SJI Technical Digest 11 Jan2021 Pf871r

11
Design of Lateral
Load Resisting
Frames Using
Steel Joists and
Joist Girders
SETTING STANDARDS.
TECHNICAL DIGEST ELEVEN ADVANCING DESIGNS.
The information presented in this publication has been developed by members of the Steel
Joist Institute Research Committee, Engineering Practice Committee and James M. Fisher,
Ph.D., P.E., Consulting Engineer for the Steel Joist Institute. This digest is produced in
accordance with recognized engineering principles and is for general information only.
The SJI and its committees have made a concerted effort to present accurate, reliable,
and useful information concerning the evaluation of steel joists and Joist Girders. The
information contained in this digest should not be used or relied upon for any specific project
without competent professional assessment of its accuracy, suitability, and applicability by
a licensed professional engineer or architect. The publication of the material contained in
this Technical Digest is not intended as a representation or warranty on the part of SJI. Any
person making use of this information does so at one’s own risk and assumes all liability
arising from such use.
Copyright © 2020
by
Steel Joist Institute
All rights reserved. This Technical Digest or any part thereof must not be reproduced
in any form without the written permission of the Steel Joist Institute.
Printed in the United States of America
Third Edition
First Printing – January 2021
TECHNICAL DIGEST 11
DESIGN OF LATERAL LOAD
RESISTING FRAMES USING STEEL
JOISTS AND JOIST GIRDERS
James M. Fisher, Ph.D., P.E.

Consulting Engineer, Steel Joist Institute
Estero, FL
STEEL JOIST INSTITUTE

140 WEST EVANS STREET, SUITE 203
FLORENCE, SC 29501
WWW.STEELJOIST.ORG
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to thank the members of the Engineering Practice Committee
and the Research Committee of the Steel Joist Institute for their review and contributions
to the writing of the third edition of this digest. Special thanks are also given to John A.
Rolfes, S.E., P.E., Vice President of CSD Structural Engineers, and to Nate Lubecke, P.E.,
Consulting Engineer, for his assistance in the preparation of the digest. A special thanks
also to James O. Malley, Senior Principal, S.E., Degenkolb Engineers for his insightful
review of the second edition of the digest.
FOREWORD
This third edition is an extensive update of the previously issued Technical Digest No. 11 on
joist and Joist Girder moment frames. The Technical Digest is another addition to the series
of Steel Joist Institute publications designed to give the reader information regarding the
application and usage of steel joists and Joist Girders.
Technical Digest No. 11 illustrates procedures for the structural engineer to properly analyze,
design and specify joist and Joist Girder moment frames to resist wind and seismic lateral
loads. The reader is assumed to be familiar with the design and analysis procedures of
the ANSI/AISC 360-16 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings and ANSI/AISC 341-16
Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings and also familiar with the requirements
of ASCE/SEI 7-16 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures. The design
methodology provided is limited to single story structures subjected to wind and seismic
loads; however, the design procedures are applicable to multistory moment frames
subjected to wind loads.
This and other SJI Technical Digests serve to highlight specific areas of design and/or
application for the benefit of architects, building inspectors, building officials, designers,
engineers, erectors, students and others.
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................................................... i
FOREWORD................................................................................................................ i
TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................ ii
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE................................................................................. iii
GLOSSARY.................................................................................................................. iv
CHAPTER 1 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SPECIFYING

PROFESSIONAL AND THE JOIST MANUFACTURER ..................... 1
CHAPTER 2 ANALYSIS REQUIREMENTS............................................................. 4
CHAPTER 3 DESIGN METHODOLOGY AND CONNECTIONS

FOR LATERAL WIND LOADS.............................................................10
CHAPTER 4 DESIGN METHODOLOGY FOR SEISMIC LOADS............................19
CHAPTER 5 CONNECTION DESIGN AND DETAILS.............................................25
CHAPTER 6 SPECIFICATION OF LOADS AND OTHER DESIGN

REQUIREMENTS TO THE JOIST MANUFACTURER.......................35
CHAPTER 7 LATERAL BRACING...........................................................................44
CHAPTER 8 EXAMPLES.........................................................................................47
REFERENCES............................................................................................................. 86
ii
BACKGROUND
Designing joist and Joist Girder structures as rigid frames is no more difficult than designing
rigid frames with wide flange beams and columns. To obtain a cost effective design the
engineer must be aware of the inter-relationships between framing elements, i.e. joists,
Joist Girders, columns, bracing members and connections. In general, the most economical
design is one which minimizes manufacturing and erection costs and one which reduces
the special requirements (seat stiffeners, chord reinforcing, etc.) for the joists, Joist Girders
and columns.
The first consideration relative to the design of the structure is to determine if rigid frame
action is required. For single story structures the optimum framing system generally consists
of braced frames in both directions, and the use of a roof diaphragm system to transfer wind
and seismic loads to the vertical bracing elements. This system should always be evaluated
by the Engineer of Record (EOR) as a first option. Only if the building footprint or other
bracing restrictions prevents the use of this system, should moment frames be considered.
As a “rule of thumb,” when the length to width ratio of the building exceeds 4 to 1, roof
diaphragm forces become large so that the use of roof diaphragms to transfer lateral loads
to perimeter bracing may not be practicable. In addition, strut forces become potentially
excessively large as well as the vertical bracing and foundation uplift forces.
The purpose of this digest is to present information to the EOR and the joist manufacturer
for the design of single story moment resisting joist and Joist Girder frames. Design
considerations for both wind and seismic lateral loads are presented.
The digest has been limited to single story frames, not because of wind requirements, but
because of current requirements for seismic design; in particular, the use of strong beam
weak column systems which are typically necessary when using truss construction in lieu
of beams and girders. This is because the flexural strength and stiffness of the trusses is
usually significantly larger than most reasonable column sections. More importantly, joists
exhibit poor hysteresis behavior under inelastic cyclic loading.
Both open web steel joists and Joist Girders will be referred to as joists in this digest.
iii
GLOSSARY
ASD (Allowable Strength Design)†. Method of proportioning structural components
such that the allowable strength equals or exceeds the required strength of the
component under the action of the ASD load combinations.
Allowable Strength*†. Nominal strength divided by the safety factor, Rn/Ω.
Available Strength*. Design strength or allowable strength as appropriate.
Applicable Building Code (ABC)†. Building code under which the structure is designed.
Amplified Seismic Load. Horizontal component of earthquake load E multiplied by Ωo,

where E and the horizontal component of E are specified in the applicable building code.
Bearing. The distance that the bearing shoe or seat of a joist or Joist Girder extends over
its masonry, concrete or steel support.
Bridging. In general, a member connected to a joist to brace it from lateral movement.
Buckling. Limit state of sudden change in the geometry of a structure or any of its
elements under a critical loading condition.
Buckling Strength. Nominal strength for buckling or instability limit states.
Camber. An upward curvature of the chords of a joist or Joist Girder induced during shop
fabrication. Note, this is in addition to the pitch of the top chord.
Chords. The top and bottom members of a joist or Joist Girder. When a chord is
comprised of two angles there is usually a gap between the members.
Clear Span. The actual clear distance or opening between supports for a joist that is the
distance between walls or the distance between the edges of flanges of beams.
Connection†. Combination of structural elements and joints used to transmit forces

between two or more members. See also splice.
Continuity plates. Column stiffeners at the top and bottom of the panel zone; also known
as transverse stiffeners.
Deck. A floor or roof covering made out of galvanized, painted or unpainted gage metal
attached by welding or mechanical means to joists, beams, purlins, or other structural
members and can be galvanized, painted, or unpainted.
Demand Critical Weld. Weld so designated by the AISC Seismic Provisions.
iv
Design Earthquake. The earthquake represented by the design response spectrum as
specified in the applicable building code.
Design Story Drift. Amplified story drift (drift under the design earthquake, including the
effects of inelastic action), determined as specified in the applicable building code.
Design Load†. Applied load determined in accordance with either LRFD load
combinations or ASD load combinations, whichever is applicable.
Design Strength*†. Resistance factor multiplied by the nominal strength, φRn.
Diaphragm†. Roof, floor or other membrane or bracing system that transfers in-plane
forces to the lateral force resisting system.
Ductile Limit State. Ductile limit states include member and connection yielding, bearing
deformation at bolt holes, as well as buckling of members that conform to the width-
thickness limitations of Table I-8-1. Fracture of a member or of a connection, or buckling
of a connection element, are not ductile limit states.
End Diagonal or Web. The first web member on either end of a joist or Joist Girder which
begins at the top chord at the seat and ends at the first bottom chord panel point. For an
underslung joist the end diagonal begins at the seat.
End Welds. Welds at the ends of an existing member or the reinforcing member.
Expected Yield Strength. Yield strength in tension of a member, equal to the expected
yield stress multiplied by Ag.
Expected Tensile Strength. Tensile strength of a member, equal to the specified

minimum tensile strength, Fu, multiplied by Rt.
Expected Yield Stress. Yield stress of the material, equal to the specified minimum yield
stress, Fy, multiplied by Ry .
Filler. A short piece of round bar, plate or angle welded between a two angle chord
member or a two angle web member to tie them together, usually located at the midpoint
of the member between joints.
Instability. Limit state reached in the loading of a structural component, frame or structure
in which a slight disturbance in the loads or geometry produces large displacements.
Joint†. Area where two or more ends, surfaces or edges are attached. Categorized by
type of fastener or weld used and the method of force transfer.
Joist. A structural load-carrying member with an open web system which supports floors
and roofs utilizing hot-rolled or cold-formed steel and is designed as a simple span
v
member. Currently, the SJI has the following joist designations: K-Series including KCS,
LH-Series and DLH-Series, and CJ-Series.
Joist Girder. A primary structural load-carrying member with an open web system
designed as a simple span usually supporting equally spaced concentrated loads of a
floor or roof system acting at the panel points of the member and utilizing hot-rolled or
cold-formed steel.
Lateral Bracing Member. Member that is designed to inhibit lateral buckling or lateral-
torsional buckling of primary framing members.
Load†. Force or other action that results from the weight of building materials, occupants
and their possessions, environmental effects, differential movement, or restrained
dimensional changes.
LRFD (Load and Resistance Factor Design)†. Method of proportioning structural

components such that the design strength equals or exceeds the required strength of the
component under the action of the LRFD load combinations.
LRFD Load Combination†. Load combination in the applicable building code intended
for strength design (load and resistance factor design).
Material. Joists, Joist Girders and accessories as provided by the seller.
Nominal Strength*†. Strength of a structure or component (without the resistance factor

or safety factor applied) to resist the load effects, as determined in accordance with the
Standard Specifications.
Ordinary Moment Frame (OMF). Moment frame system that meets the requirements of
the AISC Seismic Provisions, Section 11.
Overstrength Factor, Ωo. Factor specified by the applicable building code in order to
determine the amplified seismic load, where required by the AISC Seismic Provisions.
Prequalified Connection. Connection that complies with the requirements of ANSI/AISC

358, Prequalified Connections for Special and Intermediate Steel Moment frames
for Seismic Applications, Appendix P.
Protected Zone. Area of members in which limitations apply to fabrication and

attachments. See AISC Seismic Provisions Section 7.4.
Provisions. Refers to the AISC Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings
(ANSI/AISC 341).
Required Strength*†. Forces, stresses, and deformations produced in a structural

component, determined by either structural analysis, for the LRFD or ASD load
combinations, as appropriate, or as specified by the Standard Specifications.
vi
Resistance Factor, φ †. Factor that accounts for deviations of the actual strength from
the nominal strength, deviations of the actual load from the nominal load, uncertainties in
the analysis that transforms the load into a load effect and for the manner and
consequences of failure.
Safety Factor, Ω †. Factor that accounts for deviations of the actual strength from the nominal
strength, deviations of the actual load from the nominal load, uncertainties in the analysis that
transforms the load into a load effect and for the manner and consequences of failure.
Seismic Design Category. Classification assigned to a building by the applicable

building code based upon its seismic use group and the design spectral response
acceleration coefficients.
Seismic Force-Resisting Systems (SFRS). That part of the structural system that has been
considered in the design to provide the required resistance to the prescribed seismic forces.
Seismic Load Resisting System (SLRS). Assembly of structural elements in the building
that resists seismic loads, including struts, collectors, chords, diaphragms and trusses.
Seismic Response Modification Coefficient, R. Factor that reduces seismic load

effects to strength level as specified by the applicable building code.
Seismic Use Group. Classification assigned to a structure based on its use as specified
by the applicable building code.
Serviceability Limit State. Limiting condition affecting the ability of a structure to

preserve its appearance, maintainability, durability, or the comfort of its occupants or
function of machinery, under normal usage.
Slenderness Ratio. The ratio of the effective length of a column to the radius of gyration
of the column about the same axis of bending.
Span. The centerline-to-centerline distance between structural steel supports such as a

beam, column or Joist Girder or the clear span distance plus four inches onto a masonry
or concrete wall.
Special Moment Frame (SMF). Moment frame system that meets the requirements of
the AISC Seismic Provisions, Section 9.
Special Truss Moment Frame (STMF). Truss moment frame system that meets the
requirements of the AISC Seismic Provisions, Section 12.
Specified Minimum Yield Stress†. Lower limit of yield stress specified for a material as
defined by ASTM.
vii
Specifying Professional. The licensed professional who is responsible for sealing the
building Contract Documents, which indicates that he or she has performed or supervised
the analysis, design and document preparation for the structure and has knowledge of
the load-carrying structural system.
Splice. Connection between two structural members joined at their ends by either bolting
or welding to form a single, longer member.
Stability. Condition reached in the loading of a structural component, frame or structure in

which a slight disturbance in the loads or geometry does not produce large displacements.
Standard Specifications†. Documents developed and maintained by the Steel Joist

Institute for the design and manufacture of open web steel joists and Joist Girders. The
term “SJI Standard Specifications” encompasses by reference the following:
ANSI/SJI-K1.1 Standard Specifications for Open Web Steel Joists, K-Series;
ANSI/SJI-LH/DLH-1.1 Standard Specifications for Longspan Steel Joists,
LH-Series and Deep Longspan Steel Joists, DLH-Series;
ANSI/SJI-JG-1.1 Standard Specifications for Joist Girders; and
ANSI/SJI-CJ1.0 Standard Specifications for Composite Steel Joists, CJ-Series.
Structural Analysis†. Determination of load effects on members and connections based

on principles of structural mechanics.
Tagged End. The end of a joist or Joist Girder where an identification or piece mark is
shown by a metal tag. The member must be erected with this tagged end in the same
position as the tagged end noted on the placement plan.
Webs. The vertical or diagonal members joined at the top and bottom chords of a joist or
Joist Girder to form triangular patterns.
Yield Point†. First stress in a material at which an increase in strain occurs without an
increase in stress as defined by ASTM.
Yield Strength†. Stress at which a material exhibits a specified limiting deviation from
the proportionality of stress to strain as defined by ASTM.
Yield Stress†. Generic term to denote either yield point or yield strength, as appropriate
for the material.
Notes:
† These terms are common AISI-AISC terms that are coordinated between the two
standards development organizations.
* These terms are usually qualified by the type of load effect, e.g., nominal tensile
strength, available compressive strength, design flexural strength.
viii
NOTES
ix
1
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 1
RELATIONSHIP
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
BETWEEN THE SPECIFYING
THE SPECIFYING
PROFESSIONAL ANDPROFESSIONAL
THE JOIST
AND THE JOIST MANUFACTURER
MANUFACTURER
To obtain a successful design using Joist Girder moment frames, the Specifying
Professional and the joist manufacturer must communicate design data and
information to each other. The Specifying Professional must specify the necessary
loading and stiffness data to the joist manufacturer. In addition, the Specifying
Professional must indicate the type of joist to column connections are being
designed so that the joist manufacturer can provide the joists with the geometry
that suits the design intent. If it is not possible for the joist manufacturer to provide
the intended geometry, a dialog then must occur between all involved parties prior
to final pricing and design.
The joist manufacturer, in turn, must design the joists in conformance with the SJI
specifications and other contract requirements delineated by the Specifying
Professional. It is recommended that the Specifying Professional contact a joist
manufacturer to obtain design information and recommendations to effectively
utilize their product since joists and Joist Girders used in this type of application
are not considered “standard”. Joist manufacturers can run preliminary designs to
determine member sizes so that welds and end connections can be correctly sized
and specified.
An open dialog with the Specifying Professional is helpful for many reasons but is
most efficient to get the correct information on the contract drawings prior to the
project being bid. When this happens, the approval process is much faster since
the joist manufacturer may not need to submit alternate details or request
additional information for something that may not work or will be costly to
manufacture. The Specifying Professional can obtain the latest copy of the Steel
Joist Institute Standard Specifications as well as the SJI Code of Standard Practice
directly from the Steel Joist Institute website (www.steeljoist.org). There are
several sections within these documents referenced here, particularly Section 5.7
in the Standard Specification, Section 2.4 in the Code of Standard Practice, among
others as noted below.
The following is taken from a portion of the SJI Code of Standard Practice for Steel
Joists and Joist Girders (SJI 2015).
1
1
6.1 PLANS FURNISHED BY BUYER
The Buyer shall furnish the Seller plans and specifications as prepared
by the specifying professional showing all Material requirements and
steel joist and/or steel Joist Girder designations, the layout of walls,
columns, beams, girders and other supports, as well as floor and roof
openings and partitions correctly dimensioned. The elevation of finished
floors, roofs, and bearings shall be shown.
(a) Loads
The specifying professional shall clearly provide all design loads as

described in Section 2.4 This includes the live loads to be used, the
wind uplift if any, the weights of partitions and the location and amount
of any special loads, such as monorails, fans, blowers, tanks, etc.
(b) Connections
Minimum end anchorage for simple span gravity loading shall be in

accordance with Steel Joist Institute Standard Specifications of latest
adoption, Section 5.7. The end anchorage of a steel joist or Joist Girder
is the connection of the joist or Joist Girder bearing seat to the support.
The adequacy of the end anchorage connection (bolted or welded)
between the joist or Joist Girder bearing seat and the supporting
structure is the responsibility of the specifying professional. The contract
documents shall clearly illustrate the end anchorage connection. The
joist manufacturer is responsible for the design of the bearing seats of
joists or Joist Girders for the loads designated by the specifying
professional in the contract documents. The specifying professional is
responsible for bridging termination connections. The contract documents
shall clearly illustrate these termination connections.
(c) Special Considerations
The specifying professional shall indicate on the construction documents

special considerations including:
1) Profiles for non-standard joist and Joist Girder configurations
(Standard joist and Joist Girder configurations are as indicated in the
Steel Joist Institute Standard Specifications of latest adoption).
2) Oversized or other non-standard web openings
3) Extended Ends
4) Deflection criteria for live and total loads for non-SJI standard joists.
5) Non-SJI standard bridging.
2
2
In addition to the above, details shall clearly illustrate the intended load path for
transferring forces between the joist/Joist Girder and supporting structure.
It sometimes can be difficult to determine if the joist used should be specified as a

K- or LH-Series joist. When gravity loads and geometry allow for a K-Series joist to
be used, axial loads from wind or seismic may increase some of the joist
component sizes to those more commonly used in LH-Series joists. If there is a
question regarding which series to select, contact a joist manufacturer for advice or
specify a LH-Series joist. In many cases, the LH-Series joist that has a standard 5
in. bearing depth will be less expensive than a K-Series joist which must be
significantly modified.
The standard seat depth for a K-Series joist is 2 1/2 inches, so the chord angles
need to be coped to get the proper bearing depth if axial loads require the top
chord angles to be larger than 2 1/2 inches. This is costly. Also, end moments on
joists due to frame action can result in increased shear forces in the joists, possibly
resulting in the need to increase end diagonal webs to double angle members. In
this instance, the bearing seat depth may need to be increased to accommodate
the connection for this end diagonal web. In general, unless the Specifying
Professional can be confident in the chord sizes, it is better to call out an LH-
Series joist that has a standard 5 in. bearing depth.
The reader is referred to Chapter 6 of this digest for specific moment frame
loading requirements.
3
3
2
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 2
ANALYSIS REQUIREMENTS
ANALYSIS REQUIREMENTS
Forces and moments in single story joist rigid frames are determined in a manner
like other moment frames comprised of steel columns and beams. As used in this
digest, (MF) signifies moment frames comprised of steel columns and joists or
Joist Girders. As with all indeterminate frames, the first step in the design process
is to perform a preliminary analysis. It is suggested that the MF be considered as a
pinned base frame to eliminate moment resisting foundations; however, for drift
control, partially restrained or fixed bases can be considered. The Specifying
Professional is encouraged to consider serviceability criteria and drift control at the
preliminary design phase of the project. After selecting trial member sizes for the
columns and joists, a computer analysis is performed to determine forces,
moments, and deflections (both first-order and second-order) for the load
combinations prescribed by the applicable building code. The AISC Specification
for Structural Steel Buildings (AISC 2016a) requires a second-order analysis.
Because second order analysis is a non-linear problem, the analysis must be
performed for each required load combination. Individual load cases cannot be
analyzed and their results summed to obtain a correct result. The second-order
analysis must be performed using the cumulative, factored loads associated with
each load combination.
It is suggested to use a simplified model for the joist/Joist Girder frame by

modeling the joist/Joist Girder frame as an equivalent beam section with an
approximate moment of inertia. The node at the interface of the column and joist
should be located at the mid-height of the joist to closely approximate the relative
stiffness of these two elements and to predict lateral drift more accurately in the
frame. This model is referred to as Model 1 (see Figure 2.1).
Figure
Figure 2.1 1
2.1 Model
Model 1
4
4
Note: Throughout the digest when referring to frames, joists and Joist Girders
designations are often used interchangeably.
For preliminary design, the column sizes can be determined by calculating column
moments based on assumed shears in the columns from the lateral loads. The
maximum moment for a pinned-base column is the moment located at the bottom
chord level of the joist. Therefore, the moment can be calculated as the column
shear multiplied by the height of the column from the base to the bottom of the
joist. In the computer model the moment can be readily obtained by placing a node
at the location of the bottom chord.
Trial joist stiffness can be obtained from the SJI equations for the approximate
moment of inertia of a joist or Joist Girder that can be found in the Steel Joist Institute
45th Edition Catalog (SJI 2020). The SJI equation for the approximate moment of
inertia of a joist in inches4 is 26.767(WLL)(L3)(10-6) for both LRFD and ASD,
where, wLL = RED figure in the K-, LH-, and DLH-Series Load Tables
L = (Span - 0.33) in feet for K and LH-Series joists.
The SJI equation for the approximate moment of inertia of a Joist Girder in
inches4 is 0.018NPLd (LRFD) and 0.027NPLd (ASD),
where, N = number of panel points

P = panel point load (kips) at factored load level for LRFD, and at
nominal load level for ASD
L = girder length (ft.)
d = nominal girder depth (in.)
The moment of inertia determined above should be divided by 15% to account for
shear deflection that can occur in a joist.
Based on the results of the preliminary analysis, the story drift should be checked
first to determine if it meets serviceability criteria. If it does not, then the girder
stiffnesses and/or the column stiffnesses need to be increased.
If the end moments on the joists are greater than the maximum mid-span moment
of the joist, the size of the joists must be increased, and the model must be re-run
with new joist stiffnesses to obtain the correct forces and moments. Table 2-1 has
been provided to facilitate the check for joist size, since the 15th Edition AISC Steel
Construction Manual (AISC 2017) does not contain compressive strengths for
double angles with Fy of 50 ksi. One can divide the LRFD chord force by 1.5 to
determine the Allowable Concentric Force. A similar table can be developed by the
reader if values for larger or smaller chord angles are to be investigated.
5
5
To use Table 2-1, first calculate the chord forces in the joists. The chord force can
be approximately calculated by dividing the end moment by the nominal joist
depth. Select a double angle size from Table 2.1 that has adequate strength to
accommodate the calculated chord force. Using the area of this double angle, the
approximate moment of inertia of the Joist Girder can be calculated as
2
d 
2 (A chord ) − y 
IJ = 2  in.4 Eq. 2-1
1.15
where,
d = nominal joist depth, in.
y = the distance from the angle leg to the angle centroid, in.
Note: As mentioned earlier the moment of inertia determined above is divided by

1.15 to account for shear deflection.
In addition to the vertical loads on the frames, the 2nd order analysis must account
for the loads on any “lean-on” columns as well as the weight of any walls
supported by the MF. In lieu of a three dimensional model, these effects can be
modeled by treating the “lean-on” members as pinned-pinned adjacent columns,
connected to the frame at the eave with an axial load in the column equal to the
required loads on the “lean-on” elements. This approach is illustrated in Figure 2.2.
The effects of the diaphragm deflection on P-∆ can be accounted for by modeling
the top of the pseudo columns displaced laterally an amount equal to the
horizontal diaphragm deflection that would occur between the moment frame and
the “lean-on” columns.
Figure 2.2 ModelFigure

with “Lean-on”
2.2 Columns
Model with “Lean-on” Columns
6
6
Table 2-1
Table 2-1 Double Angle Chord Available Strength (LRFD) for Various
Double Angle Chord Available Strength (LRFD) for Various
Unbraced Lengths(1)(1), kips (Fy = 50 ksi, φ = 0.90)
Unbraced Lengths , kips (Fy = 50 ksi, f = 0.90)
Unbraced Length Area

Angle Size
L = 4 ft. L = 5 ft. L = 6 ft. L = 7 ft. in.2
2L 6 x 6 x 1 939 912 880 843 22.0
2L 6 x 6 x 7/8 834 810 782 750 19.5
2L 6 x 6 x 3/4 723 702 678 651 16.9
2L 6 x 6 x 5/8 612 595 575 553 14.3
2L 6 x 6 x 9/16 553 538 520 499 12.9
2L 6 x 6 x 1/2 457 446 432 417 11.5
2L 6 x 6 x 7/16 363 355 345 334 10.2
2L 6 x 6 x 3/8 266 261 255 248 8.76
2L 6 x 6 x 5/16 173 171 168 165 7.34
2L 5 x 5 x 7/8 667 640 607 571 16.0
2L 5 x 5 x 3/4 585 560 532 501 14.0
2L 5 x 5 x 5/8 494 474 451 425 11.8
2L 5 x 5 x 1/2 401 385 367 346 9.58
2L 5 x 5 x 7/16 340 327 313 296 8.44
2L 5 x 5 x 3/8 262 253 243 232 7.30
2L 5 x 5 x 5/16 184 179 173 166 6.14
2L 4 x 4 x 3/4 435 406 374 339 10.9
2L 4 x 4 x 5/8 369 346 319 290 9.22
2L 4 x 4 x 1/2 301 282 261 237 7.50
2L 4 x 4 x 7/16 265 249 230 210 6.60
2L 4 x 4 x 3/8 230 216 200 183 5.72
2L 4 x 4 x 5/16 172 163 152 141 4.80
2L 4 x 4 x 1/4 112 108 102 96 3.86
2L 3-1/2 x 3-1/2 x 1/2 251 230 207 183 6.50
2L 3-1/2 x 3-1/2 x 7/16 224 206 186 164 5.78
2L 3-1/2 x 3-1/2 x 3/8 194 179 162 143 5.00
2L 3-1/2 x 3-1/2 x 5/16 160 148 134 120 4.20
2L 3-1/2 x 3-1/2 x 1/4 110 103 95 87 3.40
2L 3 x 3 x 1/2 201 179 155 130 5.52
2L 3 x 3 x 7/16 178 158 137 116 4.86
2L 3 x 3 x 3/8 155 138 120 102 4.22
2L 3 x 3 x 5/16 131 117 102 87 3.56
2L 3 x 3 x 1/4 100 90 80 69 2.88
2L 3 x 3 x 3/16 60 55 50 45 2.18
2L 2-1/2 x 2-1/2 x 1/2 149 125 101 78 4.52
2L 2-1/2 x 2-1/2 x 3/8 115 97 79 62 3.46
2L 2-1/2 x 2-1/2 x 5/16 98 83 68 53 2.92
2L 2-1/2 x 2-1/2 x 1/4 80 68 56 44 2.38
2L 2-1/2 x 2-1/2 x 3/16 54 47 40 33 1.80
(1) Based on r and one mid-span
(1) Based on rx andx one mid-span spacer spacer
7
The Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings, ANSI/AISC 341-16 (AISC
2016c), apply when the seismic response modification coefficient, R, (as specified
in the applicable building code) is greater than 3. For buildings in Seismic Design
Category A, design for seismic loads is not required. For buildings in Seismic
Design Category B and C, the designer has the option of using R equal to 3,
consistent with the ASCE 7 requirements for Steel Systems Not Specifically
Detailed for Seismic Resistance, and designing using the AISC Specification
(AISC 360); or using a higher R value and designing the structure per the AISC
Seismic Provisions (ANSI/AISC 341-16). It is generally recognized that it is more
cost efficient to use R equal to 3, when considering additional costs associated
with quality control and quality assurance requirements invoked by the Seismic
Provisions. For buildings in Seismic Design Category D, E or F, the Building Code
and ASCE 7 require that the design comply with the requirements of the AISC
Seismic Provisions.
When designing per the AISC Seismic Provisions, the joist/Joist Girder rigid frame
structures are categorized as an Ordinary Moment Frame (OMF) with design and
detailing requirements specific to an OMF outlined in Section E.1 of these
Provisions. The R value for an OMF system is 3.5. The predominant requirement
for an OMF frame is that the beam to column moment connection be designed for
a moment equal to 1.1RyFyZ/αs of the beam, or the maximum moment that can be
developed by the system (see ANSI/AISC 341-16, Section E.16b.(b)). The limit
associated with the maximum expected flexural capacity of the beam assumes
that the columns have more flexural capacity than the girders (i.e. strong column –
weak beam). In this system, where the joists or Joist Girders typically have more
flexural strength than the columns, the fuse in the system would be the column
(strong beam – weak column system). The maximum force that can be developed
by the system is that force which generates the maximum expected moment (Mpe)
in the column. This moment is equal to 1.1RyFyZ/αs of the column. The maximum
moment in the column will be developed at the connection of the column to the
bottom chord of the joist/ Joist Girder. The maximum force developed by the
system could also be governed by the maximum expected shear capacity of the
column in the area of high shear demand between the top and bottom chord of the
joist/Joist Girder at this moment connection. The maximum expected shear
capacity of the column is equal to 0.6RyFydtw/ αs for the column. The associated
bending moment in the connection is equal to this shear force multiplied by the
depth between the top and bottom chord connections. The governing moment at
this connection is equal to the smaller of these two moments.
The SJI has taken the position that these elevated end moment(s) shall be applied
to the joist/Joist Girder. This procedure ensures that the joist and its members will
remain elastic and that buckling will not occur.
8
8
The moment in the joist to column connection is derived by extrapolating the
maximum expected moment in the column (Mpe pe) to the mid-depth of the Joist
Girder. For ease of reference, this moment will be referred to as Mge
ge. At an interior
column, where moment connected joists are on both sides of the column, the Mge ge
associated with this column will be apportioned to each girder based on Model 2
(see Figure 2.3).
Figure 2.3
Figure
Model2.3
Figure 2
2.3
Model
Model 22
The joists can then be analyzed as pinned supported, continuous members, with
concentrated moments equal to Mge ge at each support. The loads on the joists are
derived for loadings consistent with the seismic load combinations required by the
applicable building code. Using this model, the appropriate end moments and
vertical reactions are determined for the joists.
To summarize, two models are suggested:
Model 1 is an elastic model of the entire frame used to evaluate member forces
(including joist end moments and shears), reactions and story drifts. This model is
used for column design and used to determine the joist end moments and shears
for non-seismic load combinations and for seismic load combinations for structures
in Seismic Design Categories A, B, and C, when an R value of 3 is used. Second-
order effects need to be accounted for in these analyses.
Model 2 is used to determine the joist end moments and connection forces
consistent with the seismic design philosophy for an OMF system in Seismic
Design Categories D, E, and F. The R value associated with this system is 3.5. In
this model, the columns are assumed to have formed plastic hinges, and therefore,
the model consists of a continuous, pinned supported girder with the appropriate
Mge
ge moments applied at each support. This model is only evaluated for vertical
loads consistent with the seismic load combinations prescribed by the applicable
building code for structures in Seismic Design Categories D, E, and F.
9
9
3
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 3
DESIGN METHODOLOGY
DESIGN AND CONNECTIONS
METHODOLOGY AND CONNECTIONS
FOR
FORLATERAL
LATERALWIND
WIND LOADS
LOADS
The design methodology for wind loads is based on performing a structural
analysis in accordance with the 2016 AISC Specification for Steel Construction
(2016a). This digest assumes that the reader is knowledgeable on the analysis
and design procedures contained in the current AISC Specification, and thus will
not discuss these provisions.
The first consideration relative to the design of joist rigid frames is to determine if
rigid frame action is required in both framing directions. When rigid frames are
required in only one direction, the Joist Girders should be selected to resist the
lateral loads. If rigid frame action is required in both directions, the framing scheme
that creates the smallest end moments in the joists should be used. If moment
frames are required in both directions it is recommended that the joists be
supported on seats. Details follow illustrating suggested details.
Continuity Considerations:
Before proceeding with a discussion of joist moment frames, a point needs to be

made relative to inadvertently creating continuity by welding the joist bottom
chords to the column. If the top and bottom chords of the joist are welded to the
supports, the joist will behave as a continuous member, that is, continuity moments
will be developed at the member ends. Welding the bottom chords in place after
dead loads have been applied will eliminate the continuity moments from dead
loads; however, continuity moments from live, wind, and seismic loads will still
occur. Continuity moments will cause additional chord forces and consequently
additional stresses in the joist and its connections. In addition, column moments
are created. These forces must not be ignored in the design. If not accounted for in
the design, a variety of problems can occur. These include:
1. For standard top chord end seat connections, axial forces in these
connections generate moments in the top chords. This is due to the
eccentricity between the connection to the column and the centroid of the
double angle top chords. These bending moments in the top chords may
cause overstresses and possible chord bending failures.
2. Compressive forces may be generated in the bottom chords of the joists

which are not accounted for in the normal design of these members. These
compressive forces may cause buckling failures of the joists.
10
10
3. Connections between individual elements of the joist and at the ends of the
joists may be overstressed by added forces.
3. Connections between individual elements of the joist and at the ends of the
The Basicjoists may be overstressed by added forces.
Connection
The The Basic

Basic Connection
Connection for columns framed with joists and Joist Girders is shown in
Figure 3.1. This connection is the least expensive and most common detail that
can The Basic Connection for columns framed with joists and Joist Girders is shown in
be used to transmit gravity loads to the column.
Figure 3.1. This connection is the least expensive and most common detail that
can be used to transmit gravity loads to the column.
Figure
Figure3.1
3.1
The Basic
The BasicConnection
Connection
Figure 3.1
The Basic Connection
11
11
11
The Specifying Professional is responsible for the design of the Basic Connection
if it isSpecifying
The subjectedProfessional
to any loadsisother than simple
responsible for thespan gravity
design loadings.
of the The Basic
Basic Connection
Connection
if it is subjected to any loads other than simple span gravity loadings. Theshould
has only limited use to resist continuity or wind moments and Basic
not be used has
Connection in seismic moment
only limited useframes
to resistwhere large or
continuity moments will be created
wind moments and shouldand
maybecause
not used severe overstresses
in seismic moment framesin thewhere
top chord. Chord moments
large moments causedand
will be created by
eccentric
may causeaxial loadsoverstresses
severe can cause premature
in the top failure
chord.of joist
Chord topmoments
chords. Considering
caused by
the Joist axial
eccentric Girder seatcan
loads connection at the column
cause premature topjoist
failure of to top
be chords.
a pin, aConsidering
secondary
moment,
the Joist M = ± Pe,
Girder is developed
seat connectioninatthe thetopcolumn
chord. top
Sinceto the
be double
a pin, angles which
a secondary
comprise
moment, M the=top chord
± Pe, possess limited
is developed in theflexural capacity,
top chord. Sincethethejoist chord
double will fail
angles at a
which
relatively low
comprise loadchord
the top due to the secondary
possess moment
limited flexural and thethe
capacity, axial load.
joist This
chord condition
will fail at a
is illustrated
relatively lowinload
Figure
due3.2.
to the secondary moment and the axial load. This condition
is illustrated in Figure 3.2.
Figure 3.2
Chord Eccentric Loading
Figure 3.2
Chord Eccentric Loading
As an aid to the Specifying Professional several typical moment details are
summarized
As an aid toand thediscussed
Specifyingbelow. In addition,
Professional Tools
several for the
typical design details
moment of several
are
moment
summarized to and
column detailsbelow.
discussed can Inbeaddition,
downloaded
Tools for from
the the
designSJIof Website
several
(www.steeljoist.org).
moment to columnAfter determining
details can be the moments
downloaded that exist
from atthe
the connections
SJI Website in
the frame, the designer
(www.steeljoist.org). Aftercan evaluate which
determining of these
the moments connections
that exist at thewill provide the
connections in
best solution. The capacities of the connections are discussed
the frame, the designer can evaluate which of these connections will provide the in terms of top
chordsolution.
best forces inThe
the joist. This isofbecause
capacities the top chord
the connections connectioningenerally
are discussed terms oflimits
top
the capacity of the overall joist moment connection. To determine the
chord forces in the joist. This is because the top chord connection generally limits chord forces
Specifying
the capacity Professional
of the overall joistcan divide connection.
moment the requiredTomoment
determine by the
thechord
appropriate
forces
forceSpecifying
the couple lever arm.
Professional can divide the required moment by the appropriate
force couple lever arm.
In all the details presented, the column web must be checked by the Specifying
Professional to determine
In all the details presented,if the
webcolumn
stiffeningwebis must
required. The design
be checked of Specifying
by the the welds
connecting thetojoist
Professional to the columns
determine if web isstiffening
the responsibility of theThe
is required. Specifying
design Professional.
of the welds
connecting the joist to the columns is the responsibility of the Specifying Professional.
It is highly recommended that the Specifying Professional contact the joist
manufacturer for more information
It is highly recommended that theon Specifying
specific details that may contact
Professional be different
the from
joist
those shown here.
manufacturer Coordination
for more information of on
these details
specific with that
details the joist
may manufacturer
be different fromcan
avoid structural steel detailing and joist detailing delays and
those shown here. Coordination of these details with the joist manufacturer can can help reduce
erection
avoid costs of the
structural steelconnections.
detailing and joist detailing delays and can help reduce
erection costs of the connections.
12
12
12
Detail A – (Figure 3.3)
In this connection, bending moments generated by connection eccentricities are
resisted by the joist top chord. Joist top chords can be reinforced during
manufacturing by inserting a one-inch thick bar between the top chord angles or by
extending the seat angles along the top chord back to the adjacent top chord panel
point of the joist. Both types of reinforcement are shown in Figure 3.3.
Even with reinforcing, the moment induced in the top chord imposes strength
limitations which restrict practical use to transferring relatively small axial loads in
the range of under 15 kips in joists and under 45 kips in Joist Girders. Top chord
strengths to support the eccentric axial loads vary with chord size, seat depth, and
practical reinforcing limits. It is recommended that you solicit input from a joist
manufacturer before using this type of connection for transferring large axial loads.
Figure 3.3
Detail A
13
13
Detail B– – (Figure
(Figure 3.4)
Detail B 3.4)
The
The special seat condition shown
special seat condition shown in
in Figure
Figure 3.4
3.4 is
is best
best suited
suited for attachment to
for attachment to
sidewall
sidewall columns.
columns. InIn this
this connection,
connection, significant
significant bending
bending inin the top chord
the top chord of
of the
the
joist
joist or
or Joist
Joist Girder
Girder are
are eliminated
eliminated by
by designing
designing the
the connection
connection to to the
the supporting
supporting
column cap plate to transfer bending moments to the column, essentially making
column cap plate to transfer bending moments to the column, essentially making
the seat a rigid extension of the column. To be effective, the bolts in the seat must
the seat a rigid extension of the column. To be effective, the bolts in the seat must
be
be separated
separated by by more
more than
than 66 inches,
inches, and
and the
the Joist
Joist Girder
Girder seat
seat angles
angles must
must be
be
manufactured from 1/2 in. thick angles. A practical chord force limitation for this
manufactured from 1/2 in. thick angles. A practical chord force limitation for this
detail is also 45 kips.
detail is also 45 kips.
Figure 3.4
Detail B Figure 3.4Column)
(Sidewall
Detail B (Sidewall Column)
14
14
14
Detail C – (Figures 3.5 and 3.6)
This detail has the advantage of providing a more direct and less eccentric load
path for continuity forces into the joist top chord. Therefore, Detail C can develop
larger joist chord forces than either Detail A or B. It also has the advantage of
giving the Specifying Professional more control over the design, thus less
coordination with the joist manufacturer is required. A disadvantage is that a seat
must be attached to the column for the moment plate to be welded to the column.
The strength of Detail C is limited by the top chord axial load capacity. The
continuity plates in Figures 3.5 and 3.6 can be stopped short of the perpendicular
joist bearing seat, or the cap plate can be extended away from the column web to
provide adequate bearing length for joist seats perpendicular to this plate. By doing
this a consistent bearing seat depth (height) can be maintained.
Figure 3.5
Detail C Figure
(Sidewall
3.5Column)
Detail C (Sidewall Column)
15
15
Figure
Figure 3.6
3.6
Detail
Detail C (Interior
C (Interior Column)
Column)
16
16
16
Detail D – (Figure 3.7)
This detail also has the advantage of providing a more direct and less eccentric
load path
Detail D – for 3.7) forces into the top chord of the joist. Therefore, Detail D
continuity
(Figure
can develop
This detail alsolarger
has joistadvantage
the chord forces than Details
of providing a more A direct
and B. and It less
also eccentric
has the
Detail D – (Figure
advantage of giving3.7)
the Specifying Professional more control over the design, thus
load
This path
detail for continuity
also has the forces into the
advantage of top chordaofmore
providing the joist.
direct Therefore,
and less Detail
eccentricD
less
can coordination
develop with the
larger joistforces joist
chordintoforcesmanufacturer
than Details is required.
A joist. The
and Therefore, Specifying
B. It also Detail
has the
load path for must
Professional continuity
check the top
to see ifProfessional
stiffenerschord
are of the
required inover
the the
column web D
to
advantage
can develop of giving
larger the Specifying
joist chord forces than more
Details control
A and B. It design,
also has thus
the
transfer
less the forces from
coordination with thetheknife
joistplate to the columnis web.
manufacturer It is often
required. The cost effective
Specifying
advantage of giving
to select a column the Specifying
with a toweb Professional
thickness large more control over the design, thus
Professional
less must check
coordination with the see
joistif stiffeners areenough
manufacturer required
is
so inthat
required. thestiffeners
column
The
are
webnot
Specifyingto
required.
transfer The
the forcestie plate for the joists is used if axial loads must be transferred
Professional
between the must from
joists. checkthetoknife
see plate to the column
if stiffeners web. Itinisthe
are required often cost effective
column web to
to select a column with a web thickness large enough so that stiffeners
transfer the forces from the knife plate to the column web. It is often cost effective are not
required.
to select aThe tie plate
column with for
a webthe thickness
joists is usedlargeifenough
axial loads
so thatmust be transferred
stiffeners are not
between the joists.
required. The tie plate for the joists is used if axial loads must be transferred
between the joists.
Figure 3.7
Detail D
Figure 3.7
Detail D
Figure 3.7
Detail D
17
17
17
17
Detail E – (Figure 3.8)
Figure 3.8 provides a connection detail that could be used when both the joist and
Detail
the E –Girder
Joist (Figure 3.8)be designed in moment frames at the same column. In this
must
Detail
Figure E –
3.8 (Figure
provides 3.8)
a connection
detail, the joist structural bearing detail that could
seat also servesbeasused
the when both plate
continuity the joist
for and
the
Figure
Joist 3.8
the Joist provides
Girder
Girder a connection
must frame.
moment be designeddetail that
in moment
The bolts could be
frames
at the joist used when
at the same
connections both the joist
In and
column. by
are required this
the
the Joist
detail, theGirder
joist must be
structural designed
bearing in
seatmoment
also frames
serves as at the
the same column.
continuity
OSHA Safety Standards for Steel Erection 1926.757 Open Web Steel Joists. plate In
for this
the
detail, the joist
Joist Girder structural
moment bearing
frame. seat atalso
The bolts theserves as the continuity
joist connections plate for
are required by the
the
Joist
OSHA Safety Standards for Steel Erection 1926.757 Open Web Steel Joists.by the
Girder moment frame. The bolts at the joist connections are required
OSHA Safety Standards for Steel Erection 1926.757 Open Web Steel Joists.
Figure 3.8
Detail E
Figure 3.8
Detail 3.8
Figure E
Detail E
18
18
18
18
4
CHAPTER
CHAPTER 4 4
DESIGN METHODOLOGY
DESIGN METHODOLOGY FOR SEISMIC LOADS
FOR SEISMIC LOADS
The design methodology for seismic loads is based on the NEHRP Recommended
Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and Other Structures (FEMA,
P-1050-1) and on the requirements found in ASCE/SEI 7-16, Minimum Design
Loads for Buildings and other Structures (ASCE, 2016). Discussion on seismic
design requirements as presented in these documents should start with the purpose
of these provisions. Specifically, as stated in FEMA P-1050-1 Commentary:
“The primary intent of the NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions for New
Buildings and Other Structures is to prevent, for ordinary buildings and structures,
serious injury and life loss caused by damage from earthquake ground shaking
and ground failure”.
For most steel structures, inelastic behavior is expected if the building is subject to
a design-level earthquake. The ability of the structure to withstand this inelastic
behavior without collapse is the premise for most of the design criteria presented in
these references. Essential facilities are designed for higher forces and may have
more stringent design requirements. Therefore, the expected level of damage due
to a design-level earthquake for these facilities should be less and allow for the
continued operation of that facility. It is very possible that even after a design-level
earthquake, it may not be economically feasible to repair a building.
Understanding the premise that inelastic behavior is expected in a structure

designed to the provisions described in FEMA P-1050-1 or ASCE/SEI 7-16 is
paramount to understanding the intent of the design requirements. This behavior is
acknowledged in the design equations used within the above-noted documents to
determine the seismic forces on the building structure. Specifically, the design
forces estimated based upon expected ground accelerations during a design-level
earthquake are divided by a Response Modification Factor, R, that is specific to a
given type of construction and framing system. This factor represents an adjustment
factor used with a linear analysis model to approximate nonlinear dynamic response
in the building structure.
The Response Modification Factor, R, incorporates two effects, an overstrength

factor and a ductility (or ductility reduction) factor. The overstrength factor accounts
for the difference in the force level required to collapse a frame and the seismic
design force level for that frame. This overstrength can be attributed to the following:
19 19
1. Design efficiency – in general, members are designed with capacities that
are equal to or more than their design loads.
2. Drift limits imposed by seismic design criteria and/or serviceability limit
states for the building result in larger member sizes than required for
strength limit states.
3. The nominal member strengths are larger than design strengths, due to
safety factors (Ω) or resistance factors (φ) and the fact that actual steel yield
strengths are typically higher than published for a given grade of steel.
4. The building design may be governed by other (non-seismic) load
combinations.
5. Elastic design methodologies define the strength of a frame by the
development of the strength of the weakest element (as compared to the
design force) in the frame. After the failure (flexural hinging, yielding,
buckling, etc.) of this element, most frames have reserve capacity and will
continue to resist load until enough members have failed that the structure
becomes unstable and collapses. The excess strength is expressed as the
difference between this collapse load and the load generating the first
failure in an individual element (hinging, yielding, or buckling).
The second effect included in the R factor is a ductility or ductility reduction factor.
This effect is associated with the following:
1. As the structure begins to yield and deform inelastically, the natural period
of the building will increase. This increase in period will result in decreased
seismic demand for most buildings and will prevent or reduce a resonant
response in the building structure.
2. Inelastic action in members dissipates energy. This is often referred to as
hysteretic damping in the structure (whereas damping in the elastic model
would be considered viscous damping).
The combination of these two effects was considered in developing the R values
that are used today in the United States. The R values currently used are based
predominantly on engineering judgment and the performance of various materials
and systems in past earthquakes. As would be expected, appropriate detailing of
the building structure is required to ensure that the R value used is justified. The
nature of this “appropriate detailing” is the design criteria included in ASCE/SEI 7
and FEMA P=1050-1.
As indicated in Chapter 2, for steel buildings, the International Building Code (IBC,
2018) requires that all buildings in Seismic Design Category D, E, or F adhere to
the requirements of ANSI/AISC 341-16, Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel
Buildings (AISC, 2016b). For steel buildings in Seismic Design Category A, B, or
C, the engineer is provided the choice of using an R value of 3 and designing in
accordance with ANSI/AISC 360-16, Specification for Structural Steel Buildings
(AISC, 2016a) or designing with the higher R values and adhering to the
requirements of ANSI/AISC 341. The American Institute of Steel Construction has
20
20
typically advised the use of the former procedure, since seismic loads (even using
an R value of 3) will often times be smaller than lateral wind loads on the building
structures in moderate or low seismic areas defined by these seismic design
categories. In addition, the increased complexity of design, fabrication and erection
associated with the seismic provisions and the additional quality control/quality
assurance requirements associated with using these provisions will often offset
any material savings obtained using the higher R values.
In using this design approach there are two additional related variables that need
to be discussed: The Overstrength Factor (Ω0), and the Drift Amplification Factor
(Cd). The Overstrength Factor (Ω0) represents the ratio of the estimated maximum
potential seismic load to the design seismic load. This factor is typically used to
calculate amplified seismic loads for elements of the seismic force resisting system
that are sensitive to overstress or where overstress could lead to failure of the
structure. The Drift Amplification Factor (Cd) represents the ratio of expected lateral
drift in the structure to the drift calculated for the design-level earthquake forces
calculated using the Response Modification Factor (R). As previously noted,
inelastic behavior is truly expected in the structure when subject to a design-level
earthquake. Since an elastic model, with reduced forces (reduced by R) are used,
the calculated lateral displacements from this model are amplified by the factor
(Cd) to account for this inelastic behavior. As with the Response Modification
Factor, both factors vary with the type of construction and framing system.
Structural System Selection:
ASCE/SEI 7 Table 12.2-1 “Design Coefficients and Factors for Seismic Force-
Resisting Systems” (ASCE, 2015) lists various types of Seismic Force-Resisting
Systems (SFRS), the associated factors (R, Ω0, and Cd) that are to be used with
these systems and the limitations on the use of these systems. For steel moment
frame systems, three categories of systems are noted. These are: Special Moment
Frames, Intermediate Moment Frames and Ordinary Moment Frames. Special
Moment Frames and Intermediate Moment Frames require the use of a moment
connection between the beam and column that has been demonstrated by virtue
of testing to allow for varying degrees of inelastic rotation without significant
degradation in the flexural strength of the two members. This type of testing has
not been performed on joist-column moment connections at this time. Tests have
been conducted only on standard connections. Therefore, a joist moment frame
must be categorized as an Ordinary Moment Frame (OMF). Ordinary Moment
Frames are expected to withstand minimal inelastic deformations in their members
and connections when subjected to a design-level earthquake. As previously
discussed in Chapter 2, fully restrained, FR, moment connections in Ordinary
Moment Frames are to be designed for a required flexural strength equal to the
maximum expected flexural strength of the beam (i.e. 1.1RyMp(beam)) or the
maximum moment that can be delivered by the system. For a joist moment frame,
where the joist has a flexural strength that exceeds the column flexural strength,
the maximum moment that can be delivered by the system is the maximum
21
21
expected flexural strength of the column (i.e. 1.1RyMp(column)). The use of this type
of system is limited to a one-story building where the hinging of the column will not
immediately create a stability problem. The use of this type of system is also
limited to the height and other constraints noted in Table 12.2.1.
Analytical research conducted at the University of Minnesota on the design of

trussed frames subjected to seismic loading (Beckman, 1996) concluded that
these types of frames would be feasible for low-rise, multi-bay structures especially
in lower seismic zones. The study also concluded that the cost-effective nature of
Joist Girders would provide a significant advantage for this system. Since this
study was strictly analytical, one of its recommendations was that experimental
testing be carried out to demonstrate the viability of using Joist Girders in frames
that would be capable of withstanding earthquake forces. Subsequently, the SJI
sponsored a full-scale experimental research program followed by extensive
analytical studies at the Georgia Institute of Technology from 2000 to 2004 (Kim,
2003, Kim et., 2007). This research has substantiated the use of a Joist Girder
frame system, as part of an Ordinary Moment Frame, for use in any Seismic
Design Category for structures within the limits for OMF’s, and has validated the
design approach recommended in this technical digest.
Welding Requirements:
The joist manufacturer must be aware of special weld requirements imposed by

ANSI/AISC 341-Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings. It is the opinion
of the authors that the welding requirements cited below are required for moment
frames (OMF).
1. Section D2 of the AISC Seismic Provisions are to be followed for chord

splices in the seismic load-resisting system (SLRS), and for the connections
between the joists in the SLRS and the columns.
2. For the fillet welded connections between the joist chords and web members
in the SLRS, Section D2.3 Welded Joints shall be followed with the exception
that the welding is performed per SJI requirements.
In addition, Section A3.4a shall be followed.
A3.4a Seismic Force-Resisting System Welds

“All welds used in members and connections in the SFRS shall be made with filler
metals meeting the requirements specified in clauses 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3 of Structural
Welding Code-Seismic Supplement (AWS D1.8/D1.8M), hereafter referred to as
AWS D1.8/D1.8M (AWS, 2016).
User Note: AWS D1.8/D1.8M clauses 6.2.1, 6.2.2, 6.2.3, and 6.3.1 apply only to
demand critical welds.”
22
22
Moment Connections:
Figures 4.1 and 4.2 show recommended joist column connections for seismic
Ordinary Moment Frames. The same details are recommended for wind moment
frames when the wind end moments produce chord axial forces greater than 45
kips. The timing of the bottom chord to column stabilizer plate weld must be
specified to ensure that it matches the analysis assumptions. For example, was
the dead load on the Joist Girder included in the gravity analysis.
Figure 4.1
Figure 4.1
Moment Connection
Moment Connection to
to Sidewall
Sidewall Column
Column
23
23
Figure 4.2
Figure 4.2
Moment Connection
Moment Connection to
to an
an Interior
Interior Column
Column
24
24
5
CHAPTER
CHAPTER 5 5
CONNECTION
CONNECTION DESIGN
DESIGN AND DETAILS
AND DETAILS
This chapter will focus on the design of the various components of the connections
used for seismic Ordinary Moment Frames, and those used for the heavily loaded
wind moment frames (see Figures 3.5 and 3.6).
Specifically, the following items are addressed:

• Unstiffened seats
• Stiffened seats
• Fully Restrained (FR) Chord to Column Connections (top and bottom chord
connections)
• Column Continuity Plates
Spreadsheets are available from the SJI Website (www.steeljoist.org) to assist the
Design Professional with the above calculations.
Unstiffened Seats:
An examination of Table 10-6, “All-Welded Unstiffened Seated Connections” from

the AISC Steel Construction Manual (AISC, 2017) shows that the table is not
applicable to Joist Girders, since a minimum bearing length of 4 inches is required
by the SJI Standard Specifications (SJI, 2015) Section 5.4. Tables 5-1 and 5-2
indicate the requirements for Unstiffened Seats for 4 in. bearing lengths when the
Joist Girder has a self-weight of 50 plf or less. Stiffened seats should be used for
heavier Joist Girders. These tables were derived based on the calculation procedure
for unstiffened seats that can be found in Steel Structures, Design and Behavior
(Salmon and Johnson, 1996). The design values for LRFD are given in the tables
whereas the ASD values can be determined by dividing the LRFD values by 1.5.
25
25
Table 5-1
TableAll-Welded Unstiffened
5-1 All-Welded Seated
Unstiffened Connection
Seated with
Connection
with 5x5* and
5x5*5-1
Table and 6x6
6x6 Bearing
Bearing
All-Welded Seat
Seat Angles,
Angles,
Unstiffened F
Fyy ==Connection
Seated 50
50 ksi
ksi (LRFD)
(LRFD)
Table 5-1 All-Welded Unstiffened Seated Connection
with 5x5* and 6x6 Bearing Seat
with 5x5* and 6x6 BearingDesign Angles, F =
Strength,
Seat Angles, y 50 ksi
Fy = 50 ksi (LRFD)
kips
(LRFD)
Angle Design Strength, kips
Angle 3/8 1/2 Design 5/8 Strength,
3/4 kips 7/8 1
Thickness,
Angle in. 3/8 1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8 1
Thickness,
L = 6 in. in. 3/8 1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8 1
Thickness, in. 4.75 9.00 15.1 23.4 34.5 49.1
L
L==68 in.
6 in. 4.75
6.33
4.75 9.00
12.0
9.00 15.1
20.1
15.1 23.4
31.2
23.4 34.5
45.9
34.5 49.1
65.5
49.1
* 5x5 L = 8
angles in.
L = 8 in.
are not 6.33
6.33
available with 1 12.0
12.0
in. thickness20.1
20.1 31.2
31.2 45.9
45.9 65.5
65.5
*5x5 angles are not available with 1 in. thickness
*5x5
*5x5 angles
angles are
are not
not available
available with
with 1
1 in.
in. thickness
thickness
Table 5-2 All-Welded Unstiffened
Table 5-2 Seated Connection
With 5x5
Table and All-Welded
5-2 6x6 Unstiffened
BearingUnstiffened
Seat Angles, FEXX = 70 ksi
Seated (LRFD)
All-Welded Seated
Table 5-2 All-Welded Unstiffened Seated Connection
Connection with
Connection
With
With 5x5
5x5
5x5andand
and 6x6
6x6 Bearing
Bearing
6x6 Bearing Seat
Design
Seat Angles,
Angles,
Seat F
Strength,
FEXX
Angles, =
= 70
EXX
FEXX 70 ksi
kips
ksiksi
= 70 (LRFD)
(LRFD)
(LRFD)
Weld Size, in. Design
5x5 Seat Strength,
Angles
Design kips
6x6 Seat
Strength, kipsAngles
Weld Size,
Size, in.
Weld3/16 in. 5x5 Seat Angles 6x6 Seat
15.6Angles 6x6 Seat
5x5 Seat 21.9Angles
Angles
3/16
1/4
3/16 15.6
20.9
15.6 21.9
29.1
21.9
1/4
5/16
1/4 20.9
26.1
20.9 29.1
36.4
29.1
5/16
3/8
5/16 26.1
31.3
26.1 36.4
43.7
36.4
3/8
7/16
3/8 31.3
36.5
31.3 43.7
51.0
43.7
7/16
7/16 36.5
36.5 51.0
51.0
Example Verification Calculation for Tables 5-1 and 5-2

Example
Example Verification
Verification Calculation
Calculation for for Tables
Tables 5-1 5-1 and
and 5-25-2
Select an angle length of 8 in., an angle thickness of 1/2 in., and a vertical leg of 5
Select
in. withan
Select angle
a 5/16
an angle in.length
weld. of
length of 88 in.,
in., an
an angle
angle thickness
thickness of of 1/2
1/2 in.,
in., and
and a a vertical
vertical leg
leg of
of 55
in. with a 5/16 in.
in. with a 5/16 in. weld.weld.
Joist Girder bearing length, N = 4.0 in.
Joist
Joist Girder
Girder bearing
bearing length,
length, N N= = 4.0
4.0 in.in.
1. Determine the seat width (5 in.)
1.
2. Determine
1. Determine the theseat
the moment
seat width
width arms (5
(5 in.)
in.) (or eccentricity) ef, and e as shown in
2. Determine
2. Figure
Determine 5.1Athe moment arms (or
the moment arms (or eccentricity)
eccentricity) e eff,, and
and e e asas shown
shown in in
Figure
3. Determine
Figure 5.1A5.1A the bearing seat angle length and thickness (see Figures
3.
3. Determine
5.1A and 5.1B)
Determine the
the bearing
bearing seat seat angle
angle length
length and and thickness
thickness (see (see Figures
Figures
4. 5.1A and
Determine
5.1A and 5.1B) 5.1B)
the supporting angle leg dimension, and weld size.
4.
4. Determine
Determine the the supporting
supporting angle angle legleg dimension,
dimension, and and weld
weld size.size.
The seat width (see Figure 5.1A) is determined from the required bearing length
The
plus seat
The width
width (see
an assumed
seat Figure
Figure 5.1A)
(see erection is
is determined
clearance
5.1A) of 1/2 from
determined the
the required
in. However,
from required thisbearing
clearance
bearing length
lengthis
plus
plus an assumed erection clearance of 1/2 in. However, this clearance is
an
increased assumed
to 3/4 in. erection
for clearance
calculation purposes of 1/2
in in. However,
determining the this
tabulated clearance
values to
is
increased
account forto
increased 3/4
tothe in.
in. for
for calculation
3/4possibility of underrun
calculation purposes
in Joistin
purposes determining
inGirder length.the
determining the The tabulated
column cap
tabulated values
values to
plate
to
account
is usuallyfor
account the
the possibility
fordesigned to be of
possibility underrun
flush
of with the
underrun in Joist
Joist Girder
in column length.
flanges,
Girder length.being The column
Thefillet
columnweldedcap plate
capalong
plate
is
the usually
web designed
and the to
flanges be flush
only with
on the the column
inside of flanges,
the shape.
is usually designed to be flush with the column flanges, being fillet welded along being The fillet
seat welded
length along
(see
the
Figure
the web
web and
5.1B) the
andisthe flanges
usually
flanges only
6 in.only
or 8onon the
in. the inside
depending
inside of of the
upon
thethe shape.
usualThe
shape. The
gageseatseat length
of the joist (see
length seat
(see
Figure 5.1B)
attachment is
to usually
the bearing 6 in. or
seat 8 in.
angle.depending
The upon
thickness the
of usual
the
Figure 5.1B) is usually 6 in. or 8 in. depending upon the usual gage of the joist seat gage
bearing of the
seat joist
angle seat
will
attachment
be determined
attachment to the bearing
by bearing
to the the flexuralseat
seatand angle.
angle.shear The thickness
Thestress of
occurring
thickness the bearing
of theatbearing
the critical seat angle
seatsection will
angle willas
be determined
indicated in by
Figure the
5.1A flexural
while and
the shear
bearing stress
seat occurring
angle
be determined by the flexural and shear stress occurring at the critical section as at
vertical the leg critical
length section
depends as
indicated
on in Figure
the strength
indicated in Figure 5.1A while
requirements
5.1A whileforthe
the bearing
thebearing seat
bolts orseatweldsangle vertical
attaching
angle vertical leg
it toleg length
thelength
column. depends
depends
on the
on the strength
strength requirements
requirements for for the
the bolts
bolts oror welds
welds attaching
attaching itit to to the
the column.
column.
26
26 26
26
Figure 5.1A Profile View
Figure of Unstiffened Seat
5.1A
Profile View of Unstiffened Seat
Figure 5.1A Profile View of Unstiffened Seat
Figure 5.1B Section View of Joist or Joist Girder on Unstiffened Seat
Figure 5.1B Section View of Joist or Joist Girder on Unstiffened Seat

Figure 5.1B
Section View of Joist or Joist Girder on Unstiffened Seat
27 27
27
The moment arm for bending, e, is the eccentricity between the joist end reaction,
P, and the critical section of the bearing seat angle and ef is the eccentricity
between the joist end reaction, P, and the vertical weld of the bearing seat angle to
the column:
N
ef = Erection Clearance + Eq. 5-1
2
e = ef - t - 3/8 in. Eq. 5-2
The bending moment at the critical section of the angle is:
Mu = Pue (LRFD) Eq. 5-3
Ma = Pae (ASD) Eq. 5-4
The design bending strength (LRFD) of the angle at the critical section is:
φbMn = φbMp = φbFy Z Eq. 5-5

L t2
Z= Eq. 5-6
4
or,
Lt 2
φbPue = φbFy Eq. 5-7
4
Lt 2
φbPu = φbFy Eq. 5-8
4e
where,
φb = resistance factor for bending, 0.9
Fy = steel yield strength, 50 ksi
L = bearing seat angle length, in.
t = bearing seat angle thickness, in.
4 in.
ef = 3/4 in. + = 2.75 in.
2
e = ef - t - 3/8 in. = 2.75 in. - 0.5 in. - 0.375 in. = 1.875 in.
φbPu = 0.9 ( 50 ksi )

( 8 in.)( 0.5 in.)2 = 12.0 kips
4(1.875 in.)
The shear strength at the critical section of the angle is:
φv Vn = φv 0.6Fy tL Eq. 5-9

where,
φv = resistance factor for shear, 1.0
28
28
φv Vn = 1.0 ( 0.6 )( 50 ksi )( 0.5 in.)( 8 in.) = 120 kips
Therefore, bending strength controls.
The fillet welds of the bearing seat angle to the supporting column are evaluated
using the following equation (Salmon and Johnson, 1996):
1.392DL v
φ w Rn = ( 2 ) Eq. 5-10
20.25 e2f
1+
L2v
where,
φw = resistance factor for welding, 0.75
D = number of sixteenths-of-an-inch in the weld size.
Lv = bearing seat angle vertical leg dimension, in.
For 5/16 in. fillet welds,
1.392 ( 5 )( 5 in.)
φ w Rn = ( 2 ) = 26.1 kips
2
20.25 ( 2.75 in.)
1+
( 5 in.)2
Stiffened Seats:
For larger end reactions, T-shaped stiffened seats are often used. This is often the
case for Joist Girder reactions. There are a few differences for the design of stiffened
seats for Joist Girders as compared to stiffened seats for wide flange beams.
Salmon and Johnson (Salmon and Johnson, 1996) indicates four steps for the
design of stiffened seats for beam reactions. These are:
1. Determine the seat width

2. Determine the eccentricity es of load
3. Determine the stiffener thickness ts
4. Determine the angle sizes and arrangement of bolts, or the weld size
and length
The seat width for beam reactions is based on the required bearing for the beam
to prevent local web yielding and web crippling. For Joist Girders the seat width
can be determined from the minimum bearing length of 4 in. that can be found in
the SJI Standard Specifications Table 5.4.1 (SJI, 2015). The reaction is located
N/2 from the interior edge of the seat. Salmon and Johnson indicates several limit
states and other criteria that must be satisfied for proper design.
29
29
1. The stiffener thickness, ts, should be equal to or greater than the thickness, tw,
of the supported beam web. Since Joist Girder seats are composed of two
angles this requirement is not relevant. In lieu of this requirement a minimum
stiffener thickness of 1/2 in. is suggested.
2. Local buckling of the stiffener must be prevented. Local buckling is prevented

provided the stiffener thickness is greater than or equal to w/16 as defined in
the 2016 AISC Specification Chapter J Section J10.8(b) (AISC, 2016a).
where, w = width of stiffener.
3. The design bearing strength, φRn, on the contact area of stiffener must satisfy
the following equation from the AISC Specification Section J7(a).
R n = 1.8 Fy A pb AISC J7-1
where,
φ = 0.75 (LRFD) Ω = 2.00 (ASD)
Apb = projected bearing area, in.2 (mm2)
Fy = specified minimum yield stress, ksi (MPa)
For structural tees using a 0.5 in. setback:

Pu
ts ≥ Eq. 5-11
φ (1.8 Fy )(w − 0.5 )
4. Eccentric loading on the stiffener (per Salmon and Johnson)
Pu (6 e s − 2 w )
ts ≥ Eq. 5-12
φ (1.8 Fy ) w 2
where, es = erection clearance + N/2 or w – N/2.
5. Plate thickness must be adequate to develop the fillet welds.
t s ≥ 1.71a (for Fy = 36 ksi) Eq. 5-13
t s ≥ 1.52 a (for Fy = 50 ksi) Eq. 5-14

where, a = the fillet weld size.
6. Once the stiffener dimensions are established, the connection must be

designed to transmit the reaction based on the moment arm es (See Salmon
and Johnson).
Pu
φ R nw = 2
16 e s2 + L2 force/unit length Eq. 5-15
2.4 L
30
30
Table 10-8, “Bolted/Welded Stiffened Seated Connections” in the AISC Steel
Construction Manual can be used to determine stiffened seated connections for
Joist Girders. However, the following additional checks must be made:
A. Determine the seat plate thickness, tp, based on plate shear.
Pu
tp = Eq. 5-16
φ (2)(N)(0.6 Fy )
where, φ = 1.0 and N = 4 in.
For an uplift condition, use N based on an effective width of plate determined

by using a 45 degree projection from the bolt line to the face of the plate. See
Example 2: Rigid Frame Design in Chapter 8.
B. Check the stiffener for eccentric loading using Equation 5-12.
C. Check the stiffener for shear yielding.
Pu
ts = Eq. 5-17
φ (0.6 Fy )(L )
Performing these checks for an A36 plate (Fy = 36 ksi) with N = 4 in.
w = 4 in. + 0.5 in. (setback) = 4.5 in.
es = 4.5 – 4/2 = 2.5 in.
First check the seat plate thickness (φ = 1.0),
Pu kips
tp = = 0.0058 Pu
1.0 ( 2 )( 4 in.)( 0.6 )( 36 ksi )
Then, check the stiffener for eccentric loading (φ = 0.75),
(Pu kips ) ( 6 )( 2.5 in.) -(2) ( 4.5 in.) 

ts ≥ 2
= 0.0061 Pu
0.75 (1.8 )( 36 ksi )( 4.5 in.)
Finally, check the stiffener for shear yielding (φ = 1.0),

Pu kips
ts ≥ = 0.0058 Pu
1.0 ( 0.6 )( 36 ksi )( 8 in.)
31
31
FR Chord to Column Connections:
The AISC Seismic Provisions Section E1.6b. (AISC, 2016b) requires that,
“(a) FR moment connections shall be designed for a required flexural strength

that is equal to the expected beam flexural strength, RyMp, multiplied by 1.1 and
divided by αs, where αs = LRFD-ASD force level adjustment factor = 1.0 for
LRFD and 1.5 for ASD.”
As discussed earlier in this Technical Digest, the moment connection between the
joist and column is to be designed for the maximum moment that can be delivered
by the system. This is commonly 1.1RyMpc, where Mpc is the plastic moment
capacity of the column.
Top Plate Connection:
The size of the top plate is determined from the axial force in the top chord of the
joist, Pu = 1.1RyMpc/d. Where d is taken as the distance from the top of the Joist
Girder to the centroid of the bottom chord. The required top plate area = Pu/φFy.
The length of the plate can be determined based on the required length of fillet
welds used to attach the plate to the column cap plate and the top chord. Shear
lag in the top chord angles must be checked per the AISC Specification Table
D3.1 “Shear Lag Factors for Connections to Tension Members”. Case 2 in the
table applies to the weld attachment to the top chord angles.
The weld of the cap plate to the column must also be checked since the top
plate force must be transferred into the column web.
If the joist is specified to be designed for a column moment based on

1.1RyMpc, a check must be made to ensure that fracture of the chord angles
does not control. The design tensile strength, φtPn, shall be less than the
value obtained according to the limit state of tensile rupture in the net section,
Pn = Fu A e AISC D2-2
where,
φt = 0.75
Ae = effective net area, in.2 (mm2) = UAg
Ag = gross area of member, in.2 (mm2)
U = shear lag factor from AISC Specification Table D3.1
Chord fracture should be checked by the joist manufacturer.
32
32
Bottom Chord Connection:
The bottom chord of the joist must be attached to the stabilizer plate to resist the
same force as the top plate. In addition, the stabilizer plate must transfer this
same force to the column. Stabilizer plates are normally sized based on a 3/4 in.
thickness of plate. Using a 3/4 in. plate allows the plate to fit between the bottom
chord angles allowing fillet welds to be made to the heels and toes of the chord
angles. For economy, the stabilizer plates can usually be connected to the
column flange using only fillet welds.
Column Continuity Plates (Stiffeners):
Section J10 of the AISC Specification contains the requirements for stiffener
plates in the beam/column profile opposite concentrated forces. Section J10.1,
“Flange Local Bending” is not applicable for stabilizer plates as they do not bend
the flange of the column. The requirements of Section 11.5 “Continuity Plates” of
the AISC Seismic Provisions are not applicable to stabilizer plates since the
stabilizer plates are positioned directly opposite the web of the column. For OMF
frames, the connection design moment is commonly Mpe = 1.1RyMpc of the
column. Since the limit state in question relates to the column, the design checks
need not include Ry (i.e. the seismic design load may be reduced by the factor
Ry). The concentrated load required for these checks can be reduced by the
factor Ry (= 1.1 for A992 steel, see AISC 341 for other steels) used to calculate
Mpe since the material overstrength also applies to the yield strength in the
equations contained in these sections.
Checks must be made for:
J10.2. Web Local Yielding
Rn =Fyw t w ( 5k+lb ) AISC J10-2
where, φ = 1.0 (LRFD) Ω = 1.50 (ASD)
Fyw = specified minimum yield stress of the web material, ksi (MPa)
k = distance from outer face of the flange to the web toe of the fillet, in. (mm)
lb = length of bearing (not less than k for end beam reactions), in. (mm)
tw = thickness of web, in. (mm)
J10.3. Web Crippling

1.5
  lb   t w   EFyw t f
Rn = 0.80 t 2w 1+3      Qf AISC J10-4
  d   tf   tw
where, φ = 0.75 (LRFD) Ω = 2.00 (ASD)
33
33
d = full nominal depth of the member, in. (mm)
Qf = 1.0 for wide-flange sections and for HSS (connecting surface) in tension
= as given in Table K3.2 for all other HSS conditions
J10.5. Web Compression Buckling
Web compression buckling is applicable when a pair of opposing concentrated

forces are applied on opposite flanges of a member. This condition does not exist
at the exterior columns. It does exist for continuity moments created by gravity
loads at interior columns where joists are fixed into each side of the column.
24 t 3w EFyw
Rn = Qf AISC J10-8
h
where, φ = 0.90 (LRFD) Ω = 1.67 (ASD)
With beam to column connections, if the above requirements are not satisfied, a
stiffener is normally used in the column web. With joist to column connections,
the stabilizer plate can often be made larger to satisfy the criteria thus eliminating
the need for a stiffener.
J10.6. Web Panel Zone Shear
For moment connections with joists, the panel zone in the column extends from
the top chord to the bottom chord connections. If the analysis conducted does
not include the effect of panel zone deformation on the frame stability, AISC
Specification Equations J10-9 and J10-10 are applicable. The AISC Seismic
Provisions do not require that the panel zone be designed for 1.1RyMpc.
For Pr ≤ 0.4Pc
R n = 0.60 Fy dc t w AISC J10-9
For Pr > 0.4Pc

 P 
R n = 0.60 Fy dc t w  1.4 − r  AISC J10-10
 Pc 
where,
φ = 0.90 (LRFD) Ω = 1.67 (ASD)
Pr = the required strength and Pc equals Py
34
34
6
CHAPTER
CHAPTER 6 6
SPECIFICATION OF LOADS
SPECIFICATION OF LOADS AND OTHER DESIGN
AND OTHER DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
REQUIREMENTS
TO THETO THE MANUFACTURER
JOIST JOIST MANUFACTURER
As indicated in Chapter 1, the Specifying Professional must provide design

information to the joist manufacturer so that the joists can be designed to meet the
project requirements. As indicated earlier, second order analysis is a non-linear
problem so the analysis must be performed for each required load combination.
Individual load cases cannot be used and then linearly summed to obtain a correct
result. Thus, the results of the analysis must be specified for each of the required
load combinations. In addition, stiffness requirements must be specified to the joist
manufacturer since the analysis is dependent on the stiffness of the columns and
joists in the moment frames.
Specifying Design Loads and Load Combinations:
For clear definition of loads for joists used as part of the lateral load resisting
system, the following guidelines should be followed:
1. All externally applied loads should be defined by Load Category (Live,
Dead, Snow, Wind, Earthquake, Collateral, etc.).
a. Avoid use of pre-combined load callouts such as ‘Total Load’,
‘Factored Load’, or ‘Net Uplift Load’, as these cannot be readily
separated into their various load components, for correct assembly
of load combinations with appropriate multipliers.
b. For Dead Loads, if Net Uplift is a design consideration, be sure to
include both a maximum dead load for inclusion with gravity loads,
and a minimum dead load for inclusion with upward acting loads.
One convenient method of managing this is to specify the minimum
dead as Dead Load (D) and specify the difference between minimum
dead and maximum dead as Collateral Load (C).
2. System internal forces which behave linearly, and may be algebraically
summed, such as strut forces from a deck diaphragm, braced frame, shear
wall, etc. should also be defined by Load Category, just the same as the
externally applied loads.
3. All potentially controlling design load combinations must be specified to the
joist manufacturer, for investigation during the design of the joists and
girders. Along with the required joist design load combinations, the
Specifying Professional must also indicate whether the design procedure is
to be ASD or LRFD. Either method may be specified, but it is important for
the load combinations and design methodology to be properly aligned.
35
35
4. In determining which load combinations may be potentially controlling, it is
important to consider the individual components which make up the joist,
and the load combinations which may result in a maximum tensile force,
compressive force, or flexural moment for each individual component. Note
for example that for the Joist Girder design presented in Appendix A, the
column plastic moment conditions control the design of the top and bottom
chords as well as all primary (diagonal) webs. However, the largest gravity
load combination controls the design of the secondary (vertical) webs.
5. In determining which load combinations may be potentially controlling for a
given joist component, it is also important to remember that Wind and
Seismic Loads are included in separate load combinations with completely
different vertical loads. Thus, although one type of lateral load may be
significantly larger than the other, both may need to be considered in the
design of the joist. Also, for joists which are considered to be a seismic
collector element, both E and Em values must be specified for inclusion in
different load combinations, unless one is eliminated by the Specifying
Professional as not being a potentially controlling design load combination.
6. Due consideration must be given to multiple lateral load directions for each
potentially controlling code-specified load combination. In order to adequately
specify all potentially controlling design load combinations, the Specifying
Professional may find it necessary to list the same basic load combination
multiple times for consideration of lateral loads acting in different directions.
Also, if wind uplift forces are different for different wind directions, then both
wind uplift values should be listed for consideration in appropriate load
combinations.
7. System internal forces which behave non-linearly, such as joist end
moments and axial loads determined via a second-order frame analysis (as
required by the AISC Specification) must be specified for each individual
load combination. These second-order analysis system internal forces do
not behave linearly, and therefore cannot be algebraically summed by the
joist manufacturer.
8. For joists used as part of a moment resisting frame, consideration and
appropriate specification must also be provided for joist end moments and
axial loads resulting from load combinations which include only gravity load
categories, with no lateral loads. As it is difficult to design a connection
which will be moment resisting for lateral load combinations and pinned for
gravity load combinations, most moment resisting frames must also
consider effects of joist end fixity under gravity loads.
9. Due consideration must also be given to managing end fixity and
associated joist end moments, resulting from applied dead loads. Although
there is historical precedence for specifying that connections between joist
bottom chords and columns not be welded until after all dead loads have
been applied, from a practical standpoint, this is often not feasible. By the
time roofing membranes and interior partitions are installed, the steel
erector is usually long gone from the jobsite, and by the time interior soffits
and suspended ceilings are hung, the joists and Joist Girders are
36
36
inaccessible. It is usually more practical to simply include all dead loads,
except joist self-weight, in the determination of joist end moments, and
require the connections to be fully welded as soon as all columns are
plumbed, and before adding any further loads to the structure. The
instructions given to the joist manufacturer for designing the joists need to
match the instructions given to the steel erector for what stage the joist
connections are to be welded.
In addition, stiffness requirements must be specified to the joist manufacturer since

the analysis is dependent on the stiffness of the columns and joists in the moment
frames. The assumed joist moment of inertia (Ixx) should be specified to the joist
manufacturer, along with a tolerance range (+/- 10% is usually considered
sufficient). The joist manufacturer will then include the target joist moment of inertia
in the selection of chord materials. If, for some reason, the target cannot be
achieved within the specified range, then the joist manufacturer must communicate
the discrepancy to the Specifying Professional, for further design coordination.
Shown below are the Basic LRFD Load Combinations from ASCE/SEI 7-16
Section 2.3.1 (ASCE, 2016). Similar combinations can also be found in ASCE 7
Section 2.4.1 for ASD.
1. 1.4D
2. 1.2(D+ 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
3. 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.5W)
4. 1.2D + 1.0W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
5. 0.9D + 1.0W
Where the prescribed seismic load effect, E = f (Ev, Eh), (defined in Section
12.4.2 or 12.14.3.1) is combined with the effects of other loads, the following
seismic load combination for structures shall be used:
6. 1.2D + Ev + Eh + L + 0.2S
7. 0.9D – Ev + Eh
Where the seismic load effect with overstrength, Em = f (Ev, Emh), defined in
Section 12.4.3, is combined with the effects of other loads, the following seismic
load combination for structures shall be used:
6. 1.2D + Ev + Emh + L 0.2S

7. 0.9D − Ev + Emh
where, D = dead load E = earthquake load

L = live load Lr = roof live load
R = rain load S = snow load
W = wind load
37
37
In addition to these combinations, Chapter 12, “Seismic Design Requirements for
Building Structures” in ASCE/SEI 7-16 contains the information needed to design
for the seismic load effects, E, and where specifically required, how these effects
are to be modified to account for system overstrength. Eh and Ev are the effects
of horizontal seismic forces and vertical seismic forces, respectively.
Eh = ρQE
Ev = 0.2SDSD
Load Combinations 6. and 7, become:

6. (1.2 + 0.2SDS)D + ρQE + L + 0.2S
7. (0.9 – 0.2SDS)D + ρQE
where,
D = effect of dead load
QE = effects of horizontal seismic forces from V or Fp
SDS= design spectral response acceleration parameter at short periods
ρ = redundancy factor
Where conditions require that the overstrength factor be applied, the seismic load
effect, E, shall be taken equal to Em and Em = Emh + Ev in the Basic LRFD Load
Combination 6. while Em = Emh – Ev in the Basic LRFD Load Combination 7,
where Emh and Ev are the effects of horizontal seismic forces including
overstrength and vertical seismic forces, respectively.
Emh = ΩoQE
Load Combinations 6. and 7, become:

6. (1.2 + 0.2SDS)D + ΩoQE + L + 0.2S
7. (0.9 – 0.2SDS)D + Ωo QE
where,
Ωo = overstrength factor
For single story moment resisting frames several of the load combinations can be
simplified or eliminated by the designer based on his or her experience that they
will not control the design.
38
38
Tables 6-1 and 6-2 shown below are example LRFD and ASD schedules that often
Tables
control. 6-1 and note
Please 6-2 shown below are
that although example
multiple loadLRFD and considerations
category ASD schedulesare thatshown
often
Tables
control. 6-1 and
Please 6-2 shown
note that below
although are example
multiple LRFD and ASD schedules
load category considerations are shown that often
in a single
control. tabulated
Please line
note that such
althoughas (L r or S) or (W or 0.70E), this is simply to show
in a single
potentially tabulated line such as multiple
(L or S)load
or (W
Inrr specifying
category considerations
or 0.70E), thisaisreal
simplyaretoshown
show
in a single controlling
potentially tabulated line
controlling
conditions.
such as (L
conditions. or S) or (Wjoist
In specifying joist
loads for
or 0.70E),
loads for thisaisreal project,
simply to show
project,
the
the
Specifying
potentially Professional
controlling must either
conditions. In determine
specifying which
joist of
loads these
for is
a controlling,
real project, and
the
Specifying
display only Professional
one, or else must
must either
display determine
both as which ofpotentially
separate these is controlling,
controlling and
load
Specifying
display onlyProfessional
one, or else must
must either
displaydetermine which ofpotentially
both as separate these is controlling,
controlling loadand
combinations
display only to be
one, or investigated
else must by theboth
display joistasmanufacturer.
separate For loadcontrolling
potentially combinationsload
combinations
which include to be investigated
wind or seismic, itby maythebejoist manufacturer.
necessary to breakForthese
load combinations
down further
combinations
which include to be investigated
wind or seismic, itbymaythebejoist manufacturer.
necessary to Forthese
break load combinations
downloading.
further
into
whichseparate
include load
wind combinations
or seismic, itconsidering
may be different to
necessary directions
break of lateral
these down further
into
End separate
moments load
are combinations
affected by theconsidering
amount ofdifferent
the dead directions
load to of lateral
be resisted loading.
in the
into separate
End moments load
are combinations
affected by theconsidering
amount ofdifferent
the dead directions
load to of lateral
be resisted loading.
moment
End frame.are
moments Consequently,
affected by timing
the of the bottom
amount of the chordload
dead to column
to be stabilizerin
resisted in
the
plate
the
moment
weld can frame.
affect Consequently,
the magnitude timing
of the of the bottom
moments in thechord
SLRS. to column
If the endstabilizer
moments platein
moment
weld can frame.
affect Consequently,
the magnitude timing
of the of the bottom
moments in thechord
SLRS. to column
If the endstabilizer
moments plate
Tables
weld can6-1affect
and 6-2 magnitude
are calculated with less than in 100% of theIf dead load applied, in a
Tables 6-1 and the
6-2 are calculated of the withmoments
less than the SLRS.
100% the end
of the dead loadmoments
applied, in a
note
Tablesstating
6-1 when
and 6-2this
are weld is to
calculatedbe made
with is
less required.
than 100% of the dead load applied, a
note stating when this weld is to be made is required.
note stating when this weld is to be made Tableis required.
6-1
Table 6-1 LRFD Load Combination Schedule for Joist Girder
LRFD Load Combination Schedule for Joist Girder
Table 6-1 LRFD Load Combination Schedule for Joist Girder
Girder Designation: +
Mark: G1Table 6-1 LRFD Load
Girder Designation:
Combination
Mark: G1 48G8NSP Schedule for Joist Girder
+ +
+
Girder
Panel Designation:
48G8NSP
Left End Right End TC BC +
LRFD Mark: G1 + +
Panel
Load 48G8NSP
Left End
Moment Right End
Moment TC
Force BC
Force + Remarks
LRFD
Load Combination: Load Moment Moment
+
Force Force Remarks
Load Combination: Panel
(kips) Left End
(kip-ft.) Right End
(kip-ft.) TC
(kips) BC
(kips)
LRFD
1.4D+1.4C (kips)
Load (kip-ft.)
Moment (kip-ft.)
Moment (kips)
Force (kips)
Force Remarks
Load Combination:
1.4D+1.4C
1.2D+1.2C+1.6(Lr or S) (kips) (kip-ft.) (kip-ft.) (kips) (kips)
1.4D+1.4C
1.2D+1.2C+1.6(L r or S)
1.2D+1.2C+1.0W+0.5(Lr or S)
1.2D+1.2C+1.6(L r or S)
1.2D+1.2C+1.0W+0.5(L
1.2D+1.2C+1.0E+0.2S r or S)
1.2D+1.2C+1.0W+0.5(L
1.2D+1.2C+1.0E+0.2S r or S)
(1.2+0.2SDS)(D+C)+ρQE+0.2S
1.2D+1.2C+1.0E+0.2S
(1.2+0.2SDS)(D+C)+ρQE+0.2S
0.9D+1.0W
(1.2+0.2S
0.9D+1.0WDS)(D+C)+ρQE+0.2S
0.9D+1.0W
Table 6-2 ASD Load Combination Schedule for Joist Girder
Table 6-2 ASD Load Table 6-2 Schedule for Joist Girder
Combination
Girder Designation: +
Mark: G1TableASD 6-2 Load Combination
ASD LoadGirder Schedule
Designation:
Combination for Joist
Schedule Girder
for Joist Girder
Mark: G1 48G8NSP + +
+
Mark: G1 PanelGirder Designation:
48G8NSP
Left End Right End TC + BC + +
ASD Panel 48G8NSP
Left End Right End TC + BC
ASD Load Moment Moment Force Force + Remarks
Load Combination: Load
Panel Moment
Left End Moment
Right End Force
TC Force
BC Remarks
Load Combination:
ASD (kips) (kip-ft.) (kip-ft.) (kips) (kips)
D+C (kips)
Load (kip-ft.)
Moment (kip-ft.)
Moment (kips)
Force (kips)
Force Remarks
Load Combination:
D+C
D+C+(Lr or S) (kips) (kip-ft.) (kip-ft.) (kips) (kips)
D+C+(L
D+C r or S)
D+C+0.75(0.6W)+0.75(L r or S)
D+C+0.75(0.6W)+0.75(L
D+C+(L r orv+0.7E
D+C+0.7E S) h r or S)
D+C+0.7E v +0.7E
D+C+0.75(0.6W)+0.75(L
h r or S)
D+C+0.525Ev+0.525Eh+0.75S
D+C+0.525E
D+C+0.7E v+0.525E
0.6D+0.6Wv+0.7E h h+0.75S
0.6D+0.6W v+0.525Eh+0.75S
D+C+0.525E
0.6D+0.6W
Presentation of Loads:
Although useful for comparison and verification purposes, the Panel Load field,
Although useful for comparison and verification purposes, the Panel Load field,
shown
Although in useful
Tablesfor
6-1comparison
and 6-2 for andeach load combination,
verification is only
purposes, the applicable
Panel to
Load field,
shown
simple in Tables
loading 6-1 andwith
conditions 6-2 equal
for each load
loads combination,
equally spaced. is general,
In only applicable to
externally
shown
simple in Tables
loading 6-1 andwith
conditions 6-2 equal
for each load
loads combination,
equally spaced. is general,
In only applicable to
externally
applied
simple loads for
loading lateral load
conditions with resisting
equal joistsequally
loads are more clearly
spaced. In communicated
general, by
externally
applied
specifyingloads for lateral
design loads load resisting joists
by category are morethe
and allowing clearly
joist communicated
manufacturer byto
applied
specifyingloads for lateral
design loads load
by resisting joists
category and are morethe
allowing clearly
joist communicated
manufacturer by
to
appropriately
specifying sum the
design loadsbypercategory
loads the specified
and load combinations.
allowing the joist manufacturer to
appropriately sum the loads per the specified load combinations.
appropriately sum the loads per the specified load combinations.
39
39
39
39
There are many instances where the Joist Girder loads are not uniformly spaced,
orThere
wherearethemany loads along where
instances the length
the Joistof Girder
the Joist
loadsGirder
are notare not equal.
uniformly spaced,The
Specifying
or where Professional
the loads along can indicate
the length these
of loads in various
the Joist Girder ways.
are notOne method
equal. The is
to Specifying
use a loadProfessional
diagram and load
can schedule
indicate theseasloads
shown in Tableways.
in various 6-3. This
One method
method has is
theto advantage
use a load diagram
of presentingand load schedule
loads as shown
very clearly andinconcisely
Table 6-3.for
This
eachmethod
girderhasand
the advantage
works very well of forpresenting
projects withloadsdesign
very clearly
loads andthatconcisely
are well for each girder
defined early inandthe
project and unlikely to change. The primary disadvantage of this method isthethe
works very well for projects with design loads that are well defined early in
project of
difficulty and unlikelyload
revising to change.
diagramsThe for primary
changesdisadvantage of this
to design loads latemethod
in the is the
project,
difficulty of revising load diagrams for changes to design
or managing loads for which final magnitudes and locations may not be loads late in the project,
or managing
determined until loads
late in for which final
the project (suchmagnitudes and locations
as roof mechanical equipment mayor not be
sprinkler
determined
mains). These until late in
types ofthe project
late load (such as roof
revisions mechanical
can become equipment or sprinkleron
quite cumbersome
mains). These types of late load revisions can become quite cumbersome on
projects with complex loading, requiring numerous different Joist Girders with
projects with complex loading, requiring numerous different Joist Girders with
different design load criteria.
different design load criteria.
Table 6-3 JoistTable
Girder
6-3Load Schedule
Table 6-3 Joist Girder Load Schedule
Joist Girder Load Schedule
Girder
GirderDesignation:
Designation:
Mark:
Mark:G1
G1 48G8NSP
48G8NSP
Load
Load P1P1 P2
P2 P3
P3 P4 P5
P5 P6
P6 P7
P7 P8P8 P9P9
Category:
Category: (kips)
(kips) (kips)
(kips) (kips)
(kips) (kips) (kips)
(kips) (kips)
(kips)
Dead
Dead Load
Load
(D)(D)
Collateral
Collateral Load
Load
(C)(C)
Roof
Roof Live
Live Load
Load
(Lr(L
) r)
Snow
Snow Load
Load
(S)
(S)
Wind Load
Wind Load
(W, Windward)
(W, Windward)
Wind Load
Wind Load
(W, Leeward)
(W, Leeward)
For projects with more complex loading, it may be easier to simply specify the
Forbaseprojects
loads forwitheach
moreloadcomplex
categoryloading, it may
in psf, then showbeadditional
easier toloads
simply specify
either on thethe
base loads for each load category in psf, then show additional
roof/floor framing plan, on key plans (such as wind pressure plan diagrams and loads either on the
roof/floor
snow drift framing plan, on or
plan diagrams), keyinclude
plans in(such
notesas wind
and pressure
diagrams plan
keyed diagrams
to the and
roof/floor
snow drift
framing plan. plan diagrams), or include in notes and diagrams keyed to the roof/floor
framing plan.
Table 6-4 shows an example of a Joist and Girder Area Base Load Table. Please
Table
note 6-4thatshows
the joistanand
example of a Joist
girder base loads and Girder Area
are usually Base
different Load Table.
magnitudes and Please
must
note
be that
trackedthe separately.
joist and girder
These base loads are
differences areusually
largely different
the resultmagnitudes and must
of different tributary
beareas
tracked in separately.
the base load These differences
calculations. are are
They largely
alsothe result of
strongly different by
influenced tributary
the
difference
areas in thebetween
base load windcalculations.
pressure calculations
They are alsofor joists as Components
strongly influenced by and
the
Cladding between
difference versus wind pressure
wind pressurecalculations for Joist
calculations for Girders as Components
joists as part of the Main and
Wind Force
Cladding versusResisting System. Because
wind pressure calculationsof these differences,
for Joist Girdersasaswell
partasofpotential
the Main
Wind Force Resisting System. Because of these differences, as well as potential
40
40
40
for
for miscommunication,
miscommunication, presentation
presentation of of girder
girder loads
loads should
should never
never assume
assume that
that the
the
joist
for manufacturer will solve
miscommunication, for the Joist
presentation Girder
of girder loads
loads by finding
should never reactions from
assume that thethe
joist manufacturer will solve for the Joist Girder loads by finding reactions from the
joists
joistbearing on the
manufacturer girder.
will solve for the Joist Girder loads by finding reactions from the
joists bearing on the girder.
joists bearing on the girder.
Table 6-4 Joist andTable 6-4Area Base Loads
Girder
Table 6-4
JoistJoist
and and Girder
Girder AreaArea
BaseBase Loads
Loads
Joist Base
Area Loads Girder
Load Table 6-4 Joist and Girder
Joist Base Base Loads
Loads Girder Base
Base Loads
Loads
Load Category
Category (psf)
Joist Base (psf)
Load Category (psf)Loads Girder Base
(psf)Loads
Dead (psf) (psf)
Dead Load
Load (D)
(D)
Dead Load
Collateral (D)
Collateral Load (C)
Load (C)
Collateral
Roof Live Load(L(C)
Load r)
Roof
RoofLive
LiveLoad
Load (L(Lr)
Roof Snow Load (S)r)
Roof
RoofSnow
Snow Load
Load (S)
(S)
Roof Wind Load (W) (Windward)
Roof
RoofWind
Wind Load
Load (W)
(W) (Windward)
(Windward)
Roof Wind Load (W) (Leeward)
Roof
Roof Wind Load (W)(Leeward)
Wind Load (W) (Leeward)
Special
Special Design Criteria related to Seismic Detailing:
SpecialDesign
DesignCriteria
Criteriarelated
related to
to Seismic Detailing:
Seismic Detailing:
For
For the joist manufacturer to design the joists for the seismic requirements,
requirements,in in
Forthe thejoist
joistmanufacturer
manufacturer to to design
design the joists
joists for
for the
the seismic
seismicrequirements, in
addition
additionto
addition totothetheforce
the forceand
force andstiffness
and stiffness requirements,
stiffness the
requirements, the
requirements, manufacturer
the manufacturer
manufacturermust must also
mustalso know
alsoknow
know
certain
certainfacts
certain factsabout
facts aboutthe
about the SLRS
the SLRS as
SLRS as designed
as designed by
designed by the
by the Specifying
the Specifying Professional.
SpecifyingProfessional.
Professional.The The
The
Specifying
Specifying Professional
Professional
Specifying Professional is required is
is required
required to
to designate
designate on
on the
the Structural
Structural
designate on the Structural Design Design
Design
Drawings,
Drawings,and/or
Drawings, and/orin
and/or ininthe
theProject
the Project Specifications,
Project the
Specifications, the
Specifications, items
the items listed
listedinin
itemslisted Section
inSection A4.
SectionA4.
A4.ofof
thethe
of the
AISC
AISC Seismic
Seismic Provisions
Provisions for
for Structural
Structural Steel
Steel Buildings,
Buildings, an
an RR
AISC Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings, an R value greater than 3.0 value
value greater
greater than
than 3.03.0
is used
is is usedfor
used forforthe
thethedesign.
design.No
design. Nospecial
No special requirements
special requirements are
requirements are imposed
are imposed
imposedwhen when
whenanananRR value
Rvalue
valueof of
33
of 3
or orless
less is isused,
used, associated
associated with
with a
a Steel System
System Not
Not
or less is used, associated with a Steel System Not Specifically Detailed for Specifically
Specifically Detailed
Detailed forfor
Seismic
SeismicResistance.
Seismic Resistance.
Resistance.
From thefollowing
From following list ofof items
items taken from Section A4.1 ofofthe AISC Seismic
From the
the following list
list of items taken
taken from Section
Section A4.1
A4.1 of the
the AISC
AISC Seismic
Seismic
Provisions,several
Provisions, severalare
areimportant
important toto the
the joist manufacturer:
manufacturer:
Provisions, several are important to the joist manufacturer:
(a)(a) Designationofofthe
Designation theSFRS
SFRS
(a)(b)
Designation ofofthe
Identification theSFRS
members andand connections
connections that are part ofofthe SFRS
(b)
(b)(c)Identification
Identification of
of the
the members
members and connections that
that are
are part
part of the
the SFRS
SFRS
(c) Locations
Locations and
and dimensions
dimensions of
of protected
protected zones
zones
(c)(d)
Locations and dimensions
Connectiondetails
detailsbetween of protected
between concrete zones
concrete floor diaphragms and the structural
(d)
(d) Connection
Connection details between concrete floor
floor diaphragms
diaphragms and
and the
the structural
structural
steel
steel elements
elements ofof the
the SFRS
SFRS
steel elements of the SFRS
(e) Shop drawing and erection drawing requirements not addressed in Section I1
(e)
(e) Shop
Shop drawing
drawing andand erection
erection drawing
drawing requirements
requirements not
not addressed
addressed in in Section
Section I1
I1
From Section A4.2 of the AISC Seismic Provisions regarding Steel Construction:
From Section
Fromaddition
In Section toA4.2
A4.2theof the
the AISC
AISC Seismic
ofrequirements Provisions
of Section
Seismic A4.1, regarding
Provisions structural Steel
regarding designConstruction:
Steel drawings and
Construction:
In addition to
In specifications
addition to the the requirements
for steel construction
requirements of Section
ofshall A4.1,
indicate
Section structural
the structural
A4.1, design
following items, as drawings
design applicable:and
drawings and
specifications
specifications for steel construction shall indicate the following items, as applicable:
for steel construction shall indicate the following items, as applicable:
(a) Configuration of the connections
(a) Configuration
(a)(b) of
of the
Connection material
Configuration the connections
specifications and sizes
connections
(b) Connection
(c) Locations material
of demand specifications
critical welds and
(b) Connection material specifications and sizes
sizes
(c) Locations
(c)(d) Locationsof
Locations demand
ofwhere
demand critical
gusset welds
plates
critical are to be detailed to accommodate
welds
(d)
(d) Locations where
where gusset
inelastic rotation
Locations gusset plates
plates are
are to
to be
be detailed
detailed toto accommodate
accommodate
inelastic
inelastic rotation
rotation
41
41
41 41
(e) Locations
Locations ofof connection
connection plates
plates requiring
requiring Charpy
Charpy V-notch
V-notch toughness
toughness in in
accordance
accordance with
with Section
Section A3.3(b)
(f) Lowest
Lowestanticipated
anticipatedservice
servicetemperature
temperatureofofthe thesteel
steelstructure,
structure,if ifthe
thestructure
structure
is
is not
not enclosed
enclosedandandmaintained
maintainedatataatemperature
temperatureofof50°F 50°F(10°C)
(10°C)ororhigher
higher
(g) Locations
Locationswhere
whereweld
weldbacking
backingisisrequired
requiredtotobe beremoved
removed
(h) Locations
Locationswhere
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requiredwhen
whenweldweldbacking
backingisispermitted
permitted
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to remain
(i) Locations
Locationswhere
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requiredto to
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reinforce groove
groovewelds
welds or or
to to
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(j) Locations
Locationswhere
whereweld
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arerequired
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removed
(k) Splice locations where tapered transitions are
Splice locations where tapered transitions are required required
(l)
(l) The
Theshape
shapeofofweld
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accessholes,
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shapeother
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thoseprovided
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the
the Specification
Specificationisisrequired
required
(m) Joints
(m) Joints or orgroups
groupsofof joints
joints in which
in which a specific
a specific assembly
assembly order,order,
welding welding
sequence, welding technique,
sequence, welding technique, or orother
otherspecial
specialprecautions
precautions areare required,
required,
where
where such items are designated to be submitted to the engineer ofrecord.
such items are designated to be submitted to the engineer of record.
It should be noted that for an OMF there are no protected zones. If the Specifying
Professional imposes Q/C welding requirements, then the joist supplier must be
notified as these requirements can have a major impact on manufacturing costs.
For bolted joints from Section D.2, Bolts shall be pretensioned high strength bolts.
Faying surfaces of bolted connections shall satisfy the requirements for slip-critical
connections in accordance with Specification Section J3.8 with Class A slip
coefficient or higher. Bolts shall be installed in standard size holes or in short-slotted
holes perpendicular to the applied load. The Specification being referred to is the
AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (AISC, 2016a). It should be noted
that the faying surface requirement is not required for end plate connections or when
the load effects are transferred by tension in bolts or by compression bearing.
Per Section D2.2 of the AISC Seismic Provisions, “Bolted joints shall satisfy the
following requirements:
The available shear strength of bolted joints using standard holes or short-slotted
holes perpendicular to the applied load shall be calculated as that for bearing type
joints in accordance with Specification Sections J3.6 and J3.10.
The bolt bearing checks per Section J3.10 shall be based on Equation J3-6a,
where deformation at the bolt hole at service loads is a design consideration. The
bolt tearout checks per Section J3.10 shall be based on Equation J3-6c, where
deformation at the bolt hole at service loads is a design consideration.
Exception: Where the required strength of a connection is based upon the

maximum expected strength of a member or element, it is permitted to use the bolt
bearing and tearout equations in accordance with Specification Section J3.10
where deformation is not a design consideration.”
42
42
For welds, the requirements of Section D3.3. of the Provisions must be followed.
The Provisions state that, “Welded joints shall be designed in accordance with
Specification Chapter J.”
Specifically, this requires welding to be performed in accordance with the

American Welding Society, AWS D1.8 Structural Welding Code-Seismic
Supplement (AWS, 2016), and electrodes must meet certain minimum Charpy V-
Notch (CVN) toughness requirements. It is the opinion of the SJI, and the author,
that joists incorporated into horizontal diaphragms as collectors or chords, need
only to adhere to these requirements for end connections and splices in the chords
provided the seismic forces do not go through the web members. Welded
connections of web members to the top chord and any bottom chord welds would
therefore not need to meet these criteria.
It is usually cost effective for the joist manufacturer to use full length chord material
to avoid splice requirements.
Another seismic lateral load resisting system recognized by ASCE 7-10 and the
AISC Seismic Provisions is referred to as a “Special Truss Moment Frame
(STMF)”. A detailed discussion of this type of moment frame is beyond the scope
of this Technical Digest. Section E4 of the AISC Seismic Provisions describes the
design criteria and detailing requirements for this framing system. Increased
inelastic behavior is expected for this system (R=6), with the inelastic behavior
expected to occur in a special detailed panel in the truss. If considering using a
joist or Joist Girder in this type of system, the author recommends that the
designer first contact the joist supplier to determine if this is feasible.
If the joists are a part of an Ordinary Moment Frame (OMF) the requirements of
Chapter E6 of the AISC Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings must be
followed. For the fully restrained (FR) moment connections the requirements of
Section E6.b must be followed.
43
43
7
CHAPTER
CHAPTER 7 7
LATERAL BRACING
LATERAL BRACING
It is important that the joists that are a part of the SLRS be properly laterally
braced. The requirements provided here are based on the AISC Specification for
Structural Steel Buildings (AISC, 2016a) Appendix 6 Member Stability Bracing.
The calculations and details for the lateral bracing of the joists are generally
provided by the joist manufacturer.
Joists generally require braces adjacent to each column in the SLRS to prevent
buckling of the bottom chord where the bottom chord is in compression. The
columns require a brace at the location of the joist stabilizer plate to prevent lateral
buckling of the column at the assumed plastic hinge location. It is suggested that
the bottom chord bracing strength and stiffness be based on the point bracing
requirements of the Specification.
The required brace strength is
Pbr = 0.01Pr AISC A-6-3
The required brace stiffness is
1 8P   8P 
βbr = r  (LRFD) βbr =Ω  r  (ASD) AISC A-6-4
φ  Lbr   Lbr 
where,
Pr = axial compressive strength in the chord
φ = 0.75 (LRFD), Ω = 2.00 (ASD)
Lbr = distance between braces (the unbraced length)
Note from the Specification that when Lbr is less than Lq, where Lq is the
maximum unbraced length for the required column or chord force with K = 1.0,
then Lb is permitted to be taken equal to Lq. This provision can be beneficial in
reducing the bracing stiffness required.
For moment frames using Joist Girders, the lateral bracing for the column, and
for the Joist Girder bottom chord generally consists of single angles extending
from the brace point on the column or bottom chord up to the bottom chord of a
supported joist. The stiffness of the bracing system is thus dependent upon the
44
44
stiffness of the angle bracing member, its attachments, and the stiffness of the
joist to which the brace is attached. The stiffness of the single angle comes from
its axial stiffness and can typically be neglected when compared to the stiffness
of the joist in bending.
Assuming that the joist is attached to a roof diaphragm the stiffness of the joist
can be determined from the deflection of the joist due to a 1 kip load applied
vertically to the joist at the location where the brace is attached to the joist.
The following simply-supported beam equation from the AISC Manual of Steel
Construction (AISC, 2017), Table 3-23 for the case of a simple beam –
concentrated load at any point, can be used to determine the deflection that
would occur for a concentrated load acting at any point on a joist.
Pa 2b 2
∆= Eq. 7-1
3 EIL
where,
a = the distance from the end of the joist to where the brace is attached to the
joist
b = L – a.
The approximate joist moment of inertia can be determined using Equation 7-2
that can be found in the introduction to the Standard [ASD or LRFD] Load Tables
for K-Series, LH-Series or DLH-Series joists (SJI, 2020),
( )(
I j = 26.767 (WLL ) L3 10 −6 ) Eq. 7-2
where,
WLL = RED figure in the Load Table, plf
L = (Span – 0.33), ft.
Thus, the joist stiffness equals
P 3 EIL
β= = Eq. 7-3
∆ a 2b 2
when the load P is equal to 1 kip.
Shown in Figure 7.1 is a typical bracing detail for the Joist Girder bottom chord.
The joist manufacturer identifies the location of a girder brace required by design
and configures the Joist Girder to adequately accept the bracing detail while
taking the specific Joist Girder design requirements into account.
45
45
Figure 7.1
JoistFigure
Girder7.1
Brace
Figure
Figure 7.1
7.1
Joist
Joist Girder Brace
Joist Girder
Girder Brace
Brace
Figure 7.2
Column
FigureBrace
7.2
Figure 7.2
FigureBrace
7.2
Column
Column Brace
Column Brace
Illustrated in Figure 7.2 is a typical bracing detail for the column at the expected
Illustrated
location in
in Figure
where
Illustrated 7.2
7.2 is
the plastic
Figure a typical
is hinge
a bracing
would form. detail for the column at the expected
Illustrated
location in
whereFigure
the 7.2 is
plastic a typical
typical
hinge
bracing
bracing
would form.
detail
detail for
for the
the column
column at
at the
the expected
expected
location where the plastic hinge would
location where the plastic hinge would form.form.
46
46 46
46
46
8
CHAPTER
CHAPTER 8 8
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 1 Rigid frame design
Design the Joist Girder rigid frames for the structure shown in Figure 8.1. As
shown in the figure, the building’s primary framing system is comprised of steel
columns and Joist Girders. Steel joists span between primary frames and the
perimeter walls are constructed of non-load bearing precast concrete wall panels.
The building is near Charleston, South Carolina. The building code to be used is
the 2018 International Building Code (IBC, 2018).
Based on the footprint of the structure and the information provided above, the
least costly lateral load resisting system for this building structure would initially
appear to be the use of the precast concrete perimeter walls as shear walls with
the roof diaphragm designed to distribute the lateral loads to these walls. However,
the large magnitude of the lateral seismic loads in the east-west direction are
problematic for the roof diaphragm (illustrated in subsequent calculations) and,
therefore, the interior frames in the east-west direction are designed as Fully
Restrained (FR) frames at all columns).
The precast concrete shear walls at the north and south ends of the building are
non-load bearing shear walls and are used to resist the diaphragm forces between
the first interior rigid frame and the end wall. Due to the aspect ratio of the building,
the roof diaphragm loads are considerably lower due to lateral loads in the north-
south direction and, therefore, the perimeter precast concrete walls in this direction
are used as shear walls with the roof diaphragm designed to distribute lateral loads
in this direction to these walls. LRFD procedures are used in the example.
Loading requirements are specified as:

Roof Loads:
Dead Load:
1 psf Membrane
2 psf Deck
2 psf Insulation
3 psf Joists and Bridging
2 psf Girder
10 psf Total
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47
N
N
Figure
Figure 8.1
8.1
Framing
Framing Plan
Plan
Collateral
Collateral Load:
Load:
3
3 psf
psf Sprinkler
Sprinkler
2 psf
2 psf Mechanical
Mechanical &
& Lighting
Lighting
5 psf Total
5 psf Total
Live
Live Load:
Load:
20
20 psf
psf Reducible
Reducible per
per Code
Code
(12 psf on Joist Girders)
Ground Snow Load

Ground Snow Load =
=55 psf
psf
48
48
48
Roof Snow Load = 5 psf (ASCE/SEI 7-16 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings
and other Structures (ASCE, 2016) Section 7.3, low slope roof criteria)
Wind Load = 130 MPH - Exposure C (Building with Risk Category I)
Serviceability Requirement: Maximum drift = H/100 (10 year wind)1
Seismic Loads: See calculations following wind calculations
Determine Wind Loads and Forces (130 mph, Exposure “C”):
Use the Simplified Procedure (ASCE 7 Chapter 28, Part 2)
The structure satisfies the requirements of ASCE 7 Section 26.2
Main Wind–Force Resisting System (MWFRS), ASCE 7 Section 28.5
Ps = λKztps30 ASCE 7 Eq. 28.5-1
Only calculations for Interior Zones are shown here.
Wall pressure, ps30, for Area C (Interior zone) = 17.8 psf ASCE 7 Fig. 28.5-1
Interpolating for mean roof height (h) = 33 ft.
λ33 = 1.43 (Adjustment for Exposure C)
Kzt = 1.0
Interior frames: Ps = (1.43)(1.0)(17.8 psf) = 25.5 psf
a = min. of 0.1 (least width of building) or 0.4h

= min. of 0.1 (120 ft.) = 12.0 ft. or 0.4 (33 ft.) = 13.2 ft.
a = 12.0 ft.
2a = width of end zone = 24.0 ft. (Ignore the 4 ft. tributary length to first
interior frame)
 33 ft 
Horizontal Wind Force at Eave = ( 25.5 psf )   ( 40 ft ) = 16.8 kips / frame
 2 
Roof Uplift Forces = 1.43(-22.4 psf) = -32.0 psf - Windward (Zone G)
= 1.43(-14.2 psf) = -20.3 psf - Leeward (Zone H)
AISC(2019),
1 AISC
1
(2019),West,
West,M.A.,
M.A.,and
and Fisher,
Fisher, J.M, “Serviceability Design
Design Considerations
Considerationsfor forLow-
Low-Rise
RiseBuildings,
Buildings,
1
Steel
Steel Design
Design Guide
Guide Series
Series 3,” American
3,” American Institute
Institute of Steel
of Steel Construction,
Construction, Chicago,
Chicago, IL. IL.
49
49
End Zone End Zone
24 ft. wide 24 ft. wide
Wind Areas
Figure 8.2
Wind Zones on Roof Areas
Determine Seismic Loads:
The 2018 IBC references ASCE/SEI 7-16 for seismic design requirements.
Spectral accelerations (Ss and S1) are provided in maps contained in this standard.
These values can also be obtained from www.hazards.atcouncil.org (ATC, 2020).
Using the ATC website, specific spectral accelerations (Ss and S1) can be
determined from the latitude and longitude coordinates of the building site.
Following this procedure and the design criteria provided in ASCE 7, the seismic
loadings are developed as shown below:
1. From the website noted above, the latitude and longitude coordinates for
the building site can be determined.
2. Determine Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)
Using these coordinates, the ground motion parameters (Ss and S1) are
determined from the ATC website, recognizing that the MCE earthquake
represents the values associated with a 2% probability in 50 years.
Ss = 1.162g (0.2 second spectral response acceleration)
S1 = 0.449g (1.0 second spectral response acceleration)
3. Determine Soil Profile Site Class:

Site Class C ASCE 7 Section 11.4.3
4. Determine adjusted spectral accelerations for site class:

SMS = FaSs ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4.-1
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50
SM1 = FvS1 ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4.-2
Determine values for Site Class C
Site Coefficients:
Fa = 1.2 Ss ≥ 1.25 ASCE 7 Table 11.4-1
Interpolating for Fv with S1 = 0.449g ASCE 7 Table 11.4-2
Fv = 1.5
Therefore,
SMS = FaSs = (1.2)(1.162) = 1.394g
SM1 = FvS1 = (1.5)(0.449) = 0.674g
5. Determine Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameters at short

periods, (SDS) and at 1s period, (SD1) ASCE 7 Section 11.4.5
2 2
SDS = SMS =   (1.394g) = 0.929g ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-3
3 3
2 2
SD1= SM1=   ( 0.674g) = 0.449 g ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-4
3 3
6. Determine Occupancy Importance Factor ASCE 7 Section 11.5.1
Importance Factor, Ie ASCE 7, Table 1.5-2
Ie = 1.0
7. Determine Seismic Design Category (SDC) ASCE 7 Section 11.6
Seismic Design Category Based on Short-Period Response Acceleration

Parameter ASCE 7 Table 11.6-1
SDC = D
Seismic Design Category Based on 1-s Period Response Acceleration

Parameter ASCE 7 Table 11.6-2
SDC = D
ASCE 7 requires the use of the more severe SDC determined from these
two tables. In this case, the SDC is the same, therefore SDC = D,
8. Determine Base Shear, V = CsW, ASCE Section 12.8
V = CsW ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-1
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51
SDS
Cs = ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-2
R
 
 Ie 
The value of Cs computed above need not exceed the following:
SD1
Cs = for T ≤ TL ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-3
R
T 
 Ie 
The value of Cs shall not be less than 0.044SDSIe ≥ 0.01:
Cs = (0.044)(0.929)(1.0) =0.0409 ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-5
Approximate Fundamental Period, Ta
Ta = C t hnx ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-7

hn = 33 ft.
For a steel moment resisting frame:
Ct = 0.028 and x = 0.8 ASCE 7 Table 12.8-2
Ta = (0.028)(33 ft)0.8 = 0.46 s
Note: Within specified limits, ASCE 7, Section 12.8.2, allows the use of
calculated fundamental building period (T) in lieu of approximate period
(Ta). For a one-story building of regular configuration, a good
approximation for T is provided below:
m
T = 2π seconds
k
where,
m = building mass (equal to seismic dead load, W/g)
k = building lateral stiffness
The designer must be careful to maintain consistent units when

performing this calculation.
For one story building designs with moment frames, use of the calculated
building period is often beneficial, resulting in smaller seismic design
forces. For this example, only Ta is used.
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52
Note: TL = 8 seconds ASCE 7 Figure 22-14
Therefore, Ta < TL and ASCE 7, Eq. 12.8-3 shown above is appropriate.
Calculate the Effective Seismic Weight, W ASCE 7 Section 12.7.2
Roof dead load = 10 psf

Roof collateral load = 5 psf
Precast concrete wall weight = 82 psf
Roof weight per rigid frame = (15 psf )(120 ft )( 40 ft ) / 1000 = 72 kips
 33 ft 
Wall weight per rigid frame = ( 82 psf )   ( 40 ft )( 2 ) / 1000 = 108 kips
 2 
Total W = 180 kips/frame
The Design Coefficients and Factors for Seismic Force-Resisting Systems

can be found in ASCE 7, Table 12.2-1.
For an Ordinary Steel Moment Frame,

Response Modification Coefficient, R = 3.5,
System Overstrength Factor, Ωo = 3.0; and
Deflection Amplification Factor, Cd = 3.0
Per footnote “l” to this table, the limitations on the use of this system are
provided in ASCE 7, Section 12.2.5.6. These limitations are as follows:
Height, h ≤ 65 ft.
Roof dead load ≤ 20 psf
Exterior wall weight above 35 ft. < 20 psf (not applicable since building
height is less than 35 ft.)
SDS ( 0.9297 )
Cs = = = 0.27 Controls ASCE Eq. 12.8-2
R  3.5 
   
 Ie   1.0 
Cs =
SD1
=
( 0.449 ) = 0.28 ASCE Eq. 12.8-3
R  3.5 
T   ( 0.46 )  
 Ie   1.0 
V = (0.27)(180 kips) = 49.0 kips/frame
Seismic Load Effect, E, shall be determined in accordance with ASCE 7,

Section 12.4.
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53
E = Eh + Ev ASCE 7 Eq. 12.4-1
Eh = ρQE ASCE 7 Eq. 12.4-3
ρ = 1.0 ASCE 7 Section 12.3.4.2
Note: Loss of moment resistance at both ends of one beam (i.e. Joist
Girder) would not result in less than a 33% reduction in shear strength for
the entire one-story building in the direction of the rigid frames).
Eh = 49.0 kips > 16.8 kips (factored wind load).
Therefore, the seismic lateral loads control over wind.
E v = 0.2 SDSD ASCE 7 Eq. 12.4-4a

E v = (0.2)(0.9297)D = ± 0.19 D
The two Load Combinations for seismic loads per ASCE 7 Section 2.3.6 are:
Load Combination 6: (1.2 + 0.2SDS) D + ρQE + 0.2S
Load Combination 7: (0.9 - 0.2SDS) D + ρQE
Note: As previously discussed, if the design of this building used ordinary

precast concrete shear walls at the north and south ends of the building to
resist all lateral loads in this direction, the roof diaphragm would have been
required to transfer the full lateral seismic force to these walls. For this type
of system, ASCE 7 prescribes an “R” value of 3.0. The resulting seismic
lateral load to the shear walls would then be approximately:
Eh = 49.0 kips (3) = 147 kips
The resulting maximum shear in the roof diaphragm (Fp) would then be
calculated as:
Fp = 147,000 lbs / 120 ft. = 1225 plf
With 1.5B roof deck and 5 ft. joist spacing, it is possible to obtain this capacity
using 18 gage deck but the number of support fasteners and sidelap fasteners
required is not practical. Therefore, the option chosen was to use steel moment
frames in this direction.
Design the Joist Girder Frames (OMF):
Preliminary Joist Girder size:
Determine gravity loads per foot.
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54
wD = (1.2)(15 psf)(40 ft)/1000 = 0.72 kips/ft.
wL = (1.6)(12 psf)(40 ft)/1000 = 0.77 kips/ft.
Based on a 5 ft. joist or panel spacing
PT = PD + PL
PD = (5 ft)(0.72 kips/ft) = 3.6 kips
PL = (5 ft)(0.77 kips/ft) = 3.9 kips
Use a 48G8N 7.5F Joist Girder
Preliminary frame design:
Try pinned base columns, Fully Restrained (FR) connections at all columns.
Maximum seismic force per frame = 49.0 kips.
Assuming force is resisted equally by all four columns in the frame,
49.0 kips
Lateral force/column = = 12.25 kips / column
4
The maximum column moment occurs at the bottom of the Joist Girder
Maximum column moment due to lateral loads,
M = (12.25 kips)(33 ft - 4 ft) = 355 kip-ft.
It is obvious that Load Combination 6 from ASCE 7 generates the worst case
loading for the building columns.
Load Combination 6: (1.2 + 0.2SDS) D + ρQE + 0.2S
Axial load at exterior columns (ignoring axial loads due to overturning):
P = [(1.2+0.19)(15 psf) + 0.2 (5 psf)](40 ft)(20 ft)/1000 = 17.5 kips
Axial load at interior columns (ignoring axial loads due to overturning):
P = [(1.2+0.19)(15 psf) + 0.2(5 psf)](40 ft)(40 ft)/1000 = 35.0 kips
Using Cb = 1.0 for preliminary design, try using W18x86 exterior columns and
W18x97 interior columns, (Neglect axial load, See Table 3-10 of AISC), Steel
Construction Manual (AISC, 2017).
55
55
Final Design:
Final Design:
Perform analysis to determine forces, moments, and deflections (both first-
Perform
order andanalysis to determine
second-order) for forces, moments,
the load and deflections
combinations (both
prescribed by first-
the
order and second-order) for the load
Applicable Building Code. See Figure 8.3. combinations prescribed by the
Applicable Building Code. See Figure 8.3.
Figure 8.3 ComputerFigure 8.3 Results from Model 1

Analysis
Computer
Figure Analysis
8.3Analysis
(Frame Computer Results
Analysis
Model, from Model
LoadResults from1Model 1
Combination)
(Frame Analysis Model, Load Combination)
Leaner columns are added as shown above to represent the non load bearing
Leaner
precast columns
concreteareperimeter
added as walls
shownsupported
above to represent the non
by the rigid load bearing
frame. In this
precast concrete perimeter walls supported by the
instance, the tributary wall weight to be used in this leaner column rigid frame. In this
is
instance, the
calculated as: tributary wall weight to be used in this leaner column is
calculated as:
 33 ft 
Wall weight = (1.2 )( 82 psf )  33 ft  = 1.62 kips/side/ft.
Wall weight = (1.2 )( 82 psf )  2  = 1.62 kips/side/ft.
Wall load = (1.62)(40 ft) = 64.8 2kips  per leaner column
Wall load = (1.62)(40 ft) = 64.8 kips per leaner column
The previously derived girder designation was 48G8N7.5F
The previously derived girder designation was 48G8N7.5F
Using the SJI formula for approximate moment of inertia
Using the SJI formula for approximate moment of inertia
IJG = (0.018)(8)(7.5 kips)(40 ft)(48 in.) = 2074 in.4
IJG = (0.018)(8)(7.5 kips)(40 ft)(48 in.) = 2074 in.4
However, the Mge end moments from Model 2 (see Chapter 2) that are
However,
applied the girders
to the Mge endaremoments
potentiallyfromlargeModel 2 likely
and will (see Chapter
govern the2) design
that areof
applied to the girders are potentially large and will likely govern
the Joist Girder chords, thereby increasing the approximate moment of inertia the design of
the Joist Girder chords, thereby increasing the approximate moment
of the Joist Girder. For this example, the Mge moments based on preliminary of inertia
of the Joist
column sizesGirder. For this example,
are calculated as follows:the Mge moments based on preliminary
column sizes are calculated as follows:
For the W18x86 Exterior Columns:
For the W18x86 Exterior Columns:
Ry = 1.1, Mp = Fy(Zx-x) = 50 ksi (186 in.3) = 9300 kip-in.
R
Mype==1.1, Mp = Fy(Zx-x) kip-in.)
(1.1)(1.1)(9300 = 50 ksi= (186
11253 in.kip-in.
3) = 9300 kip-in.
= 938 kip-ft.
Mpe = (1.1)(1.1)(9300 kip-in.) = 11253 kip-in. = 938 kip-ft.
56
56
56
The elevation of the bottom chord of the Joist Girder is 29 ft. (33 ft. minus the
4 ft. depth). The mid-height elevation of the Joist Girder equals 31 ft., thus
Mge = (938 kip-ft)/(31 ft/29 ft) = 1003 kip-ft.
For the W18x97 Interior Columns:
Ry = 1.1, Mp = Fy(Zx-x) = 50 ksi (211 in.3) =10550 kip-in.

Mpe = (1.1)(1.1)(10550 kip-in.) = 12766 kip-in. = 1064 kip-ft.
The elevation of the bottom chord of the Joist Girder at the interior columns is
28.17 ft. (32.17 ft. minus the 4 ft. depth). The mid-height elevation of the Joist
Girder equals 30.17 ft., thus,
Mge = (1064 kip-ft)(30.17 ft/28.17 ft) = 1140 kip-ft.
Note that this moment is divided into the Joist Girders on either side of the
interior column.
Therefore, the maximum Joist Girder end moment for the outside girders in the
frame is the end moment introduced from the exterior columns (Mge) = 1003
kip-ft. The resulting chord force in the Joist Girder is this moment divided by the
depth of the girder, measured between the centroids of the chords. For a 48
inch deep Joist Girder, assuming that the centroid of the chords is
approximately 1 inch from the top and bottom of the girder, the maximum chord
force is equal to:
Pchord = 1003 kip-ft(12 in./ft)/46 in. = 262 kips
For an unbraced chord length of 5 ft., about both axes of the chord select
from Table 2-1 an angle chord of 2L’s 4 x 4 x 1/2, with an area of 7.50 in.2
From Table 2-1 and using this chord size, the approximate moment of inertia
of the Joist Girder is equal to:
(2)(Achord)(d/2-y)2/1.15 = (2)(7.50 in.2)(24 in.-1.18 in.)2/1.15 = 6790 in.4
Use IJG = 6790 in.4 and AJG = (2)(7.50 in.2) = 15.00 in.2 for Model 1.
Performing similar calculations for the center girder in the frame, where the
maximum end moment is 572 ft.-kips (Model 2, see Figure 8.4), the presumed
chord size for this girder is a 2L 3 ½ x 3 ½ x 3/8, AJG = 10.0 in.2 and
approximate IJG = 4600 in.4 These are values used in Model 1 for the frame.
57
57
Figure 8.4
Computer Analysis Results from Model 2
(Distribution of Column Moments Model)
Based on a first order analysis, the resulting lateral deflection (at eave) due to
wind loads (unfactored) equals 1.70 in. The code prescribed wind loads are
based upon a 700 year mean recurrence interval (MRI). The wind load drift
criteria previously noted is H/100 due to a 10 year wind load. Per ASCE 7,
Figure CC.2-1, the ratio of design wind speed for a 10 year MRI vs. a 700
year MRI is 0.58 (75/130).
δ10 yr. = (1.70 in.)(0.58)2 = 0.58 in. = h/680 ∴ OK
From the model, the elastic lateral drift due to seismic loads = δe = 5.0 in.
Again, this value is based upon a first order analysis. The seismic design drift,
∆, is then calculated as:
∆ = (Cd)(δe)/Ie = (3.0)(5.0)/1.0 = 15.0 in. = h/26
Per ASCE 7, Section 12.8.7, the stability coefficient, θ is calculated as:
Px ∆Ie
θ= ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-16
Vx h sx Cd
where,
Px = Summation of vertical loads on the frame:
= [1.19(15 psf) + 0.2(5 psf)](120 ft)(40 ft)/1000 +2(63.2)
= 217 kips
Vx = Eh = 49.0 kips
Then,
θ =217 kips(15.0 in.)/[(49.0 kips)(31 ft)(12 in./ft)(3.0)] = 0.06
The maximum allowable stability coefficient, θmax, is calculated as
0.5
θmax = ≤ 0.25 ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-17
βCd
58
58
Conservatively, assuming β = 1.0, θmax = 0.5/3 = 0.167
θ < θmax ∴ OK
Per ASCE 7, Section 12.12, Table 12.12-1, the maximum allowable story drift
(∆a) = 0.025h = h/40 and the calculated drift exceeds this value. However,
footnote (c) from Table 12.12.1 indicates that “There shall be no drift limit for
single-story structures with interior walls, partitions, ceilings, and exterior wall
systems that have been designed to accommodate the story drifts.” This
condition is assumed for this example.
Using Model 1 with a second order analysis, the corresponding elastic drift
due to seismic loads is determined to be 5.2 inches. The ratio of 2nd order drift
to 1st order drift is then equal to 5.2/5.0 = 1.04. Using the Direct Analysis
Method described in Chapter C of the AISC Specification, Computer Model 1
is adjusted to include a horizontal notional load equal to 0.002Yi,
where,
Yi = gravity loads on the frame for each specific load combination
Since the ratio of 2nd order drift to 1st order drift is less than 1.5, notional loads
need not be added to the wind or seismic load combinations.
Also, per the AISC Specification, the modulus of elasticity (E) for the columns
and girders are reduced to 0.8E to account for the effect of reduced stiffness
in these members at ultimate load level.
Note: τb = 1.0 from AISC Eq. C2-2a, since αPr/Py < 0.5 for all members in the
frame.
From the second order analysis (Model 1) the required moments for the
columns are:
Interior columns - Mx = 453 kip-ft.

Exterior columns - Mx = 370 kip-ft.
Also, from the analysis the required column axial loads are 30.3 kips and 29.8
kips, respectively.
For the W18x86 exterior column
Lx = 31 ft., Ly = Lb = 29 ft., Cb = 1.67
Pc = φPn = 326 kips
59
59
Note: In evaluating φPn, Kx = 1.0 since the Direct Analysis method has been
used.
Mcx = φMn = 698 kip-ft.
Pr/Pc = 29.8 kips/326 kips = 0.091 < 0.2 Therefore, AISC Eq. H1-1b is used.
Pr/2Pc +Mr/Mcx = 0.58 < 1.0 ∴ OK
For the W18x97 interior column
Lx = 30.17 ft., Ly = Lb = 28.17 ft., Cb = 1.67
Pc = φPn = 396 kips
Note: In evaluating φPn, Kx = 1.0 since the Direct Analysis method has been
used.
Mcx = φMn = 754 kip-ft.
Pr/Pc = 30.3 kips/396 kips = 0.08 < 0.2 Therefore, use AISC Specification Eq.
H1-1b
Pr/2Pc +Mr/Mcx = 0.64 < 1.0 ∴ OK
Based upon these checks, it appears that the columns could be changed to
smaller sections. Further checking indicated that the exterior columns cannot
be reduced in size unless intermediate lateral bracing is provided between the
wall system and the column. The interior columns could be reduced to
W18x86. However, the design example will be completed using these sizes.
Connection Design:
The detail shown in Figure 8.5 will be used for the exterior columns. Illustrated
in Figure 8.6 is the detail for the interior columns. The next step is to determine
the Joist Girder reaction on the seats.
Based on the results obtained from Model 2, the maximum girder reaction on
the exterior columns is 56.8 kips and the maximum reaction on the interior
column seats is 63.7 kips.
From Tables 5-1 and 5-2 a stiffened seat is required.
60
60
Figure 8.5
Detail C Figure 8.5Column)
(Sidewall
Figure 8.6
Detail CFigure 8.6Column)
(Interior
Detail C (Interior Column)
61
61
61
Design a stiffened seat for the 63.7 kip reaction.
From the AISC Manual Table 10-8, with W = 5 in., use L = 9 in. and a 5/16
fillet weld. The available strength is 73.7 kips > 63.7 kips.
Seat thickness based on shear:
Pu 63.7
tp = = = 0.37 in.
φ (2)(N)(0.6 Fy ) (1.0 )(2)(4 )(0.6 )(36)
∴ Use 1/2 in. plate.
Determine the stiffener thickness.
ts ≥ 0.0061Pu = (0.0061)(63.7 kips) = 0.39 in.
ts = 1/2 in.
Shear yield of the stiffener
Pu 63.7 kips
ts ≥ = = 0.33 in.
( )
φ 0.6Fy L (1.0 )( 0.6 ) (36 ksi) ( 9 in.)
∴ Use 1/2 in. thick stiffener.
Fully Restrained (FR) Chord to Column Connections:
From Model 2, the required moment for the exterior girder is 1003 kip-ft. Based
on the 48 in. deep girder the required axial force, Pu = Mp/d = (12)(1003 kip-
in.)/(48 in.- 1.18 in.) = 257 kips, where d has been taken as the distance from
the top of the girder to the centroid of the bottom chord.
Required top plate area = Pu/φFy = 257 kips/(0.9)(50 ksi) = 5.71 in.2 using Fy =
50 ksi for the plate. Based on the 4.0 in. chord angles the width of the top chord
would be 9 in. Try a plate, 6 in. x 1 in. The length of the plate can be
determined based on the required length of fillet welds used to attach the plate
to the column cap plate and the top chord.
Try 5/16 in. fillet welds. The available force per inch of weld = Rn = φ(0.6
FEXX)(0.707)(5/16). Using FEXX = 70 ksi and φ = 0.75, Rn = 6.96 kips/in. Thus, a
weld of 257 kips/6.96 kips/in. = 37 in. is required. The cap plate on the W18
section will be of sufficient length. Use 5 in. of weld at the end of the plate and
16 in. on each side of the plate.
62
62
Check shear lag for the plate:
AISC Specification Table D3.1, Case 2 applies to the weld attachment to the
top chord plate when weld is placed at the end of the plate.
For the plate:
x
U=1- AISC Table D3.1 - Case 2
l
0.5 in.
U= 1- = 0.97
16 in.
For the top chord if weld is not placed at the end of the plate:
3l 2  x 
U=  1-  AISC Table D3.1 - Case 4
3l 2 + w 2  l 
3(19 in.)2  1.18 in. 

U= 2 2 
1-  = 0.91
3(19 in.) +(6 in.)  19 in. 
Chord fracture should be checked by the joist manufacturer
If the Joist Girder is designed for a moment based on 1.1RyMp, of the column
check to see if fracture of the chord will control. Use the previously assumed
chord area of 7.50 in.2
φPn = φFuAe AISC Eq. D2.2
where, Ae = UAg
φPn = (0.75)(65 ksi)(0.91)(7.50 in.2) = 333 kips > 257 kips.
Fracture of joist chord will not control.
To transfer the 257 kip force into the column, the column cap plate must be
welded sufficiently to the column. If weld is placed in the “T” length of the
column web (approximately 15 in. for the W18x86 column), the required force
per inch is 257/[(2)(15)] = 8.6 kips/in. This would require a 7/16 in. fillet weld
(φRn = 9.74 kips/in.) on both sides of the column web.
63
63
Check fracture of the column web:
In reviewing limit states within the same member from which the required
strength is determined, the expected yield stress, RyFy and the expected
tensile strength, RtFu can be used (see Section A3.2 of AISC 341-16). If the
cap plate is welded only along the “T” length, the design strength of the
column web for fracture equals:
φRn = φ(0.6)(RtFu)(T)(tw)
= 0.75(0.6)(1.1)(65 ksi)(15 in.)(0.48 in.) = 232 kips < 257 kips NG
Try a 3/8 in. fillet weld (φRn = 8.35 kips/in.) welded between column flanges:
Available weld strength:
φRn = (2)(8.35 kips/in.)(d -2tf)

= (2)(8.35 kips/in.)(18.4 in.- (2)(0.77 in.) = 282 kips > 257 kips OK
Available column web fracture strength:
φRn = φ(0.6)(RtFu)(d-2tf)(tw)
= 0.75(0.6)(1.1)(65 ksi)(16.86 in.)(0.48 in.) = 260 kips > 257 kips OK
Bottom chord:
Use 4 - 5/16 in. fillet welds 10 in. long. The Specifying Professional must
request that the joist bottom chords be a minimum of 3/8 in. thickness to
accommodate the required weld size.
The Joist Girder stabilizer plates must also have an area equal to 5.71 in.2
Use a stabilizer 3/4 in. x 8 in. x 12 in. (A = 6.0 in.2)
The stabilizer plate must be welded to the column web to resist a tensile or
compressive force of 257 kips. The weld force per inch equals 257/16 = 16.1
kips/in. Use 1/2 in. fillet welds on each side of the stabilizer plate (Based on
AISC Specification Eq. J2-5).
Continuity plates:
The concentrated load required for these checks can be reduced by 1.1 since
the material overstrength also applies to the yield strength in the equations
contained in these sections. Thus, the required strength equals 257/1.1 = 234
kips for these design checks.
64
64
J10.2. Web Local Yielding:
Rn =Fyw t w ( 5k+lb ) AISC Eq. J10-2
For the W18x86 column,
k = 1.17 in., tw = 0.48 in., and lb = 8 in., the stabilizer plate height
Rn = ( 5 )(1.17 in.) +8 in. ( 50 ksi )( 0.48 in.) = 332 kips

φ = 1.0, thus, φRn = 332 kips > 234 kips, stiffener not required.
J10.3. Web Crippling:

1.5
  lb   t w   EFyw t f
Rn =0.80 t 2w 1+3      Qf AISC Eq. J10-4
  d   tf   tw
For the W18x86 column:
d = 18.4 in., and tf = 0.770 in.

 8   0.48   ( 29000 )( 50 )( 0.77 )
1.5
2
Rn = 0.80 ( 0.48 ) 1+3     = 462 kips
  18.4   0.77   0.48
φ = 0.75, therefore φRn = 347 kips > 234 kips, stiffener not required.
J10.5. Web Compression Buckling:
Web compression buckling is applicable when a pair of single-concentrated

forces is applied at both flanges of a member. This condition does not exist at
the exterior columns. It does exist for continuity moments created by the gravity
load case for the interior columns. From the structural analysis for the load
case of 1.2D + 1.6L the continuity moment at the W18x97 equals 235 kip-ft.
(see Figure 8.3). This moment translates to axial forces of approximately 61
kips respectively.
The available strength for the limit state of web local buckling equals
24 t 3w EFyw
Rn = Qf AISC Eq. J10-8
h
where, h = clear distance between flanges less the corner radius.
3
24 ( 0.535 in.) ( 29000 ksi)( 50 ksi )
Rn = =293 kips
15.125 in.
φ = 0.90; thus, φRn = 264 kips > 61 kips
J10.6. Web Panel Zone Shear: 65

65
The analysis conducted did not include the effect of panel-zone deformation
on the frame stability, thus AISC Specification Equations J10-9 and J10-10
φ = 0.90; thus, φRn = 264 kips > 61 kips
J10.6. Web Panel Zone Shear:
are applicable.
For Pr ≤ 0.4Pc
R n = 0.60 Fy dc t w AISC Eq. J10-9
For Pr > 0.4Pc

 P 
R n = 0.60 Fy dc t w  1.4 − r  AISC Eq. J10-10
 Pc 
where, Pr = the required strength and Pc equal Py
For the W18x86, Pr = 36.6 kips, and Pc = FyA = (50 ksi)(25.3 in.2) = 1265 kips
Rn = 0.60Fydctw = (0.60)(50 ksi)(18.4 in.)(0.48 in.) = 265 kips
φ = 0.90
φRn = 239 kips > 234 kips say OK
By similar calculations, the W18x97 column is OK.
Specification of Required Forces and Moments:
Summary of Joist Girder requirements:
Based on a review of the ASCE 7 load combinations the following

combinations are critical for the design of the Joist Girders for the structure in
this example. The panel point loads are calculated for each combination and
are shown below. A second-order analysis as required by the IBC was
conducted to determine the Joist Girder end moments. The Direct Analysis
Method per the AISC Specification was used.
1.2(D+C) + 1.6Lr = 3.60 + 3.84 = 7.44F

1.2(D+C) + 1.6Lr + 0.5W (windward) = 3.60 + 3.84 - 4.36 = 3.08F
1.2(D+C) + 1.6Lr + 0.5W (leeward) = 3.60 + 3.84 - 4.36 = 4.67F
1.2(D+C) + W (windward) + 0.5Lr = 3.60 - 8.72 + 1.2 = - 3.92F
1.2(D+C) + W (leeward) + 0.5Lr = 3.60 - 8.72 + 1.2 = - 0.74F
0.9D + W (windward) = 2.0 - 8.72 = - 6.92F
(1.2 + 0.2SDS) (D+C) + ρQE + 0.2S = 4.16 + 0 + 0.20 = 5.36F
(0.9 – 0.2SDS)D + ρQE = 1.43 + 0 = 1.43F
66
66
The
The axial loads shown
axial loads shown are
are obtained
obtained from
from the
the computer
computer analysis
analysis and
and are
are
distributed equally
distributed equally to
to the
the joist
joist chords.
chords. The
The axial
axial loads
loads for
for the
the AISC
AISC OMF
OMF
criteria are determined by dividing M ge by 31 ft. and distributing them
criteria are determined by dividing Mge by 31 ft. and distributing them
equally
equally to
to each
each chord.
chord.
Shown
Shown below
below are
are the
the loading
loading requirements
requirements as
as specified
specified to
to the
the Joist
Joist Girder
Girder
manufacturer.
manufacturer.
1.
1. Load
Load Combinations
Combinations are
are based
based on
on IBC-2018
IBC-2018 LRFD
LRFD Design
Design Methodology.
Methodology.
2. Nominal
2. Nominal Joist
Joist Girder
Girder Area
Area Base
Base Loads:
Loads:
Load Category Girder Base Loads (psf)
Dead Load (D) 10
Dead Load (D) 10
Collateral Load (C) 5
Roof Live Load (Lr) 12 (20 psf reducible)
Roof Snow Load (S) 5
Roof Wind Load (W) - Windward -32.0
Roof Wind Load (W) - Leeward -20.3
3.
3. Seismic
Seismic Criteria:
Criteria:
a.
a. R
R =
= 3.5
3.5 for
for OMF
OMF
b. S DS = 0.9297g
b. SDS = 0.9297g
c.
c. S
SD1 = 0.449g
D1 = 0.449g
d.
d. ρ
ρ =
= 1.0
1.0
e.
e. QE = 49
Q E = 49 kips
kips
4.
4. IImin = 6790 in.44 (+/-10%) for the exterior girders and 4570 in.44 (+/-10%)
min = 6790 in. (+/-10%) for the exterior girders and 4570 in. (+/-10%)
for
for the
the interior
interior girder
girder (analysis
(analysis requirements).
requirements).
5.
5. Minimum
Minimum width
width of
of top
top chord
chord =
= 7.0
7.0 in.
in. (weld
(weld requirements).
requirements).
6.
6. Minimum
Minimum thickness
thickness of
of bottom
bottom chord
chord =
= 3/8
3/8 in.
in. (weld
(weld requirements).
requirements).
7.
7. All
All top
top chord
chord axial
axial loads
loads and
and end
end moments
moments areare transmitted
transmitted directly
directly into
into the
the
columns
columns via
via the
the tie
tie plates.
plates. No
No horizontal
horizontal forces
forces are
are transferred
transferred through
through the
the
girder
girder seats.
seats.
8.
8. Chord
Chord splices:
splices: Section
Section D2D2 ofof the
the AISC
AISC Seismic
Seismic Provisions
Provisions is
is to
to be
be
followed for chord splices in the SLRS.
followed for chord splices in the SLRS.
9.
9. Connections
Connections between
between the
the joist
joist chords
chords and
and web
web members:
members: AISC
AISC Seismic
Seismic
Provisions
Provisions Section
Section A3.4a
A3.4a Welded
Welded Joints
Joints shall
shall be
be followed
followed withwith the
the
exception that the welding is performed per SJI requirements. In addition,
exception that the welding is performed per SJI requirements. In addition,
Section
Section A3.4b
A3.4b General
General Requirements
Requirements shall
shall be
be followed
followed in
in its
its entirety.
entirety.
10. Controlling IBC Load Combinations are given in Tables 8-1 and 8-2 for
Joist Girder Mark Numbers G1 and G2, respectively
67
67
Table 8-1
67
Controlling Load Combinations for Joist Girder G1
Mark: G1 Girder Designation: +

(Note: Left end @ sidewall) 48G8NSP + +
10. Controlling IBC Load Combinations are given in Tables 8-1 and 8-2 for
Joist Girder Mark Numbers G1 and G2, respectively
10. Controlling IBCIBC
10. Controlling Load
LoadCombinations aregiven
Combinations are givenin in Tables
Tables 8-1 8-2
8-1 and andfor8-2 for
JoistJoist
Girder Mark
Girder Numbers
Mark NumbersG1
G1 and
and G2,
G2,
Table 8-1 respectively
respectively
10. Controlling Controlling
IBC Load Load Combinations
Combinations areforgiven
Joist Girder
in TablesG1 8-1 and 8-2 for
Table 8-1
Table 8-1
Joist Girder Controlling
Mark Numbers G1 and G2, respectively
LoadCombinations
Combinations for
Mark: G1 Controlling Load Girder Designation:forJoist
Joist Girder G1 G1
Girder +
(Note: Left endMark: @ sidewall)
G1 Table48G8NSP
Girder 8-1
Designation: + +
Mark: +
(Note: LeftG1 end @ sidewall) Girder
Controlling Load Combinations Designation:
48G8NSP for Joist Girder G1
+
(Note: Left end @ sidewall) Panel Left End
48G8NSP Right End TC
+ BC
+
LRFD + +
LRFD
Mark: G1 Load
Panel GirderMoment
LeftDesignation:
End Moment
Right End TC Force BC Force + Remarks
Load Combination: (Note: Left end @ sidewall) Panel
Load Left
Moment End
48G8NSP Right
Moment End TC
Force(kips) BC
Force (kips)Remarks
LRFD Load Combination: (kips) (kip-ft.) (kip-ft.) + +
(kips)
Load (kip-ft.)
Moment (kip-ft.)
Moment (kips) (kips)
1.2(D+C) + 1.6Lr (L-R)*
Load Combination: 7.4F
Panel Left37End Right -235
End TC Force
1.3 BC Force 1.3 Remarks
LRFD
1.2(D+C) + 1.6Lr (L-R)* 7.4F
(kips) 37
(kip-ft.) -235
(kip-ft.) Force1.3 (kips)Force
1.3 (kips)
Load Moment Moment Remarks
1.2(D+C)Load + 1.6L r (R-L)*
Combination: 7.4F 37 -235 1.3 1.3 1.3
1.2(D+C)1.2(D+C)
+ 1.6Lr+(L-R)*1.6Lr (R-L)* 7.4F
(kips)
7.4F 37
(kip-ft.)
37 -235
(kip-ft.)
-235 (kips) 1.3
1.3 (kips) 1.3
1.2(D+C)1.2(D+C)
+ 1.6Lr++1.6L 0.5W r+ (L-R)(L-R)
(L-R)*
0.5W 3.1F
7.4F
3.1F -61
37
-61 -165
-235
-165 2.4 2.4 1.3
1.3 2.4 2.4
1.2(D+C) + 1.6Lr (R-L)* 7.4F 37 -235 1.3 1.3
1.2(D+C)1.2(D+C)
+ 1.6Lr++1.6L 0.5W r+ (R-L)(R-L)
(R-L)*
0.5W 4.7F
7.4F
4.7F 104
37
104 -77-77
-235 2.4 2.4 1.3
1.3 2.4 2.4
1.2(D+C)1.2(D+C)
+ 1.6Lr++1.6L W
0.5W
(L-R)
(L-R)
r + 0.5W
+ (L-R)
0.5L
3.1F
3.1F
-3.9F
-61
-61
-171
-165
-165
-9 2.4
3.4
2.4 3.4
2.4
2.4
1.2(D+C) + W (L-R) + 0.5Lr r
-3.9F -171 -9 3.4 3.4
1.2(D+C)1.2(D+C)
+ 1.6Lr++1.6L W0.5W
(R-L) (R-L)
r + 0.5W
+ 0.5L(R-L)
r 4.7F
4.7F
-0.7F 104
104
144 -77-77
154 2.4 2.4 3.4
3.4 2.4 2.4
1.2(D+C) + W (R-L) + 0.5L r -0.7F 144 154 3.4 3.4
1.2(D+C)0.9D +W
1.2(D+C)
+W (L-R) W+
+(L-R) 0.5L
(L-R) +r0.5Lr -3.9F
-3.9F
-6.9F -171
-171
-180 -9 -9
90 3.1 3.4 3.4
3.4 3.1 3.4
0.9D + W (L-R) + W (R-L) + 0.5L
1.2(D+C)
-6.9F
-0.7F
-180
144 154
90 3.1 3.4 3.1
3.4 3.4 3.1
1.2(D+C)0.9D +W +W (R-L)(R-L)+ 0.5L r r -3.7F
-0.7F -142
144 241154 3.1 3.4
0.9D + W (R-L)
0.9D
(1.2 ++0.2S
W (L-R)
DS) (D+C) + ρQE (L-R)+ 0.2S
-3.7F
-6.9F
4.4F -142
-180
1003 90241
568 3.1 3.1 16.2
16.2 3.1 3.1
0.9D + W (L-R) -6.9F -180 90 3.1 3.1
(1.2 + 0.2S0.9D ++)0.2S
(1.2DS (D+C)
W (R-L) + ρQE+ (L-R)+
DS) (D+C) 0.2S
ρQE (R-L)+ 0.2S 4.4F
-3.7F
4.4F 1003
-142
-1003 241
-846568 3.1 16.2 16.2
16.2 3.1 16.2
0.9D + W (R-L) -3.7F -142 241 3.1 3.1
(1.2 + 0.2S(1.2 +
(0.9DS
–)0.2S
(D+C) ) (D+C)
DS)D ρQEE+ (L-R)
++ ρQ ρQE (L-R)+
(R-L)+ 0.2S 0.2S 4.4F
1.4F
4.4F 1003
-1003 568
-846 16.2 16.2 16.2 16.2
(1.2 + 0.2S DS) (D+C) + ρQE (L-R)+ 0.2S 4.4F
4.4F 1003
-1003 -846568 16.2 16.2 16.2
(0.9 – 0.2S(1.2 +
(0.9DS
–)D0.2S
+ DS ) (D+C)
)D
ρQ + ρQE+ (R-L)
E (L-R)
ρQE (R-L)+ 0.2S 1.4F
1.4F 1003 568 16.2 16.2 16.2
(1.2 + 0.2S
*(0.9
The–)D
DS ) (D+C)
* The
0.2S
first DS)D +
firstρQ
+ ρQ two (R-L)+
E (L-R)
E 0.2S
load combinations 4.4F
1.4F -1003
look identical;
1003they however, -846
568 they are 16.2
16.2different
16.2in 16.2
that
(0.9 – 0.2S DS +two ρQload
E (R-L)
combinations look identical;
1.4F however, -1003 are different
-846 in that the16.2notional loads,
16.2per the
*(0.9
(0.9 – 0.2S Direct
–)D
DS the
+ DS
0.2S notional
Analysis ρQEloads,
Method
)DE+(L-R)
ρQ (R-L) per
in the theSpecification,
AISC Direct
1.4FAnalysis
1.4F must Method
be applied
1003
-1003 in -846
the
in AISC Specification,
opposite
568 directions. must
For this
16.2 16.2 16.2 example,
16.2
** The first
the results
be
* The two
are
applied theload
first same.
in
two combinations
opposite
load directions.
combinations look
For
look identical;
this example,
identical; however,
the
however, results
theythey
are
are are
the different
same.
different in that in that
(0.9 – 0.2SDS)D + ρQE (R-L) 1.4F -1003 -846 16.2 16.2
the notionalthe notional loads, perper
loads, thetheDirect
DirectAnalysis
Analysis Methodininthethe
Method AISCAISC Specification,
Specification, must must
*beThe first two
applied load
in opposite combinations
directions. look
For identical;
Table
this
8-2
example, however,
the they
results arethe
are different
same. in that
be applied in opposite directions. For this example, the
Controlling Load Combinations for Joist Girder G2results are the same.
the notional loads, per the Direct Analysis Method in the AISC Specification, must
be applied in opposite directions. For this
Tableexample,
Table 8-2
Girder8-2 the results are the same. +
Designation:
Controlling Load Combinations for Joist Girder G2
Mark: G2 Controlling Load Combinations for Joist Girder G2
48G8NSP + +
PanelTable
Girder
8-2End
Left Right End
Designation: TC BC +
LRFD Mark: G2 Controlling LoadLoad
Combinations for Joist Girder G2
Girder Designation:
Moment
48G8NSP Moment Force+ Force + Remarks +
Mark: G2
Load Combination:
(kips) (kip-ft) (kip-ft) (kips) (kips)
Panel 48G8NSP
Left End Right End TC +BC +
LRFD
1.2(D+C) + 1.6Lr (L-R) 7.4FGirder Designation:
215 -219 0.6 0.6 +
Mark: G2 Load
Panel Moment
Left End Moment
Right End Force TC Force BCRemarks
LRFD Load Combination:
1.2(D+C) + 1.6Lr (R-L) 7.4F
(kips) 48G8NSP
215
(kip-ft) -219
(kip-ft) 0.6
(kips) +0.6
(kips) +
Load Moment Moment Force Force Remarks
Load Combination:
1.2(D+C) + 1.6Lr +(L-R)
0.5W (L-R) 7.4F
3.1F
Panel 215
Left60End -219
-167
Right 0.6 (kips)
End 0.5 0.6 (kips)
TC 0.5 BC
LRFD 1.2(D+C) + 1.6Lr +(R-L) (kips) (kip-ft) (kip-ft)
1.2(D+C) + 1.6Lr (L-R) 0.5W (R-L) Load
7.4F
4.7F
7.4F Moment
215
167
215 Moment
-219
-60
-219 0.5Force
0.6 0.5 Force
0.6 0.6 0.6 Remarks
Load Combination:
1.6L
1.2(D+C) + W + 0.5W
+ r0.5L (L-R)
r (L-R) (kips)
3.1F
-3.9F (kip-ft)
60
-172 (kip-ft) 0.35
-167
-36.0 0.5 (kips)0.35
0.5 (kips)
1.2(D+C) + 1.6Lr (R-L) 7.4F 215 -219 0.6 0.6
1.2(D+C)1.2(D+C)
+ 1.6Lr+(L-R)1.6L
W + 0.5W
+ r0.5L (R-L)
r (R-L) 7.4F
4.7F
-0.7F 215
167
36 -60
172-219 0.5 0.6 0.35
0.35 0.5 0.6
1.2(D+C)1.2(D+C)
+ 1.6L
0.9D + W r + 0.5W (L-R)
+ W
(L-R)+ 0.5L (L-R) 3.1F
-3.9F
-6.9F 60
-172
-256 55-167
-36.0 0.25 0.5
0.35 0.35
0.25 0.5
1.2(D+C) + 1.6Lr (R-L) r 7.4F 215 -219 0.6 0.6
1.2(D+C)1.2(D+C)
+ 1.6L
0.9D +W0.5W
+ Wr+(R-L) + 0.5L (R-L)
r (R-L) 4.7F
-0.7F
-3.7F 167
36
-55 256-60
172 0.25 0.5 0.35
0.35 0.25 0.5
1.2(D+C) + 1.6Lr + 0.5W (L-R) 3.1F 60 -167 0.5 0.5
1.2(D+C)0.9D
+W
(1.2 + 0.5L
++0.2S
W (L-R) r (L-R)
DS) (D+C) + ρQE (L-R) + 0.2S -3.9F
-6.9F
4.4F -172
-256
-572 55-36.0
294 9.9 0.35 0.25
0.25 9.9 0.35
1.2(D+C) + 1.6Lr + 0.5W (R-L) 4.7F 167 -60 0.5 0.5
0.9D + W (R-L)
1.2(D+C) + W + 0.5Lr (R-L)+ ρQE (R-L) + 0.2S
(1.2 + 0.2S DS) (D+C) -3.7F
4.4F
-0.7F -55
-294
36 256172
572 0.25
9.9 0.35 0.25
9.9 0.35
1.2(D+C)(1.2
+W
(0.9 + + 0.5L
– 0.2S r+(L-R)
) (D+C)
DS)D ρQE+ (L-R)
ρQE (L-R) + 0.2S -3.9F
4.4F
1.4F -172
-572 -36.0
294 9.9 0.35 9.9 0.35
0.9D + W (L-R) -6.9F -256 55 0.25 0.25
1.2(D+C)(1.2
+W
(0.9 + +2S
0.2S
– 0. 0.5L
DS)
DS (R-L)
(D+C)
)Dr + ρQ + E (R-L) + 0.2S
(R-L)
E ρQ -0.7F
4.4F
1.4F 36
-294 572172 9.9 0.35 9.9 0.35
0.9D + W (R-L) -3.7F -55 256 0.25 0.25
0.9D + W (L-R)
(0.9 – 0.2SDS)D + ρQE (L-R) -6.9F
1.4F -256
-572 29455 9.9 0.25 9.9 0.25
(1.2 + 0.2S – )0.(D+C)
DS 2SDS)D++ρQ ρQEE (L-R)
(R-L) + 0.2S 4.4F
1.4F -572
-294 572294 9.9 9.9 9.9
68
(0.9
0.9D + W (R-L) -3.7F -55 256 0.25 9.9 0.25
(1.2 + 0.2SDS) (D+C) + ρQE (R-L) + 0.2S 4.4F -294 572 9.9 9.9
(1.2 + 0.2SDS) (D+C) + ρQE (L-R) + 0.2S 4.4F -572 294 9.9 9.9
(0.9 – 0.2SDS)D + ρQE (L-R) 1.4F -572 294 9.9 68
9.9
(1.2 + 0.2SDS) (D+C) + ρQE (R-L) + 0.2S 4.4F -294 572 9.9 9.9
(0.9 – 0. 2SDS)D + ρQE (R-L) 1.4F -294 572 9.9 9.9
(0.9 – 0.2SDS)D + ρQE (L-R) 1.4F -572 294 9.9 9.9
(0.9 – 0. 2SDS)D + ρQE (R-L) 1.4F -294 572 9.9 9.9
68
68
68
Lateral Bracing of the Joist Girders and Columns (see Chapter 7)
(These calculations are carried out by the joist manufacturer)
The Joist Girders require braces 5 ft. on each side of the column to develop the
required chord forces. The columns require a brace at the location of the Joist
Girder stabilizer plate to prevent lateral buckling of the column at the assumed
plastic hinge location. Brace stiffness and strength must satisfy the requirements
of the AISC Specification Appendix 6. Based on nodal bracing requirements, the
required brace strength is
Pbr = 0.01Pr AISC Eq. A-6-3
and the required brace stiffness is

1  8P 
βbr = br  (LRFD) AISC Eq. A-6-4a
φ  Lbr 
where, Pbr = the required brace strength, φ = 0.75, Lb = the distance
between braces (the laterally unbraced length).
Based on an unbraced length of 5 ft., Pbr = (0.01)(257) = 2.6 kips, and
1  8 ( 257 kips ) 
βbr =   = 45.7 kips/in.
0.75  60 in. 
Using braces on each side of the Joist Girder, tension bracing can be used.
For the brace angle:
Areq’d = Pr/φFy = 2.6 kips/[(0.9)(50 ksi)] = 0.06 in.2
Use a brace L2x2x1/4, A = 0.938 in.2 The stiffness requirement is

dependent on the stiffness of the joist and the location on the joist where
the brace is attached.
For this example, assume 24K7 joists are used. The approximate joist
moment of inertia can be determined using Equation 7-2 that can be found in
the introduction to the Standard [ASD or LRFD] Load Tables for K-Series,
LH-Series or DLH-Series joists (SJI, 2020),
( )(
Ij =26.767 ( WLL ) L3 10-6 ) Eq. 7-2
where, WLL = RED figure in the Load Table, plf, and L = (Span – 0.33), ft.
Ij = 26.767(148 plf)(39.67 ft)3(10-6) = 247 in.4
69
69
The stiffness of the joist can be determined from the deflection of the joist due
to a 1 kip load applied at the location where the brace is attached to the joist.
Using a beam equation for deflection, the deflection of the joist is
Pa2b2
Δ= Eq. 7-1
3EIL
where, a = the distance from the end of the joist to where the brace is
attached to the joist and b = L – a.
Assume the brace intersects the joist 3 ft. from its end.
2 2
∆=
(1 )( 36 in.) ( 444 in.)
= 0.028 in.
( 3 )( 29000 ksi) ( 247 in.4 ) ( 480 in.) /1.15
Thus, the joist stiffness equals
P 3EIL
β= = 2 2 Eq. 7-3
∆ ab
Therefore, β = 35.1 kips/in. < 45.7 kips/in. NG
This calculation assumes that the connection to the joist and to the Joist
Girder is rigid, and that the axial flexibility of the angle can be neglected.
The stiffness requirement is not satisfied using only one brace in tension. The
AISC Specification indicates that when Lb is less than Lq, where Lq is the
maximum unbraced length for the required column force with K =1.0, then Lq
in the stiffness equation is permitted to be taken as Lq.
Determine Lq and determine if the stiffness requirement is satisfied. Assume

that for the final design of the Joist Girder that the bottom chords were 2L
4x4x1/2 in. Determine ry of the bottom chord based on a 1 in. gap between
the chord angles.
Iy = (2)(5.52 in.4) + (2)(0.5 in. + 1.18 in.)2(3.75 in.2) = 22.17 in.4
Iy 22.17 in.4
ry = = =1.72 in.
A 7.5 in.2
Use a trial and error method to determine Lq from AISC Specification

Equations E3-1, E3-2, and E3-3.
Lq = 118 in.
70
70
Therefore,
1  8Pr  1  8 ( 257 kips ) 

=
βbr =    = 23.2 kips/in.
φ  Lbr  0.75  118 in. 
23.2 kips/in. < 35.1 kips/in., therefore, bracing is adequate.
See Figures 7.1 and 7.2 in Chapter 7 for suggested bracing details.
71
71
Example 2 Rigid Frame Design
Design the lateral load systems for the structure shown in Figure 8.1 from Example
1. Use the 2018 IBC for the frame design. The primary purpose of this example is
to demonstrate the use of Joist Girders as moment frames, and to examine the
differences between this example and the previous example.
The exterior walls are non-load bearing precast and are to be used in conjunction
with the roof diaphragm as shear walls in the north-south direction. In the east-
west direction the precast concrete walls are also non-load bearing and are used
as end wall shear walls to resist the forces between the first interior rigid frame and
the end wall.
Use LRFD procedures.
Loading requirements are specified as:

Roof Loads:
Dead Load:
1 psf Membrane
2 psf Deck
2 psf Insulation
3 psf Joists and Bridging
2 psf Girder
10 psf Total
Collateral Load:
3 psf Sprinkler
2 psf Mechanical & Lighting
5 psf Total
Live Load:
20 psf Reducible per Code
Ground Snow Load = 5 psf
Roof Snow Load = 5 psf (ASCE 7-16, Section 7.3, low slope roof criteria)
Wind Load = 120 MPH – Exposure C (Owner specified)
Serviceability Requirement: Maximum drift = H/100 (10 year wind)2
Seismic Loads: See calculations following wind calculations
2
ibid.
2 ibid.
72
72
Determine Wind Loads and Forces (120 mph, Exposure C):
Use the Simplified Procedure (ASCE 7 Chapter 28, Part 2)
The structure satisfies the requirements of ASCE 7 Section 26.2
Main Wind–Force Resisting System (MWFRS), ASCE 7 Section 28.5
Ps = λKztps30 ASCE 7 Eq. 28.5-1
Only calculations for Interior Zones are shown here.
Wall pressure, ps30, for Area C (Interior zone) = 15.1 psf ASCE 7 Fig. 28.5-1
Interpolating for mean roof height (h) = 33 ft.
λ33 = 1.43 (Adjustment for Exposure C)
Kzt = 1.0
Interior frames: Ps = (1.43)(1.0)(15.1 psf) = 21.6 psf
a = min. of 0.1 (least width of building) or 0.4h

= min. of 0.1 (120 ft.) = 12.0 ft. or 0.4 (33 ft.) = 13.2 ft.
a = 12.0 ft.
2a = width of end zone = 24.0 ft. (Ignore the 4 ft. tributary length to first
interior frame)
 33 ft 
Horizontal Wind Force at Eave = ( 21.6 psf )   ( 40 ft ) = 14.3 kips / frame
 2 
Roof Uplift Forces = 1.43(-19.1 psf) = -27.3 psf – Windward
= 1.43(-15.6 psf) = -22.3 psf – Leeward
Determine Seismic Parameters: From www.hazards.atcouncil.org
Basic Parameters: Site Class D:

Ss = 0.200g MCER ground motion (period=0.2s)
S1 = 0.080g MCER ground motion (period=1.0s)
SMS = 0.320g Site-modified spectral acceleration value
SM1 = 0.192 Site-modified spectral acceleration value
SDS = 0.213 Numeric seismic design value at 0.2s
SD1 = 0.128 Numeric seismic design value at 1.0s
Seismic Design Category, B
Fa = 1.6 Site amplification factor at 0.2s
FV = 2.4 Site amplification factor at 0.1s
73
73
Determine Occupancy Importance Factor: ASCE Section 11.5.1
Building Category I Importance Factor = 1.0
Determine Base Shear: ASCE Section 12.8
V = CsW ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-1
SDS
Cs = ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-2
R
 
 Ie 
SD1
Csmax = for T ≤ TL ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-3
R
T 
 Ie 
Cs min = 0.44SDSIe ≥ 0.01 ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-5
Approximate Fundamental Period, Ta
Ta = Ct hnx ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-7

hn = 33 ft.
For a steel moment resisting frame:
Ct = 0.028 and x = 0.8 ASCE 7 Table 12.8-2
Ta = (0.028)(33 ft.)0.8 = 0.46
Note: TL = 8 seconds from ASCE 7, Figure 22-15. Therefore, Ta < TL and

ASCE 7, Eqn. 12.8-3 shown above is appropriate.
Calculate the Effective Seismic Weight, W ASCE 7, Section 12.7.2
Roof dead load = 10 psf

Roof collateral load = 5 psf
Precast concrete wall weight = 82 psf
Roof weight per rigid frame = (15 psf )(120 ft )( 40 ft ) / 1000 = 72 kips
 33 ft 
Wall weight per rigid frame = ( 82 psf )   ( 40 ft )( 2 ) / 1000 = 108 kips
 2 
Total W = 180 kips/frame
Since the building is located on a SDC B site, choose option of using a Steel
System Not Specifically Detailed for Seismic Resistance with an R=3.0. By
74
74
doing this, the need to follow the requirements of the AISC Seismic Provisions
is not required.
Response Modification Coefficient, R = 3.0

System Overstrength Factor, Ωo = 3.0; and
Deflection Amplification Factor, Cd = 3.0
SDS ( 0.213 )
Cs = = = 0.071 ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-2
 R   3.0 
   
 I   1.0 
S
Csmax = D1 =
( 0.128 ) = 0.093 for T > T ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-3
L
R  3.0 
T   ( 0.46 )  
I  1.0 
V = (0.071)(180 kips) = 12.8 kips/frame ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-1
Seismic Load Effect, E, shall be determined in accordance with ASCE 7,

Section 12.4.
E = Eh + Ev ASCE 7 Eq. 12.4-1
Eh = ρQE ASCE 7 Eq. 12.4-3
ρ = 1.0 ASCE 7 Section 12.3.4.2
Note: Loss of moment resistance at both ends of one beam (i.e. Joist Girder)
would not result in more than a 33% reduction in shear strength for the entire
one-story building in the direction of the rigid frames).
Eh = 12.8 kips < 14.3 kips
Therefore, for strength design the wind lateral loads are likely to control over
seismic loads.
Design the Joist Girder Frames (R = 3 Design)
Preliminary Joist Girder size:
Determine gravity loads per foot.
wD = (1.2)(15)(40)/1000 = 0.72 kips/ft.
wL = (1.6)(12)(40)/1000 = 0.77 kips/ft.
75
75
Based on a 5 ft. joist or panel spacing:
PT = PD + PL
PD = (5)(0.72) = 3.6 kips
PL = (5)(0.77) = 3.9 kips
Try 48G8N 7.5F Joist Girder
Preliminary frame design:
Critical Basic Load Combinations from ASCE 7 Section 2.3.1
Combination 1: 1.4D
Combination 2: 1.2D + 0.1.6Lr
Combination 3: 1.2D + 1.6Lr +0.5W
Combination 4: 1.2D + 1.0W + 0.5Lr
Combination 6: 1.2D + EV + Eh + 0.2S
Combination 7: 0.9D – EV + Eh
Try pinned base columns, FR connections only at the side walls (minimizes
expensive connections).
Use load Combination 4 for preliminary design.
Maximum wind lateral load/frame = 14.3 kips.
14.3 kips
Lateral shear/column = = 7.2 kips/column
2
The maximum column moment is taken as the base shear times the height to
the bottom of the Joist Girder (Model 1).
Maximum column moment, M, due to lateral loads:
M = (7.2 kips)(33.0 ft - 4.0 ft) = 209 kip-ft.
Axial load at exterior columns:
1.2D + 0.5Lr = 1.2(15 psf) + 0.5(12 psf) = 24.0 psf
Ru = (24)(40 ft)(20 ft)/1000 = 19.2 kips (compression)
Using a Cb = 1.0 for preliminary design, try a W18x86, see Table 3-10 of AISC
Edition Manual.
Perform computer analysis to determine forces, moments, and deflection (both

first-order and second-order).
76
76
Vertical loads per foot = (24)(40 ft)/1000 = 0.96 kips/ft.
In addition to the vertical loads indicated above, a load reflecting the concrete
walls must be added as the walls are in effect “lean-on” columns and will
increase the P-∆ effects. Use 1/2 the wall weight since the walls are
foundation supported.
 33 ft 
Wall weight = (1.2 )( 82 psf )   = 1, 620 lbs/side/ft =1.62 kips/ft/side
 2 
Wall load = (1.62 kips/ft/)(40 ft) = 65 kips/exterior column
The Joist Girder properties can be estimated based on the column moments,
transposed to the mid-height of the Joist Girders. Thus, the exterior Joist
Girders must have a moment capacity of 209(31/29) = 223 kip-ft.
The chord force in the girder is approximately the moment divided by the
girder depth, (223 kip-ft)(12)/(48 in.) = 56 kips. For an unbraced bottom chord
length of 5 ft., select from Table 2-1 (see Example 1) an angle chord of 2L’s 3
x 3 x 1/4, with an area of 2.88 in.2
The approximate moment of inertia is (2.88in.2)(24 in.)2(2)/1.15 = 2875 in.4

The 1.15 accounts for stiffness loss due to web elongation.
Use IJG = 2875 in.4 and AJG = (2)(2.88 in.2) = 5.76 in.2 in the computer model for
the two exterior Joist Girders. The interior Joist Girder has no end moments;
thus, the moment of inertia can be estimated using the SJI equation for
approximate moment of inertia (LRFD),
IJG = 0.018N PLd = (0.018)(8)(7.5 kips)(40 ft)(48 in.) = 2074 in.4
The area can be assumed to be approximately 5.0 in.2
Based upon a first order analysis, the resulting lateral deflection (at eave) due
to wind loads (unfactored) equals 4.7 in. The code prescribed wind loads are
based upon a 700 year mean recurrence interval (MRI). The wind load drift
criteria previously noted is H/100 due to a 10 year wind load. Per ASCE 7,
Figure CC.2-1, the ratio of design wind speed for a 10 year MRI vs. a 700 year
MRI is 0.60 (72/120).
δ10 yr. = (4.7)(0.60)2 = 1.69 in. = h/220 ≤ h/100 OK
77
77
Check seismic drift criteria:
Even though the seismic loads are less than the wind loads the seismic
requirements must be satisfied. For the seismic load cases, ASCE Section
12.8.7 must be satisfied.
From the computer model, the elastic lateral drift due to seismic loads, δe =
4.2 in. Again, this value is based upon a first order analysis. The seismic
design drift, ∆, is then calculated as:
∆ = (Cd)(δe)/Ie = (3.0)(4.2 in.)/(1) = 12.6 in. = h/30
Per ASCE 7, Section 12.12, Table 12.12-1, the maximum allowable story drift
(∆a) = 0.025h = h/40. This criterion is met since the calculated drift is less than
this value.
Per ASCE 7, Section 12.8.7, the stability coefficient, θ, is calculated as:
Px ∆Ie
θ= ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-16
Vx h sx Cd
where,
Px = Summation of vertical loads on the frame
= [1.19(15 psf)+0.2(5 psf)](120 ft)(40 ft)/1000 + (65.0 kips)(2) = 220 kips
Vx = Eh = 12.8 kips
Then,
θ = (220kips) (12.6 in.)(1)/[(12.8 kips)(31 ft)(12)(3.0)] = 0.19
The maximum allowable stability coefficient, θmax is
0.5
θmax = ≤ 0.25
βCd
Conservatively, assuming β = 1.0, θmax = 0.5/3.0 = 0.17
Then, θ > θmax 0.19 ≥ 0.17 ∴ NG
The structure must be made stiffer to satisfy seismic criteria.
Note that if β is calculated rather than estimated the seismic criteria would
be satisfied.
Try using W18x97 exterior columns (I = 1750 in.4, A = 28.5 in.2).
78
78
From the computer model, the elastic lateral drift due to seismic loads, δe =
3.9 in. Again, this value is based upon a first order analysis. The seismic
design drift, ∆, is then calculated as:
∆ = (Cd)(δe)= (3.0)(3.9 in.) = 11.7 in. = h/34
θ = (220 kips)(11.7 in.)/[(12.8 kips)(31 ft)(12)(3.0)]

= 0.18 ≈ 0.17 Say OK
From the second order analysis the required seismic moments for the
exterior columns = 111.0 kip-ft. The required column axial load associated
with this moment is approximately 21 kips.
From the second order analysis the required wind moments for the exterior
columns = 267 kip-ft. The required column axial load associated with this
moment is approximately 16 kips.
Based on the AISC Specification, the W18x97 is satisfactory for both the
seismic and wind loads.
The interior columns could be either HSS or W shapes.
Based on gravity loads Pu = 1.2D + 1.6L
Pu = [(1.2)(15 psf) + (1.6)(12 psf)](40 ft)(40ft) = 60 kips.
With L = 33 ft. (taken to top of column), use a HSS 8x8x3/16 or a W8x40.
Connection Design:
The detail shown in Figure 8.7 will be used for the exterior columns. Final
design requirements are shown in the figure.
79
79
Figure 8.7
Determine the Joist Girder reaction on the seats.
Based on the analysis the maximum Joist Girder reaction equals 33.9 kips.
Since an R = 3 design was used, the connections need only be designed for
the ASCE 7 load combinations and not the 1.1RyMp generated forces.
However, in this example wind forces control the design.
In reviewing Tables 5-1 and 5-2, it would be possible to use an unstiffened seat
with a heavier seat angle. However, it was decided to use a stiffened seat.
Design a stiffened seat for the 33.9 kip reaction.
From AISC Manual Table 10-8, with W = 5 in., use L = 6 in. and a 5/16 fillet
weld. The available strength is 35.2 kips > 33.9 kips.
Seat thickness based on shear:
Pu 33.9 kips
tp = = =0.20 in.
(
φ ( 2 )(N) 0.6Fy ) (1.0 )( 2 )( 4 in.)( 0.6 )( 36 ksi)
∴ Use 1/2 in. plate.
80 80
Determine the stiffener thickness:
ts ≥ 0.0061Pu = (0.0061)(33.9 kips) = 0.21 in.
ts = 1/2 in.
Shear yield of the stiffener:
Pu 33.9 kips
ts ≥ = = 0.26 in.
( )
φ 0.6Fy L (1.0 )( 0.6 )( 36 ksi )( 6 in.)
∴ Use 1/2 in. thick stiffener.
Fully Restrained (FR) Chord to Column Connections:
Since an R = 3 design was used (Seismic Design Category is B), the

connection can be designed using the AISC Specification.
Mu = 267 kip-ft., Pu = (267 kip-ft)(12)/(48 in.-1.67 in.) = 69 kips
Required top plate area = Pu/φFy = 69 kips/[(0.9)(50 ksi)] = 1.53 in.2 using Fy =
50 ksi for the plate. Based on the 3.5 in. chord angles the width of the top chord
would be 8 in. Try a plate, 1/2 in. x 4 in. The length of the plate can be
determined based on the required length of fillet welds used to attach the plate
to the column cap plate and the top chord.
Try 1/4 in. fillet welds. The available force per inch of weld = φRn = φ(0.6
FEXX)(0.707)(1/4). Using FEXX = 70 ksi and φ = 0.75, φRn = 5.57 kips/in. Thus, a
weld of 69 kips/5.57 kips/in. = 12.4 in. is required. Use 7 in. each side of the
plate. The cap plate on the W18 section will be of sufficient length.
Check shear lag for the plate:
AISC Specification Table D3.1, Case 4 applies to the weld attachment to the
top chord plate when welds are not placed at the ends of the plate.
3l 2  x 
U= 2  1-  AISC Table D3.1 - Case 4
3l + w 2  l 
3(7 in.)2  0.25 in. 

For the plate : U =  1-  = 0.87
3(7 in.)2 +(4 in.)2  7 in. 
3(7 in.)2  0.836 in. 

For the top chord : U = 2 2 
1-  = 0.79
3(7 in.) +(4 in.)  7 in. 
81
81
Longer welds on the top chord could be used to reduce the shear lag effects.
Use 1/4 in. x 12 in. welds, U = 0.85

Chord fracture should be checked by the joist manufacturer.
To transfer the 69 kip force into the column top, the cap plate must be welded
sufficiently to the column web. If weld is placed in the “T” distance of the
column web (approximately 15 in. for the W18 columns), the required force
per inch is (69 kips)/(2)(15) = 2.3 kips/in. Use a 1/4 in. fillet weld on both sides
of the column cap to the column web.
Bottom chord:
Use 4-1/4 in. fillet welds 8.0 in. long (U = 0.79 for tension fracture check when
the bottom chord is in tension at the connection). The Specifying Professional
must request that the bottom chords of the Joist Girder be a minimum of 5/16
in. thickness to accommodate the required weld size. The bottom chord could
be 1/4 in. thick if the weld was built up and noted.
Using a yield strength of 36 ksi the stabilizer plate for the Joist Girders must
have an area of 2.13 in.2
Use a stabilizer 3/4 in. x 8 in. x 10 in. long.
The stabilizer plate must be welded to the column web to resist a tensile or
compressive force of 69 kips. The weld force per inch equals 69/16 = 4.31
kips/in. Use 1/4 in. fillet welds on each side of the stabilizer plate.
Continuity plates:
J10.2. Web Local Yielding:
Rn =Fyw t w ( 5k+lb ) AISC Eq. J10-2
k = 1.75 in., tw = 0.535 in., and lb = 8 in., the stabilizer plate height
Rn = ( 50 ksi )( 0.535 in.) ( 5 )(1.75 in.) + 8 in. =

448 kips
φ = 1.0, thus φRn = 448 kips > 69 kips, stiffener not required.
J10.3. Web Crippling:

1 .5
 l   tw   EF t
yw f
=Rn 0.80 tw2 1 + 3  b  t   Qf AISC J10-4
 d  f   tw
82
82
d= 18.6 in., tf = 0.870 in., Qf = 1.0
2  8   0.535 
Rn = 0.80 ( 0.535 ) 1 + 3 
1 .5  ( 29000 )( 50 )( 0.870 ) 570 kips
=
  
  18.6   0.870   0.535
φ = 0.75, therefore φRn = 428 kips > 69 kips, stiffener not required.
J10.6. Web Panel Zone Shear:
are applicable.
For Pr ≤ 0.4Pc
R n = 0.60 Fy dc t w AISC J10-9
For Pr > 0.4Pc

 P 
R n = 0.60 Fy dc t w  1.4 − r  AISC J10-10
 Pc 
where, Pr = the required strength and Pc equal Py
For the W18x97, Pr = 19.2 kips, and Pc = FyA = (50 ksi)(28.5 in.2) = 1425 kips
Rn = 0.60Fydctw = (0.60)(50 ksi)(18.6 in.)(0.535 in.) = 299 kips
φ = 0.90
φRn = 269 kips > 69 kips OK
The W18x97 column is OK.
Specification of Required Forces and Moments:
Based on a review of the ASCE 7 Load Combinations the following combinations

are critical for the design of the Joist Girders for the structure in this example. The
panel point loads are calculated for each load combination and are shown below.
A second-order analysis was used to determine the Joist Girder forces and end
moments. The Direct Analysis Method per the AISC Specification was used.
1.2(D+C) + 1.6Lr = 3.60 + 3.84 = 7.44F

1.2(D+C) + 1.6Lr + 0.5W (Windward) = 3.60 + 3.84 - 4.36 = 3.08F
83
83
1.2(D+C)
1.2(D+C) +
+ 1.6L
1.6Lrr +
+ 0.5W
0.5W (Leeward)
(Leeward) =
= 3.60
3.60 + + 3.84
3.84 -- 4.36
4.36 =
= 4.67F
4.67F
1.2(D+C)
1.2(D+C) +
+WW (Windward)
(Windward) + + 0.5L
0.5Lrr =
= 3.60
3.60 -- 8.72
8.72 ++ 1.2
1.2 =
= -- 3.92F
3.92F
1.2(D+C) + W (Leeward) + 0.5L
1.2(D+C) + W (Leeward) + 0.5Lrr =
= 3.60
3.60 -- 8.72
8.72 ++ 1.2
1.2 =
= -- 0.74F
0.74F
0.9D
0.9D +
+WW (Windward)
(Windward) =
= 2.0
2.0 -- 8.72
8.72 =
= - 6.92F
- 6.92F
Shown
Shown below
below are
are the
the loading
loading requirements
requirements as
as specified
specified to
to the
the Joist
Joist
Girder manufacturer.
Girder manufacturer.
1.
1. Load
Load Combinations
Combinations are
are based
based on
on IBC-2018
IBC-2018 LRFD
LRFD Design
Design Methodology.
Methodology.
2.
2. Nominal
Nominal Joist
Joist Girder
Girder Area
Area Base
Base Loads:
Loads:
Dead Load (D) 10
Dead Load (D) 10
3.
3. IImin = 2875 in.44 (+/-10%)(exterior girders).
min = 2875 in. (+/-10%)(exterior girders).
4.
4. Minimum
Minimum width
width of
of top
top chord
chord =
= 5.0
5.0 in.
in. (exterior
(exterior girders
girders -- weld
weld requirements).
requirements).
5.
5. Minimum
Minimum thickness
thickness of
of bottom
bottom chord
chord =
= 5/16
5/16 in.
in. (exterior
(exterior girders
girders -- weld
weld
requirements).
requirements).
6.
6. An
An example
example ofof Controlling
Controlling IBC
IBC Load
Load Combinations
Combinations is
is given
given in
in Table
Table 8-3
8-3
for
for Joist
Joist Girder
Girder Mark
Mark Number
Number G3.G3.
84
84
84
Table 8-3 Controlling Load Combinations for Joist Girder G3
Table 8-3
Table 8-3 Controlling
Controlling Load Load Combinations
Combinations for Joist
for Joist Girder
Girder G3 G3
Mark:G1 Girder Designation: +
(Note: Left Mark:G1
end @ sidewall) 48G8NSP
Girder Designation: + + +
(Note: Left end @ sidewall) Panel Left End Right End
48G8NSP TC + BC +
LRFD
Load
Panel Moment
Left Moment
End Right End Force
TC Force
BC Remarks
Load
LRFDCombination:
(kips)
Load (kip-ft.)
Moment (kip-ft.)
Moment (kips)
Force (kips)
Force Remarks
Load Combination:
1.2(D+C) + 1.6Lr (L-R) 7.44F
(kips) 0
(kip-ft.) 153.4
(kip-ft.) 3.05 (kips)
(kips) 3.05
1.2(D+C)
1.2(D+C) + 1.6L
+ 1.6L r (L-R)
r (R-L) 7.44F
7.44F 0
0 153.4
170.6 3.05
2.70 3.05
2.70
1.2(D+C) + 1.6Lr +r (R-L)
1.2(D+C) + 1.6L 0.5W (L-R) 7.44F
3.08F 0
0 170.6
-100.8 2.70
1.90 2.70
1.90
1.2(D+C) + 1.6L r + 0.5W (L-R)
1.2(D+C) + 1.6Lr + 0.5W (R-L) 3.08F
4.67F 0
0 -100.8
269.2 1.90
1.90 1.90
1.90
1.2(D+C)
1.2(D+C) +W+ 1.6L r + 0.5W (R-L)
+ 0.5L 4.67F 0 269.2 1.90 1.90
r (L-R) -3.92F 0 -383.2 0.65 0.65
1.2(D+C) + W + 0.5Lr (L-R) -3.92F 0 -383.2 0.65 0.65
1.2(D+C) + W + 0.5Lr (R-L) -0.74F 0 281.0 0.65 0.65
1.2(D+C) + W + 0.5Lr (R-L) -0.74F 0 281.0 0.65 0.65
0.9D + W (L-R) -6.92F 0 -415.0 1.70 1.70
0.9D + W (L-R) -6.92F 0 -415.0 1.70 1.70
0.9D + W (R-L) -3.74F 0 182.4 1.70 1.70
0.9D + W (R-L) -3.74F 0 182.4 1.70 1.70
Lateral bracing
Lateral bracingofofthe
theJoist
JoistGirders
Girders and Columns
and Columns
These
These calculations
calculationsare
arecarried
carried out
out by
by the
the Joist GirderManufacturer.
Joist Girder Manufacturer.See
SeeExample
Example11
forfor
sample
samplecalculations.
calculations.
Summary
Summary
This
Thisdesign
designexample
examplehas hasdemonstrated
demonstrated the use use of
of aa strength
strengthreduction
reductionfactor
factorR R==
3.03.0forfora abuilding
buildinglocated
locatedininSeismic
Seismic Design Category B.
Design Category B.The
Thedesign
designexample
examplecould
could
have
have usedananRR==3.5
used 3.5associated
associated withwith an OMF
OMF and and adherence
adherencetotothe therequirements
requirements
of ofthetheAISCAISCSeismic
Seismic Provisions.
Provisions. Although
Although this
this would
would havehave resulted
resultedininsmaller
smaller
seismicdesign
seismic designforces,
forces, this
this would
would notnot be
be advised
advised since
since wind
windloads
loadsgoverned
governedthethe
designand
design andspecial
specialseismic
seismic detailing
detailing per
per the
the AISC
AISC Seismic
SeismicProvisions
Provisionsisisavoided.
avoided.
Not only would this have resulted in more stringent detailing, welding,weld
Not only would this have resulted in more stringent detailing, welding, weldductility,
ductility,
and inspection requirements, but it also would have resulted in
and inspection requirements, but it also would have resulted in a need to ensure a need to ensure thethe
joist strength exceeds the column plastic moment
joist strength exceeds the column plastic moment capacity (1.1RyMpc), as capacity (1.1R yMpc), as
demonstrated in Design Example 1. Therefore, as a rule, it is usually more
demonstrated in Design Example 1. Therefore, as a rule, it is usually more
economical and easier to use R = 3.0 in the design of a Moment Resisting Frame
economical and easier to use R = 3.0 in the design of a Moment Resisting Frame
with joists or Joist Girders in Seismic Design Categories B or C.
with joists or Joist Girders in Seismic Design Categories B or C.
85
85
85
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
AISC (2017), American Institute of Steel Construction, Steel Construction
Manual, Fifteenth Edition, AISC, Chicago, IL.
AISC (2016a), American Institute of Steel Construction, ANSI/AISC 360-16,
Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, July 7, 2016, AISC, Chicago, IL.
AISC (2016b), American Institute of Steel Construction, ANSI/AISC 341-16,
Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings, July 12, 2016, AISC, Chicago, IL.
AISC (2019), West, M.A., and Fisher, J.M, “Serviceability Design Considerations
for Low- Rise Buildings, Steel Design Guide Series 3,” American Institute of Steel
Construction, Chicago, IL.
ASCE (2016), American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE/SEI 7-16, Minimum
Design Loads for Buildings and other Structures, Including Supplement No. 1,
ASCE, Reston, VA.
ATC (2020), Applied Technology Council, Redwood City, CA 94065
AWS (2016), American Welding Society, ANSI/AWS D1.8/D1.8M Structural
Welding Code – Seismic Supplement, AWS, Miami, FL.
Beckmann (1996), “Seismic Analysis and Design of Multi-bay Rigid Trussed
Frames,” MS Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, MN.
FEMA (P-1050-1), Federal Emergency Management Agency, NEHRP
Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and Other
Structures, National Institute of Building Sciences, Washington, D.C.
Kim, U.S. (2003), “Seismic Behavior of Steel Joist Girder Structures,” PhD
Dissertation, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of
Technology, Atlanta, GA.
Kim, U.S., Leon, R.T., and Galambos, T.V. (2007), “Seismic Design of Steel Joist
Girder Structures”, AISC Engineering Journal, Third Quarter.
Salmon, Charles G. and Johnson, John E., (1996) Steel Structures, Design and
Behavior, Fourth Edition, HarperCollins College Publishers, New York, NY.
SJI (2020), 45th Edition Catalog containing Standard Specifications, Load
Tables and Weight Tables for Steel Joists and Joist Girders: K-Series, LH-
Series, DLH-Series, Joist Girders, Steel Joist Institute, Myrtle Beach, SC.
86
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11

Steel Joist Institute

Printed in the United States of America

James M. Fisher, Ph.D., P.E.

STEEL JOIST INSTITUTE

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE................................................................................. iii

CHAPTER 1 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SPECIFYING

CHAPTER 2 ANALYSIS REQUIREMENTS............................................................. 4

CHAPTER 3 DESIGN METHODOLOGY AND CONNECTIONS

CHAPTER 4 DESIGN METHODOLOGY FOR SEISMIC LOADS............................19

CHAPTER 5 CONNECTION DESIGN AND DETAILS.............................................25

CHAPTER 6 SPECIFICATION OF LOADS AND OTHER DESIGN

CHAPTER 7 LATERAL BRACING...........................................................................44

Allowable Strength*†. Nominal strength divided by the safety factor, Rn/Ω.

Available Strength*. Design strength or allowable strength as appropriate.

Amplified Seismic Load. Horizontal component of earthquake load E multiplied by Ωo,

Bridging. In general, a member connected to a joist to brace it from lateral movement.

Buckling Strength. Nominal strength for buckling or instability limit states.

Connection†. Combination of structural elements and joints used to transmit forces

Demand Critical Weld. Weld so designated by the AISC Seismic Provisions.

Design Strength*†. Resistance factor multiplied by the nominal strength, φRn.

Expected Tensile Strength. Tensile strength of a member, equal to the specified

LRFD (Load and Resistance Factor Design)†. Method of proportioning structural

Material. Joists, Joist Girders and accessories as provided by the seller.

Nominal Strength*†. Strength of a structure or component (without the resistance factor

Prequalified Connection. Connection that complies with the requirements of ANSI/AISC

Protected Zone. Area of members in which limitations apply to fabrication and

Required Strength*†. Forces, stresses, and deformations produced in a structural

Seismic Design Category. Classification assigned to a building by the applicable

Seismic Response Modification Coefficient, R. Factor that reduces seismic load

Serviceability Limit State. Limiting condition affecting the ability of a structure to

Span. The centerline-to-centerline distance between structural steel supports such as a

Stability. Condition reached in the loading of a structural component, frame or structure in

Standard Specifications†. Documents developed and maintained by the Steel Joist

Structural Analysis†. Determination of load effects on members and connections based

The specifying professional shall clearly provide all design loads as

Minimum end anchorage for simple span gravity loading shall be in

(c) Special Considerations

The specifying professional shall indicate on the construction documents

It sometimes can be difficult to determine if the joist used should be specified as a

It is suggested to use a simplified model for the joist/Joist Girder frame by

where, N = number of panel points

Note: As mentioned earlier the moment of inertia determined above is divided by

Figure 2.2 ModelFigure

Unbraced Length Area

To summarize, two models are suggested:

Before proceeding with a discussion of joist moment frames, a point needs to be

2. Compressive forces may be generated in the bottom chords of the joists

The The Basic

Understanding the premise that inelastic behavior is expected in a structure

The Response Modification Factor, R, incorporates two effects, an overstrength

Structural System Selection:

Analytical research conducted at the University of Minnesota on the design of

The joist manufacturer must be aware of special weld requirements imposed by

1. Section D2 of the AISC Seismic Provisions are to be followed for chord

In addition, Section A3.4a shall be followed.

A3.4a Seismic Force-Resisting System Welds

Specifically, the following items are addressed:

An examination of Table 10-6, “All-Welded Unstiffened Seated Connections” from

Example Verification Calculation for Tables 5-1 and 5-2

Figure 5.1A Profile View of Unstiffened Seat

Figure 5.1B Section View of Joist or Joist Girder on Unstiffened Seat

Figure 5.1B Section View of Joist or Joist Girder on Unstiffened Seat

The bending moment at the critical section of the angle is: