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Homework –

David Rozenfeld, ID: 021992003


Elad Tako, ID: 21952957

1. Auger Transitions

An imaginary element has an MNN, MMN, and NNN Auger transitions.


a. Give names to these transitions.
b. Arrange the three transitions in increasing order of width of their peaks.
c. Explain the order of transitions.

A.
MNN – Regular Auger transition.
MMN - Coster-Korning
NNN – Super Coster-Korning

B.
MNN<MMN<NNN

C.
The faster transition the wider peak we have acc to the uncertainty principle eq:
Γ = h/τ = 4.1x10-15/τ eV
Where τ is the transition time. The peak will be wider as the transition is faster and the
uncertainty is bigger.

2. AES concentration calculation Ag MNN and C KLL signals were measured as presented in the next
page. Notice the given intensities of certain points in the derivative of the two spectra. SC = 0.076
and SAg = 0.634

a. Calculate the peak intensity correctly for AES.

b. Write the equation and calculate the atomic concentration of C and Ag.
2a Solution:

As seen from the 2 Spectra above In Derivative Graph of the c/s Vs Kinetic Energy. For both of the
samples only Points b & c are Peaks (Minimum OR Maximum).

The intensity will be calculate based on the Following:

𝐼(𝐴𝑔) = 16,802 − (−14,404) = 31,206[𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑠/𝑠𝑒𝑐]


𝐼(𝐶) = 3,796 − (−5,448) = 9,244[𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑠/𝑠𝑒𝑐]
2b Solution:

We can use the following formula from our Class Notes.

𝐼 9,244
𝑆 0.076
𝐶 (𝑎𝑡, %) = 100% ∗ = 100% ∗ = 71.12%
𝐼 𝐼 31,206 9,244
+
𝑆 +𝑆 0.634 0.076

𝐼 31,206
𝑆 0.634
𝐶 (𝑎𝑡, %) = 1 − 𝐶 (𝑎𝑡, %) = 100% ∗ = 100 ∗ = 28.08%
𝐼 𝐼 31,206 9,244
+
𝑆 +𝑆 0.634 0.076
3.

AES depth profile was collected for Ag/SiO2/Si.


a. Consider the atomic concentration depth profile in the next page. Mark
the interface between Si-oxide layer and Si-substrate.
b. Explain the why you marked it where you did .
a.

b.

The interface between the 2 layers on the chart above is where we see the trend up of the Si (green)
while the O and SixOy (blue & pink) concentrations are trending down

4. changing the x-ray photon energy Two systems are measuring the kinetic energy of
photoelectrons and Auger electrons.

System 1 is using Al kα, while system 2 is using Ag Lα.

a. When measuring the kinetic energy which peaks will be measured in the same intensity? Explain

b. Using the two systems, an XPS spectra were collected for SiO2 9nm on Si and Al2O3 5nm on Al.
Use a database and indicate which peaks will we see in the spectra (Si and Al 2p) in which binding
energies? (Include doublets)

c. In what range of tilting angles will we see only the film? Assume similar IMFP for all materials, use
the universal curve. Assume ~100% of the signal is from 3.2𝜆.
4a Solution:

The Kinetic energy for the Auger electrons will remain the same regardless of the Photon source.

The Kinetic energy for the Auger electron is Dependent Electronic Shell transition from the electronic
shell to the vacuum Level. Once Auger electron receives its energy from the electron move to hole in
the Inner Shell (Transition State), the Auger electron is Indifferent to the X-Ray Beam (hv).

On the other hand, the Picks that signify the Binding Energies will move in the Spectrum IMG of the
Counts Vs Kinetic Energy Graph due to the changing of the Photon Source.

4b Solution:

:Al ka ‫ עם מקור‬SiO2/Si ‫נבחן את מערכת‬


SiO2 9nm
.1-10[nm] ‫ הינו מסדר גודל של‬XPS ‫מאחר ועומק החדירה של‬

Si (Substrate) -‫ יהיה מתחמוצת ה‬XPS‫ניתן להסיק כי רוב הסיגנל במהלך בדיקת ה‬


.Si‫ וחלק קטן יהיה ממצע ה‬,‫ בפני השטח‬SiO2

‫ לא ישתנו במעבר בין מקורות‬Eb-‫ ולכן ערכי ה‬,X-RAY‫( לא תלויים במקור ה‬Eb) Binding Energy-‫ערכי ה‬
.‫פוטונים שונים‬
‫)פיק לא סימטרי שמכיל שני‬SiO2‫ שקשור לחמצן ב‬Si‫ וגם עבור ה‬Si‫ נצפית עבור ה‬SPLITTING‫*נציין כי תופעת ה‬
.(P3/2,P1/2) ‫פיקים של‬

‫ בנוסף סימון ייחוס הפיקים )מצע למול באלק( וזיהוי‬.[1]‫ערכים בקירוב נלקחו מהגרף שנלקח מהספרות למטה‬
.‫ נוספו לתמונה‬Dublets-‫הפיקים וה‬

𝐸 (𝑆𝑖𝑂2, 2𝑃 / ) ≈ 103.86[𝑒𝑉]

𝐸 (𝑆𝑖𝑂2, 2𝑃 / ) ≈ 104.4[𝑒𝑉]

𝐸 (𝑆𝑖(𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘), 2𝑃 / ) ≈ 99.7[𝑒𝑉]

𝐸 (𝑆𝑖(𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘), 2𝑃 / ) ≈ 100.3[𝑒𝑉]
‫נבחן את מערכת ‪ Al2O3/Al‬עם מקור ‪:Al ka‬‬
‫‪Al2O3 5nm‬‬
‫מאחר ועומק החדירה של ‪ XPS‬הינו מסדר גודל של ]‪.1-10[nm‬‬

‫)‪Al (Substrate‬‬ ‫נניח כי הסיגנל במהלך בדיקת ה‪ XPS‬יהיה משולב תחמוצת ‪ Al2O3‬ומצע ה‪.Al‬‬

‫ערכי ה‪ (Eb) Binding Energy-‬לא תלויים במקור ה‪ ,X-RAY‬ולכן ערכי ה‪ Eb-‬לא ישתנו במעבר בין מקורות‬
‫פוטונים שונים‪.‬‬
‫*נציין כי תופעת ה‪ SPLITTING‬נצפית עבור ה‪ Al‬המתכתי )פיק לא סימטרי שמכיל שני פיקים של )‪,(P3/2,P1/2‬‬
‫אך עבור הקריאה מה‪ Al‬בתחמוצת יש פיק סימטרי‪ ,‬ולכן התופעה של ה‪ SPLIT‬היא זניחה‪.‬‬

‫ערכים בקירוב נלקחו מהגרף שנלקח מהספרות למטה]‪ .[2‬בנוסף ייחוס הפיקים )מצע למול באלק( וזיהוי‬
‫הפיקים וה‪ Dublets-‬הנראים בתמונה‪.‬‬

‫]𝑉𝑒[‪𝐸 (𝐴𝑙2𝑂3, 2𝑃) ≈ 75.1‬‬


‫𝑃‪𝐸 (𝐴𝑙(𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙), 2‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫]𝑉𝑒[‪) ≈ 72.6‬‬

‫]𝑉𝑒[ ‪𝐸 (𝐴𝑙(𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙), 2𝑃 / ) ≈ 73.1‬‬


4c Solution:

:‫ שנלמדה בכיתה‬Emission‫נשתמש במשוואה המקשרת את עובי השכבה עם הפליטה וזווית ה‬

‫ סיגנל‬100% ‫ בשאלה שלנו נתון‬.FILM‫ של סיגנל אופטימאלי מה‬95% ‫המשוואה הנ"ל טובה עבור קירוב של‬
.3.2λ-‫ב‬
:‫לכן נרשום את המשוואה‬
𝒅
𝒅 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝛌 ∗ 𝐒𝒊𝒏𝜶 → 𝜶 = 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏( )
𝟑. 𝟐𝛌
‫ ואז לקבל את זווית‬,(5nm Al2O3 ,9nm SiO2) d ‫מכאן טריוויאלי להציב במשוואה את עובי התחמוצות‬
.‫ האופטימאלית עבור כל מקור ודגם‬EMISSION‫ה‬

:‫ כך שנקבל את ערכי הזווית הבאים‬,𝛌 = 𝟑𝒏𝒎 ‫נציב באופן שרירותי‬


𝟗
𝜶(𝑺𝒊𝑶𝟐) = 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏 = 𝟔𝟗. 𝟔𝟑𝟔°
𝟑. 𝟐 ∗ 𝟑
𝟓
𝜶(𝑨𝒍𝟐𝑶𝟑) = 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟑𝟖𝟖°
𝟑. 𝟐 ∗ 𝟑

5.

a. Where can we find the electron energy loss information in AES?


b. Where can we find the electron energy loss information in XPS?
c. If we are looking at an oxide film and want to measure its band gap, which
of the two methods will give us more information about the bulk and which will be more surface
sensitive?

a. Near the elastic peak since there are back scattered electrons which have higher energy.

b. – you can find this info on the background, after each pick the background steps up, see below
chart:

As you can see, the background step up after each peak.


c.-XPS will be more suitable to get a reding from the Bulk. Due to higher Kinetic energy from the
electron, which is emitted from more inner shell compared to Auger electron. Also, the MFP for an
XPS emitted electron is much higher compared to Auger electron.

Due to the Lower MFP in Auger, it will be more surface sensitive using Loss spectrum.

6. Similar peak positions in XPS Te3d and Cr2p have nearly the same binding energy:

Te3d5/2 – 573 eV Cr2p3/2 – 574 eV

Te3d3/2 – 583 eV Cr2p1/2 – 583 eV

We have to decide which element is present in a certain system and the XPS spectrum is the only
information that we have.

a. What information in the spectrum will help you decide which element it is?

b. Show that information with explanation for the two optional elements.

6a Solution:

:‫( של החומרים כדי להבדיל ביניהם‬Spin Orbit Splitting) SOS ‫אנחנו יכולים להשתמש ביחסי‬

.‫ וכך נוכל להבדיל בין החומרים‬,‫נתאים את היחסים מהטבלה אל השטח מתחת לפיק שלנו‬
‫ רקע לא נכון‬XPS‫ סימן שנבחר עבור ה‬.XPS‫*נציין כי המידה והיחסים בטבלה לא תואמים לגרף המתקבל ב‬
.(‫שמסווה חלק מהסיגנל )או שההנחה שהאלמנט שמחפשים קיים בדגם איננה נכונה‬
‫‪6b Solution:‬‬

‫גרפים להמחשה נלקחו מהספרות ]‪.[2,3‬‬

‫)‪Te (3d5/2, d3/2‬‬ ‫)‪Cr (2p3/2, 2p1/2‬‬

‫בגרף מעל מתקיים היחס של ‪2:3‬‬ ‫בגרף מעל מתקיים יחס שטחים של ‪1:2‬‬
‫בפיקים המייצגים את‪:‬‬ ‫בפיקים המייצגים את‪:‬‬
‫‪3d5/2, d3/2‬‬ ‫‪2p3/2, 2p1/2‬‬

‫‪7. IMFP in XPS Metallic Zn sample is measured in XPS.‬‬

‫‪a. Which Zn peak will you choose to get the most surface sensitive information? Which will you‬‬
‫?‪choose to get the most bulk information‬‬

‫‪b. Calculate the penetration depth of the measurement in both cases.‬‬

‫‪7a Solution:‬‬

‫נצפה שה‪ Zn‬לא יישאר יציב בתנאים רגילים‪ ,‬ולכן תיווצר תחמוצת ‪ ZnO‬בפני השטח של הדגם‪.‬‬

‫במצב הנ"ל נצפה כי קריאה מהבאלק יהיה הכי טוב לבחון עם הפיק המתקבל מ‪ .Zn(Metal), 2P3/2-‬בגלל‬
‫הימצאות שכבת ‪ ZnO‬בחינת פני השטח תהיה טובה ע"י הסיגנל מפיק חמצן ‪.O1s‬‬

‫*בנוסף שילוב של החזרות אוז'ה עם המדידה גם יתרום מידע משלים על פני השטח‪:‬‬

‫‪Zn-L2MM, Zn-L3MM, Zn-LMM, O-KLL‬‬

‫תמונות להמחשה מהספרות ]‪.[4‬‬


7b Solution:

Ek=hv-Eb

hv= 1486.6 [eV]

Ekin (surface) = 1486.6-10=1476.6 [eV]

d=3 λ

d=3*3=9 [nm]

Ekin (bulk) = 1486.6-1195=291.6 [eV]

d=3*1=3 [nm]

8. In the next page there are two spectra for Al2s of a Al sample with a very thin
(1~2 nm) thick native alumina layer. One of them was collected at a take-off
angle of 8° and the other at 75°.
a. Mark the two peaks with the phases they represent.
b. Mark which is spectrum corresponds to each angle. Explain.
8a Solution:
Al

Al2O3 Al

8b Solution:

Side a corresponded to low angle because it goes less deep comparing to the perpendicular angle.
Therefor you can see much more of the upper layer, alumina, and we can see both picks. Al and
Al2O3.

Side b corresponded to high angle because it goes deeper in a perpendicular direction inside the
sample comparing to the lower angle. Therefore, you are more sensitive to the bulk Al (Metal) Peak.
Also, the Al (Oxide) Peak is hidden inside the background.

9.

The XPS spectra for the following compound was collected and shown in the
next page: [Co(NH2CH2CH2NH2)2]NO3
To the surprise of the researcher, there were 3 peaks instead of 2. She
thought that it is possible that some of the NH2 groups were oxidized during
processing.
a. Using the given information state which N is possible for each peak,
Including the possible ‘surprise’ peak.
b. Using the peak ratios estimate how many N atoms were oxidized in each
empirical formula.
9a Solution:

NH2

Oxidized NH2

NO3

9b Solution:

according to the chemical empiric formula we expect peak ratio of 4:1 (NH2 vs NO3), Using the peak
ratio data, 3:1:1, we see that 1 NH2 (out of 4) oxidized and then we have 3:1:1 ratio.
Bibliography:

1. On the dependence of band alignment of SiO2/Si stack on SiO2 thickness: extrinsic


orintrinsic, Yonggui Xu, Kai Han, Jinjuan Xiang and Xiaolei Wang, Department of Physics and
Optoelectronic Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang 261061 China
2. www.jp.xpssimplified.com
3. Probing the surface atomic structure of Au/Cr2O3/Pd(111) by photoelectron diffraction, A. S.
Kilian a, A. Pancotti b, R. Landers c, A. de Siervo c and J. Morais *a, nstituto de F?sica,
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Caixa Postal 15051, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS,
Brazil
4. XPS and optical studies of different morphologies of ZnO nanostructures prepared by
microwave methods, R.Al-GaashaniabS.RadimanaA.R.DaudaN.TabetcY.Al-Dourid, School of
Applied Physics, Faculty Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,

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