove etah
vu utah
utah
for ancient research momon
foundation fur mor non st dies
nun studies
& 198 p 1
 44

to brigham young mormon political

poll
puli
poil tical thought holds that re presenta
80
tive government is a heavenly form ue
of government in such a

democracy righte uus men are tu

righteous
ous to be chosen
chusen who then in turn
create oweina to
goud law jweing
good oweing tu their wisdom and heavenly inspiration
whereupon the people give their intelligent con sent those who
consent
cun
tu behave according to
govern are to tu the framework presented in D & C

1214145
12141 45 and those governed are protected in the enjoyment of
9
all relig
religious
luis and social rights
iuis
in brigham youngs ideal government nu persun
no person would have
10
on the rights of another
the privilege of infringing un appar-
ently social change in mormon government would come
a murmon in the
main from the top
tup down uweing
oweing
oweina to leaders greater wisdom and
a

right tu
to inspiration but that the intelligent consent of the F

11
governed is just as necessary
there is little reason to believe that murmqns
cormons
mormons shold
should
passively accept society as they find it but on un the contrary

tivel y encourage their society to

actively
activel
should ac tu improve itself frum
from the
tup
top
bop down and the bottom up there is hu wever
however a approach
fourth app ruach
roach
ti
to mormon
hormon philus
philosophy
ophy regarding issues of war peace and cconflict
resolution
q
8brigham young compiled by john
brigham young discourse of brigham yoong juhn
A stue salt lake city deseret bogk
scoe
stoe
widstoe
wid company
book Cn pany 1975 p 354

9ibid
bibid
bid
10
ibid
11
IL

ibid p 355
 45
the linear interpretation
from a casual point of view it may appear that there is an
for every action in
excuse fur LDS theology the man of god
gud quickly
and easily becomes the rationalist and finally the apologist
upon deeper examination this is noc
nut the case
not
however

if the maur
one of maor contributions of mormonism is the teaching
major
that the gospel of christ was revealed in its entirety from the
very beginning of the world with adam and that apostasy from this
gospel occurred a number of times to be eventually restored
either partially or completely depending on the spiritual
12
progress of the people indeed the ninth article of faith of
the LDS church states that even now the fullness of the gospel has
stored
stured
stoned
nut yet been re
not restored
we god has revealed all that he
believe all that gjud
dues now reveal and we believe that he will yet reveal
does
many great and important things pertaining to the kingdom
gd
of god 3

brigham young reiterated this point as well

1I so far from believing that any government upon
am
this earth has constitutions and laws that are perfect
nut even believe that there is a single
that 1I do not
revelation among the many god has given to tu the church
that is perfect in its ful ness the revelations of god
falness
fulness cod
contain correct doctrine and principle so far as they
go but it is impossible for fur the poor weak low
velling sinful inhabitants of the earth tto receive 14
grovelling
gro
a reve latiin from the almighty in all its perfections
revelation

12
bruce R onkie
unkie
onkle
mcconkle
mcconkie
McC mormon doctrine p 4243
42411
13
ninth article of faith of the church of jesus christ of
latter day saints wentworth letter 1842
14
brigham young discourses of brigham young p 40
 46
jseph smith taught
joseph
though there were different dispensatiuns
dispensations yet all
things which god
gud communicated to his people were
tu the great object
tu draw their minds to
calculated to
christ and to teach them to rely upon god abune
alune as
alone c
15
aithur of their salvat
the author salvation
lon as contained in his law
iun
ion
could nut
not
we nob conclude then that there are different com-

ments
mandments
mand our spiritual education each
for different stages in gur
fur
for the next until the initiate receives
set of laws preparing fur
fum a

fullness sff the gospel

s could we aiso not conclude that the whole
also whoie
length and breadth of the gospel is and has been open to
tu anyone
who desires it
it is perhaps of no small significance that in the same
off justifiable defense the dord
revelation describing the terms ul lurd
lord
durd
prefaced his instruction with a well
weil
weli known mormon dictum line
16
upon line precept upon precept if the raw
law of moses leads
daw

int
inc
into the gospel of christ and the gospel of christ teaches that
17
they that take up the sword shall perish with the sword it is
98t
plausible that the tenets of the 98th section of the ctrine
doctrine
D carine L &

covenants rightly belong tu the law of moses

muses lur schoolmaster to
our tu
bring as antl christ
anto
us unto tt
it is within the parameters of D & C 98

that must
most latter day saints derive their beliefs un the righteous-
ness afiif
uf defensive warfare and the need for
kif a military
strong milit arv
mormnism is in the scope qf
another contribution of mqrmqnlsm
moronism cf
uf
scriptural material in which it professes belief while the jews

15
juseph smith
joseph teachings
each ings
T
p 61
16 D & C 9812
17
matthew 2652
 47

reject the new christian sects reject the old

testament and many

testament as a collection of quaint teachings christ came to

supersede
supercede pail
paal referred to
super cede and paol
paul tu as a lesser law mormonism views
scnptjral
gral
grai
scriptiral
scriptural
the script iral records before christ and those after as a whole
whoie
resulitiun therefore must take all
any mormon theory of conflict resolution

if these sources into account

of
linear approach holds that there are different sets of
A

for different states of our spirit

commandments fur spiritual
jal
ial progression
iaz 1

each stage prepares the initiate fum

for
fur intil he receives
the next until a

falness of the gospel implicit to this interpretation is that

there are absolutes of behavior which the believer will arrive at
183 1

according to his diligence and obedience

buthe
absolutes of any kind bobher
bother most people and rightly so
bother must
since dqctrines sich purist
doctrines of absolutes were at the core of such
societies as Hit lers
hitlers
hillers germany stalins russia thys
mccarthys
or McCar
america the LDS concept of absolutes however is totally dif-
ferent nob only are the fruits of the gospel free to
nut
not tu all any

form of compulsion precess

is antithetical to the prucess
process since the
af believer status
attainment uf
of statis is definition an inward
by

conversion moreover one persons lack of belief does not nut

fron reaping the benefits of belief christ
prevent another from
foud shelter and clothing were basics
taught plainly that food
19
cf which god
of nob just maslow were well aware
sod and not
nut
nub
nod unlike
1i fl
18
D & C 13019
19
matthew 61934
619 34
 48

maslow however the truly valuable things in this world were to

20
be purchased without money and without price
mien mankind engages in
when conflict the fundamental causes of
such conflict can be categorized into three types offensive
conflict where there is something you have that 1I want defensive
conflict where there is something 1I have that you want or surro-
gate conflict where there is something 1I either want or something
1I am trying to defend through the use of a third or surrogate

trichutmy which is basically a di-

trichotmy
party fundamental to this trichotomy
chotomy of the first two is the belief system which places value
on the thing or commodity which is desired and for which the two
players compete it
is precisely at this find amental point that
fundamental
christianity and mormonism differ from the philosophy which guides
nations in their search for security today during christs
ministry people were continually trying to embroil him in local
politics when asked if he were the king of the jews jesus
21
replied my kingdom if this world
is not of if the king the
kingdom social code which governs it are not
and the not of this
nut kif
lif
world then can the belief system which determines the value of
commodities in the kingdom be far behind on the contrary christ

declared the treasures of his kingdom are beyond the power of

22
man to steal and that the pie for all
is big enough fur
fou
fuu

20
isaiah 551
21
john 1836
22
matthew 61934
619 34
 49

excluding the 12th article of faith and the overriding

principle of contin
cuntin jois revelation largely superfluous issues to
continuous
the american mormon as previously explained all teachings in the
LDS canon support one
une of two views qualifed
quali fed
absolute pacifism or qualified
pacifism under narrow limits of what is worth defending and how

one may defend this latter view qualified or selective

pacifism is derived from the bak
bolkk of
bolc
book mormon
hummon and
hommon D & C 98 rt
it is
precisely these two sources which give the greatest support to
tu a

linear interpretation leading into absolute pacifism

the first evidence in support of a linear view lies in the
example of the anti lehi nephites not only are these abs ulate
olate
absolute
pacifists
paci fists held up as righteous examples to latter day saints more
than 2000 years after the events transpired we are told that
their example waswritten specifically to influence the inhab-
itants iff the earth from 1830 to the second coming of jesus
23
christ
the escape clause in D & C 98 is a second evidence
besides delineating a very narrow form of justifiable defense the
section specifically states that if thou will spare him thou
24
shait
snall
snail
shall for thy righteousness
shalt be rewarded fur the scripture leaves
no doubt as totu what is the higher law and as explained it is
nut
not
nob expuuse it because of
nub a form of religious arrogance to expouse
expulse ui the L

lity of the reward this trite statement however

universiality
universia
af such
understates the proportions of
uf a commitment

23
title page from the book of mormon
murmon
24
aad
2ad D & C 9830
 50

according to brigham young armaments exist for those who

25
are weak in is unrealistic at present to believe
faith it
that even the smallest fraction of the church could ever live as
pacifists
absolute paci fists yet mormons
cormons must reconcile that the principle
and precedent do exist
the LDS concept of war currently in greatest use sigg
suggests
ests
that military conflict in the name rile and that
of defense is the rule
ruie
pacifism or non
nun violence is the exception
nonviolence 1I conclude however

that LDS doctrine teaches absolute non

nun violence as its ultimate
nonviolence
good if a
but permits selective pacifism within the confines of
defensive military stance coupled with set ie
pacifistic mindset
mindret
mind a

cormons are not

mormons only limited to weapons and strategies within
nut niy
the defense definition they are held accountable fur their
attitudes in times of both war and peace as well
fur the
for mormon who believes in com
cum plete ngn
plebe
piebe
complete nonviolence
non violence any

kind of defense nuclear or otherwise would be out of the

question furthermore saints who
the argument of latter day

believe in defensive war or in other words qualified pacifism is

likewise pointless because of stipulations contained in that
defensive law qualified
0 pacifists witn little choice
paci fists are left witm
wiam

but to espouse only the principle of defensive warfare or

ur give
loyal but passive support to the government under the 12th
article of faith as they diligently try to change secular policies
to fit the LDS definition of righteousness in conflict resolution
25
brigham young
yuung
kuung JD 1106 may 8 1853
 5511

however inlight of our

oor unprecedented capacity fur world
destruction and the growing capability and pressure to initiate
offensive
uffen af even the principle of defensive
sive war the espousal uf
warfare is likewise problematic
 section 11
II LDS selective pacifism and US military policies

without the endorsement of the church through the prophet

individual lattersaints are left with only the principle off
day

inder the limitations already noted if called to arms

defense under
ander
fur
for a secular government it prper
proper and
would be arper natural for
cormons
mormons to incorporate as many of these defensive principles as
possible in support of the secular cause obviously then the
closer clar
secular
a se ciar cause approaches the LDSdefensi
decensi
definition of def
defensive
ensi e
and therefore justifiable warfare the more resi lite would he the
resolute
response the further afield the event the more
moue grudging the

tj change the law

support and the more persistent the effort to
joseph smith said it is our duty to concentrate all our
influence t make popular that which is sound and good and
1
unpopular that which is unsound
at present latter day saints are popularly known fur their
for
passion in the defense off anything connected to liberty freed
freedom
jm

if worship
of and the family in this regard they often view
themselves as warriors against evil indeed the imagery to LDS

ruos
roos
numerous
hymns and nume ruis comparisons between the armies of god and the
armies of man are meant to evoke a sense of battle albeit a

juseph smith history of the church vol

joseph V p 286

52
 2
53
spiritual une
one this spiritual battle notwithstanding cormons
mqns
mormons
MQ mans
mons

have had in the past little avers lon to

aversion
iun
lun tu viewing and using secular
pulitics as a legitimate means to spiritual ends the morm
politics mormonn
murm
3

definition off defense would therefore be nob

nub only the key to
nut
not tu
understanding LDS beliefs but aiso
also the foundation fum
fur
for
foe mormon
murmon

political
individual or collective puli tical actiun
actian
action
according to
tu this line of reasoning and LDS teachings
chirch should be
members of the church supportive of only defensive
military weapons and strategy the first presidency validated
this view in its official statement on
un the MX

our warnings against the terrifying arms

we repeat gur
gor
oor
race in which the nations of the earth are presently
engaged particular
we deplore in partick ilar the building of vast
arsenals of nuclear weapu nry
weaponry its the MX planners
state that the system is strictly defensive in concept
and that the chances are extremely remote that it will
be actually employed however history indicates that
men have seldom created armaments that eventually were
nut
not pit to use it is ironic and a denial of the very
nob pot
put
pub
if the
essence of gospel that in this same general area
there should be constructed a mammoth weapons system
potentially capable of dest
destroy ng much of civilization
roying
boying
we plead with our national leaders totu marshal the genius
of the nation to find viable alternatives which will
secure at an earlier date and with fewer hazards the
protection from possible enemy aggress ion which is ouur
aggression
lun
lon
cummon con
common cun cern
concern 4

defense however not the concern in the

is nut two must
most

lur present military pu

important areas of our
lor posture
sture the weapons
weapuns

themselves and the leadership political

oolitic military
ouli tical
oolitical
oulitical
al or
ur truls
controls
who con
cun

them

estephen
2stephen
stephen tanner we are all enlisted suns
L sunstone
Sins tune
bone
bune
vol 7 no 4 july august 1982
vul
vol
voi ap 27
pp 2731
31

3brigham yang discourses of brigham young p 358

bangham young
bngham
4A
first presidency statement un
on if the
basing of MX missile
deseret news 56
5 6 may 1981 aa
1a
 54
nuclear and conventional weaponry

compter commercial presently in ise

there is a computer on tele-
vision depicting a battle between two armies circa WW 1I the
camera scopes the battlefield first on
in the panorama of anxious
faces and a ubscarred by the dust of an unknown number of
sun unscarred
obscurred
attacking calvary and infantry and then on the point of origin of
a rambling and clang of metal on metal
distant mechanical rumbling the
he

nondescript
horses of this non
nun descript european army rear in surprise and the
binocj
binock aars of the generals drop in astonishment as
binoculars a tank breaks
through the cloud of dirt and the advertisement if a business
wants to be competitive it must keep up with the latest in
technology
this underlying message however goes beyond the com piter
computer
cum

business tto explain two basic tenets of nuclear strategy ie a

weapons system becomes obsolete as sogn

suun as
soon
suon an enemy develops the
capacity to either nullify the effects of an incoming offensive
weapon or eliminate his opponent without being himself destroyed
in a retaliatory strike the former premise underlies the meaning
of the term defense while the prevention of the second re lers tj
refers t
deterrence
in regards to the concept qa
q1
0 defense there is no one

either in or out of government employ who believes that a 100

5
leakproof defense system is possible since even the must
most

optimistic projection allows i

1 of an enemys missiles to break

sjohn
join
john tierney star wars the scientists strike back
science 84 vol 5 no 5 june 1984 ap
pp 1415
14.15 lt gen james
abrahamson reported A perfect astrodome defense is not
nut a
realistic thing christian scientist Muni
monitor 15 january 1985
moni tr
 55
through leaving 100
loo
00 american cities in indescribable ruin une
one
can only con clide
conclude
cun that even a if defense is
loose definition of
not a meaningful concept in the current debate
this may be unbelievable to
tu a generation raised on the
technological triumphs of the past century and who have developed
an almost subconscious faith that technology will eventually solve
all our problems the someone
simeone will develop it somewhere belief
it may seem in star trek images
inconceivable to americans weaned on
of domed cities and forcefields unfortunately aalthough
Lt hugh science
6
fiction lasers do exist their force
furce field counterparts do not
forcefield nut
nob

it is
A
the latter if deterrence
view of which at least pub
7

licly justifies
licay djs
3js ifies
idies and perpetuates gar
jar
oar present defense strategy
our

athe
6the
the antiballistic of gos
the later 60s
missile system ABM
and early 70s was the closest either side came to providing such
a screen of protection in appearance this treaty guaranteed the
ability of deterrent weapons to retaliate and thus safeguarded the
mutual assured destruction MAD strategy actually it was
scraped because of the missiles prohibitive cust
cost and the large
number of nuclear explosions which would occar
occur high in the
atmosphere but mostly due to the invention of MIRV the ability
fur one missile to carry many individually targe
for targetable
table warheads
As a consequence of this obsolescence both sides easily agreed to tu
limiting their use one of the few accomplishments of SALT 1I
reagans current strategic defense initiative SDI likewise
tu create a dome of defense however since even the
promises to
must optimistic projections allow anywhere from 1 to 5
most
leakage it appears the system will actually protect missiles
and is hence either another com ponent of MAD or part of a
cumponent
component
cum
first strike strategy
7there
othere
there is considerable evidence that we have always had an
offensive strategy in 1979 before a senate armed services
committee meeting general david C jones the past chairman uof
the joint chiefs of staff stated 1
nob subscribe to
du not
I do nut tu the idea
that we ever had it mutual assured destruction as our basic
strategy 1I have been involved with strategic forces since the
early 1950s we have always targeted military targets
emphasis added military implications ueof the treaty on
in the
limitation of strategic offensive arms and protocol thereto salt
II treaty hearings before the senate armed services committee
11
july 24 1979 part ap 169 170.
pp 1701
 56

in order to prevent or deter the USSR from initiating

initiatinq a

first strike the US must have the capability to launch a second

strike certain soviet annihilation along with ours hence
and make

the term mutually assured destruction or MAD a strategy which

has preserved a certain degree of peace for the past 40 years
for deterrence to work it becomes of paramount importance

to see the attack coming and launch the promised retaliatory

strike hence had
KAD
MAD relies worldwide
on a world if
wide system of early warning
if infra
devices using the techniques of infrared
red radar satellite
photography and listening devices such as those used to track the
noisy soviet submarines
it also follows that the enemy must never know where all our
oju
mls sies
sles
missiles
mis are aat any given moment and that we must never know where

all of
cif the enemies missiles are as well such knowledge would in
fact encourage a first strike since either side could wipe out the
not suffer any consequence
opponents missiles and nut itself this
appears highly unlikely in an absolute sense considering the
numbers of missiles involved and the complexity of identify
identifying
in
bit becomes possible if not
their locations bub
but
bab nut probable in a
relative sense as shall be explained later whatever the case it
is this very potentiality which created the shell game in the
water the submarine fleet the shell game in the air our air-
bumber squadrons
borne bomber and which seeks to create the biggest
shell game of all the basing mode for
fur the MX missile our shell
game on land

obviously then advances in weapons technology which improve

 57

ones chances fur a successful first strike or decrease a nations

ability to detect an incoming strike are serious threats to the
stability of the system these are precisely the developments
facing our world today which have eroded the rationale behind the
strike defensive retaliatory strike scena
offensive first strikedefensive riu and
rio
scenario
continued LDS political support
fur the current strategy MAD to remain useful
As stated for

each player must believe the other sides forces have survivab-
ility the ability to survive a counterforce attack and still
Q
8
deliver a crippling retaliatory blow any weapons system which

erodes this capability encourages a first strike and a belief in a

nable nuclear way
nabie
winnable
winnabie
win war
wa

midved warheads
mirved

this very process began with the mtrving

eirving of
mirving if the US arsenal
in 1970 MIRV reentry
urr multiple independently targetable reen tri
trl
reentri
vehicles thats a great deal to make one word mean kice said
alice
allce
aiice
mice
loukinq glass
in through the looking when 1I make a word ddo a lot of
9
work like that said humpty dumpty 1
I always pay it extra
greatly increased the number of warheads the US could deliver
against the soviet union because a single vehicle carries many
warheads a nation could send out a barrage of missiles while
Q
estephen
8stephen
stephen hilgartner richard bell and rory OC
ocunnur
oconnor
unnur
onnor
Nuke speak nuclear language visions and Mind
nukespeak set san francisco
mindret
mindset
sierra club books 1982 p 213
9
alewis
9lewis
lewis carroll the complete work of lewis Car rull new
carroll
york random house
hoise inc 1980 p 214
 58

leaving a percentage of their qtner

otrer
atner
otner ICBMs behind MIRVs there
10
fore give a slight advantage to the side who attacks first

missile accuracy

second unproved accuracy of nuclear missiles

the improved particu-
larly those of the united states MX trident and pershing 11 II
means that land based missiles are more susceptible
susceptable
suscept able to attack
since direct or near direct hits are necessary to immobilize a

missile silo this again encourages a first pre emp tive in

emptive
emotive
nuclear argon particular
jargon strike such missile accuracy is of parti
partl cilar
concern to the soviets since 70 75 of their missiles are land
11
based while only 33 of US missiles are land based the
administration has argued that accurate missiles are necessary in
a retaliatory or second
secund strike capacity in order to limit the
effects of any nuclear response to counterforce rather than
12
pkpjla1 mion centers a strategy of supposed greater morality
population
1wion

this argument however assumes that there will be missiles in

soviet silos fur
for Nne rican missiles to hit which in burn
american turn assumes
that the soviet union will hold a sizable number of its missiles
in reserve after their first strike

10
bernard T and gosta
gusta
tsipis land based
feld kusta
kosta
kosba
intercontinental ballistic missiles scientific american
vember 1979
Ma
november
mavember wil
vol
voi
wui 5 241 no ap
pp 53 54
11
bruce russett
rissett the prisoners of insecurity san
francisco WH freeman and company 1983 ap
pp 3738
37 38
12
ibid ap
pp 148153
148 153 discussion in reference to president
carters presidential directive 59 issued in mid 1980
 59

another argument holds accurate missiles are necessary to

13
support other strategies of selective or flexible response fur
for
example the US may want the flexibility to selectively match a

soviet act with a similar reaction of its own in grden

order tu prevent
orden to
escalation ip los angeles we should react
if the USSR blows jp by
bv
blowing up Sebastipul
sebastipul
sebastipol
Sebasti poi and no more
pol mure in order to
tu conduct such
surgical attacks the US must the refre have accurate missiles
therefore
nu explanation is given as to why each side will react in kind
no

at rate it is crucial to note that the only distinction

any
between a first strike and second strike capability is the

if the players involved

intent of

command control communication and intelligence

third in nuclear warfare there has always been a builtin

built in
incentive to strike first tu disrupt the lines of
in order to
communication
A nation that strikes first with strategic forces
so with its command structure control mechanisms
dues su
does
and communications devices wholly intact alerted
and ready by con
cun trast the nation which seeks to
contrast
launch a retaliatory attack may find its chain af
uff command
highly disrupted its telephone lines dead its satellites
inoperative its radio signals interfered with and its
communications officers out of action 14 11

13
tu congress US foreign policy for
richard nixon report to
the 1970s A new strategy for peace feb 18 igo197
19010 p 12
the doctrine of flexible response is further discussed in robert
S McNamaras contribution to the nuclear controversy
mcnamaras A foreign
affairs reader new york new american library 1985 pp ap 81819090
14
pjbl
public
federation of american scientists publ terest
berest
interest
IC Tn
I report
1
comm and and control
command ur lose it
use it or vl
voi
vol 33 no
1980 page 1I quoted in hilgartner bell and oconnor nikespeak
8 october
Nuke speak
nukespeak
Nike
p 214
 60

cun
con trul
troi
control communications and intelligence coi
c3i
cai
c31 make the position
15
if defender in
of a nuclear exchange even more tenuous
ruth the US
roth
buth
both and soviet c31
C 1I system rely crucially on

satellites to
tu warn conduct and prevent war tu successfully
to win

cunfruntatin
in a nuclear confrontation therefore an aggressor woo
would
ld first
destroy its enemys satellites on july 4th
ath 1982 the reagan
administration announced plans to develop an anti satellite ASAT
16
system with operation deployment as a goal this it
explained was necessary because the russians had already
developed an ASAT capability
on the surface the argument runs parallel with the logic of
arms escalation puker ego
and poker tol
tuu
too
elo by the way if the enemy ups the
ante we must match it in order to stay in the game imagine the
scenario however and an anti satellite weadon could only be a

first use weapon Supp usedly the russians will attack first
supposedly and

use their satellites in a coordinated attack un

on the US if they
truly have an effective ASAT system and many believe they do
17
nut
not
nob jut
they will have already sent jot
out the initial command tu
to
launch a barrage ut
of missiles against the united states and

15
electromagnetic pulse EMP eurfor example affects communic-
fum
ation over the entire range of signals in current use from
frum ELF to
tu
VHF this would disrupt communication with gor
gur
oor entire defense
our
establishment including submarine and satellite systems asht acht
ashtonn
B carter the command and cqntrul
control of nuclear war scientific
american january 1985 vol 252 no 1 p 38. 38
16
roase
white rouse
house fact sheet distributed after Dres
hoose resident
ident
reagans speech of july 4 1982 cited in william E burrowsborrows
walking with reagan
skywalking
Sky harpers january 1984 vol 268
no 1604 p 50
17
ibid p 52
 61

meanwhile destroyed gur

our
gum satellites in this case what is the use
of a retaliatory strike against soviet satellites on our part
nut
not
furthermore would nub secund strike ASAT system rely on gehe
nob any second othe
other

satellites to locate and coordinate a satellite attack or should

we proliferate back up satellite systems
backup ad infinitum as we have
our missile forces ASATs make sense only as first use
ase
ise weapons

like the for accurate

argument fur missiles a retaliatory
strike ASAT system assumes that a nuclear war will escalate slowly
or be limited in its scope in the same way it is unlikely that a

US rell
relia
reila
rella tory missile
tury
touy
reliatory
reliatury
reli
reil atory strike would not be used to hit soviet silos
emptied of their first strike missiles retaliatory killer satel-
nut be used against soviet satellites emptied of their
lites would not
initial flurry
flarry of coordinated commands moreover it should be
remembered that as in missile accuracy intent is the only thing
that distinguishes a second counterforce in this case satellites
ability from an offensive first strike attack
another paradox of anti satellite warfare is that the system
which may be used to launch an attack is the same system used to
verify arms
ams agreements communicate system fal
arns fai lires
failures warn of an

attack or stop a war once started

if intelligence gathering and early warning satellites
lity because they allow each side tj
stablity
are sources of stability
stab t
monitor the other rather than be caught by surprise
prise
kiner
when military circumstances change then ASATs killer
sr
satellites as they are popularly called are very
destabilizing 3

is william E burrows
1 Q
walking with reagan harper
harpers
january 1984 vq1
barrows skywalking
Sky
vol 268 no 1604
voi p 52
harder
 62
blurring of the distinction between nuclear and
Conventi onai weaponry
conventional
unal
onal

technological developments have provided a fourth source of

offensive
incentive for uffen
offen sive nuclear warfare by making it easier fur
for
conventional warfare to escalate into nuclear war because of the
nuclearization of what has been traditionally considered conven
tional weaponry
dional the interchangeability
inter changeability of conventional and

nuclear delivery vehicles and the creation of explosives

approaching near nuclear destructive power distinct
the distinction
lon
iun
lun
between conventional and nuclear weapu nry has
weaponry become bj
burred
blurred
rred
making it more likely that a cunventit nal military confrontation
conventional
nai

will escalate into nuclear war

made possible by the miniaturation
miniatiratiun of the nuclear mechanism
60s the jnited
in the gos inited states has niclearized
incited orce
nucleanzed many weapons once
considered conventional
cunventiunal torpedos land mines
nines surface to sirface
tu surface
and surface to air missiles in if
tn january of 1985 2020 an BC
NBC

TV news magazine featured a report on the members of a special

forces team in the armed services whose duty was slipp behind
to sl
enemy lines with their poind
56 pound packs containing a low kiloton
nuclear bomb and blow up dams harass industry and communic-
199
1

ation mind you this is tu a nuclear bomb

in reference to homb
bumb nut
not
nob

some explosion bravely placed by a world war 11

II curmnandu
commando squad

distinction
the only real distinct iun
lun ear weapons
nuclear
lon between conventional and nic
in this case is whether the sender has enough space not
noh to be
nut
nuh

19
further information regarding backpack nukes or special
repurted under an associated press
atomic demolition munitions was reported
article fur
foc
fuc
foz 5th 1985 reprinted in the desert sun
for january ath sin
edition
spring 1985 edit lon vol 3 no 2
iun
ion
1I
p 2
 63
biown up along with the
blown target if conve-
this nuclearization of
ntional weapu nry has made
weaponry the pr
prospect for future agreements all
spect cor
fur
the mure
more difficult and allowed countries tu
to cunti nde enlarging
continue
nue

stuck piles
plies while
stockpiler
their nuclear stuckpiles
stockpiles
stock still rt arms
support
appearing to sopp
supp aris
atms

trul
troi
control
cun
con
warhead delivery vehicles have developed a like ambiguity
because the delivery vehicles are similar conventional warheads
can quickly and easily fur nuclear warheads since
substituted for
be

their physical appearance radar and infra red signatures are

nut only creates problems in verification
indistinguishable this not
farther con
but further cun tributes to
contributes tu the atmus phere of uncertainty
atmosphere
atmos paran
paranoia
ola
uia
oia
20
and hair triggered response
respunse
tu
to add to
tu ther
creation of cother
this the creatlon forms of explosives
such as fiel air maniti
near nuclear
fuel
fuei uns and clustered warheads
ons
munitions
have filled the gap between the destructive power of the atom and
21
the conventional
cunventiunal weapon the sum total of these developments
means that conventional warfare has the potential to
tu escalate
nore
more easily into a nuclear confrontation than previously thought

20
the physical characteristics of the cruise missile
contribute substantially tq
to these verification difficulties
aq
another complicating feature is that cruise missiles of similar
size and external configuration may have significantly different
diff ernt
differnt
range capabilites
capabilities nuclear or conventional payloads guidance
systems and missions former president carter
emphasis mine furmer
fiscal year 1979 arms control impact statements june 1978
p 69
21
michael klare the conventional weapons fallacy sablon
1
nation
april 9 1983 volvoi 236 no 14
vul 438444
p 438 444 while disarmament
advocates should certainly encourage NATO to tu reduce its dependence
on nuclear wea
weapons
pons nut in their desire to
puns they should nob
not tu prevent a
nuclear war give uncritical support to conventional weapons
pr
programs hat
grams hab
that may nore likely
make such a war more original
ri ginal
emphasis ibid p 444
In detectability
rn 64

fifth the increasing indefectibility

indetectibility of nuclear weaponry
undermines the deterrence argument plint
case in point the craise
cruise
missile because the crjise
crille carries
crilse a cmojterized
comoutenzed map of the
terrain it can fly cluse
close to
tu the ground beneath radar moreover
nall enough to be hidden easily and adapt
cruise missiles are ssmail
snall
small
well to a variety of mobile launch devices although
aith
Alth lugh
qugh cruise
cugh
missiles at present are relatively slow they take oneune to two
hwo

tu reach their target

hours to their small size and deployment in
western europe cluse to the warsaw pact countries
close tu make detectiun
detection
detect lon
iun
lun
222
extremely difficult and far frum auto
from autu
aoto
automatic
matic indeed regardless
if future improvements in speed
of this placement of the cruise
close to soviet territory in western europe under reagan has
already made up for the present technical weaknesses of the
fur
cruise nut developed cruise missiles as yet
the soviets have not
nob

du so within five years

bit are expected to do
but As improvements are

made in the missile both sides will have no if knowing when

nu way of

they are going

guing to be hit to strike
the incentive tu first through
paran gia
gla
paranoia custbenefit
costbenefit
uia or cold cust
cost benefit analysis will be overpowering
likewise the production of stealth technology and the

stealth bomber whose shape and construction materials are

designed to either absorb the radar beam allow it tu
to pass through
ur deflect the
or beam one side rather than
tu une
to cause it totu bounce
23
back make it invisible tu
to soviet radar in uther
other words is
22
christopher campbell nuclear weapons fact bogk
book Nov ato
nova tu
covato
nuvatu
novato
Nuva
CA presidio press 1984 pp 89100
ap 89 100
23
CBS evening news 12 february 1985
 65
another weapon which tempts first strike use
tt
it
1I argjed that the huge number qf
argied
has been argued aff missiles un
on both

sides gor
discounting fur mre and more
for the moment that there are more mre
complicating the scene all the tune
actors cumplicating time
bune make first strike use
illogical since there will always be gane are f the enemys weapons
sane
ssome
ane
gare

left ver totu deliver a retali

retail atry blow
retaliatory biow this hu wever is
however
deceptive the growing in detectability uf af weapons has changed the
riles off the game the only option and real decision for the
rules
president and the military is whether to lessen the risk as much
as possible and choose for the country to be hit with an unknown
number of missiles in a retaliatory strike when they most expect

it rather than be hit by a known number of missiles when they

24
least expect it the temptation and logic to chq
tu cha se the fr
choose mer
farmer
is very strong
strung

interaction
shortened Interact lon time and com
iun
lun Cum poter
puter assisted nuclear war
computer

sixth the small amount of time 5 20 minutes depending

literally viewp4int in which ajr
ones viewpoint
unn viewpoint ur military and political
ujr
tu review a sitjation
leaders have to sitja
sitiatiun
situation
tion and make decisions creates a
condjcive fr
conducive atmosphere fur
cundicive foc
fuc irrational thinking and a first strike

react ign
reaction
iun based
lun on false inf rmatiqn or equipment malfunction
information

24
whether anyone could be calculating enough aq tq decide tu t
lse
iose
lose
ise a possible 100 million
milliun or the whoie
whole 250 milliun peple
people
pepie
point ironically however it was this kind
seem absurd at this poine
polne
may

cst
cstbenefit
cold cust
of coid benefit analysis that fanned the raticinale
custbenefit
dropping the first at
rationale behind
saving the lives which
aric bombs unn japan
atomic
anic
isb
may have been lust ist
during a land invasion during WWII
memoirs 1I ch 26 WS churchill triumph and tragedy BK 11
traman
truman
II ch
19 and HL stimson and M bundy randy on active service in peace and
bandy
war as cited in thomas A bailey A diplomatic history of the
1970 p 7774
74
crprat
Cr prat iun
american people new york meridith corpuratiun ion eighth Edit
lun edition
lon
iun
ion
 66
daring craise
during 1984 III missiles were placed
cruise and pershing 111
in forward bases military installations in countries closest t
the soviet union and her allies ie west germany the soviet
pabli ally stationing submarines armed with
aily
pablically
publically
union reacted by pablic
public cally
caily
oju eastern coast this action by the US
nuclear warheads off our
and the soviet repqnse
reponse have shortened the decision time
response tune
bune for an

effective review of any crisis to six minutes this alone makes

our efforts at any form civil defense meaningless and destroys all
confidence in claims that gar
our system can ever be
oar failsafe
fail safe
the nature of the communications system by which military
and administration leaders are informed in the event of a nati
national
onai
unal
onal
emergency further weakens the defense argument on one une hand we

feel secure knowing that the president of the united states is the
one who ultimately presses the button yet fall
fail
fali to realize that
in a national emergency the normal functions of our democratic
system would of necessity be circumvented to place decision making
power in the hands of jst
jast
just
ast a few military officials
civilian and

of whom the president would be chief the president and the

civilian departments of government in turn rely on information
supplied to them by the armed forces who in turn rely on
un infurma
informa
informal

tion supplied through various forms of

blon
bion military elect
electronic
runic
nonic
detection equipment such as satellites radar sonar
and sonau the
mistakes of this system are nume ruas and surprisingly well
roas
numerous
25
publicized considering the secrecy of the matter
25
richard halloran Cm puter error falsely indicates a
computer
soviet attack new york times june 30 1980 p 914 another
episode is also contained in ashton B carter the command and
af nuclear war scientific american january 1985
control of
uf
vol 252 no 1 p 33
 67
6 7

catastrophic decisions based on faulty information however

are only one possible danger of a shortened reaction time caused
by advancements in technology what is not widely appreciated is
that since the computer may be right both sides are slowly
developing a lajnch
lainch
launch on warning policy shout
shoot now ask questions
26
later because com
cum paters determine the nature
computers f the warning
thp
nuclear war and the fate of the entire planet are taken out of ohp
human hands

ABMs and star wars

seventh the reagan administration is now to sell his

trying tu
strategic defense initiative SD
SDII or star wars to the public
T
1

constrict a ring of satellites employing particle

it proposes to construct
or laser beams to shoot
shout missiles hence an ABM or
down the
he enemy
bhe ur
anti ballistic missile defense they assure us as that the system
will be used fur defensive purposes only and with it we will
ased for
27
finally achieve security tt
it makes no
nu difference that many
29
2
nob technologically possible
scientists believe the system is not
nut
that it will still allow a hundred nuclear bombs totu get through or
ur
that the ros
russians
Ris sians
slane
siane will suuner
sooner
auuner ur
or later cun
con strict
construct their own

ring of weapons to attack the mines before they attack the lasers

26
john Stein briner launch under attack
steinbruner scientific
american january 1984 vol 250 no 1 p 37
27
elizabeth pond reagan initiative puts US soviet hard
liners on spot christian science monitor 14 january 1985 p 1

288
john tierney star wars science 84 p 14 it will
cost 26 billion dollars jost to find out if the system is
just
cullars 3ust
dullars aust
feasible
 68

ring of weapons tu attack the mines bel

to ure they attack tbhe
1ore
before thee lasers
that are supposed to attack the ICBMs attaie
that are launched to attake
29
the cities and silos thus inaugurating the whole vi scious
cycle again and wasting unimaginable amounts of money in the
30
process furthermore if the system does
dues succeed the united
states will have a first strike capability As one writer put it
the paradox of ballistic missile defense then is
this it is virtually impossible to accomplish
accumdlish in
any way that will prevent loss of life in the tens of
millions but were a perfect shield possible it would
make the nation possessing it invulnerable to enemy
attack and therefore a potentially deadly threat ttto its
opponents the irony then is that to succeed is to
fail because the defense and the offense
of tense have become
the same

submarine warfare

finally advances in submarine detection and antisubmarine

anti submarine
warfare particularly on the part of the united states threaten
the reliability of the heretofore invulnerable ballistic missile
submarine deterrent
anti submarine warfare is made up of two components detec-
tion and kill capacity ttit is an irony of the former ability
fumer

surveillance that a system which verifies best has also aiso the
potential of
af pr
uf viding first strike infurmatiun
prviding
providing information
the ability tu
to monitor russian missile carrying sub
marine could therefore be considered stabilizing in that

29
barrows
burrowsharpers p 57
30
janet raloff beam weapons
weapuns dows
dods high tech gamble
science news july 1984 vol
3 126 no p 27
31
burrows harpers p 56
 69

it deters surprise attack survivability

and enhances the
of US strategic forces nevertheless in pursuing these
legitimate objectives the US could acquire a capability
that could be perceived as threatening the survivability
russlan ballistic missile submarines and therefore could
of russian
construed
be con
cun destablizing a significant first step
stried as destabilizing
cunstried
toward the acquisition of a potentially destabilizing
32
destablizing first
strike capability
with the development of synthetic aperture radar SAR which is
able to function day or night and in any kind of weather exacting
sound surveillance systems such as SOSUS SURTASS and RDSS to-
gether with new research un
on the wake effects cavitation noises
produced by the passage of a sibma rire through water
rine
submarine it appears
33
the US has or will soon develop this capacity
after the submarine has been detected the PS
tis armed forces
ITS

have a variety of kill methods nucleanzed tur

besides niclearized torpedos
pedos
pedus
depth charges and mines the navy has developed an antisubmarine
antl cibir
anti sibir arine
submarine
aircraft the P ac
3c attack submarines and various guided missile
frigates this no for former secretary of defense
doubt accounts fur
harold brown comment that our navy has maintained and in some
34
cases even widened our technological lead over the russians
to the tragic credit of awne rican scientific genius
american
Aine and the

inevitable momentum of arms development we have noe

nut avoided the
not
nob

32
joel S wit advances in antisubmarine warfare
scientific Aine
american
rican
nican february 1981 vol 244 no 2 p 40

33tbid
ibid pp 3337
ap 33 37 additional
addit
addia unal information is contained in
onai
onal
david hafemeister joseph J roffman and gosta kosta tsipis the
if
verification of compliance with arms control agreements
scientific american march 1985 vol 252 no
mo 3 p 414142
42
34
former secretary of defense harold brown cited in joel S
wit advances in antisubmarine warfare scientific american
february 1981 p 35
 70

development of weapons which threaten the invulnerabiity

invulnerablity of the
invulnerability
other sides deterrent the keystone of stability
in conclusion as both
buth
boch accuracy
buch sides refine the acca racy of their
missiles and improvements are in weapons
made on sich as the craise
such cruise
missile or stealth technology our lur arms will inevitably progress
oar
beyond a point of detectability
detectabilis1 y to where a pre emptive first
preemptive
strike bit a
becomes not only a temptation but necessity 1I further
contend that given the small amount of time between action and
reaction the fate of our world is taken git of
if human control
thus making accidental njclear
nuclear war a possible if nob
niclear nut probable
not
event these technological developments in nuclear arms together
with the trend of the united states of deve luping first strike
developing
secund strike capability have invalidated
weapons in the name of a second

distinct
a traditional distinction
lon
iun
ion in justifiable warfare for
fur latter day

saints by turning if
tarning defensive weapons into offensive instruments of
war

to to the danger we have an

add tu administration whose public
views compliment first strike use

military and government leadership

nob enough people are aware or concerned that the reagan

nut
not
administration is projecting a first strike mentality at the
highest levels encouraging a belief that nuclear war is winnable
controllable and that a first strike is a legitimate option
dig a hole cover it with a couple of door
dour and
if dirt on
then throw three feet of un top the its
 1

dirt that does it

dues if there are enough shovels
to go around everybodys going to make it 1

tkjunes
TK Junes deputy under secretary
of defense for strategic and theater
nuclear forces
in previous years the concept gor
gom
for C 3 command
fur
control and communication was that it only had
to be able to get off a launch of US strategic
weapons in response to a first strike before damage
was unacceptable the idea that there was no way
if invalidated
to win a nuclear war exchange sort of
the need for anything survivable there is a shift
now in nuclear weapons planning and a proper element
in nuclear deterrence is that we be able to keep onun
fighting 2

lieutenant general james W stansberry

electronics systems division of the air
force
american strategic forces do nob
not exist solely for the
purpose of deterring a soviet nuclear threat or attack
against the united states itself instead they are
intended to support US foreign policy as reflected
for example in the commitment to
bir
bor tu preserve western europe
against aggress
aggression
lon
iun
ion regu ires american
such a function requires
strategic forces that would enable a president to tu initiate
strategic nuclear use53 for coercive though politically
purpus
defensive purposeses
colin gray
tu the president
advisor to un arms
control
on 1

gur
oor
our duing whatever is necessary
our top priority is on doing
furce parity across the full range
to ensure nuclear force
warfighting
of plausible nuclear war fighting scenarios with the soviet
union oor capabilites
we will work steadily on expanding gor
our capabilities
for deterring or prosecuting a global war with the soviet
fur
4
union
caspar we aberger
weinberger
nberger
secretary of defense

robert scheer with enough shovels reagan rish

rash
bish
bash
bush & njclear
nuclear
war new york random
randum house 1982 p 18
2
2ibid
bibid
ibid p 33

3ibid
bibid
bid p 34
4
4ibid
bibid
ibid p 129 tu chapter
notes to 1
 72

what im saying is that the united states should never put

itself in a posi
pusitun
positon
po
posl
pusi ton
siton
pohiton if
tun as it has many times of guaranteeing
to an enemy or a potential enemy what it wont do
du 5

ronald reagan
president of the united states
one may quote many more similar statements by administration
officials either we are to take these statements at face value
or believe that they are intended as dialogue in a game of nuclear
chicken such statements present a particular dilemma forfur the
latter day saint as the paraphrase of a catholic shups
bishops
Bi shops pastoral
if
letter of may 1983 on nuclear armaments explains can mqrmuns
cormons
mormons

threaten what they may never do may latter day saints possess
what they may never ise6
isea
use

first strike threats un

on af administration officials
the part of
uf
reflect pre nuclear thinking a belief that the more bk abs
bombs gans
ur guns
mbs or

a protagonist has the more secure he becomes an opinion with

some validity be fre

before the splitting of the atom it only proves
that the magni
magnitude
bade oor potential destruction
tade of gor
our destractiun has not
nob sunk in
nut
nub

the splitting of
af the atom has changed everything save mans mode
uf
7
of thinking thus we drift towards unparalleled catastrophe
perhapsit is the appearance of strength we are after
again this is also a fallacy with the examples of af the usviet
uf
nam cunflict afganistan against soviet aggres-
conflict the resistance by afghanistan
sion and 1I puse even the success
suppose
sip fil american fight
successful eight for
fur

bsheer
5sheer
sheer with enough shovels p 240 appendices
6naticnal if
national conference of shups the challenge of
bishops
catholic Bi shops
peace dcunited
wash DC United states catholic con ference
conference
Cun 1983 p 43

aalbert
7albert
albert einstein as quoted in waging peace ed by jim
iii
ili
wallis
wa 111 s p 2
 73

independence against the then must powerful nation on

un earth
britain the precedent has been set several times over for
fur
small technologically backward countries to come gut
odt victorious
out
indeed there is doubt that americas nuclear capability has ever
Q
lessened the likelihood of war this appearance of strength is
clearly for home consumption
we have yet to see if the current arms limitation talks in
geneva produce anything we have become almost as used to the

if
drone of SALT talks as we have to the announcements
ur
or START annuuncements of
new defense pro
pru grams and their numbing price tags
programs the mecord
record is
so poor it is difficult to
su tu get attached to
tu this latest round and
unfortunately if
with the deployment of the V
IX and the mentality
9
that escalation provides bargaining chips
arms 1I see no
nu

reason to believe the administration is very sincere

meason whether
reagan surprises us
is ur
or nor
nur
nut
not
nob will nut
not
ngh
noh change the momentum of defense
10
spending or
ur the nature of the weapons
Q
8mcgeorge
mcgeorge bundy ifnewatomic
the unimpressive record of
diplomacy he nuclear crisis reader
cited in the yurk
york vintage
books 1984
byks 4254
ap 42
pp 54
9
911mx
MX missile faces rough guing
going in 85 christian science
monitor 1
l january 1985
17 p 1

10
it is important tu
to nohe that the current budget debate
nore
note
un the rate of growth in defense spending
centers on many defense
industry analysts agree that regardless off the exact level of
defense spending dune by assorted improprieties
and the damage done
muney into these companies is certain to remain
the flood of money
enormous through the end of the 1980s improprieties in this
case meant fraud kickbacks poltical
pultical
poetical
poi tical donations and huge cost
pul
pol cust
overruns paul H nisbet a prudential bache defense indi stry
industry
analyst considers defense industry stock stuck solid investment
prospects jqhn yemma US defense industry running full
john fill
euli speed
ahead christian science monMun itur
monitor 29 april 1985 p ig
19
19.
 744

is with a paradox however if the selective

this leaves us
pacifist argument of warfare for
fur defensive war fares
warfarer
warfares sake no
n

pacifists
longer applies then where are all the mormon paci fists
republican strength in utah during the last election was as
strung as ever
strong utah representation in congress has done nothing
11
to lose its hawkish label there is small demonstration of
12
concern on the part of students at brigham young university
if conspicuous
and even the one source of anti nuclear activity in
the salt lake valley the MX information center is relegated to a

une room
one hideaway
basement hide baptistprotestant
baptistprutestant
a way beneath the Baptist Protestant
student center
although ignorance to recent developments in nuclear
weaponry and his
strategy is one cause behind this
1 negligence
6
among

Mor mons there are many others

cormons
mormons foremost among the obstacles to
tu
Mr mun pacifism is the mistaken appearance of church
mormon chirch endorsement
fur militarism and the doctrine in the air
for ie fringe doctrine
based on cultural distortion and statements by seminary teachers
the church press and church public relations
11
the latest development as of the writing of this thesis
qccared Mid getman missiles in six
occured over the proposed placement of midgetman
occurred
majr population centers of utah
possible sites west of the major
senator onn
orin hatch was reportedly pleased over the additional
employment prospects senator garn was upset because the air force
didnt brief him first air force chooses 6 utah bases for
fur
possible Mid getman sites
midgetman deseret news 27 april 1985 page 1

12
human rights symposium at BYU suns
Sans tone
tune
sunstone vol 10
no 1 ap 4849
pp out of a student population of more than
25000 attendance at a human rights symposium was less than
five students per session and relegated to one small
twentyfive
twenty
conference room while the republican rally four months earlier
with its festive balloons and banners attracted crowds at a
manding central
commanding
cum
com quad location
 ili
section 111
III where are all the mormon
hormon pacifists
Paci fists

much work tj be dune

remains tu done in the area of LDS political
poil
puli
poll tical
thought amental to
fundamental
Find tu this undertaking hu wever is a compr-
however
ehensive and puliticalhisturical
politicalhistorical
detailed political historical uver
over view vff the past 150
overview
years of ILDS church history
dds chirch
LDS furthermore such a study must be
ulars in the
scholars
conducted by sch spirit uf
aff B H roberts to frankly
cared in full
state events as they uc
secured fill consideration of
af all related
uf
circumstances ailo
allu
allowing jstifl
aff justifi-
wing the line of condemnation or qf

cation to fall
fali where it may being confident that in the sam
fail slat qf
sar
sum aff
things justice
ustice will fallow truth and god will be glqrified
fullow bruth glorified in his
work no matter what may befall individuals or ur groups qf
aff indivi-
1
duals
1I do not
nut
nob call myself an historian and supp
suppose
se that the na-
ture
bure f my thesis beiles
belies t hist
belles my own claim tu urical objectivity
historical
if indeed an absolute claim can be made by anyone what has
surprised me as a result uf
aff my research however is the bias if
much dune so far
iff the work done jut
gut
quotes taken jot
out cun
con text
context
conclusions drawn n ang malles
malies
anumalles
anomalies
anu little fr
for trends orr
concern fur
research into the reasons behind exceptions finally an and

overall criticism the belief that anything said ahr ugh any urgan
through
thr pegan

if
of the church press was fair game as official doctrine it
1bh rberts
BH Rroberts
berts as quoted in dark
clark messages introductory
section p xv
75
 76

seemed everywhere 1I saw order and consistency other writers

saw official sip
support
poort fur
piort ioe
foc
fuc particjiar
particilar
particular
partl
parti
for their panti cilar point of
af
uf view or
ambivalence a favorite catch word meaning ctlun at
contradiction
contrad colun
2
the highest levels of church government there are however
two exceptiuns
exceptions ronald W walkers sheaves Buc liers
bicklers
kiers
klers
wicklers
bucklers
buckless
Bic and the

state and mormon

murmon
hormon concern over MX parochialism or diring
doring
during
ur En
enduring
3
moral theg
theology
Theo lugy by steven A rii dreth
hll
hildreth
Kil
walkers article is by far the must prehensive
most cm
comprehensive and even-

historical
handed hist urical ove
orical view done
overview dune ap
up tu
to now he too
tou
boo however
remains vague un
on the vital issue
issie of consistency in instruction
given to charch through the prophet
tu the church at one
lne point
une he states
that the ambiguous mor
mur
mormon
rmun
amun
mow heritage has left fur
for
roum foz
room considerable
to conflict
variation as leaders have responded tu and war while at

2
ad
2d
D michael quinns the mormon church and the
spanish american war an end to ta selective pacifism pacific
historical review august 1974 pp ap 342 342366
366 robert jeffrey
stutts
stotts sm
moronism
mormnism and war an interpretative analysis f selected
murrain thought regarding seven arne
murmon rican wars masters thesis
american
Aine
brigham Yyung
ung university april 1974 and klaus J hansens quest
fur empire michigan state university press 1967 all base their
for
fod
conclusions un the spirit
spiritual
ial ambivalence and secular opportunism
oal
oai
if
of charch
church leadership in a different vein richard Vett erlis
vetterlis the
constitution by a thread salt lake city paramount publishers
1967 and jerreld L newqjists
newquists prophets principles and Nati natiinal
national
inal
inai
survival salt lake city publishers press 1964 rely on un
scripture and statements by general authorities focfur their
for
militaristic political viewpoints the trend is for fur pacifistic
mormon writers to question the spirit jal
jai
spiritial
spiritual
ial credentials of church
leaders in ouder militarists
order to prove their point while the militarisms
militcarists seek
chirch endorsement this is in itself one
the appearance of church une
lne
indicator
indica charch leadership intends it or not
tur that whether the chanch
church nt
it is perceived as militant
3rqnald
ronald W walker sheaves ricklers liers and the state
ric klers
Bic
Buc kiers
sunstone july august 1982 4356
ap 43
pp 56 also steven A
hildre
hildreth mormon
kormon
hormon concern over MX parochialism or
theology journal of church and state vol 26 spring 1984
enduring morai
moral
ap
pp 227 253
 77

another he states that LDS leaders themselves have followed a

4
generally consistent path he never quite states plainly that
if the church and
while much of its people have ebbed and flowed with
the currents of the rest of the nation the prophets have been
remarkably consistent although this thought underlies all of his
conclusions reths
hildreths
hildretha
Hild article is largely a rebuttal to
tu this one
shortcoming and further sup pirts that the prophets have been true
supports
purbs
to their claim of divine inspiration when taken together these
articles give the clearest picture of past LDS response to issues
of war and peace
1I attribute this shortcoming to a failure to adequately
relate events to philosophy a cause likewise responsible for
fur the
conspicuous lack of vocal pacifism in the LDS church case in
point roie of authority and obedience in the
the role
rule LDS church

authority and obedience

obedience is an honored mormon trait and absuljtelv

absolutely
necessary in order to comprehend the gospel
whatever principle of intelligence we attain unto in
this life it will rise with asus in the resurrection
and if a person gains more knowledge and intelligence
in this life through his diligence and obedience than
another he will have so much the advantage in the world
to come 5

this virtue however becomes a vice when the individual

lacks the spiritual ability to verify the message and its giver
brigham young warned members of this exact possibility

4
4walker
vwalker
walker
waiker buckers and the state
sheaves backers p 5354
LLr
51 L
& L
1301819
 78

1I am afraid that this people have so

more su much confidence
in their leaders that they will not
nob inquire for
nut fur themselves
of god whether they are led by him
kif 1I am fearful they

settle down in a state of blind self security trusting

their eternal destiny in the hands of their leaders with
a reckless confidence that in itself would thwart the
6
pur
purposes
pub GA in their salvation
pAses of god
one way pacifism is downplayed in the LDS church is that
elements of militarism appear to
tu have church endor
endur sement
endursement
endorsement this
has resulted in part due to the actions of individual general
authorities misapplicatiun
misapplication of church doc
duc trine the policy
doctrine
brine policymaking
making
power of church departments such as education public relations

caltaralsucietal
culturalsocietal
ur the church press and the effects of LDS cultural
or societal
pressures

the appearance of Endur sement

endorsement
endor by church leaders

in 1971 when american involvement in vietnam was beginning

to wind down and fill
fall
fali
before the full extent of gur
our military defeat was
known no substitute for victory was aired at the
the film nu BYU
BYTJ

varsity theater spon

Spun sred
sponsored by the young ricans for
americans
Aine fur freedom
no substitute fum
NQ for tory
victory
fur Vic not only john wayne and barry
tury featured nge
noe

af the green berets but LDS apostle ezra taft

sadler ballad uf
bensn as well two days after its premiere chuwing
renson
benson shu wing a rebuttal
shuwlng
shuwing
sho rebutt al
professr hugh nibley created enough
entitled renounce war by professor
controversy to t refuse further
tu cause the school newspaper tu
of either viewpoint in its letters to
publication ue tu the editor
sect
section
lon
iun
lun une hand there was a respected church leader
on one

6brigham yung
young
brigham yong discourse of brigham young
yoong p 135
74p
letters tu
t the editor editors note daily universe
2 april 1971
 79

himself a possible future president of the church and on the

ther
other a respected LDS tur
educator
edica probably the must
most revered scholar

in the church nonviolence

advocating nun
non violence who one believe
should une
bolstered by the mandate given him by the prophet david 0
Q
8
mckay taft bensonezra has been an active antl
anti
anticommunist
communist

antisocialist
anti socialist and enemy of centralized government
our forefathers that while most people tr
knew try
ry to dij
d
the right thing there are a few who ran
run amuck they
therefore established gur
our great cunstititiunal
constitutional republic-
a government of limited powers they believed that we
mist have some government
must bit
but
buh it must be bound down by
su that it will not slip
cunstitatiun so
the chains of our constitution
farther and farther over into the realm of governmfntism
whether it be communism nazism fascism welfare statism
or some uther
ther
other form of
them socialism 9

this quote and the book from which it is taken prophets

principles and national survival by jerreld newquist are on firm
jut the dangers of
out
ground when they point oub if any of the abjve
above
iams
isms the first point of the authors argument is in place
when he sich forms of government are
establishes the premise that such
diametrically opposed to the gospel a fact no one disputes
une di spites his
aithur proves that the Pprophet
second point is in place after the authur
author
authority
david 0 mckay and therefore the author
authur ity of the lord are
squarely behind the first his third point is in place and

occupies the rest ul

off his book
bouk when he connects the mormon
hormon

doctrine of defensive warfare with the need to fight communism all

over the planet it is at this juncture
unc tore
ture where abstract principles
Q
cdavid
8david
david 0 mckay gospel ideals p 306 as quoted in
newquist prophets principles and matinal
natinal survival p 258
authors argument miscarries since according
accurding to
tu him good 09 1I

9
9newqjist
newquist prophets principles and national sim
Sir vivai
vival
survival
p 302
 80
into concrete legislative recommendations that
are translated unto
the ai thurs
authors
thors argument loses
luses credibility since according to
tu him

goud members
good off
QI mist be against disarmament agree-
the church must
mast
ments the united Nati
natiuns
nations
uns foreign aid and in favor of the
10
monroe doctrine it fur me to believe that president
is hard for
mckay intended it that way

the appearance of doctrinal endorsement

this same uses another favorite device of

author ases
oses mormon

writers when he invokes doctrine

chirch doc
church duc trine to justify military
involvement in other countries under a liberal interpretation of
blin
defendable buin daries and the principle that
darles
boundaries
boin no nation should be
suffered to be trampled underfoot by a if its
ruthless invader of
11
land
this sounds innocent enough to understand
tcp
top why it is nut
not
one must ask the questions cormons
what is a mormons
Mormons responsibility
jn3istly oppressed by
towards a people unjustly their own
awn government or
uwn ur by
another government what would a monn
mohn
mir
mur nn theu
thel cratic state do
theocratic du ii ff

afghanistan or if south vietnam called upon her foc

fur help
for
had

furthermore what is the responsibility of the LDS church in its

non theu
theo cratic position today
theocratic
A speech by dallin oaks when he was president of brigham
young university based its argument foc
fur being subject to kings
for
fuc
presidents rulers and magistrates in obeying huno
honoring
hono
hunu ring and
10
newquist prophets principles and national siy
Sir vivai
vival
survival
ap
pp 442 454463
454 463 464 and 446 450 respectively
446450
11
hlbid
ibid p 474475
 81
sustaining the law on the condition that the government had to
12
be a representative form of government he stated further that
there were four exceptions first that a person was not required
to be loyal to a government edict wh ch ran counter to the common

consensus of humanity such as genocide or other cold blooded

murder second he explained this requirement of loyalty would
also suspended if it required a person to violate the ffundamental
nd amental

tenets of religious faith abortionn

issie of forced aburt
and used the issue abort
as an example third human law has enu
no
ing right to interfere in
prescribing rules of worship to bind the consciences uf
af men nor
dictate forms for public or private devotion finally he
proposed
prunk
prupk sed that it nut be
not
may nob ones duty to support a government
which did nut
not insure the
nob rights of conscience property life
and religious belief and practice he cautioned that any action
against an unrighteous government should only take place after the
must extreme challenges to faith and liberty lest the except
most
most exceptions
ns
be trivialized or lur support fur
used to weaken our
13
for the fr principle of
ordered liberty
during a general conference speech in 1942 the then apostle
14
david 0 mckayreferred tu the inverted side of the argument
he first prefaced his remarks by condemning war as the antithesis
of christianity and anen
tnen after reviewing the same new testament
12
dallin H oaks the ensign june 1976 p 6162
61.62
13
dallin oaks ensign p 61
14
david 0 mckay conference reports of the church of jesus
christ of latter day saints april 1942 pp ap 70 74 hereafter
cited as CR presumably what is worth defending from within a
ms
mustt match what can be defended from without
country m7s
a

82

tires which have been used for 2000 years to justify

scriptures
scrip
christians in war he stated that none of these sayings
salings of
the saviors can be taken to prove teat he justifies war
that
next he listed situations when nations were not justified
iusti fled
lusti fied
in going to war real or fancied insults were noc
1 nut a ijstifi
not listifi
listini
cation in other words it doesnt matter if uther other countries call
is and 1I presume our allies names 2 war is not justified in
us
the desire or even a need forfur territorial expansion 3 war is
nut justified to
not
nob tu enforce a new order of government or even to
impel others to a particular form of worship however better the

trie the principles of the enforced

government or eternally trae
religion may be
an LDS lead nation therefore would not go to war over

insults for land even if they needed it or to deliver a country

from a system which interfered with the free dums of religion
freedoms
doms

the latter point contradicts dallin oaks statement and is ofaf

uf
course more authoritative since david 0 mckay became a prophet
however it is nob quite that simple
nut
not
he goes on to say that there are three conditi
cunditi
conditions
ns which may

justify truly christian man to enter

a mind you 1I say enter
15
not begin war original emphasis the second is the
standard 12th article of faith explanation the third defense
of a weak nation that is being unjustly crushed by a strong
strung
ruthless one is only a stated possibility which dues not
he does nut
pursue however the first condition an attempt to
tu dominate and
15
david 0 mckay CR april 1942 p 72
 83
tu deprive another of his free
to iree agency is different he dues
C
does
nut
not implicatiuns of this justification either but
nob pursue the implications bit dues
does
spend the remainder of his speech defending the if free
principle of
agency
his use of the words pos
pus sibly
possibly justify and the
may

enigmatic enter not

nut begin make it unsure just
jost exactly what he
meant this the overall language of the speech and the
add to
tu
cluid make is that members of the church could
only conclusion one could
tu war to
go to if freedom
tu defend the principles of freedum only after someune
freedus someone

else 12th article of faith again started it

the third possibility regarding the responsibilities of
mrmuns
cormons
Mr
mormons
muns towards
mons their neighbors
neight
neighb krs comes frum a prediction in the
cumes from
mrs

scriptures
and it shall tu pass among the wicked that
tocome
nuh take his sword against
every man that will not
nut 16
his neigh bur must needs flee onto
neighbor fur safety
unto zion fuu
for
fou

it would
woold appear then that when an individual under an

pressive government
oppressive
up tu tj move
better his life he needs to
wants to nove
du it
to do curiously the scripture cannot refer to
tu the united
states at present since its military policies build collect and
sture plenty of swords and nuclear tipped at that
store
it not certain what the
is nut
nob LDS tu say on this
church has to
subject its been saved from making statements by the sheer fact
16
D4568
& C zion in LDS terminology has been
jaceson county MO D C 57
interpreted as a place jackson wirth
the north &

american cunti nent joseph smith teachings p 362

continent the stakes
qf
of juseph smith teachings p 363 or
af the church joseph if
ur a state of mind
D & C 9721 tu the best of my knowledge this particular
to
sCript iral reference has always been interpreted as jackson
scriptural
irai
county
 84
that the church has never been in a posit lon when it could not
position
iun
ion
claim dispassionate
dispassiunate loyalty under the 121th ticie
ticle of faith
12th Aarticle
bicle
tt
it is therefore nur
nor possible
nut pus
not sibie at present to cume
sible tu any reliable
come to

judgment what is sure wever

however
hc militarists or
is that the militarisms ur
defenders of democracy whether it be in nicaragua 0el1 salvador
hon
Hun duras
honduras ur granada cannot justify their position
or by the Mr
mormon
hormon
mun
mon

church either

endor sement through

endorsement
church Endur its departments

in 1981 first
after the
Presiden cys
presidencys statement uver
over the nyx
MX

missile and after the military responded by casting asper sins on

aspersions un

hormon patriotism church press relations official don lefevre

mormon

countered with there is no place in murmon

mormon philosophy foc
fur the
for
17
conscientious objector an erroneous statement since the church
recognized the validity of the status
statis of cunscienti
if conscientious
js objectors
during vietnam the cause of this ambiguity hw ever
however is more

cAn
car plex
complex
As previously explained fur
for
502 believing murmuns
mormons
mormone tu go into
to
battle they must
mist know that the war is a just
ust war
ost when a

situation arises where the laws off the land involve the saints in
an unjust war the laws of the land take precedence uver
over the laws
of god the sin of this unrighteous war then becomes the sin of
the leaders of the nation wever
however
Hu even this does not give the
nut
dues nob
nub

mormon soldiers
soi
sul
sol diers a blank check they are still to conduct them
diers of the cross
sulliers
suldiers
soldiers
selves as sol
soi
sul that they are minister of life
y
17
1
murmqns
hgr
cormons
Mormons defend stand
mormons
hou oppqsing
opposing tax
nax
MX in basin salt lake
tribune
ibune 8 may 1981 p ab
T abune 2b
 qa
q55
and not death and when they go furth they
forth may go in the
spirit of defending the liberties of mankind rather than for the
18
1 8

purpose of destroying the enemy oaring

during
daring the vietnam war era
this principle became no individual will be excused fur any
for
19
wanton act of bruba
brata
bruta lity
brutality
any absoljtion
absqljtlun
absolution for
fur guilt in an unrighteous war presupposes
that the member does
dues everything in his ur tu affect
or her power to
befume they become unrighteous laws or to
unrighteous actions before
elect men who will du the same
do furthermore the member can avail
himself of any device included in the body of laws created through
constitutional means
every case should be defended with all the zeal and
energy possible let us contend for fur our rights inch by
inch and notnut yield a particle to tu the demands of those
who are assailing us we have rights under the consti-
tution and however much these may be denied to tu us it
is still gur
oar
our blunden
bounden
buunden duty
duby to contend eor nut only
for them not er
in behalf jfof ourselves but for fod all gur
fur gor
our fellow citizens
and for oor post
fur our
20
pust erity
pusterity
posterity and for humanity generally throughout
gout
througout
thruuguut
throu
the world
these particular words were spoken in behalf of church members
who were being pruse
prosecuted
cited in the courts fod
for
fur polygamy in 1885
1889

eighty five years later in 1970 joseph

juseph andersen under the
direction of joseph F smith then president of if the church
charch re-
to a letter requesting the attl
plied tu tide of the church re gardina
attitude
atti bide gardino
21
war and conscientious jojecturs
objectors
odjectors permission was given with the

is8 messages vol

1
V p 52
19
boyd K packer the member and the military improvement
era june 1868
1368 p 60
20
.20
20
messages ili
vol 111
III p 16
21
john anderson
andersen
andersun secretary
ecret ary to the first presidency as
quoted in gordon C thom
Thum assun war conscription con
asson
thomasson conscience
Cun science and
mor
mormon
murmonism
mormonism
Mur ism
monism p 5
 86

following explanation first that membership in the church of

cn
jesus christ of latter day saints does not make one a Con
cnscien
constien
scien
conscien
tiujs
tious objector
dious second the existing law provides that men who
have conscientious objection may be excused
excised from combat service
third each individual citizen should use his influence to change
any act which he thinks is not in the best interests of the
cqjntr 1
country but while the act in in force it is his responsibility to
support it in conclusion there would seem to
tu be no objection
therefore to a man availing himself onn a personal basis of the
exemptions provided by law
this reply carefully worded is totally consistent
though
with the doctrinal principles of the church it emphasizes that a
jold
auld in the first place use his influence to create good
should
member sh

government but that when policy even bad policy becomes the
law it is the members duty to support it yet this letter raises
two important questions was the unofficial nature and less than
whoie hearted language of the
whole tj downplay the
letter intended to
correctness of the conscientious objectors position and secondly
was it membership in the institution of the church or belief in

the doctrine of the church which did not make one

une a conscientious
bec tor
tur
objector
bector
although the letter was subsequently published in dialogue
dla lugie
Dia
22
a journal of murmon
mormon thought with permission from the church it
was a sanitized version devoid of the duct inal explanation that
doctrinal
inai
made the first individual response so remarkable the answer to
22
gordon C thomassin
thomasson war conscription conscience and
mormonism p 93 footnote 33
 881
8717

the first point would therefore be yes and no considering

the doctrine of the church the second question pr bably refers tto
probably
babiy

membership in the institution of the chirch since obviously it

is the pacifistic teachings of christ in the LDS canon which cause
one to abhor the shedding of blood
when balancing the demands of the law with the pressures ue
of
a social environment it is clear that as of the early 70s the
spirit of military support for
fur the nation under the demands of the
12th article of
ul faith
1 dominated over the letter of the legal right
to conscientious objection and the moral
morai demands of the gospel of
mural
christ it fr
is not clear what the future holds for the institution
of the church in this regard bit
but
bib
bub it is extraordinary that indivi-
duals rights to foli
foil
full dw the
follow whole gospel and avail themselves of
the constitutional means to do so has been officially recognized
As 1I have pointed out statements by the first presidency
have been consistent in their approach to war while the uther
other
components of the church ie church press general authorities
stake and ward officers though well meaning have a different
track record furthermore in any given law there is a fair
amount of latitude between the letter and the spirit it should
nut
not
nob come as any surprise that the statements of the first presi
dency reflect this leeway the fact that their instruction has
changed under such
remained so in
unchanged sich varied cultural pressure is oroof
oroff
oruof
enough of the source Qof1 their inspiration the first presidency
statement on the MX concurrent with the eio
eloquent
elu
elo quent words of the
present prophet spencer W kimball together with the 1980
 88

christmas
christinas and 1981 easter messages indicate that these two points
23
of view are coming together and apparently the changed nature
24
of warfare has precipitated
UO
L this development unfortunately
public relations department comments like those of dun
don lefevre are

the kind of statement the public reads in the newspaper and on

which the militaristic element in the church feeds such
misconceptions have happened befjre
beffre
before
during a different war and before the advent of the church
25
correlation another organ of the church press the improvement
era advocated war with spain saying
it is gratifying to
that in the issues involved
know
our country is wholly right it is nghnut
not
noh a war undertaken
fur conquest the exten
for sicin of commerce the gratification
extension
of military pride or prowess
history
Hi stury
story has since proven that the spanish american
amerlean war resulted
in conquest the extension of
af commerce and the gratification of
26
military pride only one month earlier the same publication
printed poetry lamenting war
23
spencer the false gods we worship ensign
W kimball
june 1976 p 6 the first presidency christmas message from
the first presidency church news 20 december 1980 p 3 the
first presidency easter message A plea for peace church
news 18 april 1981 p 3

24
first presidency statement on basing of the MX missile
deseret news 5 566 may 1981 IA
25
it until the creation of the correlation committee
was not
nut
nob
in 1960 that material throughout the various organizations of the
church were unified or correlated although it now has a bad
name tantamount to censorship and authoritarianism through
centralization correlation has nonetheless been a major advance
towards doctrinal standardization
26
if the american
thomas A bailey A diplomatic history of
new york
people meredith corporation 1969 ap
pp 451479
451 479
 89
war is rapine thats sufficient
to disgust an honest man
war is murder that should put it
under universal ban
hali that grand millennial era
hail
hall
when dread wars alarms are 0 er
scards and spears and guns
scords gins abolished
nations shall learn war no mure 27

one day prior to the declaration of war on spain the apostle

brigham young jr publically
public jut
gut
ally spoke joc
guc
out against mormon partici-
juc

pation
it is wrong
wrung fur
for is
us to think if
of sending our young men
to cuba to fight in the present conflict there are
other ways in which we can show our patriotism than by
sending our sons to fight for
28
jr country at this
fur our
gub
lub
crisis
strong
st
his speech produced ang
ong
qng reaction
a the non murmon press
nun mormon

accused him of cowardice treason and conduct worthy only a

mischief maker and sneak prominent gentiles and mormons
cormons alike
mormuns

heaped verbal abuse on

vn him members of his own family appealed
to the Pr
prophet
phet of the church wilford Wuu driff
woodriff
woodruff
wol whereupon the
apostle was chastised for speaking without authorization and was
29
told not
nut if
nob to oppose the enlistment of mormon volunteers that
same day wilford wog druff had the editor of the deseret
woodruff
wol
Wuu news john
0 cannon odrjffs
the son of Wwoodruffs
woodruffe first counselor write an
editorial the article entitled no disloyalty here appeared

27
edl
Edi turs
tors
editors table the war with spain improvement era
fra pra
vol 1 no 7 may 1989 p 519.99
51 henry richard cost of war
improvement era vol 1 no april 1898
6 p 425
paa
28
oat
brigham young jr journal april 21
1998 as cited in D
michael quinn the mormon church and the spanish american war
pacific Hist
historical
urical review p 361
29
michael ojinn
D ofinn the mormon church and the
ouinn
spanish american war pacific review p 362
 90

that very evening amid ether editorials extolling the

several other
uther
30
virtues ue
of the war from all appearances the prophet qf
cf the
uf
church his secund
second in command the editor of the morm qn
an
mormon
hormon press
were all in agreement that the war was a just cause and in fact
lut uf
gune out
had gone af their way tu put down the une voice against
it so much fur appearances
in fact the entire affair was well within established
trine and practice
doctrine
church duc first since the president of
af the
uf
united states plad
llad ally called
publically
had public fr volunteers one day
31
earlier the apostles comments vi lated tenets uf
violated ath
2th
af the 12th 1

article of faith this was apparently wilfurd woodruffe

wuudraffs
woodruffs
reasoning as well
1I expressedfeelings in regard to
my bru B youngs
tu brg
bro
remarks at the tabernacle yesterday as being unwise
must take part either in peace
as we are now a state roust
moust &

or war and requested john 0 cannon to write a piece fur

publication in the deseret news expressing my feelings
which he did 32
52

secondly editorial
edit
the edib urial which cannon wrote expressing
woaruffs
woodruffs
woodruffe feelings was filled with the same old stuck phrases
extolling the virtues uf
af the government mormon duty tu
and the murmon t
support it nothing new in that however the second paragraph
includes the sentences where they will stand in any emergency

where patriotism is called for in maintaining the nations honor

no subject of doubt and noc
can be nk noe
nut lovers of war nor given tu
not
not

3oo
30
00
0.
no disloyalty here deseret evening news 25 april 1898
31
deseret evening news 23 april 1898
32
sudruff
wilfurd Wu wuodraffs journal
woodruffs
druff wilford woodruffe
wudruff ed scott G
kennedy signature
midvale ut Signa tire rouks
rooks
bucks 1985 vol 9 p 546
 91

bloodthirstiness
blood thirstiness they are nevertheless firmly and steadfastly
for our country in every just cause
with and fur C
in these two
phrases alone lies the implication ue
of the official approval the
Presiden cys
first presidencys own statement three days later however clears
up the mystery
the people represent are lovers of peace and
whom we
would do anything in their power consistent with honor
and the patriotic duty which every citizen owes to his
country to avert war and its dreadful train of
consequences
because of this feeling we have been led to admire
the course which has been taken by president mckinley
throughout this spanish imbroglio and we have hoped that
his efforts to preserve peace between the two countries
would resalt
result in succej
success
succes but war has been declared and
we have it to meet
again we on closer examination
find that un established chirch
church
principles are consistently applied members of the church
erroneously attribute spirit jal
jai
spiritual authority
ial aithur ity to family ties
appearances or newspaper print
sich beliefs usually
although such filter down these doctrines
in the air occasionally bubble up farther
further adding to a weighty
taral
cultural
cal
cai tural sich belief 1I heard while attending
turai heritage one such
institute of religion classes was that god either caused or
passively allowed wars to occur in order that the gospel may be
preached in areas previously closed to
tu missionary work later as
a missionary in thailand during the fall of vietnam cambodia and

33
first presidency statement
the war with spain the
deseret weekly july 1989 p 171 McKin leys reluctance for
mckinleys
mckinless war
caused theodore roosevelt to exclaim mckinley has no more
backbone than a chocolate eclair p 461 thomas A bailey A
diplomatic history of the american people pp 460464
ap 460 464
 92
laus
laos
daos 1I heard this doc
duc trine several times again
doctrine never mind
yoang who said
brigham young of one thing 1I am certain rqd
that god
rod
cod
never instigates war war is instigated by wickedness it is the
34
consequence ofE a nations sin fur every country like
or that fun
for
japan which has been opened fur
for
fum missionary
miss lunary work as a result of
war others are not
nut only closed
clused
caused to the church bit
but
bub are also
aiso
subjected to continuous barrages of teaching which seek to
35
alienate the hearers from any and all religions
teachings of this genre no doubt account for
fur another method
whereby the LDS book of rumors adds another chapter it woid
wold
nut be so important
not if
if the tenets of this book were only harmless
blak

extrapolations what is offensive and indeed dan geruis is that

dangerous
at least in regards to politics and political decisions they
pro military point of view
invariably take the pru

LDS societal and cultural pressures

the exploitation of church endorsement the policymaking

policy making
power of church public c
relations duible messages kl
deible
and the double of the k L

church press have provided both proponents of militarism and

opponents of pacifism with ample material upon
apon which tu
to base
their claims
this sort of distortion would not
nut succeed though without
for listening the appearance of church
an audience primed fur
fum

endorsement coupled with the doctrines of authority and the

34
yung
brigham young discourses of brigham young p 766
166
366
35
gordon C thomasson war conscription conscience and
mormon ism appendix X and XT
mormonism XI
 93
all
ali
ail tog
too hudan pressure to conform inherent in any society are
tou hanan
human

a potent combination
this condition in the church results less
unfortunately
frum the actions of unwitting pries
from thoa leaders op ambitious men
priesthood
thuA
than from a membership all too eager totu give away authority and
tu think issues through and assume per
its requisites to sonai respo-
personal
sunal
sunai
sibi lity although it is hard to find quanita
nsibility quanitative
quantitative
tive data as basis
fur this observation it is nonetheless plain to
for tu many in the
church that the pressure to say the expected thing inn the expected
36
way is all boo real
too
tou it is often difficult to
even though tu iso-
setting
late causes and effects in this kind of setti surell confusion
rg surelv
regarding the degree off infallibility of priesthood leadership is
one important facter
factur
factor
As explained previously a prophet is a prophet univ when
he is acting as such and that every man and woman should know
by the whispering of the spirit of gud
god tu
to themselves whether
their leaders are walking in the path the lord dictates or
ur
37
nut
not
nob if the prophets of the church are under this stipulation
mre so the general authorities stake officers and ward
how much more

leaders both teachings place ultimate responsibility onun each

36
fletcher A failure to communicate Suns
peggy sunstone vo
tune OR
10 nonu 4 april 1985 jaclson newell sone
p 6677 J jackson sme
some
S me
propositions totu con sider
consider
Cun dialogue vol 18 no 1 spring
1985 108 stanley B kimball
106108
ap 106
pp prometheus Hb hied the
bled
hobbled
Intellect
1985
jai
jal
ial
intellectual
ap
pp
in murmqndm
lormondom
111115
111 115
dom
mormondom
lormon dialogue
dla
Dia lugue vol 18 no 1 soring
337
joseph smith teachings of the prophet joseph
seph smith
compiled by joseph F smith salt lake city deseret bogk
book company
Cum pany
com
1974 yung discourses of brigham young
young
p 278 and brigham yong yoong
complied by john
compiled juhn A Widt soe
widtsoe salt lake city deseret book
company 1975 p 135 respectively
 94
member and his ability to use the whispering of the spirit
roly ghost
or ruly
huly in determining the correctness of any doctrine or
instruction indeed brigham young related a vision in which
joseph smith seemed extremely anxious for the pebole
peoole to
tu be
careful tarn
turn
burn away the small
and nut barn still it will teach
voice
volce yuu
you
yud
tu go
what to do and where to it will yield the fruits of the
aq
1q
38
kingdom there
themethird doctrine however in carrent
is a current use
to the above which fits suspiciously into the pattern
and related tu

of societal distortion 1I have presented here namely that god

will never allw prophet to lead the people astray
aliw the pruphet
As far as 1I can tell this belief originated with brigham
youngs statement qf
cf feb
uf 23 1862

chirch and he will never

the lord almighty leads this church
suffer you to be led astray if you are found
fond duing your
fund yoor
duty yuu may go home
you hume and sleep as sweetly as a babe in
its muthers
mothers arms as tu
to any danger qf
uf your leaders leading
cf
you astray for if they should try to do so the dord
lurd
lord would
39
quickly sweep them from the earth
it is ironic that a doctrine of infallibility wjuld
wuuld
would be

attributed tu
to brigham young who on occasions too
tou nume
boo ruis tu
numerous
rois
ment
mention
lon
iun
ion championed
champ luned the right and ab sulite
absolute need for per
personal
fur peu sonai
sunal
tu the revelations of god
access to gud such a doctrine ti gether with
tutogether
exi siting corullary
its already exisiting corollary
corulla ry rd will credit unes
lord
the Ldord ones par
ones
40
ticipatiun
ticipation as righte
righteous
uus
ous even when the church leader is wrung
wrong

aq
1q
38
vision of brigham young at council bluffs
feb 17 1847
cited in fred C collier unpublished revelations of the prophets
and presidents of the church if
chirch of jesus christ of latter day saints
T salt lake city colliers publishing co 1979 ap 106107
pp
39
brigham young JD 9289 feb 23 1862
40
scott personal
pet
kenney sonai and social mora
sunai
sunal Mura lity
ilby in a religious
liby
morality
context reinhold niebuhr and the mormon experience sunssunstone
Sans tone
tune
vol 5 no 2 march april 19801
1980 p 22
 95
paradoxically fulfill the very condition warned against as the
if
enemy of free agency by the Aps tle
tie bruce
apostle brice R onkie
unkie
onkle
mcconkie
mcconkle
McC in his
semi canonical doctrine
bok mormon

two great agencies on earth pattern their courses in

accordance with Lu Li cifers program of compulsion and seek
to deny the inalienable right if agency tu t men these are
the church f the devil and the communistic dictatorships
both of which prosper proportionately as they are able tv t
withold truth irum
from their adherents and compel them through
fear ttj confirm tv the religious
relig ioos
luis and party lines
ious 41

fr many the subtle messages and imposed silences brought n

by societal distortions of guspel teachings kill pen

jl gospel open discuss
discussion
lon
iun
ion
af ideas and create an atmosphere qf
the free exchange qf aff paranoia
methdolgical
just as effectively as their more conspicuous methudulkigical
42 gur
relatives in the same that
way guy titles within the
our use of
church is a subtle means aff distinguishing rank and social
uf
standing distortions ifif the doctrines of authority nullify the
principle of free agency
no
N doubt first presidency statements are the most reliable
voice if
kiff
i
the lord there is a great deal of difference
however
between thus tibai dependence ji
this saith the lord statements and tibal i

rd and nuance statements qf

every wwird
ird
ard
ward ajl cy are not
pjl
af doctrine and policy
43
the same furthermore 0 infallibility is
if the doctrine of
extended to all officials charch beginning with the general
in the church

41
brice
bruce R mccjnkie
mcconkle
mcconkie mormon
barmon doctrine p 27
42
when a f mine was asked to edit material on a
cA leagie
colleague
league
part time basis fr
dialogue a liberal in niyaly
nly a relative sense
anly
unly
mormon publication she was deeply concerned of the possible
sensel
sensed
repercussions frjm
fr m her bishop
fram is not widely knwn it
knan that many
vf the contributing ait hrs to
authors
hns dialogue use
ise pseudonyms
43
cie
cle R capener how general the authirity
authority sunstne
sunstone
vl 9 no 2 autumn 1984 ap 2630
pp 26 30
 96

authorities we are in fur a pangoras

panduras
pandoras
Pan doras
duras box of misunderstandings
and mistakes nob to mention the paper and appointment load on
nut
not un

church leadership from an indecisive and hesitant membership

we have never accorded general
authorities of the church the
same reverence given the pro
prophet
Pru phet this is possibly due to
tu the
original
fact that in the early years of the church many of the ur qinal
ginal
binal

apostatized and even actively

apostle and leaders eventually apcstatized
44
foight against the church
fought nowadays rile of
the rale
raie
rule ui thumb is to
L tu
apportion more infallibility according tu
to the particular
leaders partl
parti cilar
rung on the
ring un ecclesiastical ladder although as members it is
for us to
uncomfortable fur lif the limits of authority and
tu speak kif
of
obedience the alternative duc
doc trine of absolutism nob
doctrine noh only
nut
not
contradicts the experience of the church from day one bit also
ne but

relegates the gift of the holy ghost to

tu that of ribber
rubber stamp
euver this chipping away at the operation of free agency has
moreover
Mor

created a fertile envirur anent

environment fur deception and victimization
unent for

in the business world mormon

moemon to trust
proclivity tu and obey anyone
ubey any cne
with LDS trappings is well known unfortunately misu
disused
misused
misi sed and has
45
made utah the fraud capital of the US intentional decep-
tion however is only part of the picture mure damage
much more
mune
mone is
dune in
done subtler ways

fur
for a mormon
murmon schular tu
scholar to remain both
buth a mormonn
morm and a

scholar is often a catch 22 situation for sume

some it may only
niy

be a gnawing urge to think and discuss the unthinkable a

44
gottlleb and wiley americas saints p 42
45
ibid ap
pp 119122
119 122
 97
feeling however which is tethered by an equally strung desire
if social
to retain the benefits of intellectual acceptability
and

for others its a contradiction in terms mormon intellectuals are

upbraider
upbraided
up braided by non
nun mormon
murmon academic ians for
mommon academicians nob being intellect
fur not
nut jal
jai
ial
intellectual
enough on one hand while chided by the antiantl intellectuals in the
LDS church foy
for nob being spiritual enough or not being in tellec
fur not
foz
fuz nut
tual
tuai in approved ways on
bual un the other like the jews of europe
during the age of enlightenment LDS ti
scholars are pressured to
choose between the two worlds many solve the riddle by trying to
keep the two worlds separate but inevitably find this to
tu be
impossible must take a middle of the road
most posit
position
lon and couch
iun
ion
jast
their opinions in language or euphemism just tu get
jost clear enough to
their point across to vagie enough tto
tu the discriminant reader yet vague
just in case gnes
provide an out jush unes membership in the church or
ones ur in
he world comes into question
the
bhe yet rarely does
dues the world or
ur the
church force
furce a showdown the mormon intellectual can usually
render to caesar or god with few conflicts of interest
unfortunately the scholar brings the showdown upon himself
by mentum of his
the mu
momentum awn
uwn
own analytical processes he tires of
studying philosophies which require him to learn extensive new

languages of reference but which all too often yield small

returns that the gospel ultimately holds the
he recognizes
jst as responsible fum
just
answers but believes that man is ast for
fur the
questions he yearns to
tu bring the two worlds gether
together
tv
but there are few opportunities for
fur discussion integra-
tion of the two worlds cant take place on weekdays when religion
is tabu nor can it take place on sunday when the forces of social
 98
conformity and a correlated gospel1 into play the cries
cume
come

of looking beyond the mark innuend s of disloyalty are just

and innuendos
innuendo

to
too
loo loud viewpoints become needlessly polarized
although we all know what we are to
tu become in the gospel
many ironically deny themselves the environment conducive to
tu
discussing where they are and herein lies the contradiction it
is all so natural to concern ourselves with appearances and save

the truthful moments fr

f r off the cuff statements with friends and
for ments
fur intimate moments
n this
thus we waste our time in patting ourselves
wnn the back on how well we are doing or by keeping everyone in
doubt jr selves
including ourselves interminable silences
with those intermidable add
tu this a handy list stuck phrases that have become cliche
of stock
through overuse jr misuse and we have the perfect burmila
formula fr
furmila fur
for
46
stagnation we for answers
look fur but usually end up blaming the
leadership of the church 1I think this is a mistake
it seems tj
t
that rather than the effects of an autho
me authori-
11

tarian society gone amuck its more likely these fforces

rces
aces come int
play as result of the normal confirming influences inherent in
a

bit which mistakingly take the lead frum the

any group of people bub
but
bab

churchs missionary roie

churche rule
role
ule
uie a role divinely established and ne

which requires its adherents to be conspicuous

ye are the light uf
af the world A city 47
that is set on an hill cannot be hid
the church as an instituti
institute
institutionn provides the organization to
focus money manpower and attention vn this magnify
on issues and thas
thus

46 emma
ewa
ema rebecca thomas aff niceness
the language uf sunstone
Suns tune
vol 9 no 2 autumn 1934 pp 1619
ap 16 19
47
matthew 514
 99

the individual members power a million fold in these latter

days its focus is missionary work the chuu ches
churches
chorches
Chir
chor iob is public
lgb
lob
relations and it is abuit appearances
concerned about institu- As an

sibrdinate ttj
tion all things are subordinate ti this missionary gri
i
pri rity whose
priority
success is often linked to a favurable press
favorable
Thank fally
thankfully iles
riles
rbuies
rules
bules which apply in the world jf public rela-
tions nut apply anywhere
do not else and this is the point we fail
to recognize that the church as an very
institution is actually ve
vervv
tu what it can
limited as to du cormons as
mormons individuals through
private organizations and the power f their vote mre
have much mure
latitude the limitations that apply to the church
charch
chorch on institi
o n an institu

tignal
tiunal
tional level du
d nt
not
nut apply tq
aq
t mormqns
mormons
mormone as individuals t the same
degree those of us fr
is who are waiting fur moral pronouncements on
af a political or social position
the righteousness vrr unmorality qf
are missing this insight
this is not tq
t say that the church is all
aq show its
concerned about inner growth as well if course
of hww many
and hhow if
of
as have heard the saying
us the strength iff the church lips
lles in
lies
if
the strength of its individual testimonies bit
bat
bib
but
bab it has as its
top priority getting the gospel wurd
wrd
burd oor
our decisions of right
ng are relative tu this end
wrong
and wr this is not
nob to say the
nut
church will lie and cheat to get its
charch ujt
ut but it will
message gujt
emphasize
emphasize parts aff the gospel and de
deemphasize others any

pint
question of ethics regarding the church must begin at this point
this should nut
not prise
surprise
noh sar js since as individual members
pelse us
pEise we

run
rin
zin
mun our lives the same way we grites
priorites
priqrites
set priorities
pri orites not as the world
 loo
100

grites
orites but as the intellect and spirit within each
sets its priurites
priorites
priorities
pri urites
of us godlike
as counsel with god to establish goals leading to god like
attributes and lasting happiness that we are con
convinced
cun vinced exist we

may become millin aires like williard marriott

millionaires
alres ur pray ror
or orly an
for only
tor
fur
adequate income like hugh nibley to accomplish gur
our missions in
life one only need read the experiences of the apostle pajl
pail
paal
paul
and of the events which lead him to
tu rume
rome to know that these ways
may be mysterious concepts of good and bad are never abs
absolute
late
lute
labe
in this con
context
cun bit are relative to the goals weve set along the
text but
way does likewise
the church dues
this is what distinguishes principle from policy the
principles are eternal and unchanging the policy or gam eplan
ur the gameplan
to accomplish the principle changes with the circumstance what
happens all tog
too
bog ften in Mmarmon
aften mormon
armon
ormun
ormon society however is that pj licy
ilcy
llcy
policy
for principle and the gospel goal
is preached fur
fod gual is lost
lust members
gali
gall
fail to distinguish between the institution iff the church and the
fall
fali
gospel furthermore when policy becomes principle free agency
begins to
tu erode
in this regard members make three mistakes first we wait
fur express pronouncements from the church before
for we individually
take action we read as much into what the church does na sav
dues not
as to what it does in the process we develqp anqther
develop another cultural
anether
distortion which says in essence if it were important the
prophet would let us
as know the experience of the people of
southwest utah during the open air nuclear tests of the 19sos
1950

is testament tu the foolhardiness of aligning blind patriotism

g-

loi
lol
101
48
ironclad authority and unqjest aning
unquestioning boo closely
uning obedience bog
tou
too
finally we forget that it is nt
nob meet that
not god should command

in fr
all things fumr
ffur
for he that is compelled in all things the
49
same is
a sluth
sloth
siuth fil
slothful and not
nut a wise servant
church preaches against alcohol
the charch cigarettes and coffee
yet does nut pressure its people to stop selling them its logical
dues not
corollary
curulla ry it delfies constitutional government yet does not
nut
condemn a hundred dictatorial or semi dictatorial governments in

whose countries large numbers of its members reside it teaches

futility
against the fiti
fitl lity
ilby of relying on armaments fur
for
fuc
foc ger
gur
lor physical
our
bit does
protection bub
but nob require its members to get out
dues not
nut lut of the
odt
militaryindustrial
military industrial plex
complex
cum

members erroneously translate this absence of moral

morai pr
mural pro-
no
noin
nuin tv mean that
nouncement to it is alright to sell alcohol cigarettes
tu dictatorial government urr go
and coffee acquiesce to gu on making
bombs with the churches blessing cajole
we cojole
couole the relative
conole
institutional alms sultes ospel
soltes
suites
absolutes
aims of the church with the ab ue
of
teachings
latter day saints make a second mistake when they seek
tq
church endorsement by attempting aq
to ally the churches
chirchs
churchs position as
an institution with their wn this happens jut jot pressure
ut of pres sire tto
find aith rity other
authority aher
mity
than their own which in mrrr
marr lon society
rmon
rmun
amun
ion M

gues back tto statements by general authorities or tap

always goes tae
the

48
harvey wasserman and nurman
norman Su
solomon
lumon killing our own new
york delacorte press 1982 ap
pp 60 64
49
D & C 5826
 102
scrip tares
scriptures it happens out off laziness and the ease qf ising
af using
of
church as
the charch a point of reference finally it happens as a de-

vice tu if their opinion and

to increase the weight of sme cases
in some
palate mormon society fur
manipulate
mani for their intentions
tu have credibility in
to mormon ety
suciety
society
suci every mormon
hormon writer
must eventually support his point of view with statements by

church leaders or by appealing directly to the scrip

charch scriptures
tires and
every possible combination in between because of the doctrine of
continuous revelation laid down early in the chirch
church by joseph
smith the former technique carries the must
most weight ail
ali
ml
411

statements however eventually appeal to a set of scriptures

whose publication format and lack of historical detail are tailor
made for easy manipulation
fur
finally mrmuns
cormons
many Mr
mormons
muns
mons expect the church to pursue absolute
pursie ab sulite
gospel goals and are disappointed when it nob or
does not
nut ur only gives
token support this point is admittedly open totu debate my own wn

opinion is that it is certainly unwise to expect this of the

church and pro
pru
probably
prubably
prunably infair as well since its people may well rut
babiy unfair
bably rot
hot
hob
zot
nob

be strong tu give the kind of material and spirit

strung enough to jal
jai
spiritual
ial
support such
sich a showdown before the world would require
in conclusion though it can be readily applied to a list
uther practices which
other
of ocher
ucher fill the pages and inched
originally la
launched
the careers of soch
sich ngn
such non official publications and conferences as
nonofficial
dialogue A journal of mormon thought sunstone
Suns tune
hone
hune 94
the bh
9.4
BH
rh roberts
ruberts
society and the sons
sunstune
sunstone
Suns tone sympjsl
tune symposiums
ans
vns the appearance of church
chirch
endorsement and LDS aiso partially explain
societal distortions also
A
the absence of a strung pacifistic voice
strong volce in the state of utah in
particular
parti
partl cilar
calar
caiar chirch
and the church
chorch in general
 103

just war theory

and LDS justifiable defense

another likely reason for the lack of pacifism among the

saints lies in the influence of jast
just war theory tn in this area
there are two identifiable sources
first since early converts to the church were drawn al mst
almost
fran the various christian predqminantly
exclusively from protestant
predominantly Pru testant
sects it would have been natural fr them tto retain those do-
ctrines and beliefs which appeared to compliment mormonism fr
mrmns it would be easy to
mormons
mormone
ns
Mormons
Mrm tj couple the defensive princ
principles
idies off
iDles
jost
just war theory with the LDS sanction to defend themselves and
of

their families and their lands their country and their rights
1I
and their religion
for modern day members a second plausible source qf
af influ-
ence comes
cumes from living in the world but not of the world tf
if
the surveys of armand mauss
maiss are to
tu be believed in which the
muns are found to vary little
political and social attitudes of mormons
mrmuns
cormons
Mrmons
2
fram their gentile neighbors
from fullow that the
then it would follow
che street would vary little from
beliefs off the LDS man on the irom the

standard just
jost
just war rationale sff his fellow citizens indeed
s

after conducting a if the religious attl

survey of atti
attitudes
tides of the major
majur
denominations in the united states at least nun mormon
one non

ahna
laima
hna 4347
carmand
2armand
annand L mauss moderation in all things PAi pal
political
tical and
outljks
social outlooks
Out looks of
f modern urban cormons
mormons
Mor mons dialogue
dla
Dia lugie A journal of
A

murmon thought vol VTI

mormon vil
VII no 1 spring 1972 p 67f
 104
3
clergyman had this in
impression
pression to understand the influence of
just war doctrine its degree of compliment with LDS justifiable
defense beliefs and both philosophys applicability to
philusuphys
philosophys tu the
current strategy for
fur waging war and nuclear weaponry it is
necessary to examine each part separately

just war theory and nuclear war

modern just war theory is not

nob only the accumulation of
nut
rinan christian
roman
ranan and natural law traditions but
bit also the inter-
pretat
pretations
lors of
lons
ions modern ethicists such as michael walzer reinhold
niebuhr paul ramsey and james johnson although there are
differences of opinion for the purposes of this study
fur 1I have
major tenets of the resultant theory
listed only the majr according
Accord inq
to just war theory warfare is circumscribed in both the grounds
for jis
fur war yus
jus
yis ad bellum and diring
the types of conduct allowed during
war djs
jus
las
us in bello
bellu

jus ad bellum

1 war must have a to protect

is permissible tu
just cause war
necessary
to preserve conditions necess
innocent life tu necessarv
arv for
fur decent

oin
oln
in 1982 donald L davidson a chaplain maqr maar
maor
hajor in the US
major IS
army conducted a research project under the direction of then
chief of chaplains kermit D Jjohnson
anson
hnson in the study he sent a
letter to
tu sixty six different denominations requesting information
mrmuns
cormons
on their position regarding nuclear weapons fur the Mr
for mormons
mons
muns
listed under other
Qt her he summarizes traditionally cormons
mqrmuns
mormons
have been strong supporters of the national defense program
mormon statements are generally consistent with the just wac war
position donald L davidson nuclear weapons and the american
churches boulder cao
colorado
CAu rado West
bado
mado view press 1983
westview pp 165166
ap 165
165166.
166
 105
4A
himan
human existence and tj secare basic human
to himan rights under
tnis criterion are inc
anis laded both wars of self defense and wars
included
of intervention to protect an others human rights according
to ramsey love for ones family or neighbors threatened
by violence by aggression up
or tyranny
sanctions the ise off
5
military force nations are justified
ustified to intervene in
rys affairs in order to
another countrys
cvjntrys
count tj insure the rights off
determinatin op
national self determination or defend one country from the
aggression of a second

2 war must be declared by the rightful

right fil authority not by private
jr individuals
groups or implicit to this stipulation is that
the government coin seis with its citizenry in onder
sels
counsels
clin
cuin tj insure
order to
that its decision has popular support this principle would
seem to imply that a sti
formal declaration be made before hhosti
lities
cities commence walzer concludes however that a preemptive
strike would be justified if a there is a manifest intent to
tu
injure b a degree of active preparation and c a general
situation in which delaying the confrontation greatly
6
magnifies
mag niEles uf defeat
the risk of
af
3 war must
mist be pursued with right intentions or in uther
other words
mist have the right atti
the players involved must attitude
attl tide towards the
bide

4
4national
national conference of catholic bishops the challenge of
peace washington DC united states Cat hAic conference may
catholic
3 1983 p 28

5pail
pajl ramsey the just war force and political
paul
responsibility new yuk
york charles scribners suns
youk sons 1968 p 144

fmichael
nichael walzer just and unrust
6michael
michael umust wars new york basic
emust
unlust
books inc publishers 1977p 81
 106
enemy consistent with the aims of its just
jast cause further-
ur goal of war is imph
more since the end or important
ortant
octant the means
7 7

mast not destroy the possibility of

must
employed mush vf peace
4 war should be pursued only as a last resort all peace fil
peaceful
alternatives isted beaure
exhausted
must be exha before
befure tarning tto
turning war
5 war can be con ducted
conducted
cun if the inflicted and the
damage to
tu be
cust
cost inci rred by war are proportionate to
incurred gud expected
tu the god
good
8
by taking up arms hence the term proportionality
pruportiunality

jus in bello
reilo
belio

6 there must also be proportionality during war the degree of

damage inflicted un
on mist be roughly proportional to
the enemy must
mast tu
the natare
nature of
vf the hostilities in other words
tn not
nut
one would ngh
nob

birn an
burn entire city due to the actions of a indiidual
single individual
individial
7 mise discriminate between comba
the waging of war muse
mast
must
mist cumba tants and
combatants
nun combatants or
non other words must be forces counter
cr in uther
forces there is difficulty of course in deciding whq
who is a
wha

combatant gruaps who

generally those groups nut
not
do nub
nob contribute
directly to the fighting are listed as non
nun combatants

individuals who violate this stipulation lose

ilse this immunity
iose
q9
iong as it is unintentional
but may be killed as long
lung

ajohn
7john
sohn rawls A theory of justice
john cambridge mass the
belknap press of harvard university press 1971 p 379 as quoted
in donald L davidson nuclear weapons and tthe lican churches
american
h e ame
ulder
Bj
boulder col
coi
Cul grad
colorado
orad westview
West view press 1983 p 27
a
8cathkilic
catholic bishup
bishop conference the challenge of peace p 31
9
gdonald
donald L sun
son
davidson
David nuclear weapons and the american
ches p 32
churches
Chir
 107
the jost
just
just war
lust thesis loses credibility when applied to
a defense system reliant un
on nuclear weaponry the first tenet
comes into questionit is hard to
when imagine any caise which
would justify mutual annihilation wr present
furthermore gur
our
stated strategy of
if deterrence relies on
n jr
the plausible threat or
actual ase
ise of our
use lur nuclear bombs thehe use of the bombs is clearly

insane and suicidal if jt

we do nnot intend tu ise our missiles
to use ana

the enemy jar bluff would it bring much sj

calls our lace after the
solace
ho locast to say bit we were only kidding
but
the second principle is violated when the technology of
af
uf
military surveillance and the speed of nuclear weapons shjrten
sherten the
shorten
interaction time as to
tu make a sham of any attempt at popular
support orr general consent moreover in a world of cum peting
competing
com

ideologies armed to the teeth with nuclear weaponry it is easy to

find a manifest intent tto injure a degree of active preparation
and a general situation where delay magnifies the risk of
10
defeat
ast
jst war
just
the third tenet of lust is preserved if the nuclear
war remains limited As a result of my research however 1I have
been surprised with just
ust how
lust few scholars scientists contest
and

switz that
clauswitz
the dictum of Clau
clausewitz war tends toward the at mst exert
utmost exertion
11
of forces
according to the fourth principle war must
mist be held as
most a

last resort in deterrence strategy however a nuclear attack

10
walzer just and unjust
unust
knust wars p 81

karl yon
uon clausewitz
von on war translated
L by michael huward
howard
and peter paret pnnceton
princetjn
princeton T1976
97 6 F p 7576
75 76
 108
will be ansa ered with a
answered counter nuclear attack unless it can
be proven that njclear
niclear
nuclear weapons prevent conventional
cunventiuna war 1
mast
one mash
mist
cun
con clude
conclude that nuclear bombs only deter other nuclear bombs more-

over this regard the creat

in lon of weapons that blarr the
creation
creatlon
iun
ion
distinction between conventional and nuclear armaments is a
dangeruis
dangerojs
dangerous
dan shojid
geruis development and shquid
shohid be prohibited
jjst war are broken as
the fifth and sixth precepts of jast
aust
3ust
well since the damage inflicted is insanely git
uit of proportion tco
to
the infract
infraction
lon committed
iun
ion such a degree that the very
indeed to sach
vf winner and loser are meaningless
definition of
finally the seventh tenet is viu lated because of the indis-
violated
vio
criminate natare
nature of a nuclear bumb and
bomb fur
for
the scenario fon
fun its use
ose a

strategy in which the entire popjiation

popalatiun of both
buth sides is held hos-
tage by destructive weapons ignorant of national boundaries
in this light it can only be concluded that previous norms
jjst
ust war have
fur the jast
for ost for all practical purposes been rendered
obsolete we nu longer go on
can no riles
repeating the ancient dales
daies
foy
fur a
for
fob jjst
jost
just
3dst war riles which have as mich relationship to
roles
roies
dules
duies tu an
ali
all got
gut
odt modern war as sach
out
wut such a war would have to
tu the bow and
12
arrow the LDS principle of defensive warfare is likewise
obsolete when considered in the context of nuclear war

LDS justifiable defense just

jost
just war theory and njclear
niclear war
nuclear

As explained in previous sections defense is only half of

the LDS jjstifiable
doctrine ofof justifiable
3ustifiable war it becomes com
cum piete only
plete
complete

12
pajl
pail ramsey World
wurldview
worldview vol
view voi
vol II no
vul 11 6 jane
jone
june 1959 p 2
as cited in ramsey the just war p 148
148149
149
 109
when if theucractic
the elements of rile and the role of a
theocractic rule
ruie
prophet are included latter day saints however can and do lay
tj the principle of defensive war
claim to
although there are many similarities between LDS
dds
LOS justifiable
astir
ustirliable
defense and jost
just war
oost theory there are imp rtant
reant differences
important
As jast
with the tenets of just
just war in an LDS context warfare must
be confined to combatants versus
versis combatants if
the definition of
nun
non combat ant
noncombat
cumbatant
combatant however is broadened to
tu include not only mankind
but the living intelligences found in the animal plant and

mineral kingdoms as well

secondly the number of cumba tants
combatants on the side ofE right eus
righteous
eos

ness must be gat

out of proportion to those of the enemy
gub parity in
ur pers
armaments or personnel woald bring the
innel would rie lord into
of the dord
doud

doubt moreover this principle emphasizes the utilitarian role

rule
roie
of combatants in war in order to glorify god and magnify his

reputation
repi tation njt
not
najt
nob mans
thirdly all the scriptural accounts emphasize war in the

defense off life nob property or material possessions

nut
not
fourthly there is no equivalent right of just in terven
tion in the
biln
blon
tin affairs iff another country in LDS philosophy if we

follow the list given

biven
3iven tv us
liven to is by david 0 akay
ckay
mckay then neither real
or fancied in silts
insults the desire qr
ar
or need fur fr territorial expan-

sion nor thedesire to enforce a new order of government jrr

tu impel others to a particular form of wor
even to ship however
worship
wur

better the government or eternally teje

trie the principles of the
true L

13
ustil lcatiqns for
justifications
enforced religion may be are austil guing to
fur going tu war

13
david 0 mckay CR april 1942 ap
pp 70 74
 110

fifthly because qf
af two standard scale of accountability
of the hwo
1
I lurd
lord
the durd
dord will forgive whom 1I will fon
forgive
for
fur give but of you it is
14
required to forgive all men the question of relative gul
f good
gol
guk 4 or
ur
costbenefit
custbenefit
cust
Cost benefit analysis inherent in the proportionality concept of
njust
just war theory has a counterpart in LDS beliefs under
inder the
unden
category
cate gury off special revelation only
gory niy
the commandment tu the
to
youthful nephi to
tu kill inder the principle that
under
laban undem it is
better that one man shojii
shojid
shuild perish than a nation shquld
should dwindle in
i 5
unbelief is indicative of the lords standard of relative good
and not
nut
nob of the member

finally previojs
lis
previous
as explained prev vis
kis in detail warfare cannot be
conduct offensively
ed offen
conducted uffen sively the weapons and strategies of war mist be
defensive
its indiscriminate destruction disregard for
in role
rule of
fur the noie
nole
if its deterrence its fraudulent protect
god and the object of protection
lon of
iun
lun
the principle of free agency and the offensive momentum QE of its
viu lates all of the above
violates
technology nuclear weaponry vio con- T

clude that when it comes to

tu the research and deployment of nuclear
bombs neither the jost
just
just war theory the LDS doc trine of justifi-
doctrine
duc
nur any combination
able defense nor two are useful codes off
combinatiun of the tw
jas
jas
jus ad bellam
bellum ur jus
or jus in bello
14
D & C 6410
15 1
nephi 413
 iii
ili
ill
fatalism and armageddon

the twin forces qf

uf fatalism and the armageddon complex are
cf
the source vff a second obstacle to LDS pacifism fur nr
many nnnr

cormons
mormons
morrnons
hort nons
Mormons
Morr
homr belief in biblical prophecies regarding the turmoil
occjr diring the latter days before the second
occir during
to occur if christ
secund coming of
has resulted in fatalism or provided incentive tu play the
supposed armageddon scenario gat
gut
oat
out A salt lake
few days in the
ogden or utah valleys listening to patriarchal blessing stories
sturles
sturies
manns share in this percept
mnnns
will prove that utah murmurs
murmuns perception
lon as well
iun
ion
alth
aith lugh the psychological implications of having a life
although
ough

nj future are generally dismissed or understated because

with no
their effects are su intangible recent studies have begun tu
establish them as a majur cause of inaction and paralysis
major my

own per
personal
sonai diring the sammer
sunal experience happened during szmer
sumer
summer f 84

As an arfer
surfer
windsarfer
windsurfer
avid winds
wind 1I spent many days at deer creek
reservoir in the heber valley one particular day 1I was sume
sare
sure
sane

ser
was a model for all other summer days and 1I sat un the beach

soaking it all in the wind blew gently only slightly rufEl

ruffling
ruffi ing
inq

if
the face of mt Timpanogos as
timpanogos it reflected in the water
md
this perfect mood however shattered when an entire bs
lad
load
l1ladof ten to fourteen year gid
old
oid girls summer camp
from a sammer further
on down the canyon pulled up in an old bus thirty of them
scrambled off the bus

lan
ian ing study unn the psychological profiles of
an interesting
interest inq
children in the nuclear age is contained in robert jay lifton and
richard falk indefensible weapons new york basis books inc
publishers 1982
102 chapter 5 pp 4856
ap 48 56
 112

though about half of the troop ran immediately into the

water the other half parked their beach mats radios games
staffed
stuffed animals beach toys and themselves right next to where 1I

was sitting 1I tried putting them out of my mind bit

but it was

impossible to lock
luck the door
As 1I sat trying to concentrate on the beauty of the mountain
and the water reality intruded the girls were now duing clap
doing
and sing songs the kind of obvious ancient origin the only
difference was that while when 1I was a kid atsy
itsy bitsy spider or
cats in the cradle were the standard what could only be termed
as nuclear funerary dirges had now taken over
if the sung
the story line of song went something like this here
there
was a cat and he of course had nine lives apparently the
childe
childh sa innocence of these girls had not
childhood nut been completely lost
nob

anyway the bombs came down and china went boom the USSR went
boom and the USA went boom as well but because the cat had
nine lives he came back to at least finish the rest of the song
sung
sono

if radiation
nothing was said of
this was disturbing to me because it showed that the furty
forty
gid
year uld
old threat of nuclear destruction had
oid gur
our very
soaked into gum
subconscience 1I wondered how it had affected my own thinking
and found it had in many subtle ways

of greater importance however is that president reagan

secretary of defense caspar weinberger as well as the born again
element toQ1I whom they listen appear to believe it
 113
we may be the generation that sees armageddon
reagan interview on
un PTL television 1980

israel is the onry

only stable democracy we can rely
un in a sput
on spot where Aarmageddon could cume
come

reagan before a group of jewish leaders in

new york 1980

you
yud know tarn back to
1I tu your ancient prophets in
the old testament and the signs fu retelling
foretelling armageddon
and 1I find myself won dering if
wondering
wun if were the generation
thats going to
tu see that come
cane about 1I dont know if
youve noted any of those prophecies lately but believe
me they certainly describe the times were goingguing through
reagan to thomas
thumas dine executive director of
the american israel public affairs committee
1983

1I bok of revelation and yes 1I believe

have read the rok
bogk
book
the world is going tto end by an act of god 1I hope
hupe
bat every day 1I think that time is running oub
but at
lut
out
casper weinberger in harvard mass
we just
believe were living the last days yust
last prior to the
lords
lords
11
returning it could be 50 years 1I dontdunt think
so I do nut think we have 50 years left
1
1I dont think

2
fill
my children will live their full lives out as 1I probably
will
jerry falwell in 1981
william martin a sociology professor at rice university
raised pertinent questions
two qjestluns
if a president were to appoint one or ur mure premil
lenia lists to key foreign ppolicy posts who
lenialists who at the
confirmation hearings would think to fur beliefs
tu probe for
abut the second Cm
about coming
ing what incentive would they have
for lasting peace in the middle east since they
tu work fur
to
would regard a russian led attack on un israel as a necessary
precursor of the millennium and if the nuclear destruc-
if russian
tion of is foreordained
fore ordained in some premillenial
premil lenial
sume premillennial
schemes might not nob a fundamentalist pulit
nut politician jr general
ician or
regard his finger on the bottonbutton as an instrument ofif gods
eternal porpose
purpose
par puse
pose 53

2ronnie
bronnie
ronnie dugger dues reagan expect
does
does 4 nuclear armageddon
pst
the washington post 4 april 1984 p c1c4
sid
3ibid
bibid
bid
 114

the answers are of course there would be no

nu inccnti
incentive an
andl
andi

the official in quest

question
liin would give his passive consent if not
itin
llin nut his
active support tu
to any action which would appear tu
to be llqwlng
following
F
l
gods word can mormons mons then be placed in this same category
cormons
Mor

after all the if the chanch

very name of chirch includes the word
charch
church latter
day cormons justified in fatalism passive resignation or
are mormons
in anticipation of armageddon kies
does LDS scripture or
ur the counsel
of modern prophets shed any light un
on the sobject
subject
falwell teaches that at the end of the church age when

the church is raptured as we use the term or cached got

gut
oot
out
odt then
uninhibited hostilities will occur on
un the earth first he comes
cares
canes
to take the church out seven years later after armageddon this
horrible hqlucaise
ocause hes cuming
holocaust
holocause
hoi
hol tu this very earth so it
coming back to
wont be destroyed tto rule and reign with christ on
un the earth eor
eur
for
foc
4
a thousand years
LDS scripture predicts a different timetable of all the
many signs which have been fulfilled there are still several
major tc transpire according to mormon
maior events to hormon teachings
hommon the
temple in jerusalem must be rebuilt and the water of the dead sea

healed by an from beneath it

issuance of water frum moreover the
mist be preached throughout the earth and the righte
gospel must
mast righteous
oos
uus
ous
5
gathered to the new jerusalem in Jack
jackson
sun county
son missouri the
4
4ronnie
bronnie
ronnie dogger dues reagan expect
dugger does
does a nuclear armageddon
the washington post p ca
c4
5jqseph
joseph smith teachings pp
ap 84 86 & 286
 115

establishment of this new jerusalem and the predictions concerning

its fate in the last days are important elements which distinguish
dds
lids
I1ILDS
LDS eschatology uther christian sects
eschatolugy from other
alq
and the glq if the
gloryy of lord shall be there and the terror
of the lord also shall be there insomuch that the wicked
onto it and it shall be
will not come unto called zion
and it shall come to pass among the wicked that every
man that will not take his sword against his neighbor must
for safety
needs flee unto zion fur
into it out of every nation
and there shall be gathered unto
under heaven and it shall be the only people that shall
not be at war one with another
and it shall be said among the wicked let us not go up
to battle against zion for
fur the inhabitants of zion are
terrible wherefore we cannot stand
6

and the nations of the earth shall honor her and shall
ajr god
ujr
say surely zion is the city of ojc gud and surely zin
zionn
cannot fall neither be moved gut
lub of her place for
out
oub fur god
is there and the hand of the lord is there
A
and he hath sworn by the power of his might to be her
salvation and her high tower
the lords
scourge shall pass over by night and by day
thereoff shall vex all people yea it
and the report there
thebe
nut be stayed until the lord come
shall not
nevertheless zion shall escape if she observe to do all
things whatsoever I have commanded her
1 7

from these few scriptures we one geographical

learn that une
location un the
on tld
earth will be at peace furthermore we are bid
told
blid
bold
tid
ald

that the power lord

of the durd
dord protect
lurd will pr dtect it
detect whatever this power
is isnt clear its enough to understand that some
sime furm of
form

heavenly nob earthly power

nut
not will defend the city against its

adD
6d & C 456670
4566 70

ad
7d
Q & C 9719202325
 116

enemies its easy to speculate what the scourge that will

vex chanah in the old
all people means the prophet zechariah
Ze

if christ defined
testament after predicting the second coming of
it
and this shall the plague wherewith the lord will
be
jeni
smite all the people that have fought against jenu
jerusalem
Jeri salem
their flesh shall consume away while they stand upon
upun
their feet and their eyes shall consume away in their q
tungue shall consume away in their mouth
hole and their bungue
tongue

it would be fr
difficult for anyone with even a limited
knowledge of the effects of a nuclear blast not to see the
striking parallels indeed even the respected brace
brice R mcconkie
bruce mcconkle
an LDS general Aithur
authority fur his orthodoxy predicted future
ity known for
9
atomic
natumic holocausts that surely shall be

so what can be concluded frum

from all this one can con clide
conclude
cun

that christ cannot return

retarn Millie nial reign to a
reburn to begin his millienial
planet devoid of all life in the grips of a ski less six month
munth

nuclear winter and whose radioactive outer shell has a half life
if 250000 years
of if there is a limited nuclear war and since few

people believe it is within mans power to conduct and

control it
jast
jost
just who do murmqms
mormoms to limit this nuclear war and
think is going tu
keep it away fr
from
m the city of zion
our present prophet spencer W kimball wrote incisively
we are a warlike people easily distracted from
frum our
assignment of preparing for the coming of the lord
when enemies rise up we commit vast resources totv the

zephanah
Ze
zechanah
8zechariah
chanah 1412
9
sbrice
9brice
brace
bruce R McC onkie
unkie
onkle
mcconkle
mcconkie stand independent above all other
creatures
Crea annial general conference of the church of jesus
tires 149th annual
tines
christ of latter day saints ensign
enslen may 1979 p 93
 11 7

fabrication of if gods stine and steel ships planes

buds of stone
guds
missiles fortifications and depend on them for
protection and deliverance when threatened we become
fr
anti enemy instead of pro kingdom of god we train a man
in the art of if war and call him a patriot thus in the
if gatans
manner of satans
sabans counterfeit of true patriotism
saviors
perverting the Savi
savl ursyouteaching
ors love your enemles
enemies
gaa to them that hate you
bless them that curse good
do gaz
despite filly age
and pray for them which despitefully ase ygo and persecute
ise you
use yoo
ygo that ye may be the children of yur
yoo
you your father which is in
heaven we forget that if we are righteous lurd will
lord
the dord
durd
nt
either nnot
nobt suffer
ajr battles eor
fight gur
ujr
our
gor
oor
our enemies t
to come upon
for us this he is able to dj
is
unon us ur he will
or
do for as he
said at the time kif of his betrayal
cif
caf thinkest
thinnest
Thin kest thou that 1I
cannot now pray to
cannot tu my father and he 10shall presently give me
more than twelve legions of angels10
angels 1

1I deason to
see no meason
reason tu be fatalistic in the pursuit QE
of peace
all
afterall
afterfall
After peace even a temporary one may be just as much a part
af the plan
of likewise 1I no reason to
see nu tu be fatalistic in
regards to
tu my own pursuits
pur salts
saits in life 1I am compelled however tv
to
become pessimistic in the belief that oar
var
our
lar
lur weapons will protect is
us
when they are clearly beyond gor
oor control
our unlike christian
millennia lists like falwell there is no fear that 1I will not
millennialists nut
nuh

pursue
pursie peace because if
of my mormon beliefs but only that mav
I may niy 1 ma
not
m A

pursue
parsie war

ecology
Ec lugy
iggy applied stewardship

grance if the principle of stewardship is a fourth obsta-

vrance of
ignorance
Ign
cle to Mr mn pacifism
mormon present day mqrmons
cormons are generally unaware
mormons

if
of the teachings of brigham young regarding the intelligence which

exists in the animal plant and mineral worlds

wor lds
ads it is easy 1I
jr us
for
L
is
10
spencer W kimball the false gods
oods we wun
won
Wur ship
worship ensign
june 1976
196 p 6
 118

to attribute intelligent life to animals and we could with a

stretch of the imagination even give intelligent existence to

tu
plants dirt asphalt and formica table tops however are
totally out of the question yet according to scripture these
things are nt without precedents
in the creat lon story of the book
creation
creatlon
iun
ion if abraham
blok of we find several
carious passages
curious
and the gods the planets in the expanse of the
set
heavens to give light upon the earth and to rule
rile
ruie
over the day and over the night and to cause to divide
the light from the darkness
gads watched those things which they had
and the gods
ordered until they obeyed
I1

erth the
and the gods organized the earth to bring forth
beasts after their kind and cattle after their kind
cree peth upon the earth after its
and every thing that creepeth
kind and the gods saw they would obey 2

the book of moses states

gd to grow
and out of the ground made 1I the lord god
every tree and it became also a living soul
if
and out of the ground rd god formed every
lord
I the Ldord
1
beast of the field and every gwi
owl of the air
fowl and
they were also living souls
if moses
again in the book of we tj enoch
find the earth speaking to
and it came to pass that enoch looked upon the earth
and he heard a voice from the bowels thereof saying
wu wo is me the mother of men
wo 1I am pained 1I am weary
because of the wickedness of my children 4

1
IP of GP abraham 41718
sid
2ibid
bibid
bid abraham 425
3ibid
bibid
bid moses 3919
4ibid
bibid
ibid moses 748
 ilg
119
1119

it is not known how lrd

lqrd
lard
the dmd created gir
lir existence
ur however in
the book of oses
of moses chapter 2 verses 5 and 6 the lord states
and 1I called the light day and the darkness
god
1I called night and this 1I did by the word of my
nay power
and it dune as 1I spake
was done

if issjes
issies
essies commands and waits to see if he is obeyed
god

that is plausible evidence in and of itself that the objects

involved have some form of intelligence and ability tto make
decisions brigham young only states plainly a principle and
attitude of reverence towards that principle one finds throughout
the scriptures
particle of element which is not
there is not
nut
nob a
5
filled with life and all space is filled with element
professor hugh B one recurring topic
nibley instructed that une
of brigham young was mans ddinion
diniun over the earth
aniniun a stewardship
which was designed to test him tu enable him tv
t show to himself
his fellows and all the heavens just how he would act if en-
6
trusted with gods wn power
awn
uwn

benjamin F johnson recorded that joseph smith taught all

kinga
animal kingd ms would be resurrected
kingdoms and that the human family is
bit parts of
but a great whole motu
muti
moti aily and
ally
mutually equally dependant apon
upon

each other according to conditions nob surprisingly

nut
not the
gospel is a model off interrelatedness and interdependence

5brigham
brigham young millennial star 327756 as cited in high
hugh
B nibley tu
T the glory of go
god p 20
ahugh
6hugh
hugh nibley subduing the earth
B nibley on the timely
and the timeless p 90
7
benjamin F johnson cited in fred C collier unpublished
tjnpubl dished
ished
revelations p 97
 120

although the gospel is quite simple at its cure living the

gospel is prE
profound
uund in its implications moreover
mor
Mur euver the ecology and
interrelationship of gospel laws mean that the whole affects each
80
part and each part the whole it is important to
tu note that the
so called hard sciences have come tu
to these same conclusions
the universe is an interconnected whole
whoie in which no
part is any more fundamental than the other
ther su that the
them
properties of any one
lne part are determined by those qf
une uf all
cf
the others in that sense one might say that every part
contains all tne others
ane 9

furthermore physical reality consists in terms of the inter-

action and interrelationship between objects
one is led to
tu a new notion of unbroken whulen ess which
wholeness
denies the classical idea of analyzability of the world
into separately and independently existing parts we
have reversed the usual classical nation that the indepen-
dent elementary parts of the world are the fundamental
reality and that the various systems are merely particular
oarticilar
oarticular
contingent forms and arrangements of these parts rather
we say that inseparable quantum interconnectedness of the
iverse
iniverse
universe
whoie in
whole is the find amental reality and that
fundamental
relatively independently behaving parts are merely 10
particular and con tingent forms within this whole
contingent
cun
jing boday
continuing
beginning with the sixties and cuntin tuday
today american
11
society has moved away from
frum linear cartesian thinking into a

systems approach to life health and society purtins

Pur tins of
portions
curtins this
systems app roach have been responsible for
approach
ruach fur many of the must
most

3
9cumpare
compare matt 2236
223640
40 and brigham young discuarses
discourses ofF
bngham young pp
bangham
13righam ap 1144
9fritjuf
9
fritjof capra tao of physics
the ta new york
yurk rooks
bantam books
bouks
1984 p 282
10
ibid p 124
11 grum
grom
mechanistic linear thinking from the writings of
derived frum
scientist philosopher rene descartes
 121
12
positive
conspicuous pusi
pusl tive changes in the american lifestyle simply
stated a systems appapproach
ruach means
roach that all life is a system uf
af
processes
pruc
proc esses which are interrelated and intra related each part is
important what hurts une
one segment will eventually hinder and

perhaps destroy the whole

whoie
luss of the snail darter appears
for example although the loss
tu be insignificant
to it will eventually have aneffect kon
kin the
on

whoie balance
whole likewise in human behavior stress may appear to
tu
be unimportant or minimally important hit
bit
hat
but
hut as we now know can
have many unforeseeable consequences
because it views the balance in nature as a model foc having
fur
for
a balance in life the systems approach often takes it lessons
frum
from natural ecosystems
eco systems wever unlike the earlier ecology
however
Hu

movement which was limited to

tu the relationship between nature and

mans interference the new systems approach includes humans as

simply one component in an incredibly vast system ranging from the
dynamic processes that create a single molecule to
tu an unspecified
greater consciousness since this is most emphasized
emohasized in chinese
and hindu teachings this expanded version of ecology invariably
tu eastern philosophy
turns to
asially gets the credit
although eastern philosophy axially
usually do-
ctrines of balance moderation
m and mans roie
role tto responsibly
rule
maintain the things he has been entrusted with have been a

12
holistic medicine health and exercise trends organic
fuqds
foods and cou
funds coo
cuu king participative management styles concern over
cooking
environmental issues and social issues ie the attempt to tu put
iong
longterm
lung
long cial
clai returns before shorb
term ssocial
berm term private gains
short berm
pntjof
frit3uf capra the tarning
turning point new york bantam books
bouks 1982
p 408
 122
part albeit judging grom
from if environmental
the small number of
ests
ists in utah an ignored stored
stured gospel
part of the re
restored
1I hurted tu kill a serpent bird or
exhorted the brethren not to
ex jr
oor journey unless it became
an animal of any kind during our
necessary
necess tu preserve ourselves form hanger
aty in order to hunger
un this subject when on a certain
1I had frequently spoken on

occasion I came up to
1 tu the brethren who were watching a
squirrel onun a tree and tto prove them and to
tu know if they
would heed my counsel 1I took one of their guns shot the
squirrel and passed on leaving the squirrel on gr
un the grund jnd
ground
and
und
bruther orson hyde who was jost
brother just
oust behind picked up the
squirrel and said we will cook this that nothing may be
lost 1I perceived that the brethren understood what 1 I did
it for and in their practice gave moreia
tu my precept
heed to
tu my example which was right i3
than to
A proper understanding of the principle off stewardship has
several other side benefits as well first because it teaches
the interdependence of all things it becomes within the self
tu nurture and protect his enviru
interest of an individual to environment
iment
ament

directing the effects of his natural selfishness fur-

redirecting
this re
thus
thermore
thermore it causes him tu
to look beyond the con
cun fines of himself
confines
graup or his country
his family his city his racial group cuuntry requires and
him to see both sides of the picture in addition it gives him a
greatly expanded time perspective and counteracts the pressure of
making myopic decisions on whqse
in issues whase sulitiuns may have an
whose solutions
jbatiun period of five ten fifty a hundred or
incubation
in ur a thousand
years
his principle of stewardship off course relates directly
this
to war in general bub
tu but particular
bit applies parti
partl calar
caiar
calan well to nuclear war and
the formation of military strategy during the debate that
followed the debut of QL1I the day after carl sagan reported the
results of
vf a dune by himself and
study done a whole
whoie team of reputable

13
joseph smith history of the church vul
voi ri
vol 11
II p 122
 14
123
and respected scientists relying on the results of that
study he predicted that with the minimum explosion of 6000
nuclear warheads there are currently 50000 in existence the
entire planet would be plunged into a six month nuclear winter
which would destroy all life on the planet moreover it doesnt
matter where the explosions take place
we all experienced the drastic weather changes which occured
uccared
uncared
after the explosion of mt st helens as well as those during the
aftermath of the mexican volcano el chichon Is it difficult to
worldwide
imagine the world wide effects of even the most limited nuclear
war it is to
tu a certain extent another indicator of psychic
numbing that we even entertain the government agency r defense
study which assures us of any form of winnable nuclear exchange
aith
although
Alth Qugh the US
ough deterrence is based on the plausible use of our
nuclear arsenal the contradiction is slow to make an impression
hugh nibley taught that some of the profoundest human

commentary is contained in ancient apocryphal writings a pro-

test literature in which the beasts bring accusation against the
human fr
race for their shabby performance in the days of their
15
prbatiun
prubatikin nut
not
nob much has changed

for gods rule for the animals if humanity perishes

by
tnen all perish but if man lives then all may live
anen

14
the nuclear winter parade magazine 30 oct
carl sagan
1983 the complete theory is found in paul ehrlich carl sagan
donald kennedy walter roberts the cold
& cid and the dark new york
coid
WW norton company
C jnpany 1984
&
there is some dispute as to whether
ccur generally throughout the globe or in
nuclear winter will cacur
occur
localized areas whatever the case a localized nuclear winter is
just as total in its devastation to the inhabitants of that area
15
hugh B nibley nibley un
on the timely and the 7timeless
p 90
 124
personal alienation

when people feel responsible they actively participate and

pay attention in order to feel responsible people must make a

connect lon between their action and

connection
iun
lun its result there are several
ways in which modern society k and mormon society extinguish this
feeling of personal responsibility among its members over the

if violence
issues of and war

alienation and semantics

natare of language itself

the primary method concerns the nature
before understanding is complete and a course
coarse of action followed
dicus semantic battles have to
te
tedious be worked got
at
oot
out the first ajnend
nmend
amend

ment gives americans the right to

tu speak on any or all sides uf
af
of
an issue this contest of opinions as often as not
nut
nob clouds the
point in quest lun people experience data overload and turn off
question
lon
iun ff
in addition an individual or group with a vested interest
can obscure the if
definition of words and manipulate the actions of
1I
the citizenry mutual assured destruction MAD becomes
defense the deaths of civilians and the destruction of non
military property civilian in uther
other words
othen collateral
cul
becomes col
coi lateral
damage when 1I use
ise a word said hw apty dumpty in through the
npty
humpty
looking glass it means jast
jost
just what 1I choose it tu mean
to neither
more nor less the question is answers alice whether you
yoi
yol
2
can make words mean so
su many different things
1hilgartner
hilgartner bell
reli
rell
beli and oconnor nukespeak
Nuke speak pp 209215
ap 209 215
alewis
2lewis carral
lewis carroll piete
plete
complete
the CAm if
work of lewis carroll p 214
 125
cirrent interest is the meaning off reagans strategic
carrent
of current
defense initiative SDI when the administrations own man lt
gen james abrahamson admits that a perfect astrodome defense is
3
not a realistic thing that such talk of
one can only conclude

tu the civilian population depart-

not in reference to
defense is nut
ment of defense
ua1
officials go on to say that though SDI may take 20

years and 250 billion

cost s250 onn the bright side there appeared to
be no fur which there
soviet countermeasure for was not an effective
4
lxpunter counter measure
countercounteriaeasure in other words though we will spend
an obscene amount of money the russians will still be able to
create a weapon unters our
that cj
counters weapon to which we can create a

weapon to counter their weapon and so on ad infinitjm

infinite
infinitn and this
is the bright side
edward gerry a former pentagon official who directed part
of the fletcher report un which the government
on relied for its fr
preliminary research admitted from the outset that a completely
5
leakproof defense is certainly impractical if not
nut impossible
if ne percent of soviet missiles break through
only one one hundred
6
american cities will be destroyed nut accept-
such a price is nob
not
ably within the bounds of the definition of defense
kindling responsibility is
rekindling
re therefore a struggle to

alt
3lt
lt gen james abramson star wars christian science
monitor 15 jan 1985
sjanet
4janet
4
janet raloff dods high tech gamble
beam weapons DDs
science news 21 july vol 126 no 3
1984 voi
vol p za
z7
27
ajohn
5john
john tierney
jonn star wars the scientists strike back
vol 5
science 84 voi
MA no 5 p 15

6ibid
bibid
bid
 126
gar language the inhumane ases
identify the decadence in gam uses of
language the silly words and expressions which have been used
co justify the unjustifiable to make palatable the unpalatable
7

tc
to make reasonable the unreasonable tu
to make decent the indecent

assigning collective guilt

another way in which per

personal
sunai
sunal
sonai responsibility is destroyed is
by assigning collective guilt to the arms race since where all
Q
8
are guilty no gre
re is
ore
one unfortunately the feeling of being in
the middle of a crowd is not
nut
nob a false perception after world war
II
11 the united states emerged with the resources and power to
tu be
the arbiter of the world today nuclear proliferation buth
both
vertical and horizontal
hurizuntal has rendered this lead meaningless
there are approximately 50000 nuclear weapons in the wjr1d
world
the US and her allies control 31000 the LISSR USSR and her
allies control 20000 the nuclear club now includes china
india israel and probably south africa it is predicted that in
another fifteen years egypt saudi arabia iraq iran pakistan
S korea taiwan japan mexico brazil argentina germany W

sweden italy spain canada and australia could have nuclear

9
puns
pons
weapons
wea it is nu
no accident the individual feels overwhelmed

7haig
ralg
raig
haig ros maian the language off Oppress
bosmajian
Bos
A malan oppression
ign
ion
lun as cited
in charles muscatine and marlene griffith the borzoi cullege
college
jrk
reader new Yyork
ark alfred A knopf 1984 p 115
Q
shannah
8hannah
rannah arendt
hannah on violence new york
yurk harcourt brace &

world inc 1970 p 65

Q
ydr
9dr tt
caldictt
caldicott
dr helen Caldic missile envy p 50 in nuclear
proliferatiqn taay
proliferation tway
today new yorkyurk vintage books
bolks 1984 leonard
leunard S
ctr
specter
spector
Spe presents an in depth case by case report
 127
international nuclear proliferation however should
give us a renewed awareness of gur
jur world citizenship as already
our
emphasized by the gospel my country right or wrong nation-
wrung nation

alism has little in common with my country right the atter

at ter
latter
iatter
view nut the former
not deserves our passion it is
surprise no

refire
therefore
the that an international grass
grassroct
grassroot
grassroots vement
root anti nuclear mu
movement

is thriving

the issue is beyond ones control

contra

another device which eliminates or lessens personal

responsibility is to create a percepta
perceptj
perception
anqn that the issue is beyond

an individuals control to the uneducated the administration

ta
and military leaders say that nuclear warfare is far ttoo
tol complex A

too
blo
boo fr
substantial for the public to decide ur
or that the data is
10
incomplete a justification for a business as usual attitude
these illogical beliefs obscure the violent premise which is at
their foundation
in nature single plant or
a ur animal cell contains all
elements of that grown plant or animal ike wise within a single
likewise
r

family are the dynamics of an entire society the difference

between a family and society is one in degree but not
nut
nob kind

implicit to this observation is the argument that all parts must

10
elizabeth incentives for arms
pund
pond anns control christian
science monitor 4 jan 1985 p 10 also hilgartner bell and
oconnor Nuke
nukespeak
speak polls ads and PR pp 7282
ap 72 82 in 199
during the congressional hearings over weapons testing in nevada
one official stated there was a general atmosphere and attitude
that the american people could not be trusted to deal with the
uncertainties and therefore the information was withheld frum
froc
from
them 1I think there was concern that the american people given
the facts would not make the right risk benefit judgments
emboldened text mine
ibid p 85 enboldened
enbuldened
 128
noc
nut
not necessarily re a conclusion
before
be examined bef
bea regarding the
whle can be made the study of any given part has reliable
whoie
whole
whie

application to the whole

whoie the principles which govern each part
govern the entire unit
each individual can no position
matter what his pusi
posi
posl society
tion in suci
blon
bion ety
glean from his daily life the lessons which are directly appli-
tu violence aggress
cable to ion and the nuclear arms race
aggression
lon
iun A

fist
fistfight
fistf
fistefight
ght
aht down the block is only a temporary sulitiqn
solution to
tu a feud
which will erupt again perhaps involving mure people
more oa rents

for example or different tactics ie kicking the neighbors

dug
dog until someone
sume
some
somene ne breaks the cycle
when ancient men initially tried to better the odds by

stones at one
throwing stunes une other
uther
another
an it could be predicted even then

that weapons woold

would eventually be developed whose destructive power

control
gu beyond the con
would go cun tri of
contri trl its invent rs
inventors what is the logic
of a device which tu destroy
when used to aggress de
destry an aggressor struys the
destroys
defender as well such a state of affairs only insures that
lesser weapons will until the point when an uppa
be used opponent
uppk nent
perceives he has to lose the results will be the same
nothing tu
fur the world ultimately
for but without the mercy of instantaneous
vaporization for most
must of mankind

the educated man or woman in society becomes psychically

numb in part due to policies
tu the puli cles of the institutions of higher
cies
learning resulting in individual powerlessness and irrespons-
Sc ial
lai sciences
lal
ibility the failure lies primarily with the social
tu figure oub
because it is the task of social science to out human
behavior
 1299
12

the term social studies has lost

lust much of its original
meaning probably because of its derisive on the lips of an
use un
average third grader professor would like to be known as
and what
a social studies instructor yet behind the term and funda-
mental to it is the belief that there are rules and formulas to be
discovered in the behavior of a society if social laws can he
detected which consistently explain the past then peace of
mind and if 1I may add power in predicting the future becomes
possible
modern social science grew gub
ut of
out
odt a need fur the
for
tj find place and
humanities to credibility with the pure sciences
11
of biology chemistry and physics hence social science and a

more
mome mure on quantitative
palatable term social scientists rely mome
more
mume

forms of research ie statistics and surveys than the older

forms of empiricism and deductive reasoning this sometimes
however distrust
leads to absurdities and a abilities our own
in gum
wur
oum

for example a group of behavioral scientists studied the diplo-

matic telegrams that passed among the foreign offices of pans
pahs
paris
vienna berlin london and moscow in july 1914 when assembled

after months of meticulous work the elaborate study filled

three muneographed
muneo graphed volumes
mimeographed
mimeqgraphed and reached the self evident
conclusion that the likelihood of war rose in direct proportion
ruse
muse
mose
12
1I
to the rising degree of hostility
11
the world book encyclopedia 22 vols wjrld
chicago world
world book
inc vol 18 p 448h
12
barbara tuc
tachman
tuchman
Tac timan are we smart enough for our technology
christian science monitor 29 oct 1984 p 3031
 130
moreover higher education adds to individual alienation
by splitting education into various components out of convenience
coarse educational politics
sheer content and of course tt
it is appar-
ently left to
tu the department uf sophy and ironically its
philosophy
af Phil
non quant stative approach ti
quantitative
4tative t tie things all together if tf the
social sciences fail ttu give a framework secular r religious or
at least discuss the options to integrate all the parts into a
hey
whole then graduates become as workers on an assembly line they
understand their own particular widget but become oblivious to
iose all sense of personal responsibility
its implications and lose
luse
this framework or outline is absolutely necessary not
nob only to
nut tu keep
sane and honest but als to enable its bearer totu make sense of
the prodigious amount qf
of information pressed upon him by the
af
world
modern education ais alienates people particularly
als
also
aiso women

by its overemphasis on objective reasoning and its denigration VFf

subjective reasoning
reas ning
many of us
L is
schu
scho ned in the separatiun
schooled
Aed separation of meason
reason from
feeling discount and discredit gur
vur
ur
vir deepest responses
tu the condition of our would
world dread of nuclear
holocaust grief fur
fuu fr
fou expiring species horror eur
millions in hunger those are just
eor
fur the fr
lj
frequent
just feelings frequently
dismissed in ourselves and in others as self indulgent
idealistic and irresponsible 13
15

the ability to explain present behavior and predict future

13
joanna rogers
despair and pem
macy Per sinal pwer
personal
sunal
sunai awer in the
nuclear age philadelphia new society publishers 1983 p 11
strung case can be made in LDS philosophy that concepts of
A strong
intuition gut reactions deepest responses or conscience
ur quite possibly less
are divinely influence sensations or lessens
lessons
ns
learned in the pre existence refer to joseph fielding McC onkle
unkie
unkle
mcconkie
mcconkle
seeking the spirit salt lake city deseret bogk bok company 1978
book 19
p 2
 131

human behavior is the raisin dc

detre
tre of social science if this
nob the case
were not
nut then we are only ever learning hut
hub never able
but
14
to come to a knowledge of the truth although learning
ever learn ng

is a safe occupation it becomes in time only convoluted and

empty moreover
more
Mure civer understanding and predicting human behavior is
inherently an interdisciplinary concern of the social sciences and

formal education a means to these ends

egr
eor
fur cormons and many other religions men are that chev
for mormons
mormuns thev
might have leyY is formal education becomes one
1
hit by
bit
ne but bv no means

the only way otheus to this end

to bring oneself and others tn this
sense it is only educational snob bery and latent gold digging to
snobbery
snub
believe that nv man can be saved in ign
no orance
urance
ignorance of the world as a
16
contextual reading of this scripture cla
clarifies
cia ifies
idies LDS

in society the worth of behavior predict

prediction
lon lies in its
iun
ion
marketability and that is exactly the problem this dilemma in
the social sciences wever
however
hu is only indicative of the financial
educatiun in general since per-
distortion of the purposes of education
sonal responsibility is a by
byproduct
product of self interest perverting
burn perverts per
self interest in turn
tarn
barn personal
pen reponsibility
sunal responsibility ther
repunsibility in other
nob in gur
words it is not
nut sell
our financial selk
self
seif
seik interest to hit
bit
tu change bub
but
sub
17
rather to continue in a state of manic denial other segments
in society are less subtly influenced

14
2 timothy 37
152 nephi 225
16
D & C 1316
17
dr cott
cutt
caldicott
helen Caldi missile envy p 308
 132
employment in the utah militaryindustrial
Military Industrial complex

given the pacifistic selective pacifistic beliefs of

and
mormonism one would expect to find a limited degree of partici-
pation in defense or defense related fields of employment in utah
one finds however the exact opposite
since the department of defense formel
formerly
formek ly the department of
war dollars began entering utah during and after world war 11
II
bod and defense industry employment have grown to 31171 or
bud
dud
dod 5 if
of
1
the total state employment figure
moreover
mureover
more
Mure over government defense money has poured into the
state in 1980 alone dod spent
the DQD 251355000 dollars on
cun
cin
kin

contracts to utah companies this works out to he fur every

19 for
s179
be siw

man woman and child in the state in 1983 this jumped to

tu 494

for every person in utah surprisingly california

cail
call
in Cali furnia
fornia florida
colorado arizona or texas where one would expect to
tu find a

greater dependence on defense industry money the ratio

ratiu was
natlo
2
159 1210 1179 1268 and 1380 respectively
the department of defense went on to spend 404 million in
1981 561 million in 1982 and 722 million in 1983 in 993
1983
983
1

alone over 400 utah companies received contracts han

of more ehan
than
1
6

utah department of employment security utah annal report

annual
litah annai
1983 mortun thiqkql
figure obtained by combining section 372 morton thiokol
bueing lockheed parker bertea and section 97
hercules boeing 91 as a
percentage of total state employment figure this is an under-
estimate since it does not include military personnel nor
sib cqntractiral
indicates the sub urai relationships of other companies
contractural
Contract ural
umal
2department
department of defense department of defense prime
contract awards over 25000 and US department of if commerce
bureau of the census statistics as ratio of total dollar amount
tu population
to by state gor
fur
for FY 1980
 133
3
25000 dud
dod cn tracts
contracts wever
however
hu were not
nut limited to anly
tu only
qnly
civilian payrolls and utah business sizeable research and

totalling
development grants hotalling
to talling
more than s13 milliun
million dollars were
tq
awarded aq
to both
beth utah state university and the university of
4
utah
the picture fur
for
fum 1985 shqws more qf
shows mure
mome af
of the same excluding
exc
elc luding
morton thiokol
thlokul ree ciles
clies
hercules
hee
Her litton
ditton systems or
ur the subcontract
subcontrac
subcuntrac
tiai
tuai
tual relationships of hundreds of uther
other utah cump
comp anies
companies the dod
DQD

alne
al
alone
aine ne will support a civilian payroll in 1985 of 418 million

dollars with another 50 million in construction alluca

allocated
ted to
5
house the fourth stage of the KX
MX alias peacekeeper
Peace keeper missile
the bobai
bobal fur military pay
total expenditure for reserve and national gaard
guard
pay retirement benefits research & development operations &

maintenance and constrjction

military const luctiun will
luction
construction amount tv 136
136
1.36
s136
6
billion
bil
bli ilon
liun
llon
add tto graphical space occupied
geographical
this the sheer geo
geu by hill
air force base ogden defense deput
depot thoele
tooele army depot fort
foft
dod
dud
Dua glas prop
douglas proposed Mid getman missiles sites Wen
used midgetman duver weapons darge
dover
wendover nge
barge
bange
Cum plex
complex hercjies
perciles
if Her
testing ranges of ciles morton thi
herciles thl inclining
incliding
incljding
kul inci
thiokol
koi
kol incl iding the
possibility of a nuclear waste dump thern utah and expanded
southern
damp in sou
suu

3da
ada
dod prime contract awards over 25000 1983
A
adud
4dud
educational and other nonprofit institutions in the
dod
united states receiving DOD prime contracts over
uver
lver 25000 for
fur rdt&e
work fiscal year 1983
bibid
5ibid
fiscal
ibid year 1985 military constrjction
construction total
cunstrictiun tobal
obligational authur ity requested
authority
Aithur iby
6ibid
bibid
ibid estimated expenditures military fencl
fincl iqns
functions
ians
ions
lons
utah for fiscal year 1985
 134
7
biological testing facilities at dagway
dugway run ds
grounds
proving ron and
the picture is lidi
lidl crous
ludicrous
the surveys conducted maass in
by armand mauss the late gos
60s
reported there is nothing startling about
abuit the political qr
ar
or
social attitudes of tiodern
kudern urban cormons
nudern nons
nuns
mormons
morrmons
murtnuns
murr
Mor
MurT that they are well
and
Q
8
within the mainstream qf
cf contemporary american thought
uf there
fore
fure it is nut
not surprising to
nob tu find utahns
utahna and utah mormqns
mormons
mormone

submerged in the same gvernmentmilitaryindustryiniversity

governmentmilitaryindustryuniversity
connection as the rest of the country does this affect our
but dues oer
way of thinking gur
our
ur political choices gur
our
oar
our social attitudes
it des
does
dues if course
of tu provide egr
what man trying to for his
family is altruistic enough to
tu ate it oub
vte
quit his job or vote lot off
oot
out
existence merely because he is part of the militaryindustrial
military industrial
cum
com lan association or bank is going
plex what accounting firm ian
complex lan guing
to cut its own economic throat in the name off intangible future
fate

athe
7the
the army plans totu expand its testing capacity at dugway
to develop
tu iop and field adequate biological and toxin protection
develop
deve lup
lop
it claims that there had never been plans to develop weapons at
the facility and that its renewed interest in biological warfare
is sparked by the soviet unions offensive biological warfare
program weinberger defends plans to dagway tests
tu expand dugway salt
lake tribune 30 nov sov 1984 p al 1I wonder how they can test or ur
develop protect lon against alleged soviet biological qr
protection
iun
ion ar chemical
weapons unless they develop the weapons themselves this argument
is curiously similar to
a second stl
secund astl
tu the case advanced fur fr
for the need to develop
ike capability an argument which has been used tto
strike
justify all types of first strike nuclear weaponry research and
production regardless ue of the intent there will still be a
biological warfare capability
a
carmand
8armand
armand L mauss moderation in all things pal
political
PAi tical and
ojtlaks
oat
social Out
outlooks
oub cormons
looks of modern urban mormons
Mormons dialogue A journal of
marmon tho
mormon Thu ight vol VII no
thought nu 1 spring 1972 p 67
 135

in business the law of diminishing returns is defined

as a rate of yield that certain point fails to increase
beyond a
q9
tu additional investments of labor or capital
in proportion to
the signs are everywhere that we have reached the saturation point
if our weapons and are now experiencing diminishing returns oar
of our
un arms procure-
very nature as physical human beings placed a cap on
ment when mure
more
mome than a decade ago we pawer
went beyond the power it
takes to kill every individual un
on earth A technological point
if saturation is reached when the interaction time of
of if war goes
beyond the limits of human con
cun trul
control a point we may have already
reached now gur
oar hugh defense budget and growing
lar high
our deficit spending
threatens to
tu break the bank A friend of mine was always con cn
berned that the number of people receiving money from government
cerned
social welfare programs sj
would become so large that they would vote
themselves more muney every year and eventually vote themselves
mure money

brake
broke
beake it appears we have strained at a social gnat and

suall
suais
swall
swallowed
towed the department of defense camel jjr selves
leaving ourselves
both dead and broke
so now what ddo we do and what are gor
gur
our alternatives
employment in defense and defense related industries may
mav be

tq
another obstacle aq
to mormon
mommon pacifism but fortunately in this
area dj
we do choices
have chu
cho ices
As people who perfecti
aspire to future perfection
vn but pride

on present day pragmatism

themselves vn we should first demand and

9
9websters
websters ninth new collegiate dictionary springfield
mass merriam webster inc 1984 p 356
 136

vote fip
fur an immediate freeze kin
fir linn armaments
vin next we should
our resources intq
channel gum inta some sort uf
into af economic convers
conversion
ion
lon
iun
plan training and rereeducation
ironically reagans own re
retraining education
program enthusiastically developed during the last recess
recession
lon is
iun
ion
evidence that it can be done
dune
legislatjre
legislatire
legislative
five years ago the state legisla tire of connecticut passed
bire
adjustment act uf
the defense re
readjustment aff 1980 provisions within the
bill gave ventire capital assistance by government
priority in ventjre
ventice
agencies t defense dependent bisi nesses whose proposed product
businesses
qr
arr invent lon is to
invention
iun
ion tu be used tu cn vert all orr a portion of the
convert
siness nondefense related industrial or commercial activity
business
bi tq
a
t q

urr to create a new nondefense related or com merical bi

commencal
commensal
commerical business
siness
2 tax credits igans siness expansion
business
loans for ba and property tax
exemptions fur fr
for manufacturing facilities in communities where one
ne

or more resulting
mre firms have suffered a contract cancellation re sultina in
unemployment including financing purchases of machi nery
machinery
nerl and
10
equipment and 3 set up a defense readjustment task fkarce
frce
rce
ace

the weiss defense economic adjustment act and mavroules

conversion bill are similar attempts on nati gnal
the national
unal level t
onal
begin the process
pru cess
pro besides these endeavors grassrot
gnas
local gnass
grass srot
root
rout
ruut
grassruut
gras
actinn such as the
organizations are taking acti
action new yurk
york based
for responsible investment the local united aut
coalition fur
workers project to
tu find alternative products in dung
lung beach
call
cail frnia
california
Cali ur the mid peninsula conversion
or projects attempt tu
10
william D hartung the economic consequences of a nuclear
harting
freeze new yrk
ark council on economic priorities publication
1984 p 95
 137

utilize the skills and facilities fornias silicon valley

californias
of Cali
11
to develop a solar energy industry
utah is sixth on a list of ten states that stand to lose
luse
iose most
must
in the event of a spending freeze we are third on
un a list of
seven states which stand to
tu lose must
most in employment in the event
12
of a freeze ann jally
jaily informs js
the department of defense annually is
state by state and in great detail exactly how much it has bought
and paid for dor allegiance to its policies
jur
fur oor in this area
at least we do have alternatives there are however no
alternatives when it comes tu true military defense and this
to may

be the hardest part to

tu handle of all
11
harting
hartong
hartung uric consequences of a nuclear freeze
oric
economic
Econ umic
ap
pp 9498
94 98
12
ibid tables X and XI
XT respectively ap
pp 4041
40 41
 cjnclusiun
conclusion

in light qf
af the arguments above and othey
the church teachings
other
bhe
regarding war and vio
violence
viv lence this thesis raises and hupe
hope filly
hopefully
answers some ubvijs
bvius
ius questions
sume beius
bv ids
lus Is it honorable to solite
absolute
be an ab

pacifist yes Is it better to have enough faith to rely on

gd instead qf
cyd
jjr
jar
jur
aff jum
jar armaments yes Is it more tq be
moue honorable aq

an absolute pacifist than a selective pacifist well that

in whether a person has
depends on satisfied the demands qf
afif their
particular arm
frm of government under the 12th article uf af faith
add tu this the overriding role of continuous revelation through
oneself r the institution of the church and there is a great deal
of action chosen
iff latitude in the course kif
cif
luf afterall
all it may be
afterfall
After
wiser in the greater scheme of things tu have LDS people in the
tq keep them in ccontrol
military vrr the CIA urr in government aq ntrul and
atrul
balance out their militarism not all
what is nut
nob ali
ail wed is tj
allowed t have a
gering
warmongering
warmin nationalistic attitude mvrmqns
mrmuns
are to be either
fists or selective pacifists
pacifists
absolute paci pacifists
paci fists with a paci fists
disposition
developments in weaponry however have changed this pic-
ture the time is fast approaching or may have already arrived
when ur
lur weapons will become bs lete as
obsolete a means if influencing
of
action perhaps spencer W kimball anticipated the despair f

this condition when he conse

counseled
led
138
o-

139

we forget that if are righteous the dord

we lord will either
not suffer gur
our enemies to opon js
tu come upon is and this is
the special pr
premise tu the inhabitants of the land of
Amise to af
uf
the americas see 2 ne 17
battles fur exd 1414 d&c
for us ead
exod dac 9837
r
he will fight our
9831 to name only two
references of many this he is able to do for as he
said at the time of his betrayal Thin thinkest
thinnest
kest thou that 1I
cannot now pray to my father and he shall presently give
me more than twelve legions of angels matt 2653 we
can imagine what fearsome soldiers they wold wild
woid be king
Jehosha phat and his people were delivered by such a troop
jehoshaphat
see 2 chron 20 and when eliphas
elishas
Elis has life was threatened
he comforted his servant by saying fear not for they
that be with js
is are more
inore
lnore than they that be th them
with
w
2 kings 616 the lord then opened the eyes qf of the ser-
af
vant and he saw and behold the mountain was fill of
horses and chariots ofif fire round about elisha
what are we to fear when the lord is with us is can we
nob take the lord at his word and exercise a particle of
nut
not
nub
faith in him
ipril Cn
likewise in the april ference of
conference 1979 brice R mcc akie
nkie
mcconkie
mcconkle
warned it may be that nothing
for instance except the power uof

faith and the aithur ity of the priesthood can save individjals
authority individials and
individuals
2
congregations from the atomic holocausts that surely shall be
1I take a more pint of view life has always been
practical point
if
fragile and 1I could slip on the proverbial bar of soap tomorrow
jst as effectively as being vaporized
ending it all ast
just vaporizer by a nuclear
missile the gospel on the other hand instructs me on in what is
of eternal or lasting worth and gives me the plan of how tto obtain
it in this context when a person has things to do and people to
ispencer
spencer W kimball the false gods we worship ensign
june 1976 p 6

sbrice
2brice
brace R mcconkie stand independent above all
ail other
ali
ml
creatures ensign may 1979 p 93
 140

see the reality of death in whatever 1If is not fatalistic but

rm

only an added witness that he des

does not
nut
nob
nub have forever tq get things
aq

dune
done the race that is set before us as the apostle paul said
1I had no way of knowing that my generation would be the one
who would witness the demise of force and viu
violence
vio lence as a means af
uf
getting ones way it has worked so well before now when 1I want

tu force so meones actions

to it destroys me in the pl qcess
quess
process what
whah

is the sense therefore in spending any more time money and

energy on weaponry or
ur acting as if it is business as osial
asual when
usual it
clearly is not
nut
nob if the sentimental
this takes pacifism out of ard
places it squarely in the pragmatic judging grom
from mormon dqc
dac do-
ctrine with its eternal perspective of things it is clear that the
uselessness of compulsion as a method of solving disputes is
nothing new it appears only that like the man who has immersed
himself in materialism and still nob obtained happiness
nut
not we have
reached a new point of saturation in a bit lethal kind
different but
of dead end ironic it would be
hw
how if gods warnings all these
centuries were not just admonishments of how things should be btt
b

predictions of how things would be ready or not

the book off morgun
mormun
mormon
hormon ipun all men
teaches that death comes upon
cipun mer

nevertheless there was a space unt

granted unco
anco
unto man in which he
might repent therefore this life became a probationary state a
gd a time co
time to prepare to meet god to prepare for that endless
3
state which is after the resurrection of the dead the
if the same theme in the
scriptures are replete with elements of

lma
ima 1224
 141

doctrine ants
covenants
and Cven gud
god explains that not at any time has
the lord given unto man a law which was temporal neither any
man nor the children of men neither adam your father whan
wh
whom
an 1I
4
created we are not
nut preparing ourselves for
fur a world based on

the physical economic and social intimidation which is so

su funda-
tj the operation of gur
mental to our present world but rather une
one in
which the glory of Ggod
A
sod
GA lies in his intelligence and where the
greatest of all is the servant of all in this regard the
furce that
exhaustion of the technique of compulsory force we find in
nuclear weaponry affords us
is a great opportunity a temporal
environment which very nearly approaches that of our as yet
unseen future world and its morai persuasion
gospel of moral
mural
when military defense is burned
birned into offense
turned jr worse
iff ense or
fur weaponry is a moot point
yet suicide support for like many
isly calm when faced with a situation 1I
marvelously
people 1I become marvelo
have no control over my calm however results nut
not from nge
nod frum
nud not dark
noe
nut
nor limp resignation buh
fatalism nor whimpering despair ncy
ncr
nom bit simply
but
bih a

peace of mind and a continued enthusiasm for

fur life fr
from
m having a
different set of objectives and knowing isted
in whom 1I have tr
trusted
the present predicament which now very
determines the ve-ry
survival of our civilization is usually blamed on
un the short

sight edness of past generations whether it be in the way we

sightedness
have managed the resources of theearth or the conduct of human
relations the demands of the moment have usually determined our
actions A family living from paycheck to ur a president
tu paycheck or

4
D & C 2934
 142

from tj election are both faced with the exigency of

election to
making myopic decisions the gospel however tells js
is this
5
exigency is a false perception an illusion LDS theology
gd
emphasizes the eternal nature of god man and the principles of
social organization in addition the tenets of stewardship state
in clear terms that the earth its resources and the very air we

is they are on loan and will one

breathe do not belong to us une day be
accounted for latter day saints more than any uther
other people
should be aware of the imp
imo
lmo jrtance
importance
ortance of the eternal over the
tem
bemprary the
temporary
pracy iong haul over the quick
lung
long sprint and the future
implications of present decisions we nut equate
should not subdue
the earth with exploit and actively participate moreover
Mor euver the
rest of js
is who pay lip service to the principle of stewardship
alp
are convicted by our
lur silence and found guilty of complicity
we live in a rld which overindulges
world
rid
wridald
w over indulges
overindulged itself in alcohol
drugs sex and entertainment of all kinds ftera ll there is
fterall
all
ali
afterfall
afterall
After a

great deal to mentally block odh

oat
out
luh these days given the list of
af
conceivable end of the world sceneries
uf bhe biological warfare envi-
runmental collapse
ron
ronmental nuclear terrorism and of course accidental
vr intentional nuclear war
or in coming to grips with this kind
of future people may ask themselves so what if the US
JS and

soviet russia can deal with each other over the deposition of
their 50000 warheads what about the other countries of the
world dues not
does proliferation make a nuclear freeze or
ur even a

rollback more gym bulic than substantive

symbolic
sym raise missile
if the Ccruise
craise

natthew
matthew 624
62433
33
 143

and similar armaments have made verification a moot

mout issue are
not all attempts at disarmament pointless
A nuclear freeze is ulf
oif
olf maor importance because it symbolizes
of major
the beginning of changeover
a change over from a war based economy tto a

tu get the costly military monkey

peace based economy and begins to
off our backs su much of our national product
so from LDS pockets
as well that could be used for the social needs of our people is
6
wasted on weapons which nur eat
neither see nor hear nor it
is abhorrent that the united states leads the world in military
7
production and export its embarrassing to see my neighbors
and relatives whose vote counts every bit as much as mine vote
men into government whose militaristic actions become the popular
yot
mot that in silent fatalism
hgr monism
image of murmqnism members 0 the church
chirch
thei vote the sim
thel
regard their
z pliest gesture in
simpliest a democracy as
somehow a fulfillment of doomsday prophecy

this is tu say that

not to we should become anti
antl nuclear
crusaders or contribute our resources to friends of
af the earth
uf
9
cormons
mormons
mormuns have other equally important moral
morai imperatives
mural
however we have the means to affect change through a divinely
established cunstititiunal
constitutional form of government it is to gor
our
oor
condemnation that utah leads the nation
ubah at least through ibs
t
its
representatives in outspoken contempt for
fur the environment

6deuterconumy
deuteronomy 428
4 28

7caldicutt
caldicott missile envy p 112
a
8spencer
spencer W kimball the false gods we worship ensign
june 1976 ap
pp 366
3
 144
in abashed reverence fforr wealth and ardent advocacy of
jn
9
military expansion
As previously stated divert tog mqrmqns
cormons cannot
tuo much of
too mormons

their time money or enthusiasm towards ant

anti nuclear activism
antl
anbi i we

gud who has a different set of priorities and are

believe in a god
secure almost smug in the knowledge that he will buy as
us time to
complete them however it escapes us that we already spend more
than half of every tax dollar in support of a military that has
10
reached the point of saturation sich support does make us
such is
for the temporal fate qf
responsible fur of our country
af and the world
now as the administration attempts tito get public support for the
f
of low profile
militarization ul space low mi litarizati
militarizationn has been oing
guing
1I 1IA
fur some
for
on foc
fon years now we ti sav
have yet another opportunity to say
sag
enough is enough As citizens in america ur any uther
or other
democratic nation we ultimately control the policies of gor
jur
our
oor
dor
respective representatives as members in the employ of the

military industrial establishment we make and use the implements

of gar
gur dublos
our dubious defense aspolitical leaders we are must
most
responsible for the day t day and dollar to
tv liar
ilar
llar dec
tu ddollar
alar slns
decisions
sans
sins
of our government
in a higher sense we know that vio
violence
viu lence of any kind is a

aid approach to solving problems

bandaid
band to convince
TQ a man against

dhigh
9high
ugh nibley will still weep for
fur zion
we pr
prove
v utah
foundation for ancient research mormon studies & 198 p 16 17
10
rone tempest US defense establishment wields a
pervasive power los angeles times 10 july 1983 part VI p 1

i11i

report
1
space war era
17 dec 1984 p
its
32
already here US news & world
 145
his will he is of the same opinion still may be a trite
expression but it has never been truer and in profound
takes on
meaning in an LDS context cormons
As mormons
Mormons we know that the real
tu win mens and womens hearts and minds because
battle is to f

our belief in free agency we know that it is gods intent

intention
lon to
iun
ion tu
educate people to voluntarily change their behavior in this
regard violence becomes unthinkable
according to beliefs compulsion is nob
LDS nr ally
aily
nut only morally
not niy

wrong not very logical either

wrung it is nut
nob fundamental to compulsion
is that man can and shu jid
ild be compelled in his behavior the
iid
should
first denies the eternal nature of a mans soul the second
believes it is better to win the battle bur lse the war the
ise
hit lise
bit
but
gospel tells us correctly what that war is and gives us
is the
riles bub
raies
rales
rules
ground cules bit mure importantly these higher objectives
bat more
but
mandate that one does not
nob become like his order
enemy in ouder tu defeat
to
him indeed the very definition of defeat is questioned
A second tj the question
secund premise fundamental to aggression
and defense is the belief system which places value on
or the thinq
tlrinq
thina
or commodity to be obtained or defended it is precisely at this
point that christianity differs erom
LDS from the philosophy which
ggs
goy
gom
guides nations in their search for
fur security today
it is of little consequence if we have reached the thres
threshold
hold
huld
hoid
fur total physical destruction
for by our weapons or not it makes n

difference if carl sagans nuclear winter or alexander haigs

12
strat
limited nuclear war stratagem
strategem
egem is correct it dcesnt
doesnt matter as
12
donald B kraybill facing nuclear war pennsylvania
herald press 1982 p 2021
 146

to whose tedious set ue

of facts and statistics is right even the
must optimistic
uptimistic projection leaves people around tto say
few peaple 1
I told
bold
boid
yoo so
yuu
you
yuo n
moreover
Mor euver tu extend this battle into
it is obscene to space
and to
tu expend the trillions of dollars to do so
su
the point is that we will inevitably reach a plateau when

ajr
ojr
ujr will destroy all life on this planet war has
weapons

therefore become obsolete as a method of settling de pates

despites
putes
disputes
desputes
des pubes
spites it
is no longer pulitics by other means
politics
lunger an extension of tn
in
13

the first chapter of hannah arendts on Viu

violence
vio lence she laments the
for this final arbiter in international
fact that no substitute eur
fur
fod
i144
kun the political scene
affairs has yet appeared on
kin there is
only one alternative left we now have nonu choice in LDS
philosophy the alternative means of settling disputes leads back
tu the gospel of jesus christ
to
even if a member of the LDS church ascribes to sume
some future

nuclear hoi caust

holocaust
hol it is still illogical to fatalistically support
contin
cuntin
continued buildup
jed arms build up through the LDS scriptures we enow
know that
at least one segment of the united states will survive the ravages
isible nuclear hholocaust
of any pkpossible
ssible we aiso
also know that gods power

not mans will protect it Is it not

nob time we developed a mindret
nut
nub mindset
receptive to these potential future developments
murmon theqlx
mormon buth selective and absolute in its
theologyy is both
pacifism either refuse to kill or
members may tu kill
ur be allowed to
under certain cunditiqns
conditions there are no such things as hawkes
13
karl von qartletts
john bartlett Bart
vun clausewitz juhn letts
bartletts
bartletta familiar
quotations Bu stun little br
rostun
roston
ston
boston company
wn and ct
brwn
brown anpany
antany 1980 p 448
14
ViI
hannah arendt on vil
violence
ence p 5
 147

but only varying degrees uf

niy
af selective pacifism in
doves even

clearcut
church doctrine has clear parameters
cut and exact pa ameters there is als
ais
no doubt that absolute pacifism is a higher law and will yield

greate
greaber blessings there is a secure place fur the absolute
greater
greaber
pacifist in the church any law however is tempered by the
dictates of the lord or in other words god can and d-
doess make
exceptions according tka
atka the circumstances it is up to each
individual tv claise in the spiritual legal code
t recognize if this clause cude
is used
ased under the auth
aoth rity uf
authority
mity gd
aff gud r as a loophole fur the carnal
aff man nut surprisingly tu develop the spirit
interests qf jal
jai
spiritual
ial
mati rity and independence it takes to make such a decision even
maturity in
the face of all kinds of contradictions is une of the reasons fur
cuming to this world
coming is it is the task of a latter day saint t
view the subtleties and contradictions of life and distinguish
Cae sars and those that are gods
caesars
between those that are caesara guds
buds
moreover this dichotomy
dich
dichtomy
tomy between the temporary and the
eternal the seen and the unseen is at the heart uf
aff the duz
doz
doc trine
doctrine
of the final Jud ur earthly
gement and the restoration in kind fur jur
judgement
actions hugh nibley said it a different way

if persist in reversing the words of the savior

we
whu takes up the sword shall die by the sword
ahu
who to
perv
read perversely des
ersly who dues
perversly does not take up the sword shall
perish by the sword we shall deserve what happens
tu us 16

our present nuclear box canyon is a clear and increasingly

present danger to which gospel
guspel principles must be applied we

15
2 nephi 434
16
rugh nibley
high
hagh
hugh renounce
Ren gince
uince war daily universe 26 mar 1971
 148

are fortinate tj be face with it having a keen

in a sense
fortunate
sense of the fragile natu re jf life either leads one t despair
nature
nabo
nabu
orr like the person tj
survives a near death experience to
who 3

fuller richer life which is anxiously engaged in a good

i17i
cause because of their eternal beliefs and perspective the
latter day saints should fall into the category
second cate gury
oury
olry

therefore
There fure
foce
fuce ren dance war and proclaim peace
jance
renounce
D & C 9816
17 D & C 5827
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 murmqns
cormons
mormons
Mormons
mom LDS theology and the nuclear dilemma

michael henry ballow

david M kennedy center fon
flu
fur
for international studies
MA degree june 1984

ABSTRACT

LDS doctrine establishes three courses of actionactin in conflict

resolution a selective pacifism b action as proxy for fur god
gud as
prescribed under the dqctr lne of continuous revelation and c ab-
doctrine
solute pacifism of these three only absolute and selective
pacifism are of practical use to the modern member qf af
of the LDS
church of the remaining two government political decisions and
technological corrent US defense strategy
carrent
techno laical momentum have moved current
lechno
from a defensive to
and weaponry away fram tense posture thus
tu an of jffense
offense
invalidating the case of the selective pacifist and leaving only
absolitists stand despite this development however the
the absolutists
pacifists
number of vocal paci fists within the church remains conspicuously
small this can be attributed to tu a the confusion over the role
of authority and obedience in the church b the appearance of
cult irai
celt iral endorsement for
church and mormon cultural
aral fur militarism c the
influence of just war theory d the effects of fatalism and the
armageddon complex e disregard for fur the doctrines of steward-
ship f the lessening of personal responsibility and f influence
1
from the utah militaryindistrialiniversity
militaryindustrialuniversity complex

7
iree
COMMITTEE
COMMI APPROVAL
4
cilla
clila jn committee chairman

jt
scan
szan
stan
f
A
i i
taylor i yli
hll
hla
coroutfee
cu member

rav
rakz 1
11 an
xn department chairman