‫فيسيک سنجص از دور‬

‫سٌجص اص دٍس ػجبستست اصػلن ٍ فٌأٍسي استخشاج اعالػبت هفيذ اص اضيبء ٍ پذيذُ‬
‫ّبي سغح صهيي اص عشيك تجضيِ ٍ تحليل دادُ ّبي جوغ آٍسي ضذُ تَسظ‬
‫سٌجٌذُ ّبيي وِ دس فبصلِ دٍس ٍ ثذٍى توبس ثب آى اضيبء ٍ پذيذُ ّب لشاس داسًذ‪.‬‬

‫اًشطي الىتشٍهغٌبعيسي وِ ثَسيلِ سيستوْبي سٌجص اص دٍس اًذاصُ گيشي هيطَد‪،‬‬

‫تحت تبثيش چٌذ تؼبهل (‪ )interactions‬لشاس هيگيشد وِ الصهست ثخَثي دسن‬
‫ضًَذ تب دادُ ّب ٍ تصبٍيش سٌجص اص دٍس ثغَس هٌبست تؼجيش ٍ تفسيش ضًَذ‪.‬‬
 ‫اگش اًشطيي وِ اص دٍس سٌجص هيطَد‪ ،‬اص خَسضيذ هٌطب گشفتِ‪ ،‬ايي اًشطي‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ثَسيلِ رسات اتن خَسضيذ تبثص هيطَد‪،‬‬

‫‪ -‬دس خالء ثب سشػت ًَس اًتطبس هييأثذ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -‬ثب اتوسفش صهيي تؼبهل هييأثذ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -‬ثب سغح صهيي تؼبهل هييأثذ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -‬دس ثبصگطت‪ ،‬هجذدا ثب اتوسفش صهيي تؼبهل هييأثذ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -‬دس سٌجٌذُ ثب سيستوْبي اپتيىي‪ ،‬فيلتشّب ٍ آضىبسسبصّب تؼبهل هييأثذ‪.‬‬

‫ثشاي دسن چگًَگي ايجبد تبثص الىتشٍهغٌبعيس‪ ،‬چگًَگي اًتطبس آى دس فضب ٍ‬

‫چگًَگي تؼبهل آى ثب سبيش هَاد‪ ،‬الصم است اثتذا فشايٌذّبي تطىيل آى تطشيح ضَد‪.‬‬
 ‫چگًَگي اًتمبل اًشطي‬
‫اًشطي ثِ سِ صَست هيتَاًذ هٌتمل ضَد‪:‬‬
‫‪ّ )1‬ذايت (‪)Conduction‬‬
‫اًشطي هيتَاًذ هستميوب اص يه ضيئ ثِ ضيئ‬
‫ديگش ّذايت ضَد‪ .‬هثال ٍلتي وِ ضيئ سٍي فلض‬
‫ثسيبس گشم لشاس دادُ ضَد‪.‬‬
‫‪ّ )2‬وشفت يب ٍصش گشهبيي (‪)Convection‬‬
‫تبثص خَسضيذ صهيي سا گشم هيىٌذ ٍ ثبػث‬
‫هيطَد دهبي َّاي ًضديه صهيي افضايص يبثذ‪.‬‬
‫َّاي ون تشاون ثِ ثبال هيشٍد ٍ جشيبًبت‬
‫ّوشفتي دس جَ ايجبد هيىٌذ‪.‬‬
‫‪ )3‬تبثص (‪)Radiation‬‬
‫اًشطي الىتشٍهغٌبعيس دس فشم اهَاج‬
‫الىتشٍهغٌبعيس اص خَسضيذ تب صهيي ٍ اص هيبى‬
‫خالء دس فضب هٌتمل هيطَد‪.‬‬
 ‫هذلْبي تبثص الىتشٍهغٌبعيس‬
‫ثشاي دسن چگًَگي ايجبد تبثص الىتشٍهغٌبعيس‪ ،‬چگًَگي اًتطبس آى دس فضب‬
‫ٍ چگًَگي تؼبهل آى ثب سبيش هَاد‪ ،‬هٌبست است فشايٌذّب ثب استفبدُ اص دٍ‬
‫هذل صيش تطشيح ضًَذ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬هذل هَج (‪)wave‬‬
‫‪ -‬هذل رسُ (‪)particle‬‬
‫‪Wave model of electromagnetic radiation‬‬

‫دس دِّ ‪ ،James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) ،1860‬تئَسي هَجي ثَدى تبثص‬
‫الىتشٍهغٌبعيس سا وِ دس فضب ثب سشػت ًَس (‪ )c‬وِ ثشاثش ثب ‪ 3×108ms-1‬است هغشح ًوَد‪ .‬هَج‬
‫الىتشٍهغٌبعيس اص دٍ هيذاى ًَسبى وٌٌذُ ‪ magnetic ٍ electric‬تطىيل يبفتِ وِ ثشداسّبيطبى ثش‬
‫ّن ػوَد ثَدُ ٍ ػوَد ثش جْت حشوت ّستٌذ‪.‬‬
‫‪Wave model of electromagnetic energy‬‬

‫تبثص الىتشٍهغٌبعيس‪ ،‬صهبًي ايجبد هيطَد وِ يه ثبس الىتشيىي (‪)electrical charge‬‬

‫ضتبة هييأثذ (‪.)accelerated‬‬

‫عَل هَج (‪ )λ‬تبثص الىتشٍهغٌبعيس ثستگي ثغَل صهبًي داسد وِ رسُ ثبسداس ضتبة يبفتِ است ٍ فشوبًس‬
‫آى (‪ )ν‬ثستگي ثِ تؼذاد ضتبثْب (‪ )number of accelerations‬دس ثبًيِ داسد‪.‬‬

‫عَل هَج (‪ )wavelength‬هؼوَال ثصَست هيبًگيي فبصلِ هبثيي هبگضيووْبي (يب هيٌيووْبي) يه‬
‫الگَي ًسجتب پشيَديه تؼشيف هيطَد ٍ هؼوَال ثب هيىشٍهتش (‪ )μm‬يب ًبًَهتش (‪ )nm‬سٌجيذُ هيطَد‪.‬‬

‫فشوبًس (‪ )frequency‬ػجبستست اص تؼذاد عَل هَجْبيي وِ دس ٍاحذ صهبى اص يه ًمغِ هيگزسد‪ .‬هَجي‬
‫وِ دس ّش ثبًيِ يه هبگضيون هيفشستذ (يه سيىل سا وبهل هيىٌذ)‪ ،‬فشوبًس يه سيىل ثش ثبًيِ يب يه‬
‫ّشتض (‪ )hertz‬يب ‪ً1Hz‬بم داسد‪.‬‬
‫‪2. RS physics‬‬
‫‪2.1. Wave model of electromagnetic energy‬‬

‫ساثغِ ثيي عَل هَج‪ ٍ ، ،‬فشوبًس‪ ، ،‬دستبثص الىتشٍهغٌبعيس ثش اسبس فشهَل صيش هيجبضذ (‪ ،c‬سشػت‬
‫ًَس است)‪.‬‬

‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬
‫‪v‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪c   v‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬
‫ّوبًغَس وِ هالحظِ هيطَد‪ ،‬فشوبًس ثب عَل هَج ًسجت هؼىَس داسد‪ّ .‬ش چِ عَل هَج ثلٌذتش ثبضذ‪،‬‬
‫فشوبًس پبئيي تش است ٍ ثبلؼىس‪.‬‬
‫اًشطي الىتشٍهغٌبعيس دس حذٍد ّطت دليمِ فبصلِ ‪ 150‬هيليَى ويلَهتشي اص خَسضيذ تب صهيي سا عي‬
‫هيىٌذ‪ .‬خَسضيذ عيف پيَستِ اي ( ‪ )continuous spectrum‬اص فشوبًسْبي ثسيبس ثبالي گبهب‬
‫( ‪ )gamma‬تب فشوبًسْبي ثسيبس پبئيي اهَاج ساديَيي تَليذ هيىٌذ‪.‬‬
‫وشُ صهيي ثصَست جسن سيبُ وبهل ٍ ثب دهبي تمشيجي )‪ ،300 K (27 ˚C‬دس ‪ ،9.7 m‬عَل هَج غبلت‬
‫سا داسد‪.‬‬
‫‪Wave model of electromagnetic energy‬‬

‫ايي ضىل يه ثشش ػشضي اص يه هَج‬

‫الىتشٍهغٌبعيس ٍ ساثغِ هؼىَس عَل‬
‫هَج ٍ فشوبًس سا ًطبى هيذّذ‪.‬‬

‫ّش چِ عَل هَج ثلٌذتش ثبضذ‪ ،‬فشوبًس‬

‫پبئيي تش است ٍ ّش چِ عَل هَج‬
‫وَتبّتش ثبضذ‪ ،‬فشوبًس ثبالتش است‪.‬‬

‫داهٌِ يه هَج الىتشٍهغٌبعيس‪،‬‬

‫ػجبستست اص استفبع هبگضيون اص هَلؼيت‬
‫تؼبدل‪ .‬دس هَلؼيتي وِ سبػت لشاس‬
‫گشفتِ‪ ،‬هيتَاى تؼذاد هبگضيووْبيي سا وِ‬
‫دس يه ثبًيِ ػجَس هيىٌٌذ سا ضوشد وِ‬
‫ثوؼٌي فشوبًس است‪.‬‬
 ‫قانون ‪Stephen-Boltzmann‬‬
‫ثب استفبدُ اص هذل هَج تبثص الىتشٍهغٌبعيس‪ ،‬اهىبى تَصيف (‪ )characterize‬اًشطي خَسضيذي‬
‫وِ اسائِ وٌٌذُ هٌجغ اٍليِ ثخص ثضسي اًشطي ثجت ضذُ ثَسيلِ سيستوْبي سٌجص اص دٍس (ثبستثٌبء‬
‫ساداس) است ثَجَد هيأيذ‪.‬‬
‫جسن سيبُ‬
‫جسن سيبُ (‪ )blackbody‬ػجبست است اص يه سبختبس فشضي‬
‫(‪ )theoretical‬وِ اًشطي سا دس حذاوثش ًشخ هوىٌِ ثش ٍاحذ هسبحت دس ّش‬
‫عَل هَج دس ّش دهبي هفشٍض‪ ،‬تبثص هيىٌذ‪ .‬ول تبثص گسيل ضذُ ( ‪total‬‬
‫‪ )emitted radiance= Mλ‬اص يه جسن سيبُ هتٌبست ثب تَاى چْبسم دهبي‬
‫هغلك آى است‪ .‬ايي خبصيت سا لبًَى ‪ Stephen-Boltzmann‬هيٌبهٌذ وِ‬
‫‪M   T‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫ثصَست ريل ثيبى هيطَد‪.‬‬
‫وِ دس آى ‪ ‬ػجبستست اص ثبثت ‪ ٍ Stefan-Boltzmann‬ثشاثش‬
‫ثب ‪ 5.6697×10 -8 W m-2 K -4‬است‪ .‬ثٌبثشايي همذاس اًشطي گسيل ضذُ ثَسيلِ ّش ضيئ هثل‬
‫خَسضيذ يب صهيي‪ ،‬تبثؼي اص دهبي آى است ٍ ثب افضايص دهب‪ ،‬همذاس ول تبثص گسيل ضذُ‪ ،‬ثب ضذت‬
‫ثيطتشي افضايص هييأثذ‪.‬‬
Electromagnetic
Spectrum
The Sun produces
a continuous
spectrum of
energy from
gamma rays to
radio waves that
continually bathe
the Earth in
energy. The
visible portion of
the spectrum may
be measured using
wavelength
(measured in
micrometers or
nanometers, i.e.,
m or nm) or
electron volts
(eV). All units are
interchangeable.
‫‪Wein’s Displacement Law‬‬

‫يه جسن سيبُ دس دهبي هفشٍض‪ ،‬اًشطي سا دس توبهي عَل هَجْبي هوىٌِ گسيل هيىٌذ‪.‬‬
‫همذاس گسيل دس ّش عَل هَج هيتَاًذ هتفبٍت ثبضذ‪ .‬ثش اسبس لبًَى جبثجبيي‬
‫ٍيي (‪ )Wein's displacement law‬هيتَاى عَل هَج غبلت (‪ )λmax‬جسن سا تؼييي وشد‪:‬‬
‫‪k‬‬
‫‪max‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫وِ دس آى‪ k ،‬يه همذاس ثبثت ٍ ثشاثش ثب ‪ T ٍ 2898μmK‬دهبي هغلك دس ٍاحذ ولَيي است‪.‬‬
‫عَل هَج غبلت خَسضيذ ثب دهبي ‪ 6000K‬ثش اسبس لبًَى جبثجبيي ٍيي ثشاثش ثب ‪ 0.48μm‬است‪.‬‬
‫‪2898m K‬‬
‫‪0.483 m ‬‬
‫‪6000 K‬‬
 ‫هٌحٌيْبي تبثص جسن سيبُ‬

‫ضىل همبثل‪ ،‬هٌحٌيْبي تبثص چٌذ جسن سيبُ‬

‫سا ًطبى هيذّذ‪ .‬ثب هحبسجِ هسبحت صيش ّش‬
‫هٌحٌي‪ ،‬هيتَاى ول اًشطي تبثطي )‪(M‬‬
‫خشٍجي اص ّش ضيئ سا هحبسجِ وشد‪ .‬ثب افضايص‬
‫دهبي ّش ضيئ‪ ،‬عَل هَج غبلت ) ‪ (max‬آى‬
‫ثسوت عَل هَجْبي وَتبّتش عيف هٌتمل‬
‫هيطَد‪.‬‬
 Radiant Intensity
of the Sun

For Sun (6,000 K), λmax is 0.48 m

(green light).
For Earth (300 K), λmax is 9.66 m.

The 6,000 K Sun produces 41% of its

energy in the visible region from 0.4 -
0.7 m (blue, green, and red light).
The other 59% of the energy is in
wavelengths shorter than blue light
(<0.4 m) and longer than red light
(>0.7 m). Eyes are only sensitive to
light from the 0.4 to 0.7 m. Remote
sensor detectors can be made
sensitive to energy in the non-visible
regions of the spectrum.
Particle Model of Electromagnetic Energy

For a 100 years before 1905, light was thought of as a smooth and continuous
wave as discussed. Then, Albert Einstein (1879-1955) found that when light
interacts with electrons, it has a different character.

• He found that when light interacts with matter, it behaves as though it is

composed of many individual bodies called photons, which carry such particle-
like properties as energy and momentum. As a result, most physicists today
would answer the question “What is light?” as “Light is a particular kind of matter”.

• Thus, we sometimes describe electromagnetic energy in terms of its wave-like

properties. But, when the energy interacts with matter it is useful to describe it as
discrete packets of energy, or quanta.
‫نور‬
 Quantum Theory of EMR

Niels Bohr (1885–1962) and Max Planck recognized the discrete nature of
exchanges of radiant energy and proposed the quantum theory of
electromagnetic radiation. This theory states that energy is transferred in
discrete packets called quanta or photons, as discussed. The relationship
between the frequency of radiation expressed by wave theory and the
quantum is:
Q  hv

where Q is the energy of a quantum measured in joules, h is the Planck

constant (6.626  10-34 J s), and  is the frequency of the radiation.
Particle Model of Electromagnetic Energy

Referring to the previous formulas, we can multiply the equation by

h/h, or 1, without changing its value:
hc

hv

By substituting Q for h , we can express the wavelength

associated with a quantum of energy as:

hc hc
 or
Q
Q 
Thus, the energy of a quantum is inversely proportional to its
wavelength, i.e., the longer the wavelength involved, the lower its
energy content.
Particle Model of Electromagnetic Energy

Electrons are the tiny negatively charged particles that move around the
positively charged nucleus of an atom. Atoms of different substances are made
up of varying numbers of electrons arranged in different ways. The interaction
between the positively charged nucleus and the negatively charged electron keep
the electron in orbit. While its orbit is not explicitly fixed, each electron's motion is
restricted to a definite range from the nucleus. The allowable orbital paths of
electrons about an atom might be thought of as energy classes or levels.

In order for an electron to climb to a higher class, work must be performed.

However, unless an amount of energy is available to move the electron up at
least one energy level, it will accept no work. If a sufficient amount of energy is
received, the electron will jump to a new level and the atom is said to be excited.
Once an electron is in a higher orbit, it possesses potential energy. After about
10-8 seconds, the electron falls back to the atom's lowest empty energy level or
orbit and gives off radiation. The wavelength of radiation given off is a function of
the amount of work done on the atom, i.e., the quantum of energy it absorbed to
cause the electron to be moved to a higher orbit.
 Particle Model of Electromagnetic Energy
Matter can be heated to such high temperatures that electrons which normally
move in captured non-radiating orbits are broken free. When this happens, the
atom remains with a positive charge equal to the negatively charged electron
which escaped. The electron becomes a free electron and the atom is called an
ion. In the ultraviolet and visible (blue, green, and red) parts of the
electromagnetic spectrum, radiation is produced by changes in the energy levels
of the outer, valence electrons. The wavelengths of energy produced are a
function of the particular orbital levels of the electrons involved in the excitation
process. If the atoms absorb enough energy to become ionized and if a free
electron drops in to fill the vacant energy level, then the radiation given off is
unquantized and continuous spectrum is produced rather than a band or a
series of bands. Every encounter of one of the free electrons with a positively
charged nucleus causes rapidly changing electric and magnetic fields so that
radiation at all wavelengths is produced. The hot surface of the Sun is largely a
plasma in which radiation of all wavelengths is produced. The spectra of a
plasma is a continuous spectrum.
Valence )‫ (ظشفيت‬is a measurement which shows the number of hydrogen atoms that can combine with one atom of a particular chemical
element to make a compound, used to describe how easily an element can connect in a chemical way with others. Zinc has a valency of 2
Creation of Light from Atomic Particles A photon of electromagnetic energy is
emitted when an electron in an atom or
molecule drops from a higher-energy
state to a lower-energy state. The light
emitted (i.e., its wavelength) is a function
of the changes in the energy levels of the
outer, valence electron. For example,
yellow light may be produced from a
sodium vapor lamp. Matter can also be
subjected to such high temperatures that
electrons, which normally move in
captured, non-radiating orbits, are broken
free. When this happens, the atom
remains with a positive charge equal to
the negatively charged electron that
escaped. The electron becomes a free
electron, and the atom is called an ion. If
another free electron fills the vacant
energy level created by the free electron,
then radiation from all wavelengths is
produced, i.e., a continuous spectrum of
energy. The intense heat at the surface of
the Sun produces a continuous spectrum
in this manner.
‫نور طبيعي‬
 Particle Model of Electromagnetic Energy

Electron orbits are like the rungs of a ladder. Adding energy moves the
electron up the energy ladder; emitting energy moves it down. The energy
ladder differs from an ordinary ladder in that its rungs are unevenly
spaced. This means that the energy an electron needs to absorb, or to
give up, in order to jump from one orbit to the next may not be the same as
the energy change needed for some other step. Also, an electron does not
always use consecutive rungs. Instead, it follows what physicists call
selection rules. In many cases, an electron uses one sequence of rungs as
it climbs the ladder and another sequence as it descends. The energy that
is left over when the electrically charged electron moves from an excited
state to a de-excited state is emitted by the atom as a packet of electro-
magnetic radiation; a particle-like unit of light called a photon. Every time
an electron jumps from a higher to a lower energy level, a photon moves
away at the speed of light.
Particle Model of Electromagnetic Energy

Substances have color because of differences in their energy

levels and the selection rules.

• For example, consider energized sodium vapor that produces a

bright yellow light that is used in some street lamps. When a sodium-
vapor lamp is turned on, several thousand volts of electricity energize
the vapor. The outermost electron in each energized atom of sodium
vapor climbs to a high rung on the energy ladder and then returns
down the ladder in a certain sequence of rungs, the last two of which
are 2.1 eV apart. The energy released in this last leap appears as a
photon of yellow light with a wavelength of 0.58 m with 2.1 eV of
energy.
 Creation of
Light

Creation of light from atomic

particles in a sodium vapor
lamp. After being energized by
several thousand volts of
electricity, the outermost
electron in each energized
atom of sodium vapor climbs
to a high rung on the energy
ladder and then returns down
the ladder in a predictable
fashion. The last two rungs in
the descent are 2.1 eV apart.
This produces a photon of
yellow light, which has 2.1 eV
of energy.
Particle Model of Electromagnetic Energy

Somehow an electron might disappear from its original orbit

and reappear in its destination orbit without ever having to
traverse any of the positions in between. This process is
called a quantum leap or quantum jump. If the electron leaps
from its highest excited state to the ground state in a single
leap it will emit a single photon of energy. It is also possible for
the electron to leap from an excited orbit to the ground state in
a series of jumps, e.g. from 4 to 2 to 1. If it takes two leaps to
get to the ground state then each of these jumps will emit
photons of somewhat less energy. The energies emitted in the
two different jumps must sum to the total of the single large
jump.
‫‪Emissivity definition‬‬

‫ػىس الؼول اضيبء (ٍالؼي) ثب يه گسيل وٌٌذُ وبهل هتفبٍت است‪ .‬اضيبء ٍالؼي اًشطي سا دس‬
‫همذاس ووتشي ًسجت ثِ يه جسن سيبُ وبهل گسيل هي داسًذ‪ .‬هيضاى اًشطيي وِ يه جسن‬
‫ٍالؼي دس دهب ٍ عَل هَج هفشٍضي گسيل هيذاسد ًسجت ثِ هيضاى اًشطي وِ يه جسن سيبُ‬
‫وبهل دس ّوبى دهب ٍ عَل هَج گسيل هي داسد‪ ،‬ضشيت گسيل آى ضي (‪ً )Emissivity‬بم‬
‫داسد ٍ هؼوَال آى سا ثب ًوبد ‪ً ε‬وبيص هي دٌّذ‪ .‬ساثغِ فَق ثشاي يه جسن ٍالؼي ثصَست‬

‫‪W=εσT4‬‬

‫دس هي آيذ وِ ‪ّ ε‬وبى ‪ emissivity‬هي ثبضذ‪ .‬ثشاي جسن سيبُ وبهل‪ ε ،‬ثشاثش ٍاحذ هي ثبضذ‪.‬‬
‫ثشاي اضيبء ٍالؼي‪،‬‬
‫‪ε 0 ><1‬‬
‫است‪.‬‬
Planck’s law
Electromagnetic spectrum
How electromagnetic energy interacts with matter (Spectral signature)
How electromagnetic energy interacts with matter (Responses to Vegetation, Soil,
Water)
How electromagnetic energy interacts with matter (What is the base of design of
sensors)
Scattering

Once electromagnetic radiation is generated, it is

propagated through the earth's atmosphere almost at the
speed of light in a vacuum.

• Unlike a vacuum in which nothing happens, however, the

atmosphere may affect not only the speed of radiation but
also its wavelength, intensity, spectral distribution, and/or
direction.
Scattering

Scatter differs from reflection in that the direction associated

with scattering is unpredictable, whereas the direction of
reflection is predictable. There are essentially three types of
scattering:

• Rayleigh,

• Mie, and

• Non-selective.
Radiance (LT) from paths 1, 3,
and 5 contains intrinsic valuable
spectral information about the
target of interest. Conversely, the
path radiance (Lp) from paths 2
and 4 includes diffuse sky
irradiance or radiance from
neighboring areas on the ground.
This path radiance generally
introduces unwanted radiometric
noise in the remotely sensed data
and complicates the image
interpretation process.
Path 1 contains spectral solar
irradiance ( Eo ) that was


attenuated very little before

illuminating the terrain within
the IFOV. Notice in this case
that we are interested in the
solar irradiance from a
specific solar zenith angle (  o
) and that the amount of
irradiance reaching the terrain
is a function of the
atmospheric transmittance at
this angle ( T ). If all of the
o

irradiance makes it to the

ground, then the atmospheric
transmittance ( T ) equals
o

one. If none of the irradiance

makes it to the ground, then
the atmospheric transmittance
is zero
Path 2 contains spectral diffuse sky
irradiance ( Ed ) that never even


reaches the Earth’s surface (the

target study area) because of
scattering in the atmosphere.
Unfortunately, such energy is often
scattered directly into the IFOV of
the sensor system. As previously
discussed, Rayleigh scattering of
blue light contributes much to this
diffuse sky irradiance. That is why
the blue band image produced by a
remote sensor system is often much
brighter than any of the other bands.
It contains much unwanted diffuse
sky irradiance that was inadvertently
scattered into the IFOV of the sensor
system. Therefore, if possible, we
want to minimize its effects. Green
(2003) refers to the quantity as the
upward reflectance of the
atmosphere ( Edu ).

Path 3 contains energy from
the Sun that has undergone
some Rayleigh, Mie, and/or
nonselective scattering and
perhaps some absorption and
reemission before illuminating
the study area. Thus, its
spectral composition and
polarization may be somewhat
different from the energy that
reaches the ground from path
1. Green (2003) refers to this
quantity as the downward
reflectance of the atmosphere
( Edd ).

Path 4 contains radiation that
was reflected or scattered by
nearby terrain (  ) covered
n

by snow, concrete, soil, water,

and/or vegetation into the
IFOV of the sensor system.
The energy does not actually
illuminate the study area of
interest. Therefore, if possible,
we would like to minimize its
effects.

Path 2 and Path 4 combine to

produce what is commonly
referred to as Path Radiance,
Lp .
Path 5 is energy that was also
reflected from nearby terrain
into the atmosphere, but then
scattered or reflected onto the
study area.
 The total radiance reaching the sensor is:

 T v EoT o cos  o   Ed   Lp
1
LS 


This may be summarized as:

LS  LT  Lp
 Mathematical definitions
• Scalar or Dot product • Vector or Cross product

A  B  A B cos ( ) A  B  A B sin ( ) n
 Gradient
• The gradient of a scalar field is a vector field that points in the direction
of the greatest rate of increase of the scalar field and whose magnitude is
the greatest rate of change.

The gradient of a scalar function f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn )

is denoted f or  f where  (the nabla
symbol or del) denotes the vector
differential operator. The gradient of f is
defined to be the vector field whose
• In the above two images, the scalar
field is in black and white, black components are the partial derivatives of
representing higher values, and its f. That is: f f
corresponding gradient is f  ( ,..., )
represented by blue arrows. x1 xn
 Divergence
• In physical terms, the divergence of a three dimensional vector field is the extent to
which the vector field flow behaves like a source or a sink at a given point.
div A > 0; source
div A < 0; sink
• the divergence of a vector field F at a point p is defined as the limit of the net flow of
F across the smooth boundary of a three dimensional region V divided by the volume
of V as V shrinks to p. Formally,

F .n
V  p  V
div F ( p)  lim dS
S (V )

• The divergence of F=Ui+Vj+Wk is

U V W
div F   . F   
x y z
 Curl
• In vector calculus, the curl (or rotor) is a vector operator that describes the infinitesimal rotation
of a 3-dimensional vector field.

• The direction of the curl is the axis of rotation, as determined by the right-hand rule, and the
magnitude of the curl is the magnitude of rotation.

 1  
curl A    A  lim
s 0 s
a n  A. dl 
 C  max

xˆ yˆ zˆ
   Az Ay Ax Az Ay Ax
 A   xˆ (  )  yˆ (  )  zˆ(  )
x y z y z z x x y
Ax Ay Az
 ‫معادالت ماکسول‬
‫هبوسَل ًطبى داد وِ توبهي پذيذُ ّبي الىتشيىي ٍ هغٌبعيسي سا هي تَاى تَسظ چْبس هؼبدلِ (وِ هيذاىّبي الىتشيىي ٍ‬
‫هغٌبعيسي سا ضبهل هي ضًَذ) تَصيف ًوَد‪ .‬ايي چْبس هؼبدلِ ثِ ػٌَاى هؼبدالت هبوسَل ضٌبختِ هي ضًَذ ٍ هؼبدالت پبيِ ثشاي‬
‫هغبلؼِ الىتشٍهغٌبعيس ّستٌذ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -1‬لبًَى اٍّل هبوسَل ضىل وبهلتشي اص لبًَى وَلي ثَدُ وِ ثِ ًبم لبًَى گَس هؼشٍف است‪ .‬ايي لبًَى خغَط هيذاى الىتشيىي‬
‫سا ثِ چطوِ ّبي هيذاى الىتشيىي (هثالً ثبسّبي الىتشيىي) هشتجظ هي وٌذ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬لبًَى دٍّم هبوسَل هفَْم هطبثِاي سا دس هيذاى هغٌبعيسي ثيبى هي وٌذ ثب ايي استثٌبء وِ هيذاى ّبي هغٌبعيسي ّشگض اص‬
‫ته لغجي ّبي هغٌبعيسي ًطأت ًوي گيشًذ‪ .‬ثِػجبستي ّيچ چطوِ هغٌبعيسي ته لغجي ٍجَد ًذاسد ٍ ّوچٌيي خغَط هيذاى‬
‫هغٌبعيسي ّوَاسُ پيَستِاًذ ٍ آغبص ٍ پبيبًي ثشاي آى ّب ًويتَاى تصَس ًوَد (دس حبلي وِ هيذاى ّبي الىتشيىي اص ثبس ًطأت‬
‫گشفتِ ٍ يب ثِ ثبس ختن هي ضًَذ)‪( .‬ته لغجي ّبي هغٌبعيسي ٌَّص وطف ًطذُ اًذ) (جذاوشدى آّي سثب )‬
‫‪ -3‬لبًَى سَّم هبوسَل ثش ايي هَضَع تأويذ هي وٌذ وِ هيذاى الىتشيىي ثش اثش تغييش هيذاى هغٌبعيسي حبصل هي ضَد (ٍاسد‬
‫وشدى يه آٌّشثبي هيلِ اي ثِ داخل يه حلمِ ثستِ سسبًب ٍ دس ًتيجِ المبي هيذاى الىتشيىي ٍ ايجبد جشيبى دس حلمِ)‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬لبًَى چْبسم هبوسَل ًطبى هي دّذ وِ هيذاى هغٌبعيسي هي تَاًذ اص جشيبى الىتشيىي يب هيذاى الىتشيىي دس حبل تغييش‬
‫حبصل ضَد‪.‬‬
‫هبوسَل چٌيي استذالل ًوَد وِ اگش عجك لبًَى فبسادي تغييش هيذاى هغٌبعيسي ثبػث ثِ ٍجَد آهذى هيذاى الىتشيىي ضَد آى‬
‫گبُ فشآيٌذ هؼىَسي ًيض ثبيذ لبثل تحمك ثبضذ‪ .‬ثِ عَسيوِ تغييش هيذاى الىتشيىي ثتَاًذ هيذاى هغٌبعيسي سا حبصل وٌذ‪ .‬ايي‬
‫فشضيِ هبوسَل ثش اسبس تمبسى عجيؼت ثٌب ضذُ ثَد‪.‬‬

‫‪Gauss' s law‬‬ ‫‪. E  0‬‬

‫‪Gauss' s law for magnetism‬‬ ‫‪. H  0‬‬
‫‪H‬‬
‫‪Faraday ' s law‬‬ ‫‪  E   0‬‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫‪E‬‬
‫‪Ampere' s law‬‬ ‫‪  H  O‬‬
‫‪t‬‬
 Maxwell equations for free space
Gauss' s law . E  0
Gauss' s law for magnetism . H  0
H
Faraday ' s law   E   0
t
E
Ampere' s law   H  O
t

• E and H are the electric and magnetic field vectors, respectively.

1
•  O
36
9
10 , is electric permittivity of free space.
•   4 10
O
7
, is magnetic permeability of free space.
‫معادله موج الکترومغناطيسي‬
Wave equation for Electric field
H
  E   0
t
H
  (  E )    (  0 )
t
 (  H )
(.E )   E    0
2

t
E
 ( O )
 ( 0)   2 E    0 t
t
 2
E
 2 E  0  O 2
t
Wave equation for Magnetic field
E
  H  O
t
E
  (  H )    ( O )
t
 (  E )
(.H )   H   O
2

t
H
 (  0 )
 ( 0)   2 H   O t
t
 2
H
 2 H  0  O
t 2
 Wave equations
1 1
 O O   10  4  10   10 16
9 7

36 9
1
 3  10 8 m  C
 
O O
s

1 2E
 E 2
2

C t 2
1 2H
 H 2
2

C t 2
‫امواج همدوس‬
‫قطبص‬
‫قطبص‬
‫پراش‪ 1‬و ضکست‪ 2‬امواج‬
‫داپلر‪4‬‬ ‫اثر‬