‘Aim: Study ofhomologous and analogous organs in plants and animals Principle: In plants and animals there are several organs or pars hereof, apparently liken their function and appearance, but markedly efferent from eachother in their origin and anatomical structure. These organs are called analogous organs, andthe seeming similarity among them theresa of convergence, that is, adaptation to similar habitat and identical ccological niche. ‘Onthe other hand therare organs or pars thereo which appurcaly are qitdisilar to eachother in appearance and perform different functions, but have the same origin and anatomy. The differences in ther function and also in their appearances are the result of divergence, due to adaptive radiation to diferent hab habitat and ecological niche. These ‘organs ae called homologous orgaas. ‘Requirement: Plan specimens showing tendrils, thorns, etc, a5 given inthe text or any other locally available plants, plant with normal cem, potaco and onion bulb prickly pear, specimens ‘of phyllocade, cladode, wings of bind, cockroach andbat, and cervical, thoracie and lumbar vertebrae ofa mammal/izard Observations oN ‘X i i 1, Homologous Organs in Plants @ Tendrits of passion lower and thorns of pomegranate ‘Tendrtls of passion fruit and thorns of pomegranate are ‘epg structurally and functionally diferent -f Dut they have similar origin Le. they arise from axillary bud ora (Pig. 25.12 &b). tal o ig. 25.1(0) Tendsls of pansion ful (Q) Thorns of pomegranateLasoeatony MANUAL: Bloiooy a) Tendrils of Vitis and thorns of Carissa ‘Tendrils of Vitis and thorns of Carissa originate from the terminal bud, but they are functionally ferent (Pig. 25:2. & b. @ o ig 25.20) Tends of Vts ©) THOM OF COTES — Guy) eengrtie of baloon vine c" (Cardiespermum) and bulbile of i ty we A o oS a (Fg 253.08) Fig, 25:50) Tend of baloon vine) Bubs of Agee gg of onion and spines set iciy pom mai Both the scale eaves and spines are ‘modifications of leaves but are structurally and functionally diferent. Scale leaves of onion are thick and flestiy and store food, On o the otherhand spines of cactus are Te 254 0 see tae fen) Spins excuse organs (Fg 28.40 8) 2, Analogous Organs in Plants peel (@ ‘Stem tendrils and leaf tendrils ‘All tendrils are analogous with one another. being structurally and functionally similar. respective of thetr origin, Example: Tendrils of pea and tendrils of Vats. Tends of pea are endat ‘modiiication ofeaf and in Vitis ts @ ® the modification of terminal bud Pig. 25.5 a) Tendrils of pen (9) Tends of Vets (hg 25528)(4) ‘Thoms and spines ‘Thoms and spines are analogous structures being, defensive in function. Thoms are modiications of axillary or terminal buds. and spines are ‘modifications of leaves e.g: Thorns of pomegranate and spines of prickly pear. (38) Modised underground stems and modified roots Modified stems (rhizome, corm, tuber) are analogous to modified roots carrot, radish as they perform similar function of storage af food but thelr origin is different. Rhizome of ginger, potato tuber. Colocasia are stems and beetroot, radish ete. are roots (Fig. 25.6 a &D) (iv) Phylloclade, cladode and leaves They perform the same function Le. they Photosynthesise but phylloclade and cladode are Imodifications of stem. Phylloclade of Opuntia. Parkinsonia, Asparagus and leaves of any local plant like mango are analogous organs. (Fig. 25.7.8) 3, Homologous Organs in Animals (0 Wings of birds, and foresmb of mammals/reptles/ frog Allhave the same bony elements (humerus rao- ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges), but Perform diffrent (ying in birds, for holding or walking Gte. in other functions. (ig. 25.8 a &xb) 4, Analogous Organs in Animals (0 Wings of dragonily cockroach /butterfly and of birds. (Fig. 25.9 a &) (6) Mandible of cockroach and mandible (lower jaw) of a Vertebrate. (Fig 25.10 ¢ & d) Note: Students and teachers are suggested to discuss ‘more examples. fF @ Fig. 28.6 (a) Modified root of carrot (6) Rhizome of ginger il EA @) o Fig. 25.7 (a) Phylloclade (b) Cladode of is Fig. 25.8 Fore limb of fa) human () bat + ie @ o Fig. 25.9 wing of fa) dragansly &) bird @ <6 a » Fig. 25.10 Mandibie of (a) cockroach (@) rapbit