Atomic Structure &

Model
 I. Atomic Structure

A. Atomic Structure Review

 II. Bohr Model

A. Electron Energy Shells

1. Electrons are arranged in shells around

the nucleus in predictable locations

a. The shell closest to the nucleus must

fill all seats before seats farther from
the nucleus are filled.
 II. Bohr Model

Shell Number Available Seats

1 2 electrons
2 8 electrons
3 8 electrons
4 18electrons
 In the Bohr model, electrons are pictured as
traveling in circles at different shells, depending
on which element you have.

Lithium has three Fluorine has nine Aluminum has

electrons: electrons: thirteen electrons:
two to electron to 1 two electron go to two electron go to1
shell and the 1 shell and the shell, eight go to
remaining one goes remaining seven the 2 shell, and
to the 2 shell. goes to the 2 remaining three go
shell. to the 3 shell.
 II. Bohr Model

2 Atoms are more stable when their outer shell is full.

3 Atoms that do not have a full outer shell tend to

gain or lose electrons. This results in a full outer
shell and therefore, stability. This is called the octet
rule.

4 Periodic table periods (aka the rows) share the same

number of shells.
 II. Bohr Model
B. Valence Electrons

1. Valence Electrons are electrons located on the

outmost energy shell of an atom.

1. They are responsible for creating bonds with

other atoms.

2. Periodic table families (aka the columns) share

the same number of valence electrons.
II. Bohr Model
 II. Bohr Model
C. Drawing Bohr Models

1. Find your element on the periodic table.

2. Determine the number of electrons (it is the
same as the atomic number).
3. Find which period your element belongs to.
a. Elements in the 1st period have one energy level
b. Elements in the 2nd period have two energy levels
c. Elements in the 3rd period have three energy levels, etc.
etc..
 II. Bohr Model
4. Draw a nucleus with the element symbol inside.
5. Draw the number of energy shells around the
nucleus.
6. Add the correct number of electrons to each shell.
a. Remember… Shell
Number
Available Seats

1 2 electrons
2 8 electrons
3 8 electrons
4 18 electrons
 II. Bohr Model

7. Check your work! Find what family your element

belongs to!
a. Elements in the 1st family have one valence
electron.
b. Elements in the 2nd family have two valence
electrons.
c. Elements in the 3rd family have three valence
electrons, etc., etc..
 Bohr-ing Practice ;-)
• For an Atom of Hydrogen:

• 1 Electron!
• Simple, you just draw the first electron
here
 Bohr-ing Practice ;-)
• For an Atom of Helium:

• 2 Electrons!

• Simple, you just draw the second electron

here
 Bohr-ing Practice ;-)
• For an Atom of Lithium:

• 3 Electrons!

• But wait a minute…We said that only 2 Electrons

can fit into the first level

• So What do we do when it’s full????

 Bohr-ing Practice ;-)

• For an Atom of Lithium:

• 3 Electrons!
• Simple, you just draw the third Electron
here
 Atoms,
Molecules
and Ions
One of the main challenges of chemistry is
to understand the connection between the
macroscopic world that we experience
and the microscopic world of atoms and
molecules.

- You must learn to think on the

atomic level -
Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)
– a special microscope used to "see" individual atoms.

– it uses an electron from a tiny needle to probe the

surface of the substance.
Dalton's Atomic Theory
• Each element is made up of tiny particles called atoms.
• The atoms of a given element are identical; the atoms of
different elements are different in some fundamental way or
ways.
• Chemical compounds are formed when atoms of different
elements combine w/each other. A given compound always
has the same relative numbers and types of atoms.
• Chemical reactions involve reorganization of the atoms --
changes in the way they are bound together. The atoms
themselves are not changed in a chemical reaction.
The Structure of the Atom
Atoms
- are really small
- are shaped like a sphere but is
mostly empty inside.
- at it's center is a space called
the nucleus that contains 2
types of particles
1. proton
2. neutron
- electron are spread around the
nucleus
Nuclear Atom Viewed in Cross Section

The nucleus is:

 Small compared with

the overall size of the
atom.
 Extremely dense;
accounts for almost all
of the atom’s mass.
 Neutrons – found in the nucleus;
no charge;
virtually same mass as a proton.
Nitrogen Atom
Protons – found in the
14 nucleus;
7 N positive charge equal in
magnitude to the
electron’s negative
charge.

> # of protons = # of electrons Electrons –

found outside the nucleus;
* atoms are electrically neutral
negatively charged.
>Atomic number = # of protons
- Defines an element because the atoms of a
particular element have a specific number
of protons .
> Mass number = protons+ neutrons
 Two Isotopes of Sodium
Isotopes
- Atoms with the same number of protons but different
numbers of neutrons.
The Periodic Table
- The elements are arranged by atomic number (the
number above the element symbol) in horizontal rows
called periods and in vertical columns known as
groups or families, according to similarities in their
chemical properties.
- The periodic table was proposed by the Russian
chemist Dimitri Mendeleev
 B C N O

Special Names for Groups in the Periodic

Table
•26
 Metals Versus Nonmetals
•Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved •27
Molecules

- formed when atoms react by sharing electrons forming

covalent bonds.
- most are composed of nonmetallic elements.

> a molecule may contain atoms of the same element or

atoms of 2 or more elements joined in a fixed ratio.
* If the atoms belong to different elements , then the
molecule is also known as a covalent compound.
Ions
An ion is an atom or group of atoms that has a net
positive or negative charge (because they have either
lost or gained electron)
> cations - positive; atoms that lose electrons ; in most
cases are derived from metals
> anions - negative; atoms that gain electrons; in most
cases are derived from nonmetals
> Because anions & cations have opposite charges , they
attract each other forming ionic compounds. This
force of attraction between oppositely charged ions is
called ionic bonding.
Covalent & Ionic Compounds
- can be represented in several different ways. The
simplest method is the chemical formula, in w/c the
symbols for the elements are used to indicate the types of
atoms present & subscripts are used to indicate the
relative number of atoms.

e.g.
CO2 => contains 1 atom of carbon & 2 atoms of oxygen
Naming Compounds
Binary Compounds
 Composed of two
elements
 Ionic and covalent
compounds included

Binary Binary Ionic Compounds

Covalent Compounds  Metal—nonmetal
 Nonmetal—nonmetal
 > Review & familiarize yourself w/the names of the
elements on the Periodic Table & their corrresponding
symbols <
Binary Ionic Compounds (Type I)
1. The cation is always named first and the
anion second.
2. A monatomic cation takes its name from
the name of the parent element.
3. A monatomic anion is named by taking
the root of the element name and adding –
ide.
Examples:
KCl Potassium chloride
MgBr2 Magnesium bromide
CaO Calcium oxide
Binary Ionic Compounds (Type II)
• Metals in these compounds form more than one
type of positive charge.
• Charge on the metal ion must be specified.
• Roman numeral indicates the charge of the metal
cation.
• Transition metal cations usually require a
Roman numeral.
Examples:
CuBr Copper(I) bromide
FeS Iron(II) sulfide
PbO2 Lead(IV) oxide
Prefixes Used
to Indicate
Number in
Chemical
Names
Binary Covalent Compounds (Type III)
• Formed between two nonmetals.
1. The first element in the formula is named first, using the
full element name.
2. The second element is named as if it were an anion.
*A monatomic anion is named by taking the root of the element
name and adding –ide.*
3. Prefixes are used to denote the numbers of atoms present.
4. The prefix mono- is never used for naming the first
element.
Examples:
CO2 Carbon dioxide
SF6 Sulfur hexafluoride
N2O4 Dinitrogen tetroxide
What is Chemical
Formula?......

Chemists use Chemical Formula to express the

composition of molecules and ionic compounds in
terms of chemical symbols. By composition we
mean not only the elements present but also the
ratios in which the atoms are combined. Here we
are mainly composed of two formulas : Molecular
formulas and Empirical formulas.
Structural Formula

The structural formula of a chemical compound is a graphical

representation of the molecular structure, showing how the atoms
are arranged. The chemical bonding within the molecule is also
shown, either explicitly or implicitly.

Example:

H2O The structural formula

of water is
H O H

The structural formula is important for it helps us in

making the Ball-and-stick model
Molecular formulas

The molecular formula shows the exact number of atoms of

each element n the smallest unit of a substance.
Example:
H2 is the molecular formula for Hydrogen
O2 is the molecular formula for Oxygen
H2O is the molecular formula for Water

The subscript numeral indicates the number of

atoms of an element present. There is no subscript for O
in H2O because there is only one atom of oxygen in a
molecule of water, and so the number “one” is omitted in
the formula.
Molecular Models
Molecules are too small for us to observe directly. An
effective means of visualizing them is by the use of
molecular models. Two standard types of molecular
models are the Ball-and-stick models and the Space-
filling models.
 Ball-and-stick Model

In chemistry, a ball-and-stick
model is a molecular model of a
chemical substance which aims
to display both the three-
dimensional position of the
atoms and the bonds between
them.

The atoms are

typically represented
And are connected by rods
by spheres
which represent the bonds.
Space-filling model
In chemistry, a space-filling model, also known as
calotte model, is a type of three-dimensional molecular
model, where the atoms are represented by spheres
whose radii are proportional to the radii of the atoms,
and whose center-to-center distances are proportional to
the distances between the atomic nuclei, all in the same
scale.

Here’s an example
of a space filling
model of
Cyclohexane (C6H12)
 Example
Write the molecular formula for
methanol, an organic solvent
and anti freeze, from its ball-
and-stick model, shown in
the margin.

Answer: CH3OH

Solution:
There are four H atoms, one C atom, and one O atom.
Therefore the molecular formula is CH4O. However, the
standard way of writing the molecular formula for
methanol is CH3OH because it shows how the atoms
are joined in the molecule.
• Rules in writing chemical formula using ball-
stick model.
• Look on the periodic table from left to right
with the exceptional Hydrogen. Hydrogen
should be after 4A and 5A elements covalent
compounds.
Activity 1
1. Write the molecular formula
of chloroform, which is used
as a solvent and a cleansing
agent. The ball-and-stick
model of chloroform is shown
in the margin. The color codes
are: black (carbon), green
(chlorine) and gray
(hydrogen).
2. Write the molecular formula of
glycine, an amino-acid present in
protiens. The color codes are:
Black(carbon), blue (nitrogen),
red (oxygen), and gray
(hydrogen).
3. Write the formula of ethanol.
The color codes are: black
(carbon), red (oxygen), and
gray (hydrogen).
 ANSWER KEY
1. CHCl3
2. C2H5NO2
3. C2H6O
Empirical formula

The Empirical formulas are the simples

chemical formulas; they are written by reducing
the subscripts in the molecular formulas to the
smallest possible whole numbers. The empirical
formula of hydrogen peroxide is HO. Thus the
empirical formula tells us which elements are
present and the simplest whole-number ratio of
their atoms, but not necessarily the actual
number of atoms in a given molecule.
In finding the Empirical formula
you divide the molecular
formula with its greatest
common multiple until it will be
simplified.
We search for the greatest
common multiple in this
formula

Example:
C2H8
8/2 = 4

Which is 2 so we 2/2 = 1
will divide the
formula by 2 So the Answer will be
CH4
Although there are some exceptions to other
formulas.
In this equation you noticed that
Example: this formula has a odd or prime
number

Mn2O3
If the equation cannot be simplified you will just
copy it for there is no fraction or decimal in the
molecular formula of atoms
Example

Write the empirical formula of the following molecules:

(a)Acetylene (C2H2)
(b) glucose (C6H12O6), a substance known as blood
sugar; and
(c) (N2O), a gas that is used as an anesthetic gas and as
an aerosol propellant for whipped creams.
 Answers
(a) CH
(b) CH2O
(c) N2O
Quiz
1. What are the empirical formula of the following compounds:
(a) C2N2
(b) C6H6
(c) C9H20
(d) P4O10
(e) B2H6
(f) Al2Br6
(g) Na2S2O4
(h) N2O5
(i) Kr2Cr2O7
 Answers
(a) CN
(b) CH
(c) C9H20
(d) P2O5
(e) BH3
(f) AlBr3
(g) NaSO2
(h) N2O5
(I ) Kr2Cr2O7