Q-1) State the classification of Amplifiers.

ANS:

The transistor amplifiers may be classified as to their usage, frequency capabilities, coupling methods and mode
of operation.

1. As based on the input

(a) Small-signal amplifier (b) Large-signal amplifier

2. As based on the output (or according to usage)

(a) Voltage amplifier (b) Power amplifier

3. As based on transistor configuration

(a) Common-emitter (CE) amplifier (b) Common-base (CB) amplifier (c) Common-collector (CC)
amplifier.

4. As based on biasing conditions (or mode of operation)

(a) Class-A (b) Class-B (c) Class-AB (d) Class-C

5. As based on nature of load resistance

(a) Untuned amplifiers (Wide-band amplifier) (b) Tuned amplifier (Narrow-band amplifier)

6. As based on frequency response (or frequency capabilities)

(a) Direct coupled (DC) amplifier (b) Audio frequency (AF) amplifier

(c) Radio frequency (RF) amplifier (d) Ultra high frequency (UHF) and microwave frequency amplifier.

7. As based on number of stages

(a) Single-stage amplifier (b) Multistage amplifier

8. As based on the method of coupling between the stages

(a) Direct coupled amplifier (b) RC coupled amplifier (c) Transformer coupled amplifier
Q-2) State the need of multistage Amplifiers.

ANS:
The output from a single stage amplifier is usually insufficient to drive an output device. In other words, the
gain of a single amplifier is inadequate (insufficient) for practical purposes.

Consequently, additional amplification over two or three stages is necessary. To achieve this, the output of each
amplifier stage is coupled in some way to the input of the next stage.

The resulting system is referred to as multistage amplifier. It may be emphasised (emphasized) here that a
practical amplifier is always a multistage amplifier.

For example, in a transistor radio receiver, the number of amplification stages may be six or more. In this
chapter, we shall focus our attention on the various multistage transistor amplifiers and their practical
applications.

Q-3) Define:

1. Slew rate
2. CMRR
3. Input Offset Voltage

ANS:
1. Slew rate: It is defined as the maximum rate of change of output voltage per unit time.

S.R.= ΔVo /Δ t , Unit = V/μs.

2. CMRR : It is defined as the ratio of differential mode gain to the common mode gain. It is the ability of an
amplifier to reject the common mode signals such as noise. Expressed in dB.

CMRR = Ad / Ac

3. Input Offset Voltage: It is the input voltage that must be applied between both the input terminals of op-
amp to make output offset voltage zero.

Ideally value of Input Offset Voltage is 0.

Q-4) State ideal and practical values of any four parameters of Op-amp.

ANS:

Sr. No. Parameter Ideal Value Practical Values

1 Voltage gain ∞ 2x105

2 CMRR ∞ 90 dB

3 SVRR 0 150 μV/V

4 Slew rate ∞ 0.5V/μs

5 Input offset voltage 0V 6mV

6 Bandwidth ∞ 1MHz
Q-5) Draw ideal and practical voltage transfer characteristics of OP-AMP.

ANS:
Q-6) Describe virtual ground and virtual short concept with reference to OP-AMP.

ANS:

Description:

Q-7) Draw block diagram of OPAMP and state the function of DC level shifting stage and output stage.
ANS:
Q-8) Draw closed loop inverting amplifier using OPAMP and derive expression for it’s gain.

ANS:
Q-9) Design an Op-amp base circuit for the given output V0 = - (4VA + 3VB - 2VC)

ANS: “REFER CLASS NOTE BOOK”

Q-10) Design an Op-amp base circuit for the given output V0 = -5 (VA + 3VB + 2VC)

ANS: “REFER CLASS NOTE BOOK”

Q-11) Design an Op-amp base circuit for the given output V0 = 6 (VA + VB + VC)

ANS: “REFER CLASS NOTE BOOK”

Q-12) Draw the circuit diagram of transformer coupled amplifier and explain with the help of its
frequency response.

ANS:

By the use of impedance changing properties of transformer, the low resistance of a stage (or load) can
be reflected as a high load resistance to the previous stage.

Transformer coupling is generally employed when the load is small. It is mostly used for power
amplification. Figure 12 shows two stages of transformer coupled amplifier.

A coupling transformer is used to feed the output of one stage to the input of the next stage. The
primary P of this transformer is made the collector load and its secondary S gives input to the next
stage.

Figure 12: Two stages of transformer coupled amplifier

Operation: When an a.c. signal is applied to the base of first transistor, it appears in the amplified form
across primary P of the coupling transformer.

The voltage developed across primary is transferred to the input of the next stage by the transformer
secondary as shown in Fig . The second stage renders amplification in an exactly similar manner.

Frequency response:
The frequency response of a transformer coupled amplifier is shown in Figure 13.
 Figure 13: Frequency response of a transformer coupled amplifier

It is evident from this figure 13, that the voltage gain drops off (or rolls off) at low as well as at high
frequencies, whereas it remains constant in mid-frequency range.

Another noticeable feature is that at one particular frequency (Fo) the voltage gain increases and then
rolls off continuously. This typical behavior may be explained as follow:

We know that output voltage of a transformer coupled amplifier is equal to the product of collector
current and the reactance of the primary winding of coupling transformer.

At low frequencies, the reactance of primary winding (XL = ω*L) begins to decrease and hence the
voltage gain reduces.

At high frequencies, the effect of leakage inductance and distributed capacitance (i.e., the capacitance
between the turns of the winding) becomes significant and hence the voltage gain reduces.

The peak gain results due to the resonance (or turning) effect of inductance and distributed capacitance,
which forms a resonant circuit. The frequency, at which the peak occurs, is called resonant frequency
(fo).

It has been found that flat part of frequency response curve of transformer coupled amplifiers is small
as compared to that of RC coupled amplifiers. As a result of this, these amplifiers cannot be used over
wide range frequencies.

Moreover, if they are used, they produce frequency distortion, which means that all frequency
components in a complete input signal (such as music, speech signal) are not equally amplified.

However, the transformers can be suitably designed to provide a fairly flat response curve and
excellent fidelity over the entire audio frequency range (i.e. 20 Hz to 20 kHz).
Q-13) Draw the circuit diagram of Class-A transformer coupled and explain it with the help of its
graphical representation.

ANS:

Class-A power amplifier:

Class-A power amplifier. If the collector current flows at all times during the full cycle of the signal,
the power amplifier is known as class-A power amplifier.

(a) Circuit diagram of Class-A power amplifier

(b) Graphical representation of Class-A power amplifier

Figure 18 [(a) is circuit diagram & (b) is graphical representation]

Obviously, for this to happen, the power amplifier must be biased in such a way that no part of the
signal is cut off.
Figure 18 (a) shows circuit of class A power amplifier. Note that collector has a transformer as the load
which is most common for all classes of power amplifiers.

Figure 18 (b) shows the class A operation in terms of a.c. load line. The operating point Q is so selected
that collector current flows at all times throughout the full cycle of the applied signal.

As the output wave shape is exactly similar to the input wave shape, therefore, such amplifiers have
least distortion.

However, they have the disadvantage of low power output and low collector efficiency
(about 35%).

The use of transformer permits impedance matching, resulting in the transference of maximum power
to the load e.g. loudspeaker.

Important Points About Class-A Power Amplifier

(i) A *transformer coupled class A power amplifier has a maximum collector efficiency of 50% i.e.,
maximum of 50% d.c. supply power is converted into a.c. power output.

In practice, the efficiency of such an amplifier is less than 50% (about 35%) due to power losses in the
output transformer, power dissipation in the transistor etc.

[*However, resistance coupled class A power amplifier has a maximum collector efficiency of 25%.]

(ii) The power dissipated by a transistor is given by:

Pdis = Pdc - Pac

Where, Pdc = available d.c. power

Pac = available a.c. power

Clearly, in class-A operation, the transistor must dissipate less heat when signal is applied and therefore
runs cooler.

(iii) When no signal is applied to a class-A power amplifier, Pac = 0.

Therefore, Pdis = Pdc

(iv) When a class-A power amplifier is used in the final stage, it is called single ended class-A power
amplifier.
Q-14) Compare Class-A, Class-B, Class-C and Class-AB power amplifiers on the basis of:
i) Angle of conduction ii) Efficiency
iii) Position of operating pointing power dissipation iv) Distortion
v) Application

Sr. No. Parameter Class-A Class-B Class-AB Class-C

More than
Less than
1 Angle of conduction 360° 180° 180° less than
180°
360°
25% can
2 Efficiency increase to 78.5% 78.5% 95%
50%
Position of operating At the center Just above
3 On X-axis Below X-axis
pointing power dissipation of load line X-axis
Distortion
Less than B
more than A Maximum
4 Distortion No distortion and C but
and AB but distortion
more than A
less than C
Outdoor
Audio Power Audio Power
5 Application Musical RF Amplifier
Amplifier Amplifier
System