WASTE FOR ENERGY

TERI School of Advanced Studies

06 September 2022

Dr Lakshmi Raghupathy
Former Director, MoEF&CC; Visiting Faculty TERI-SAS
Adviser/Consultant Environment & Waste Management
 Waste Management Hierarchy
2

MOST PREFERED

LEAST PREFERED

4-LR-W2E-2022
 Waste Definition
3
United Nations Statistics Division (U.N.S.D.):

"Wastes are materials that are not prime products

(that is products produced for the market) for which
the generator has no further use in terms of his/her
own purposes of production, transformation or
consumption, and of which he/she wants to dispose.
Wastes may be generated during the extraction of
raw materials, the processing of raw materials into
intermediate and final products, the consumption of
final products, and other human activities. Residuals
recycled or reused at the place of generation are
excluded."
4-LR-W2E-2022
4 Solid Waste

Solid waste includes wastes generated by

domestic/house hold, commercial,
institutional, residential establishments,
agricultural based, forest residues,
industrial (hazardous/non-hazardous),
health care (general/infectious), etc., in
either solid or semi-solid forms.

4-LR-W2E-2022
5
Agricultural Wastes
Field Wastes (plant)
Weeds
Straws

Animal Wastes
Animal Dung
Dead Bodies (carcases)

Agro-Industrial Wastes
Sugar cane: Molasses, Peals

4-LR-W2E-2022
6
Management of agro-wastes
Biogas

Pulp and Bio-fertilizer

Paper

Leather
Phosphorus Agro-Wastes Industries
and calcium

Meat
Fuel
Alcohol
production
4-LR-W2E-2022
 Agrowaste 2 Biogas
7

Fuel

Light
Animal Dung Biogas plant

4-LR-W2E-2022
Biofertilizer
 Biogas Cycle Solar
energy
8
Animal Photosynthesis
husbandry
Crop
harvesting CO2
Industrial H2O
processing
Energy Bio-fertilizer
Human crops
consumption

Biogas
Organic Electrical
wastes Anaerobic and/or
digestion thermal
energy

4-LR-W2E-2022
 Sugarcane – Green Energy
9

JUICE SUGAR

BAGASSE Ethanol

LEAVES & TOPS CO-GENERATION

OF ELECTRICITY

4-LR-W2E-2022
 Ethanol from Molasses and Juice
10
SUGARCANE

MILLING
JUICE FOR SUGAR JUICE FOR ETHANOL

FACTORY DISTILLERY
MASH FERMENTATION
DISTILLATION
MOLASSES
ETHANOL ETHANOL
FROM FROM
MOLASSES SUGARS

SUGAR ETHANOL
4-LR-W2E-2022
 W2E Options
11

 AD – Anaerobic digestion
 Incineration
 LF – Landfill gas
 GA – Gasification
 PY - Pyrolysis
 RDF – Refuse Derived Fuel
AFR – Alternate Fuel Resource
4-LR-W2E-2022
12

MUNICIPAL
SOLID WASTE
 MSW to Energy
13

4-LR-W2E-2022
14

INDUSTRIAL SOLID
& HAZARDOUS
WASTES
 Waste Incineration
15

Wastes that needs to be incinerated can be used for

energy
* Wastes that are biologically hazardous
* Not biodegradable
* Volatile – easily dispersed
* Cannot be safely disposed into landfill
* Volume reduction of waste is necessary

4-LR-W2E-2022
 Hazardous Waste Incineration
16 Incinerable Wastes (Hazardous Wastes) Schedule – II –HWR 2016
A12 Napthalene
A13 Anthracene
A14 Phenanthrene
A15 CHRYSENE, Benzo (A) Anthracene, Fluoranthene Etc.
A16 Halogenated Compounds Of Aromatic Rings
A17 Halogenated Aromatic Compunds
A18 Benzene
A19 Organo-chlorine Pesticides
A20 Organo-tin Compounds
B12 Organo Ph. Compounds
B13 Organic Peroxides
B14 Organo Nitroso Compounds
B15 Organo Azo Compounds
D5 A12 To A18
D6 Organic Oxygen Compound
D7 Organic Nitro Compound
4-LR-W2E-2022
 Hazardous Waste Incineration
17

Incinerable Wastes (Hazardous Wastes) Sch I of HWR 2016

Cat - Processes
1. Petro Chemical And Pyrolytic Operations
2. Drilling Operations (Oil And Gas)
3. Cleaning Oil Storage Tanks
4. Petroleum Re-refining
5. Industrial Operations – Synthetic Oil/Lubricants
19. Phenol Production
20. Production/Use Of Use Of Solvent
21. Production/Use Of Pigments And Paints
28 Pharmaceutical Production
29 Pesticide Production

4-LR-W2E-2022
 Hazardous Waste Incineration
18

INCINERABLE WASTES (HAZARDOUS WASTES)

Solvent Wastes (Spent Solvents)
Waste Oils, Oil Emulsions
Pesticide Wastes
Pharmaceutical Wastes
Refinery Wastes
Phenolic Wastes
Grease & Wax Wastes
Organic Wastes Containing Halogens, Sulphur,or
Nitrogen Compounds
Pcb Containing Wastes
Oil Solids/Sludges
Others with high Calorific value >2500kcal/Kg

4-LR-W2E-2022
 Waste Incineration
19

Guidelines For Incineration Of Hazardous Wastes

(CPCB) Prescribe Incineration Standard
3 T For Complete Combustion
 Temperature
 Time
 Turbulance
 Incinerator Operation – Req. Temp.
 Residence time 2 Sec.
 Gas Cleaning
 Fuel Blending
 Emission Standards Prescribed

4-LR-W2E-2022
20

PLASTIC
WASTES
 Plastic Waste Management
21

 Disposal of plastic waste is a serious concern in India. New

technologies have been developed to minimize their adverse
effect on the environment.

PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT

CONVENTIONAL TECHNOLOGY NEW

TECHNOLOGY
RECYCLING
COPROCESSING
PLASMA PYROLYSIS IN CEMENT KILNS
INCINERATION
LIQUID FUEL POLYMER BITUMIN
LANDFILLING ROADS

4-LR-W2E-2022
 Plastic Waste Incineration
22
 Incineration
 Incineration reduces the need for landfill of
plastics waste, however, there are concerns that
hazardous substances may be released into the
atmosphere in the process.
 Incineration can be used with recovery of some
of the energy content in the plastic.
 The useful energy recovered can vary
considerably depending on whether it is used for
electricity generation, combined heat and
power, or as solid refuse fuel for co-fuelling of
blast furnaces or cement kilns.

4-LR-W2E-2022
 Plastic Waste co-processing
23
 Co-processing of Plastic waste in Cement Kiln

 Co-processing of plastic waste as Alternative Fuel and

Raw Material (AFR).
 Co-processing indicate substitution of primary fuel and
raw material by waste.
 Waste material such as plastic waste used for co-
processing are referred to as alternative fuels and raw
material (AFR).
 One of the advantage of recovery method used in
existing facility is eliminating the need to invest on
other plastic waste practices and to secure land filling.

4-LR-W2E-2022
 Waste Plastic to fuel
24
 Plasma Pyrolysis Technology (PPT)

 Pyrolysis is the thermal disintegration of carbonaceous

material in oxygen-starved atmosphere.

 The intense and versatile heat generation capabilities

of Plasma Pyrolysis technology enable it to dispose of all
types of plastic waste including polymeric, biomedical
and hazardous waste in a safe and reliable manner.

 When optimized, the most likely compounds formed

are methane, carbon monoxide, hydrogen carbon
dioxide and water molecules.

4-LR-W2E-2022
25

BIO-MEDICAL
WASTES
 Bio-medical Waste Management
26

 Disinfection
 Autoclaving
 Microwaving
 Incineration – controlled combustion –
heat recovery system for
incineration or steam production or
 Plasma pyrolysis of infectious plastic

4-LR-W2E-2022
 Waste Incineration
27

SCHEDULE V (BMW Rules 2016)

Standards For Treatment & Disposal Of Biomedical Wastes
Incinerators
- Operating Standards:
Combustion Efficiency 99%
Primary Ch - 800 ± 60 ° C
Secondary Ch - 1050 ± 50 ° C
- Emission Standards :
Particulate Matter 150
NOX 450
HCI 50
Stack 30 Mts
VOC In Ash < 0.01 %

4-LR-W2E-2022
Acceptable Waste Types for co-processing
28
clinical waste
dried sludge

shredded tyres
commercial waste

refuse derived fuel

(RDF)

municipal solid waste

(MSW)

4-LR-W2E-2022
 THANK YOU
29

Dr Lakshmi Raghupathy
9818967335
Lakshmi.raghupathy23@gmail.com

4-LR-W2E-2022