“Towards a sustainable society: With the use of information

and Communication Technology (ICT)with special reference

to e-governance in India”

Author:Satya Prakash Patel

G.I.MBA-Student

ICPE/Josef Stefan IPS –Ljubljana(Slovenia)

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 .

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TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY: WITH THE USE OF INFORMATION&
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO E-
GOVERNANCE IN INDIA:

Abstracts-

Science and technology development is crucial. Sustainable development only becomes a reality through
innovation& innovation distribution mechanism. Technology must be made to work for human
development, everywhere. The dynamics of information& communication technology (I.C.T) will
contribute general wealth, reduce poverty, empower and integrate people , even in the poorest countries
(I.C.T) Offers new access of education, information, and knowledge even in the remote regions help to
eradicate poverty and build sustainable- communities. Without them, it may simply add to the enormous
investments and environmental burden of centralised industrialisation.

India’s nearly 60% population resides in rural area, which faces problem like -poverty, unemployment,
malenutrition, improper access to education& digital - divide. These problem compel to rural masses to
migrate in urban area, adds environmental burden on urban area. Indian government is implementing
National E Governance Programme (NEGP) to bridge gap of DIGITAL DIVIDE in rural area&
delivering more than 35 public services clubbed with commercial services through Commom Service
Centres (c.s.c.) at every six village based on HONEY COME MODEL. Around one lakhs such centre
are going to open in first phase, programme is under progress. It create one lakhs job directly& three
lakhs job indirectly, it helps in reducing poverty& migration to urban area & ultimately improve the
quality of life& access to education..This process save money, fuel& time it save natural resourses &
less burden on environment.

Key words - sustainable-society, sustainable society index (s.s.i.)

“Sustainable society, sustainable development, sustainable society index, innovation and

echnology, I.C.T digital –divide, e-goveranace, common service center (c.s.c.’s,), climate- change,
Introduction What is a sustainable society? Sustainable society is a society in balance with the natural

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world, continuing generation after generation, neither depleting its resource base by exceeding
sustainable yield nor producing pollutants in excess of nature’s capacity to absorb them.[1] Based on
experience, knowledge, and vision of the world, different people have offered different answers to this
question. A sustainable society is one that can progress without catastrophic setbacks in the foreseeable
future.[2] Sustainable society (USA) recognizes the fact that human beings will not be able to build a
perfect society or even to agree upon what is a perfect society for very many generations to come.
Through time, we have built a society which requires far more resources than nature can offer on a
continuous basis. This is not sustainable. Mahatma Gandhi has said, "Earth provides enough to satisfy
every man's need, but not every man's greed." The Earth had vast resources to satisfy our needs. The
only reason we are running on a resource deficit is that we did not keep our greed in check. Our ability
to think coupled with our greed has led us on a collision course with Mother Nature. If our ability to
think is coupled with our care for future generations, we will be able to strike a balance between current
needs and future needs. That way, we will make peace with Mother Nature. This is the only way to build
a sustainable society.

What is sustainability? Many definition given by many people and institutions. From an anthropocentric
point of view, sustainability comprises three element-depletion of resources in order not to leave future
generations empty-handed; environmental and ecological aspects in order to enable present and future
generations to live in a healthy environment ,in harmony with nature; the quality of life in order to
ensure human well –being for present and future generation. All three elements are important for
developing towards a sustainable society. It is for this reason that the IUCN, UNEP and WWF defined
sustainable development as ‘Improving the quality of life of humans while living within the carrying
capacity of supporting ecosystems’. On the basis of above mentioned definition of sustainability, the
sustainable society can be defined in following way- A sustainable society is a society[3]

● That meets the needs of the present generation;

● That does not compromise the ability of future generations to meet their own needs;
● In which each human being has the opportunity to develop itself in freedom, within a well-
balanced society and in harmony with its surroundings.

Principles of Sustainable society -

Living sustainably depends on accepting a duty to seek harmony with other people and with nature. The
guiding rules are that people must share with each other and care for the Earth. Humanity must take no
more from nature than nature can replenish. This in turn means adopting life-styles and development
paths that respect and work within nature's limits .It can be done without rejecting the many benefits that

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modern technology has brought, provided that technology also works within those limits. The principles
of a sustainable society are interrelated and mutually supporting , the first is the founding principle
providing the ethical base for the others. The next four define the criteria that should be met, and the last
four directions to be taken in working towards a sustainable society at the individual, local, national and
international levels. The principles are(i) Respect and care for the community of life,(ii) improve the
quality of life, (iii)conserve the earth’s vitality and diversity, (iv)minimise the earth’s non-renewable
resourses,(v) keep with in the earth’s carrying capacity,(vi) change the personal attitudes& practices to
adopt the ethics for a sustainable way of life,(vii) enable communities to care their environment i.e
“think global and act local”,(viii) provide a national framework for integrating development&
conservation,(ix) create a global alliance for global common resources (atmosphere, ocean and shared
eco system) (IUCN,UNEP).

To support a sustainable way of life on our planet a clear definition of sustainability is required, One
has to be able to measure present level of sustainability and indicate how far removed we are from
complete sustainability. This need was clearly recognized by Hales and Prescott-Allen (2002) when they
stated: ‘Achieving sustainability requires defining its components in measurable terms and clearly fixing
the responsibility to assess progress comprehensively .For that purpose a Sustainable Society Index
(SSI) developed. It is a suitable yardstick to measure the level of sustainability of a country, it
integrates the most important aspects of sustainability and quality of life of a national society in a simple
and transparent way. Consisting of only 22 indicators, grouped into 5 categories, it is based upon the
definition of the Brundtland Commission, extended to the Brundtland definition by explicitly including
the social aspects of human life. Using data from public sources, the SSI was initially developed for 150
countries and published in 2006. In 2008 the first of two-yearly updates was published with results for
151 countries for which the SSI could be calculated. The resulting SSI scores on a scale of 0 to 10. [4]

Table1.1SSI-Category&Parameters----

Category Indicators Standard World-Wide Remarks

Weight sore of
category

Personal Healthy life;Sufficient 1/7th 7.5

Development food;Sufficient to drink;Safe

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 sanitation;Gender equality

Healthy Air quality;Surface water 1/7th 5.6

Environment quality;Land quality

Well-Balanced Good 1/7th 5.1

Society governance;Employment;Population
growth;Income distribution;Public
debt.

Sustainable Use Waste cycling;Use of renewable 2/7th 4.3

of Resources water resources;Consumption of
renewable energy

Sustainable Forest area;Preservation of bio- 2/7th 6.4

World diversity,Emmission of green house
gases;Ecological
footprint;International cooperation

Role of ICT towards a sustainable society-

Science and technology is crucial for sustainability of a society. Technologies must be made to work for
human development everywhere. The dynamics of information and communication technology (ICT)
will contribute general wealth, reduce poverty, empower and integrate billions of people , even in the
poorest country. It bridges the DIGITAL- DIVIDE.ICT offer new access of education& knowledge
sharing, access to public services and convergence in citizen-government, employment and business
opportunities, information and knowledge even in the remotest regions,helps to reduce poverty& builds
sustainable society. Without them it may simply add to the enormous investments and environmental
burden of centralised industrialisation.All the 22 parameter mentioned in measuring sustainability index,
ICT plays direct and indirect role in achieving these goals. ICT have a vital role to achieve a sustainable
society. ICT is only means not ends.Some important thumb rule must be taken in care before discussing
the role of ICT,

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 ● Focus on CITIZEN not on COMPUTER;
● Focus on SOFTWARE not on HARDWARE;
● Focus on PEOPLE not on SYSTEM
● Focus on transforming on the process not on translation of process.
● Start at pilot level then roll-out.

(I) ICT and Poverty Reduction –

Information and Communications Technology (ICT) can reduce poverty by improving poor people’s
access to Information and Communications Technology (ICT). ICT can reduce poverty by improving
poor people’s access to markets. It is clear that in rural India -as well as in much of the developing
world- realization of this potential is not guaranteed. Attacking Poverty identifies three priority areas for
reducing poverty: (i)increasing opportunity, (ii)enhancing empowerment, (iii) improving security.
Opportunity makes markets work for the poor and expands poor people’s assets. Empowerment makes
state institutions work better for poor people and removes social barriers. Security helps poor people
manage risk[5] (Simone Cecchinia and Christopher). In light of current experiences in rural India and
elsewhere in the developing world, it is apparent that ICT: defined as the set of activities that facilitates
the capturing, storage, processing, transmission and display of information by electronic means[6] Can
be utilized to support poverty reduction strategies. The use of ICT applications can enhance poor
people’s opportunities by improving their access to markets, health, and education. ICT can empower
the poor by expanding the use of government services, and reduce risks by widening access to
microfinance. ICT projects for poverty reduction in rural India. Although most of the rural poor in India
are isolated from the information revolution, there are several examples in rural India where ICT is used
to contribute to poverty reduction in the areas of opportunity, empowerment and security. The following
case studies highlight ICT applications that are attempting to realize the potential of ICT i.e. increasing
the opportunity of poor’s& access to market.
(i)Increasing opportunities by Supporting pro-poor market development: Small farmers and
artisans living in rural areas typically lack access to information about prices, data on crops, weather
conditions, credit facilities, and market opportunities. ICT can remedy such information asymmetries
and stimulate poor people’s entrepreneurship by better connecting them to markets[7].In Gujarat,
computerized milk collection centers with integrated electronic weights, electronic fat testing machines
and plastic card readers are ensuring fair prices for farmers who sell milk to dairy cooperatives.
Traditionally, the fat content in milk was calculated through a cumbersome measurement process hours
after the milk was received. Computerized milk collection centers have increased transparency, led to

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faster processing, shorter queues and immediate payment to farmer.Furthermore, the Dairy Information
System Kiosk (DISK) software developed by the Centre for Electronic Governance at the Indian
Institute of Management, Ahmadabad (CEG-IIMA) provides relevant information to farmers through a
data base that contains complete histories of all milk cattle owned by members of the cooperative and a
dairy portal connected to the Internet. The 50,000 dairy farmers who use the computerized system
benefit is the example of improving the apportunity of poor’s from a more transparent and efficient
cooperative system .[7][1]

Similar example of improving apportunity of poor’s is National Rural Employment Gurantee Act
(NREGA) successfully implementing in India to reduce poverty. ICT is successfully used. Employment
Guarantee Scheme Act (NREGA) and enacted on 2nd February 2006. In this
scheme rural poor people (men and women) can get guaranteed 100 days employment.
Initial without ICT, there was big problem in terms of wage distribution, Identification card
(Employment card), records etc. As most of the people are illiterate, then there was chance
for middle man, who paid low wages to poor people and enforced them to signed on actual wages. So
ICT not only helping the government but also people who get wages through various

Fig 1.1:

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Source:NAREGA&ICT For Poverty Reduction&Rural People Employment BY, Raj Kumar

IT enable tools and it also bring transparency, credibility and accountability in effective manner . Initial
it was started in 200 districts but now it is extended to almost all districts. Here the ICT need was felt by
Government and pilot ICT project was started like GIS, MIS and single toll free number for NEREGA
households . Since it is a right based programme, Smart Cards, hand held devices can be used as IT tool
to ensure rights and entitlements. Smart Cards have the potential to capture details of the Workers, Work
and Wages (WWW) including the muster rollsand the job cards.[8]
(ii) Security to poor’s - Microfinance is an important tool for poor people to reduce, mitigate and cope
with risk. Computerisation, Smart Cards, and software systems providing loan tracking, financial
projections And branch management information can reduce costs and help microfinance institutions
reach clients more efficiently.Smart Cards with an embedded microchip containing information on
clients’ credit histories are helping SKS, a microfinance institution operating in the Medak district of
Andhra Pradesh to reduce transaction cost.
Transaction of labour wages in NREGA scheme through biometric ATM is another example of use of
ICT to secure poor’s financial risks. Bio – Metric ATM for NREGS workers.Basic Bankaccount are
something that most of the rural people take for granted. Majority of the rural households do not have
bank account mainly because of less family earnings. To reach the rural masses and to boost micro
financing initiatives, Bio-Metric ATMs with secure finger print readers are hitting the rural villages in
Cuddalore District. Now a pilot programme is set in 5 villages and successfully installed in
Periyakanganankuppam village and is [8][1]This Bio-Metric ATM is equipped with Bio – Metric sensor
which has finger print authentications as a standard feature and it is possible for the illiterate or semi
literate folks to use just thumb impression on a touch screen which will allow the beneficiaries to
withdraw their week’s wages. The ATM accepts finger prints as the means of authentication instead of
PIN numbers only asused by other ATMs. This ensures that the Bio metric ATMisvery easy to use.
Fig 1.2,
Source:NAREGA&ICT For Poverty Reduction&Rural People Employment BY, Raj Kumar

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It rules out the the possibilities of leakages in the payment as the entire wages are disbursed through the
bank.
• This project will demonstrate the significant reduction of cash delivery time, prevention of
leakages and pilferages and promotion of transparency in the system.
• In case of payment through the bank branches the workers are to be in long queues. They are not
properly attended by the bank staff. Besides most of the bank branches are running short of staff. There
these workers are perceived by the banking system as additional burden to them and the workers are ill-
treated in many cases.
• It will encourage more savings as the amount goes directly to the bank and the workers
can withdraw a minimum amount of US$1 (Rs.50)/- or whatever they require rather than the
entire amount.

ICT&UIDN -Government of India launches a massive programme-Unique Identification Number to

every people of country in 2009.It is an ICT tool to reduce poverty& development of country. On June
25, 2009 the Cabinet approved the creation of the position of Unique Identification Authority of India
(UIDAI). Initiatives like setting up of the UIDAI have been taken to bring in efficiency in the
implementation of Government programmes. Once fully operational, the scheme will, besides
facilitating financial inclusion, ensure better governance and improved service delivery so that the
targeted group of people is actually benefited by center and state.[9]. The UIDAI envisions full
enrolment of residents, with a focus on enrolling India’s poor and underprivileged communities The
Registrars that the Authority plans to partner with in its first phase – the NREGA, RSBY and PDS – will
help bring large numbers of the poor and underprivileged into the UID system.The UID method of
authentication will also improve service delivery for the poor the schemes implemented by the Centre
and States. In India many states implemented ICT based programme to combat with poverty. Some e.g.
as given below in table.

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 Table 1:2
Successful ICT/E- Project Objective Outcomes
government
Applications for
Poverty Reduction in
India State
Andhra Pradesh India Healthcare -Improving -Handheld computers by
Delivery project access to basic ANMs eliminated redundant
service paperwork; data entry,
-Improve health freeing time to deliver health
care delivery care to poor people.
-Each Midwive serves about
5000 people to provide
health services in the state’s
multiple villages and
hamlets to administer
immunizations, offer advice
on family planning, educate
people on mother-child
health programs and collect
data on birth and
immunization rates.
Andhra Pradesh Swayam Krishi -Improve access -Smart cards lower the cost
Sangam to microfinance of delivering services by
(SKS) eliminating paperwork,
reducing errors, fraud and
expediting transactions
- Helps the poor gain easy
access to financial services
to reduce, mitigate and cope
with risk
- Record potential savings
through efficient delivery
Uttar Pradesh Bhoo-Lekh Providing Land record in U.P.(from
computerised 2004) fully computerised&
land record any landholder can get their
computerised record of
right(Khatauni) by
payingRs. 15/ from tehsil
computer center.It is a
transparent system and
access to see their updated
land record through internet.
Gujarat Self Employed -Empowerment -Since 1972, SEWA

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 Women’s Association through access to constitutes for women
(SEWA) information workers in the informal
sector for full-employment
and self-reliance.
-Started with the SatCom
(Satellite Communication)
Programme in 1998 with its
receiving terminals in nine
districts and transmitting
terminal in Gandhinagar.
-Computer training for semi-
literate women workers.
Many of its milk
cooperatives are using
computerized milk
collection software.
Karnataka Bhoomi project (online -Support good -Computerized 20 million
delivery of land titles) governance records of
-Increase and land ownership of 6.7
improve access to million farmers in the state
Government from 200 taluks ot at Internet
services kiosks in rural area offices at
a cost of Rs 15 per record.
-Bio-logon metrics system
authenticates all users of the
software using their
fingerprint.
-Widely acclaimed as the
most successful ICT project
for land records in the
country
Kerala Akshaya project -Empowerment -A joint project between
through access to local bodies (gram
information panchayats) in rural areas,
municipalities in urban areas
and private entrepreneurs in
Mallappuram district of
Kerala
-Started to bridge the digital
divide by providing
community access to
computers and the Internet.
-565 Community
Technology Centres (CTCs)
have been implemented in
the district.

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 -Operates PPPs in
establishing the CTC in
remote villages.
Maharashtra Warana Wired Village -Empowerment -Started in 1999 by the
Project through access to Government of India, the
information Government of Maharashtra
and Kolhapur Sugar
Cooperative on a cost-
sharing basis.
-70 villages in Kolhapur and
Sangli districts of
Maharashtra linked through
a Wide Area Network
(WAN) using dial-up
connectivity and VSAT
technology.

(II) Creating General Wealth Through ICT--

The Information and Communications Technology (ICT) sector has undergone a revolution over the last
decade in all developing countries. Around $30 billion was committed to investments in
telecommunications Networks in IDA countries between 1997 and 2007.[10] Acording to ITU’s World
Telecommunication and ICT Development Report -2010 in 2000 world wide mobile phone subscriber
were only 719 million but in 2010 it reaches upto 5.2 billion(Ideveloped countries=1.4billion& in
developing countries=3.8 billion); now 90% of world population covered with telephone network.[ 11]
This growth in access to information and communications technology in developing countries is
boosting economic productivity, raising incomes of families and small businesses, and providing an
important source of government revenue. The adoption of information and communications technology
has also been broad-based, with mobile phones reaching many low-income families and those living in
rural areas. Kerala fishermen’s success story through use of ICT.[ More than 70 percent of adults in the
Indian state of Kerala eat fish at least once a day, and more than 1 million people work in the fishing
industry. Fishing is done primarily by small enterprises, working near home markets and traditionally
selling their catches to a specific market. This causes large geographical disparities in market prices,
according to local conditions of supply and demand. Mobile phone services were introduced in Kerala
in 1997 and expanded 20–25 kilometers out to sea. Fishermen to find out the prices in different markets

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along the coast, decide where to land their catches, and agree on prices before landing their fish,
effectively conducting auctions by phone. Mobile phones have resulted in an increase in fishermen’s
incomes. On average daily revenues have risen by205 rupees, while costs (including the cost of buying
the phones) have increased by 72 rupees. of fishermen have jumped by 133 rupees a day a nine percent
increase.]”[12]
The information and communications technology sector’s contribution to economic growth
widely recognized. It is estimated that a 10 percent increase in teledensity contributes to 0.6 percent of
GDP growth[13]and the consulting group McKinsey has estimated that- It is estimated that every ten
percentage points increase in broadband penetration results in1.38 percentage points additional GDP
growth in developing countries.[14]
The ICT sector is a major generator of revenues for government s.The ICT sector is a major generator of
revenues for the government through taxes, sector levies and, in some cases revenue-sharing
arrangements. On average, the revenue generated by the ICT sector is equivalent to about four percent of
GDP and a significant proportion of this is passed on to the government through sales tax, sector levies,
and corporate taxes. The process of market reform itself also generates significant government revenues.
Private investors transferred approximately US$7.1 billion to governments of IDA countries through
privatizations and license awards between 1997 and 2007. (www.worldbank.org/ida)

(III) Enhansing empowerment to poor’s through access to government information/public

services(e-governance) e.g. ICT can be used by government agencies to transform relations with
citizens and businesses. In India, as in much of the developing world, it is not uncommon for rural
villagers to travel long distances to government district headquarters in order to submit applications,
meet officials, obtain copies of public records, or seek information regarding prevailing prices in
commodity markets. This involves the loss of a day’s income as well as the cost of transportation. Once
at the government office, the relevant official, record, or information could be unavailable, forcing
repeated visits and additional expenses .In effect, government officials working with paper records
enjoy a monopoly over information and records.Villagers may also face discomfort, harassment, and
corruption on the part of public officials and are often given incorrect information about government
programs and market prices .[15] In fact, compared to middle or upper classes, the poor end up paying a
disproportionate share of their income on bribe.With ICT, it is possible to locate service centers that
provide documents, land records and other Public services physically closer to citizens.

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 Government agency, or a service kiosk located close to the client. Potential benefits include Increases
transparency, less corruption, better delivery of government services and greater Information disclosure
and the possibility of interacting with public officials also build pressure for government
responsiveness .Government accountability, the poor become empowered because they feel they are
getting a service rather than a favour. In the light of above observation many states of India launched
such type of ICT based Citizen centric citizen-government convergence public service delivery
systeme.g.GYANDOOT ( Madhya Pradesh state of India), LOKVANI&Jan Suvidha Kendra (govt. of
Uttar Pradesh state of India), Nemmadi project (Karnatka state of India) Tathya Mitra (West Bengal
sate of India), Jan Sewa Kendra (Uttar Pradesh of India) Lokmitra (himachal Pradesh state of )& e-
Disha Ekal Sewa kenda(Hariyana state of India) Nemmadi project in state of Karnatka is one of the most
successful project among them. The Nemmadi programme has succeeded in Karnataka because of the
innovative launch-learn-innovate methodology of the State Government. Each of the components for
delivery of Nemmadi services has been thoroughly tested through pilot deployments and the learnings
from the pilots have been incorporated in the solution. [16] Now govt. of India implemented a major
ICT based public service delivery programme under NATIONAL e-GOVERNANCE
PROGRAMME(NeGP), under this programme 1,00,000 Common Service Centres(C.S.C.) will open at
every six village on honeycombed model.These centres will be connected through internet from state
dara center(S.D.C.),.these centres will provide nearly 35 public services& agro market informations.
NeGP OF India, A large number of initiatives have been undertaken by various State Governments and
Central Ministries to usher in an era of e-Government. It is an e-Governance Plan with the vision of
providing all government services in an integrated manner at the doorstep of the rural citizen, at an
affordable cost has been formulated. This is expected to bring an empowering change in citizens of rural
India through the power of Information and Communication Technology (ICT).
E-Governance in India, has steadily evolved from computerization of Government Departments to
initiatives that encapsulate the finer points of Governance, such as citizen centricity, service orientation
and transparency.The Government approved the National e-Governance Plan (NeGP), comprising of 27
Mission Mode Projects (MMPs) and 8 components, on May 18, 2006. The Plan seeks to lay the
foundation and provide the impetus for long-term growth of e-Governance within the country. The plan
seeks to create the right Governance and institutional mechanisms, set up the core infrastructure and
policies and implement a number of Mission Mode Projects at the center, state and integrated service
level tocreate a citizen-centric and business-centric environment for governance[17]

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 The National e-Governance Plan (NeGP), takes a holistic view of e-Governance initiatives across the
country, integrating them into a collective vision, a shared cause. Around this idea, a massive
countrywide infrastructure reaching down to the remotest of villages is evolving, and large-scale
digitization of records is taking place to enable easy, reliable access over the internet. The ultimate
objective is to bring public services closer home to citizens, as articulated in the Vision Statement of
NeGP.
“Make all government services accessible to the common man in his locality, through common service
delivery outlets, and ensure efficiency, transparency, and reliability of such services at affordable cost
to realise the basic needs of the common man”[17 ][2]

Around this idea, a massive countrywide infrastructure reaching down to the remotest of villages is
evolving, and large-scale digitization of records is taking place to enable easy, reliable access over the
internet. The ultimate objective is to bring public services closer home to citizens, as articulated in the
vision statement of NeGP.
NEGP’s goal is the provision of improved, more convenient government services countrywide through
on-line delivery at local service centers. Will be implemented over an 8-year period (FY2006-2013) at a
cost of roughly USD 4 billion. All services supported by 3 infrastructure pillars to facilitate web-enabled
Anytime, Anywhere access-
● Connectivity: State Wide Area Networks (SWANs)/NICNET;
● National Data Bank/ State Data Centres ( SDCs);

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 ● Common Service Centres (CSCs) primary mode of delivery.

Fig:3,source:upgov.nic.in(Web site of Department of IT&Electronics ,Govt. of Uttar Pradesh,India)

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 Table 1.:India’s NeGP:Scope of Output

Services Central State Integrated

Services to Citizens Income Tax Land records Common Services

(G2C) Passport, visa and Property registration Centres: Single-window
immigration Road transport public service delivery
E-Posts Agriculture points eventually
Municipalities reaching all the 600,000
Panchayats villages in India
Police State Wide Area
Employment Network SWAN: fiber
Exchange optic connectivity up to
Education block level
HealthFood Countrywide State Data
Distribution & other Centers
welfare programs All India Portal
National E-Governance
Gateway

Services to Business Excise Commercial Taxes -EDI-Custom&foreign

(G2B) Company affairs trade
-E-Biz
-E-Procurement

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 Other National ID Treasuries E-Courts
National GIS for
planning

Common Service Centres(C.S.C.)----The CSCs are meant to provide high quality and cost effective
video, voice and data content, in the areas of E-Government, Education, Health, Tele-medicine,
Entertainment as well as possible government and private services. The goal of the CSC Project is to
empower the rural community and catalyze social change through modern technologies.[18 ]The
purpose of Common Service Centres is to create a low cost vehicle for Government institutions so that
easy, direct and cost-effective delivery of e-Governance services to the rural citizen is possible. The aim
is to create 1,00,000 CSC across the Country. The Government has approved a Common Services
Centres (CSCs) Scheme for providing support for establishing 100,000 Common Services Centers in
6,00,000 villages of india on “honey –comb model” i.e. each c.s.c. will cover six villages. [19]

Fig:04 Honey-Comb Model of CSC

CSC’S will help lay a solid foundation for economic prosperity of rural India It will link rural India to a
basket of information , knowledge, skill etc. under one roof through demonstrative model. These CSC’s
will shift rural India from IN-LINE to ON-LINE & e-BHARAT will soon be a reality.
The Approach to ICT-Enabled Common Services Canters (CSC)
A Bottom-up Model: The CSC envisages a bottom-up model for delivery of content, services,
information and knowledge, that can allow like-minded public and private enterprises - through a

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collaborative framework - to integrate their goals of profit as well as social objectives, into a sustainable
business model for achieving rapid socio-economic change in rural India.[20] It is the community
participation and collective action, not ICT alone, which will lead to a behavior change for a sustainable
socio-economic change and long-term rural prosperity.
End-to-end Services : The key driver for the selection of content and services would be their end-to-end
applicability. This means that a specific content/ service should be in a marketable format for it to be
selected as a part of the service network in the CSCs. Broadly, the services selection would be on their
ability to impact the consumer through saving cost, helping income generation and enabling socio-
economic development.Since the revenue support is based on the availability of G2C services, the State
has to develop appropriate G2C service enablement plans, at least for key government services. For this,
the department has to play key role. The service and revenue for the services to be provided from Jan
Seva Kendra (Govt. of Uttar Pradesh named CSC as Jan Seva Kendra) has been decided as follows-
(a) Prospective Key Government (G2C) Services

● Land records,
● Registration of vehicles,
● Issue of certificates/ Government schemes,
● Employment exchange,
● Ration cards,
● Electoral services,
● Pension schemes,
● Road transport,
● Public grievance,
● Utility/ Telephone Bills (Government undertakings).
E-Government Services-

● Market Linkages,
● Education, Healthcare, Agricultural,
● Extension etc,
● Entertainment,
● Data collection,
● Rural BPOs.

(b) Prospective Business to Consumer (B2C) services-

(i) Commercial Services-

● Digital Photos,
● Web surfing,
● Photocopy,

20
 ● DTP,
● E-mail/Chats,
● CD Burning,
● Typing,
● Printing,
● Games,
● Forms downloads/Estimates.

(c) Prospective e-Commerce/online services

● Railway Tickets,
● Astrology,
● Matrimonial,
● Shopping,
● Resumes.

(d) Prospective Education Services

● IT Education,
● English Skills Training,
● Tuitions.

(e) Prospective Entertainment

● DTH - Community TV.

(f) Prospective Telemedicine

● Primary Healthcare,

(g) Prospective Agriculture Services

● Agriculture-inputs,
● Agriculture –loans,
● Agriculture -consulting and training,

(h) Prospective Business-to-Business services (B2B)

● Advertising & Promotion Services,

● Space marketing of Jan Seva Kendra,
● Promotions,
● Data Collection Services,
● Research Data collect,
● Data Entry,
● Distribution Services,
● FMCG Products,
● Financial Services,

21
 ● Loans/Deposits,
● Referrals,
● Insurance, etc.
Services Analysis&preparedness of state--
The government of Uttar Pradesh has taken a number of initiatives for the growth and development of
Information Technology in the state. With the state government concerted efforts towards e -
Government and the ongoing efforts under the NeGP it is safe to make an assumption that providing
services to the citizens through Jan Seva Kendra efficiently and effectively will be relatively easy. State
Government has issued go dated 18th July 2005 to form an e -Governance team and appoint a nodal
officer for E-Government related initiatives in all the departments 17900 CSC(ie JSK) will be
established in all over state with in 2012.[20][1]
Unlocking the potential of rural India ----Economical access to information and services to rural
citizens: Successful implementation of CSC Scheme would offer economical and instantaneous access
to key information and services to rural villagers across India. Information in the form of agricultural
inputs, weather, commodity prices,e- Dak, health, as well as Services in the form of e-Government, tele-
medicine, bill payments & bookings, data entry, digital pictures, entertainment, education & e-learning,
micro-finance, etc. can not only save precious monetary resources but also provide an ideal platform for
betterment of quality of life in rural India. 1,00,000 small businesses for rural entrepreneurs: The CSC
Scheme, essentially, will set up 1,00,000 small businesses in rural India that would be run by trained and
empowered rural youth as social entrepreneurs.1,00,000 direct& about 3,00,000 jobs will create through
these C.S.C.,s.
Improved governance at cheaper costs-The CSC Scheme would allow State and Central government
agencies to directly link up with citizens without a long chain of intermediaries. Such a system would
not only save huge costs but also reduce systemic red tape as well as service delays, thereby leading to
better quality of governance. Establishing e-governance at lowest level i.e. at Panchyat level(e-
Panchayat). India has established one of the largest systems of local governance of the world through the
73rd Constitutional amendment in 1993. It has adopted a decentralized strategy based on the principles of
subsidiarity with a more active and area-based approach to rural development. the President of India, in
her address to both Houses of Parliament on 4th June 2009, mentioned the government agenda for
expanding broadband coverage to connect every Panchayat to a broadband network in the next three
years. The system of e- Panchayat can provide tangible benefits to people of rural India in many ways:
Efficient Public Service Delivery; Monitoring &Evaluation of Development Programmes; Information

22
Dissemination of internal functioning of Panchyats to local people; Facilitating Planning at the
Grassroots level; Addressing New Development Challenges: New emerging challenges, such as climate
change, water scarcity and natural disasters[21] (i.e.Think Global and Act Local).

New channels of distribution for products and services in rural India -The CSC Scheme would open
up new channels of distribution in rural India for products and services. Since CSCs would lead to cost
savings and provide income enhancement opportunities for rural villagers, a substantial portion of rural
income would be available for consumption of such products and services, thereby giving boost to retail
marketing and rural economies. The success stories of improving service delivery, reducing corruption,
increasing transparency, increasing revenue, ensuring cost reduction and empowering people apart from
other multiple benefits have reinforced citizen confidence in this information technology (IT) oriented
form of governance.

Comparision between CSC,s of India TO Ce C,s of Philipines

As mentioned above about Common Service Centres(C.S.C.’S) OF India,similarlily Government of

Philipines implemented Common e Centres(CeC) with the use of killer applications – i.e., applications
and services that create a high and pro-poor developmental impact, and encourage replication – is
important to the long-term sustainability and viability of Community e-Centers (CeCs) in the
Philippines. These centres are very similar to the common service center of India. These include,
particularly, services that residents find relevant enough that they are willing (and able) to pay for their
use, such as Internet access, communications software and productivity suites. It also covers other
services such as photocopying and CD replication that, while not necessarily Internet or computer-
related, do provide CeCs with additional sources of revenue that help ensure their survival, especially in
rural and unserved areas. The Philippine Government, particularly Local Government Units (LGUs),
have utilized the CeC model to offer various e-governance services. [22]
Cec&CSC are the conduit of e-governance; both are based on private-public participation model (PPP
Model) and are operated on government push top- down approach but in future they develope on
community pull bottom-up approach. CeC and CSC ‘s success will depend on following parameter-
citizen’s empowerment;citizen’s participation;accountability&transparency and
sustainability.CeC&CSC helps to brings governments closer to the people in a more efficient ,

transparent&accountable way.

23
(IV) -ICT Bridges the Digital –Divide--

Means first "digital divide" between the technology "haves" and the “haves not”.The concept of the
digital divide is becoming more and more complex as access to computers and the use of computers,
changes over time. When the existence of a “digital divide” first emerged, it revolved around access to
computers and related technologies. The high cost of computers create a large divide between people
who could afford them, and who had access to all the advantages of a computer, and those who could
not. As more people gain basic access to computers, the term “digital divide” has grown to encompass
technological literacy and the total cost of running a computer—in other words, the ability, both
technical and financial, to make full use of the technology available. The digital divide now takes into
consideration access, or lack of access, to the Internet, as well. In an ever more globalized world,
communication and access to information is not a luxury, but a basic right that people must have
for human development.

Scenario of Digital-Divide--Data show that Internet use since, by the end of 2009, only 1.7 billion
people ,or 26% of the world’s population, were online. In the developing countries have less than 20%
of people were online by the end of 2009. Internet accessibility in the world is very clear from these
datas that shows the internet accessibility.

● Internet user—digital –divide is clearly depicted from the world wide internet user world’s
75.8%internet user comes from top 20 countries while rest internet user24.2% comes from rest of
countries(mostly are developing countries). Internet user’s distribution shows that most of the
user from developed world in 2005 but in 2010 developing countries share gradually
increasing.China on top position, followed by Amarica,Japan,Brazil&India(81 million user till
2009).[23] [World Internet Stats]
● Internet user per 100 inhabitants is in world in 2010 is (30) while in
Europe(65),Amarica(55),CIS(46),Arab states(24.9),Asia-Pacific(21.9) and in Africa(9.6).This
data in developed countries is (71.6) while in developing countries(21.1)[24] [ITU World
Telecommunication/ICT Indicator database-2010]
● Proportion of house hold internet user per 100 inhabitants in 2010 is (71.1) in developed
countries and in developing.(21.1 )[24][1][ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicator
database-2010]

24
 ● Data of internet penetration in 2009 of world is 23.8%,49developed& having high GDP
countries(>50%),rest 57 middle range GDP Countries(49.9 to 23.8%) and less 120 developing
countries(<23.8%)[25].[World Internet Stats -2010]

Fig:05

25
clearly reveals the digital- divide scenario of the world.
In India accessibility of internet expanded fastly in recent year with supportive policies,
broadband subscribers grew from 0.2 million in 2005 to 6.2 million by end-April 2009 and about
to7.98 million by end-Decembe2009. India faces technological and commercial challenges in
broadband penetration, the most important of which are low PC penetration and affordability
issues due to high cost. The government has issued guidelines for Broadband Wireless Access
(BWA) Services; the introduction of which will enhance broadband penetration. Wi-Max has
been making headway in wireless broadband connectivity. Indian government launched a
massive National e Governance Programme(NeGP) in 2006, under it 1,00,000 commom service
centres(CSC) will connect 6,00,000 villages of india through internet([26] India is trying to
bridge the digital divide through NeG& establishing 1,00,000 common service center to connect
6,00,000 villages of country with internet by 2013.

BRIDGING THE DIGITAL DIVIDE--

This digital divide can be bridges with more access to ICT in developing world. AMD company
initiated “The 50x15 Initiative”consist of AMD supports to empower 50% of the world’s population
with Internet access by year 2015. ITU Secretary-General Hamadoun Touré said as he addressed the
closing session of WTDC-2010. “Yet, the digital divide remains — particularly where accessibility to
broadband services and the Internet is concerned. This broadband divide must be addressed by
governments and industry as a priority if we are to fully utilize the capacity of ICTs to meet the
Millennium Development Goals.”[27] WSIS, earlier this year launched the Build on Broadband initiative
aimed at ensuring that at least half the world’s population will have online access by 2015.Most of the
more than one billion children in the emerging world don’t have access to adequate education. The XO
Laptop(one laptop to one children initiative) is an effective answer.
Why have to be bridged digital- dvide? There are some rationale behind it. The AMD Chairman
Hector Ruiz emphasis that-“Technology is only as powerful as it is accessible. Broader access brings
education, information, and a sense of community that can help combat AIDS, malnutrition, ignorance
26
and neglect. The power of a connected and enlightened world community is just beginning.”AMD have
launched an initiative-“The 50x15 Initiative” to supports the goal by 2015 atleast 50% population have
access to internet.Economist have a variety of argument regarding why closing the digital divide is
important.The major rationale are—ICT Equality(ICT for all),Social mobility;Healthier
Democracy;Economic- growth;Rural area access;Remove Desparities.[28]

World telecommunication&ICT development Report-2010 says that -to achieve the goal to cover 50%
world population of the world access to internet following measure must be taken by the
states/countries policy makers-[29]
● -Increasing competition among market players to lower the cost of hardware& services .
● -Expanding public access to internet.
● -Providing citizens with appropriate ICT skills
● -Developing locally relevant content in local language.

(V)ICT& ACCESS TO EDUCATION, INFORMATION& KNOWLEDGE--

Governments are increasingly recognizing the multiple benefits of providing access to information
and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure within education systems. Connectivity provides a
platform for Student to obtain ICT skills, and can reduce costs associated with printing and the
distribution of books. Outside school hours, connected schools can also be used to provide connectivity
for the community, including marginalized groups, such as the elderly, minorities, the unemployed and
people with disabilities. [29] The benefits of integrating ICTs in education can have a multiplier effect
throughout the education system by:

• Improving teaching and learning processes and allowing students to acquire new sets of skills
required for the information society.

• Providing learners with access to Internet resources and computers as pedagogical tools;

• Supporting teacher training through ICT-enabled distance-education programmes;

• Improving the administration of educational institutions in order to enhance the quality and efficiency
of service delivery. World summit on information society(WSIS) stated in its acion plan as-“ In the
context of national e-strategies, provide and improve ICT connectivity for all schools, universities,
health institutions, libraries, post offices, community centres, museums and other institutions accessible
to the public, in line with the indicative targets.”[30] In order to prepare students for the changing needs
of labour markets and knowledge-based societies, education systems must adapt their curricula to
include ICT-assisted instruction. An ICT skill that is essential for participating in knowledge-based
societies is information literacy, which can be used in conjunction with other problem-solving and

27
communication skills. At the same time, ICTs can act as a catalyst for alleviating bottlenecks in
education systems, particularly teacher shortages. According to forecasts, a global total of 10.3 million
teachers have to be recruited between 2007 and 2015 to meet the goal of universal primary
education[30] but the lack of trained teachers is a key challenge in achieving this goal. ICT enabled
distance-education programmes can be used to reach a greater number of primary-school age pupil
populations, by complementing and enhancing existin teaching practices as well as providing additional
content and delivery options, particularly in remote or rural areas .World Summit on Information
Society (WSIS) stated on its Genewa Action plan for capacity building in education through ICT-
. “Everyone should have the necessary skills to benefit fully from the information society. Therefore
capacity building and ICT literacy are essential. ICTs can contribute to achieving universal education
worldwide, through delivery of education and training of teachers, and offering improved conditions for
lifelong learning, encompassing people that are outside the formal education process, and improving
professional skills.”.[31]Some countries& regoins set theie targets to achieve the goal of ICT access to
education system.
● In Latin America and the Caribbean, eLAC 2010 established a target to connect 70 per
cent of public educational institutions by 2010, preferably via broadband, otherwise
tripling the current number of public schools connected to the internet.

● The New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) e-Schools Initiative was
announced in 2003 at the Africa Summit of the World Economic Forum, for
implementation until 2013. One of its goals was to equip.“All African primary and
secondary schools with ICT apparatus such as computers, radios and television sets,
phones and faxmachines, communication equipment, scanners, digital cameras, copiers,
etc., and to connect them to the Internet”[32]
ICT’s role in Knowledge Exchange and Creation-- ICT’s role in knowledge sharing & creation is
vital. Communication technology enforces this development by supporting the knowledge exchange
between people. In our opinion knowledge is best defined as "knowing how to act". For instance
knowing how to make a product, how to deliver a service or how to communicate with people.[33]

28
Fig:006

People can exchange knowledge in different ways:

● Through face-to-face communication in teams or in workshops.

● Through information in documents. The reader must read this information and internalise it to
his/her knowledge. It actually becomes knowledge when the reader applies it successfully in
practice.
● Through material products. There is a lot of knowledge creation during the development of a
material product. This knowledge is hidden in the product. Car manufacturers test their own (and
other manufacturers products) to get information and knowledge about the functioning and
construction of the product.

ICT supports all these forms of knowledge exchange.

● Communication technology and virtual reality will support the remote communication between
people with a quality near to face-to-face communication. This supports remote communication
in the form of virtual workshops, virtual classroom or distant learning;

29
 ● Information technology supports new forms of electronic documents. Multimedia and virtual
reality are useful technologies in support of knowledge exchange and learning processes;
● ICT strongly enhance the amount of knowledge in the products (both material and immaterial)
and in the services of companies. Material products like cars are currently designed and
simulated with aid of the computer. A prototype of the car is tested and all test information is
assembled and processed by a computer. Developers transform the information into new
knowledge, which result in improvements of the car design and the resulting car construction.

ICT enforces a longer existing trend. Better education and more complex products and services have
already made knowledge an important economic resource. Supported by ICT knowledge will become
the most important economic resource in the 21st Century.

For knowledge sharing the scientific and research centres must be connect with ICTs.”For e-science,
which states that stakeholders should :
“Promot affordable and reliable high-speed Internet connection for all universities and research
institutions to support their critical role in information and knowledge production, education and
training, and to support the establishment of partnerships, cooperation and networking between these
institutions.”[34] For modern scientific and research purposes, the existence of a national research and
education network (NREN) is one indicator of the use of ICTs by the research and education
community. A national research and education network (NREN) is a specialized Internet service
provider dedicated to supporting the needs of the research and education communities within a country.
perform two main functions in relation to scientific research.

● NRENs act as high-capacity ICT infrastructures to support the work of researchers, promote
collaboration, transfer data and share information or confirm experiments;

● NRENs can also facilitate new research in their own right, by providing platforms and
experimental test-beds for testing new services and advanced networking technologies.
A list of 120 known NRENs is presented revealing substantial regional disparities .

● A total of 14 NRENs located in Africa, 20 in the Americas, 25 in Asia and the Pacific, 12 in the
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and 38 in Europe. In India’s three educational

30
 networks — the Education and Research Network (ERNET), BIOGRID (a VPN of the
Department of Biotechnology, Government of India)and GARUDA (grid computing initiative).
Each serves its respective client bases — ERNET is the exclusive provider of international
connectivity to all higher-education institutes. All the networks agencies on a national basis
Private-sector operators provide further international connectivity via cable and satellite for
personal and commercial consumption.[35]
(VI) Integrating and connecting to people and world becoming flat--Connecting people
has always been at the heart of the ICT. Connecting people means giving everyone the power to
choose when and how to stay in touch with the things that matter most in their lives, so that they
can make the most out of every moment.ICT is a great leveller. Thomos L.Friedman famous
amarican journalist wrote in his famous book “HOT, FLAT&CROWDED”-Global economic
field become levelled due to-personal computers,interne and software and transmission protocol.
[36]
ICT tools (telephone/internet/radio/t.v. etc.) transformed the world into GLOBAL VILLAGE.ICT
reduces distance and time. Mobile phones plays major role in connecting & integrating the people.
These datas reveals the truth-
Table no:03

  (millions)  Per 100 inhabitants 

20 20 20 20 20 201 20 20 200 200 200 201
Fixed telephone lines
05 06 07 08 09 0 05 06 7 8 9 0
506 46. 46. 44. 42. 41. 40.9
Developed 570 565 546 521 511
* 9 3 6 4 5 *
691 13. 13. 13. 13. 12. 12.1
Developing 689 715 726 719 704
* 0 3 3 0 5 *
1'2 1'2 1'2 1'2 1'2 1'19 19. 19. 19. 18. 17. 17.3
World
59 80 71 40 15 7* 3 4 0 3 7 *
Mobile cellular
 
subscriptions
1'0 1'1 1'2 1'3 1'4 1'43 82. 93. 102 109 114 116.
Developed
01 39 50 42 09 6* 3 4 .0 .2 .3 1*
1'2 1'6 2'1 2'6 3'2 3'84 22. 30. 38. 48. 57. 67.6
Developing
16 17 04 70 43 6* 9 0 5 2 7 *
2'2 2'7 3'3 4'0 4'6 5'28 33. 41. 50. 59. 67. 76.2
World
17 56 54 12 52 2* 9 7 1 3 9 *
Estimated Internet
 
users
885 51. 53. 58. 62. 66. 71.6
Developed 620 654 720 762 821
* 0 6 8 0 6 *
1'0 1'19 12. 15. 18. 21.1
Developing 416 505 673 850 7.8 9.4
37 9* 3 3 5 *
1'0 1'1 1'3 1'6 1'8 2'08 15. 17. 20. 23. 27. 30.1
World
36 59 93 11 58 4* 9 5 8 8 1 *

31
 Note: Rounded values.
* Estimates.
Source: ©
INTERNATIONAL
TELECOMMUNICATION
UNION, 2010.
Updated on 21
October 2010.

5282million mobile phone subscriber&1197 million fixed phone subscriber.90%world

population is covered by telephone.telephony reaches its saturation, now future growth in field of
internet. Till 2010 world wide internet user are-2084million& Internet penetration at every 100 people is
30.1.Household television coverage in the world is 1350million and household pecentage coverage is
about 78.5 in year 2009.In India till Dec2009 total number of mobile user were 600 million& total
internet user were 81 million.

Conclusion---Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are acting as integrating and

enabling technologies for the economy and they have a profound impact on our society. Recent changes
in ICT affect as well the environmental sustainability regarding the Millennium Development Goal
(MDG) set up to ensure environmental sustainability in this century. Poverty reduction is one of the
MDG.

● ICT reduces the poverty by increasing opportunity of job for poor people& securing
them from financial setbacks.

● ICT improveing the financial condition of people& create welth of nation.

● ICT empower the people specially in remote rural area.ICT enable them to public service
in their locality that way their money&time saved.It also converge
government&citizens.Functioning of governmrnt become more transparent,&accountable
to citizen.

● India is exploring potential of rural areas through commom service centres(CSC).These

CSC’S will create 1,00,000 direct jobs&3,00,000 jobs indirectly in rural India.Village
level enterprenureship will develop through these CSC’s.These centres are opening new
channels of distribution for product&services in rural India.

● Chinese philosopher Lao Tzu once said “give fish to man you will feed him for a day, teach
man to fish you will feed him for life”. It implied that educate the people,his income will
increase.ICT provide new access to education,information&knowledge.It enhance the national
growth&improve the living standard of people.Internet access to all schools& computer literacy
is need of hour to bridge second digital divide.

32
 ● ICT expansion& networking is still needed in field of higher education&science-
technology R&D field for knowledge sharing.

● World’s 90% population is covered with telephone ;its growth is almost reaches at
saturation level but it connect the people world wide.Now high growth exist in internet
sector in future. There is a huge gap in internet access&number of user in between
developing countries& developed countries.In 21st century internet will be as essential as
electricity. Access to ICT is not a luxury, but a basic right that people must have for
human development..Internet Access To All should be new slogan in 21st century&
access to internet should declare as human right, so that world can achieve milleniud
Development Goals ,to make a sustainable society.

Satya Prakash Patel

G.I.MBA Student,ICPE/Josef Stefan IPS-Ljubljana(Slovenia)

References--[1]Environmental science:Towards a sustainable future(11th edition)By-Richard T.

Wrright&Dorothy F.Boorse(USA)ISBN-978-81-203-4129-6.
[2]sustainable society USA (www.sustainable societyusa.co

[3]IUCN,UNEP&WWF.Caring the Earth:The stategy for sustainable

living ,Gland,Switzerland-19http://iisd.ca/sd/principle.asp?=57&display

[4]Sustainable society index ,2009, By-Geurt Van de Kerk&Arthur R. Manuel

[5] Can information & communication technology application contribute to poverty
reduction?Lesson from rural India By- Simone cchinia&Christopher;Aeclac,United
Nation,casillea,Santeago,Chille.
[6] World Bank,Information&communication Technology:Aworld Bank group
strategy,Washington,D.C.,2002.(www.infor.worldbank.org/ict/ict.ssp)
[7]&[7][1] World Bank, IT World Development Report1998/99.Knowledge for
development , Oxford University Press-1999.
[8]&[8][1]NAREGA&ICT for poverty Reduction&Rural people Employment-India by
RajKumar
[9] The Economic Survey of India -2010
[10] www.worldbank.org/ida
[11] World Telecommunication and ICT Development Report -2010

33
[12] (Source: Jensen, Robert. 2007 “The Digital Provide: Information (Technology), Market
Performance and Welfare
in the South Indian Fisheries Sector”. The Quarterly Journal of Economics; Vol. CXXII August 2007
Issue 3. )
[13)] Lars-Hendrick Roller and Leonard Waverman, “Telecommunications
Infrastructure and Economic Development: a
Simultaneous Approach”, AER (2001) and Leonard Waverman,
Meloria Meschi and Melvyn Fuss, “The impact of telecoms on
economic growth in developing countries,” Vodafone Policy
Services, 2005.)
[14)]See Christine Zhen-Wei Qiang and Carlo M. Rossotto with
Kaoru Kimura, “Economic Impact of Broadband,” in Information
and Communication for Development, 2009. World Bank. )
[15] A. Sharma and W. Yurcik, The Emergence of Rural Digital Libraries in India: The Gyandoot
Digital Library
Intranet, Proceedings of the ASIS Annual Conference (ASIS 2000), Chicago, 2000.
[www.sosresearch.org/publications/
asis2000.PDF].

[16]A journey through three states:Common service centres(csc)proframme review,NeGP India.By-

Ranjit Kumar Maiti,Anirban Mukherji&A.K.Sharma, published in iD4 magazine 5 December 2010.
[17]&[17][1]Website of ministry of information technology&communication, government of
India(www.mit.gov.nic.in)
[18]e-Governance apporoach in India:The National e-Governance Plan ,By-Drupad
kumar,sr.consultant,EGPMU,DIT GOI&Piyush Gupta,General Maneger(CB&KM),NISG,A.Sridevi
Manager,NISG.
[19] ( “Transforming Government – eGovernment Initiatives in India, Editors: R K Bagga and Piyush Gupta, Published by
: The ICFAI University Press, 2009.
[20]7[20][1] (website of department of IT&Electronics, govt. of u.p.-India
,http://infotech.up.nic.in)

[21]e-Panchayat:ICTfor Rural local Government in India. BY Dinoj Kumar Uppadhya,Center for

Science,Development&Media Center Noida,IndiaTelecenter Magzine Oct.2009.
[22 ]HIGH IMPACT, PRO-POOR e-GOVERNANCE APPLICATIONS

Identifying “Killer Applications” and Best Practice Models of e-Governance through Community e-
Centers in the Philippines( Gigo Alampay and Joel Umali)
[23]World Internet Stats-2010
(24)&24(1)World Telecommunucation&ICT Development Report-2010
(25)Internet World stats(www.internetworldstats.com)
(26)The Economic Survey of India-2010
(27) ,(28)&(29) World Telecommunucation&ICT Development Report-2010
[30]UNESCO-UIS, 2009, (30)WSIS Genewa Plan of
[31]Action,2003,at,http://www.itu.int/wsis/docs/Geneva/official/poa.html#c4)

34
[32]ECLAC;E-Africa Commission;Austrailia DBCDE ( Source: ECLAC; E-Africa Commission; Australian DBCDE.)
*

[33]Homepage : advanced solution development : the role of ICT in the 21st century by prof.R.B.Daanrijsenbrij
[34]&[35]World Telecommunication&ICT Development Report-2010

[36]World is Hot;Flat&Crowded BY-Thomas L. Friedman

[37]The Economic Survey of India-2010

Satyr Prakash Patel

G.I.MBA Student,ICPE/Josef Stefan IPS-Ljubljana(Slovenia)

35
36
37