Lesson 1 - Meaning and among mankind, including an account of
the rise and fall of nations,
Relevance of History
I. The Meaning of “History”
History is the analysis and interpretation of
the human past enabling us to
study continuity and changes that are
taking place. It is a means to understand
the past and the present. The different
interpretation of the past allows us to see
the present differently and therefore
imagine –and work towards-- different
futures.
The origin of word History is associated
with the Greek word “Historia” which means
“information” or “an enquiry designed to
elicit truth”.
History has been defined differently by
different scholars. Following definitions
indicate the meaning and scope of History.
Burckhardt: “History is the record of what
one age finds worthy of note in
another”
Henry Johnson: “History, in its broadest
sense, is everything that ever happened”
Smith, V.S.: “The value and interest of
history depend largely on the degree in
which the present is illuminated by the
past”.
Rapson: “History is a connected account of
the course of events or progress of
ideas”
Jawaharal Nehru:” History is the story of
man’s struggle through the ages against
Nature and the elements; against wild beast
and the jungle and same of his own kind
who have tried to keep him down and to
exploit him for their own benefit”
John Jacob Anderson: History is a narration
of the events which have happened
as well as of other great changes which
have affected the political
and social condition of the human race”.
WHY HISTORY MATTERS
All people are living histories – which is why
History matters
Historians are often asked: what is the use
or relevance of studying History? Why on
earth does it matter what happened long
ago? The answer is that History is
inescapable. It studies the past and the
legacies of the past in the present. Far from
being a ‘dead’ subject, it connects things
through time and encourages its students
to take a long view of such connections.
All people and peoples are living histories.
To take a few obvious examples:
communities speak languages that are
inherited from the past. They live in
societies with complex cultures, traditions
and religions that have not been created on
the spur of the moment. People use
technologies that they have not themselves
invented. And each individual is born with a
personal variant of an inherited genetic
template, known as the genome, which has
evolved during the entire life-span of the
human species.
So understanding the linkages between
past and present is absolutely basic for a
good understanding of the condition of
being human. That, in a nutshell, is why
History matters. It is not just ‘useful’, it is
essential.
The study of the past is essential for
‘rooting’ people in time. And why
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should that matter? The answer is that
people who feel themselves to be rootless
live rootless lives, often causing a lot of
damage to themselves and others in the
process.
Indeed, at the most extreme end of the
out-of-history spectrum, those individuals
with the distressing experience of complete
memory loss cannot manage on their own
at all.
In fact, all people have a full historical
context. But some, generally for reasons
that are no fault of their own, grow up with
a weak or troubled sense of their own
placing, whether within their families or
within the wider world. They lack a sense of
roots. For others, by contrast, the inherited
legacy may even be too powerful and
outright oppressive.
In all cases, understanding History
integral to a good understanding of the
condition of being human. That allows
people to build, and, as may well be
necessary, also to change, upon a secure
foundation. Neither of these options can be
undertaken well without understanding the
context and starting points. All living people
live in the here-and-now but it took a long
unfolding history to get everything to NOW.
And that history is located in time-space,
which holds this cosmos together, and
which frames both the past and
present.
II. Nature of History
To better understand history, it is essential
to determine its very nature
1. History is a study of the present in the
light of the past
The present has evolved out of the past. To
understand how society has come to
its present form, there is a need to know its
past.
Example: Understanding the Birth of
Philippine as a Nation
2. History is the study of man
History deals with man’s struggles through
ages. Past events are riddled with
man’s engagement in wars, his struggles to
win his independence. History traces
the fascinating story of how man has
developed through the ages, how man has
studied to use and control his environment
and how the present institutions have
grown out of the past.
Example: Growth and development of the
Philippine Government from Pre-colonial to
the Present
3. History provides an objective record of
is happenings.
Historians are careful on the data they
include in their books. They base their
data on original source and make them free
from subjective interpretation.
4. History is multisided.
History is not limited to one certain aspect
of man’s life; it covers all other aspects
as they are all closely interrelated. A
change in politics could have an effect in
other aspects of the society
5. History is a dialogue between the events
the of the past and progressively emerging
future ends.
Past events are interpreted and become
predictor of new objectives.
6. History is not only narration but it is also
an analysis.
History is not confined with narrative
accounts. It dissects and explains the
occurrence of the events and how it
ultimately changes the society overtime.

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7. Continuity and coherence are necessary ❖ Diary
requisites of history. ❖ Journal entries
History monitors the development of the ❖ Letters
society, from generation to generation, ❖ Memoirs
after series of events, justifying the essence ❖ Speeches
of continuity. ❖ Interviews
8. History is relevant ❖ Official Records
In the study of history, only significant ❖ Minutes
events which have influenced the society ❖ Artworks
are covered and essential to the ❖ Artifacts
understanding of the present life. Primary sources mostly include unpublished
9. History is comprehensive works of individuals that were
History is not limited to one period or to discovered after some time as during
one country alone. It deals with all aspects historical excavation and historical
of human life- political, social, economic, researches done in public and private
religious, literary, aesthetic and physical, libraries.
giving a clear picture of global linkage ● Newspapers and magazine articles are
also considered primary sources as
Example: Socio-cultural aspect of the long as they were written soon after
the events and not as historical
Filipinos it is a mixture of the culture
account.
of the east and the west
Secondary Sources: These resources serve

III: Distinction Between Primary and as interpretations or readings of primary

Secondary Sources sources. Usually, the author of a piece

In conducting any historical research, incorporates his or her personal insights

different sources of information are and interpretations, thus, detaching the

required to gain extensive knowledge on a original value of the component of the

particular topic. Some researchers rely on subject being discussed.

written sources while others choose to These sources usually contain analyses of

make use of oral sources. primary sources by experts, academicians,

Primary Sources: These sources are and professionals.

considered as contemporary accounts of These are usually in the form of published

an event, personally written or narrated by works such as journals, articles, reviews,

an individual person who directly books, conference papers, and

experienced or participated in the said documentaries.

event. They can also be based on interpretations

Primary sources also include materials that of other secondary sources or a

capture the event such as photographs, combination of primary and secondary

voice and video recordings, and the like. sources.

These materials are considered as original Many historical researchers also bank on

sources that directly narrate the details of secondary sources to get different

the event. perspectives on a particular topic. However,

3
relying too much on secondary sources may
blur out the actual details of particular 1) Date – When was it produced?
historical events. Therefore, primary and 2) Localization – Where did it originate?
secondary sources should be evaluated. 3) Authorship – Who wrote it?
Most scholars use the following questions 4) Analysis – What pre-existing material
in evaluating the validity and credibility of served as the basis for its
sources of historical accounts: production?
1) How did the author know about the given 5) Integrity – What was its original form?
details? Was the author present 6) Credibility – What is the evidential value
at the event? How soon was the author of its content?
able to gather the details of the event? Secondary accounts of historical events are
2) Where did the information come from? Is narratives commonly passed on from one
it a personal experience, an generation to the next or knowledge that is
eyewitness account, or a report made by shared within a community.
another person? Similar to the usual problem with passing
3) Did the author conclude based on a information from one point to another,
single source, or on many sources of details can be altered.
evidence? Louis Gottschalk (1969) emphasized that is
impossible for historians to avoid using
The evaluation of an available source shows secondary sources due to difficulty in
any indication that it is an interpretative accessing primary sources. He suggested
work rather than a factual firsthand that secondary sources must only be used
account, it is considered as a secondary for:
source. 1) deriving the setting wherein the
contemporary evidence will fit in the grand
IV: Evaluation of Primary and Secondary narrative of history;
Sources 2) getting leads to other bibliographic data
Primary source provides better and more 3) acquiring quotations or citations from
accurate historical details compared to a contemporary or other sources; and
secondary source. However, the 4) deriving interpretations with a view of
authenticity and reliability of primary testing and improving them but not
sources should be scrutinized before they accepting them as outright truth.
are used.
In this day and age, the proliferation of fake Martha Howell and Walter Prevenier (2001)
news is evident in both print and digital stated that before any source can be
media platforms. considered as an evidence in a historical
Although primacy is given to primary argument, it must satisfy three
sources, there are instances when the preconditions.
credibility of these sources are contestable. 1) It must be comprehensible at the most
Garraghan (1950) identified six points of basic level of vocabulary,
inquiries to evaluate the authenticity of a language, and handwriting
primary source:
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2) The source must be carefully located in
accordance with place and time.
Its author, composer, or writer and the
location where it was
produced/published should be noted for the
checking of authenticity and
accuracy.
3) The authenticity of the source must
always be checked and
counterchecked before being accepted as a
credible source in any
historical findings. Subtle details such as
the quality of paper used, the ink or the
watermark of the parchment used, and the
way it was encoded.
Cases of forgery and mislabeling
common in Philippine historiography.
Ambeth Ocampo’s discovery of the alleged
draft of Jose Rizal’s third
novel, the Makamisa
Signature of Gen. Urbano Lacuna that led
to the captivity of Emilio
Aguinaldo
Signature of Jose Rizal in
retraction controversy
Josephine Bracken and Jose Rizal marriage
under Catholic rites Internal criteria set by
Howell and Prevenier (2001):
1) The genealogy of the document – refers
to the development of the
document. The document may be original, a
copy, or a copy of the copy.
2) The genesis of the document – includes
the situations and the authorities during the
document’s production.
3) The originality of the document
includes the nature of the document
whether it is an eye/earwitness account or
merely passing of existing
information.
4) The interpretation of the document –
pertains to deducing meaning from
the document.
5) The authority of the document – refers to
the relationship between the document’s
subject matter and its author.
6) The competence of the observer – refers
to the author’s capabilities and
qualifications to critically comprehend and
report information.
7) The trustworthiness of the observer –
refers to the author’s integrity – whether he
or she fabricates or reports truthfully
are Primary sources: How these sources are
directly related and closely connected
to the time of the events they pertain to.
Secondary sources: Depends on the
elapsed time from the date of the event to
the date of their creation. More likely, the
farther the date of creation from the actual
event, the more reliable the source is
the great (exhaustion of all available
materials).
ADDITIONAL NOTES:
✒️History = root of your family or family
tree
1. Barangay but the lamen term is tribe
(leader and laws) independent
barangay or tribe kaya may mga tribal
war
Factors of birth of nationalism
– Spanish colonization
One nation
2. government - political leaders
3. Marcos administration = one-sided
history (1986- 1987)
bias
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 corruption
dictator leader
Negative
younger generation
journalists
social media
textbook - secondary source
👁️‍🗨️Eye witness = oral testimonies of
older people
4. All aspects ay pinaguusapan (political,
economic and etc.)
5. Price increase sa oil = cause? Hindi
lang in national kailangan i trace in
international we need to look or
understand sa outside ng Philippines
it is global taas at baba ng price ng oil
GLOBAL CAUSE - root cause = Russia
and Ukraine and other factors din
Parang hindi nila pinagaralan dahil
blinablame nila ang gov’t because of
that at hindi naman natin nacocontroll
ang global market
GLOBAL ISSUES = Russia -Ukraine
OPEC
SOURCES:
Primary sources = eyewitnesses
kung yung tao ay nasa isang lugar na kung
saan naganap ang pangyayari 🕵️
Secondary sources = hindi sila ang
eye witness; mga nababalitaan 👂 nila sa
ibang tao
Lesson 2 - Katipunan and the
Revolution: Memoirs of a
General
About the Author
SANTIAGO V. ALVAREZ
The only child of revolutionary general
Mariano Alvarez and Nicolasa Virata, was
born in Imus but was raised in Noveleta,
Cavite. He was known as “Kidlat ng Apoy”
(Lightning of Fire) because of his inflamed
bravery and participation in the Battle of
Dalahican.
Santiago was among the first in Cavite to
take up arms against Spain. All through
the revolution, he fought side by side with
his father. In the 36-hour battle of
Dalahican, One of the bloodiest encounters
during the Revolution, he scored a decisive
victory and repulsed the Spanish troops.
When the American civil government was
established in the Philippines in 1901,
Santiago assisted in the organization of the
Nacionalista Party, where he later became
president of its directorate.
During the 1920s, his memoirs were
published in Sampaguita, a Tagalog weekly,
in 36 installments ( from July 24, 1927 to
April 15, 1928). These were reproduced in
book form and translated in English by
Paula Carolina S. Malay.
👀;
Paula Carolina S. Malay
She graduated from the University of the
Philippines. She taught economics at
various universities during the 1950s and
1960s. She turned to translation and
writing during the martial law period.
Memoirs of the General
The events I have related in this account of
the Katipunan and the Revolution
reverberate with shouts of “Long live our
Patriots! and Death to the enemy! These
were in answer to enemy’s assaults with
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mausers and cannons, the latter fired from
both land and sea.
The Magdiwang government honored me
with an appointment as captain general,
or head of its army General Artemio Ricarte
was lieutenant general.
I will now attempt to write down what I saw
and what I know about the Katipunan
and the Revolution. First, I shall narrate the
event relating to the Revolution beginning
from 14 March 1896: then I shall deal with
the organization and activities of the Most
Venerable Supreme Society of the Sons of
the People (Kamahalmahalan at
Kataastaasang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng
Bayan). The Katipunan account is based on
records which were entrusted to me by the
original founder of the Katipunan. In the
interest of honorable truth. I shall now
attempt to write a history of the Katipunan
and the Revolution which I hope will be
acceptable to all. However, I realize that it
is inevitable that, in the narration of actual
happenings, T shall run the risk of hurting
the feeling of contemporaries and
comrades-in-arms. I would like to make it
clear that I shall try to be as possible and
that is far from my intention of depreciate
anyone’ patriotism
and greatness.
I shall be honored if these memoirs become
a worthy addiction to what General
Artemio Ricarte as already published in this
weekly.
On 14 March 1896, a Saturday,
accompanied Emilio F. Aguinaldo and
Raymund Mata to Manila for their initiation
into the Katipunan secret society.
Messrs. Aguinaldo and Mata were
prominent townsmen of Kawit, Cavite, my
home province. Reaching Manila at about
five in the afternoon, we waited for the
appointed time at the quarters of Jacinto
Lumbreras, a Katipunan member. He was
the caretaker of the central telephone
exchange on San Jacinto Street in Binondo.
At about seven o’ clock in the evening, a
Katipunan director arrived to take us to the
Katipunan headquarters. Before leaving
Lumbreras place, my two companions
were blindfolded. Then we got into a calesa
(horsecart) and reached the home of
Andres Bonifacio, the Katipunan Supremo,
after about an hour’s ride. It was a
moonlight night and since the street was
well-lit, we could see the house clearly. It
was of moderate size, the floor not too
much raised from the ground: it had
wooden walls and roof thatched with nipa
(palm leaves). The house was located on
Cervantes Street (now Rizal Avenue) in the
San Ygnacio area of Bambang. It was
surrounded by many guards, some of them
police who were Katipunan members.
Directing operations was Gregoria de Jesus,
the wife of the Supremo Bonifacio
We were led into a room in the inner part of
the house. On the table covered with
black cloth were the skull and crossbones
from a human skeleton. Lying beside the
skull and crossbones were the following
paraphernalia: a new long-blanded weapon,
an old revolver, a small knife with a sharp
edge, a new pen, a copy of the Katipunan
“primer” and a sheet of paper on which
I
were written blood-colored characters.
On both sides of the table were Katipuneros
blindfolded with the black cloth
On the wall behind the skull was a
rectangular banner of black cloth on which
was the same motif of human skull and

7
crossbones. Above the Banner were three
K’s arranged as in a tripod: all were in
white paint. Meanwhile, a woman lookout
was heard to say, “Cool!” which was the
code word for “all clear”. Shortly afterward,
the guides led the blindfolded into the
house. The woman lookout told the guard,
“They’re all here”. Nobody else is coming.
Alert your comrades about tighter security”.
Or execution, they pledge to destroy
oppression by signing their names in their
own blood. When the ritual was over, the
happy crowd of Katipunan members warmly
embraced the neophytes amid shouts
“Brother! Brother!”.
Still blindfolded, the neophytes were then
escorted down the house and cordially
sent off with a repetition of fraternal
embraces. I then took over escorting
Aguinaldo and Mata. When we had walked
some distance from the Supremo’s house, I
took off their blindfolds. We proceeded to
comrade Jacinto Lumbreras’ quarters at the
telephone exchange, where we retired for
the night. Incidentally, Lumbreras’ wife
delivered a baby that night and we were
witnesses to that event.
Emilio Aguinaldo asked me to accompany
him to see the Supremo Bonifacio again
to learn more about the Katipunan. We
made the trip to Manila on a Monday, 6
April 1896.
In those days, we Cavite folk traveled to
and from Manila aboard Spanish vessel
called “Ynchausti boats” (meaning boats
own by Jose Joaquin de Ynchausti). They
bore names like “Isabel”, “Dominga” and
others. These vessels were purchased by
Mr. Luis Yango; their operations are now
managed by his son Teodor.
We left the pier at Cavite at seven in the
morning, and an hour later we were in
Manila. Aguinaldo went to the port office to
attend to some business while I waited
outside. When he comes out after about ten
minutes, he was agitated. His face was
flushed and his steps were longer than
usual, I asked him what was the matter. He
was upset over the superciliousness of one
Ramon Padilla, with whom he had exchange
some sharp words. He said that Padilla,
who was a functionary in the port office,
tried to impress people with superior airs
but only succeeded in showing how rude
and uncouth he really was.
We talked while walking, and soon we
reached Lavezares Street in Binondo where
Dr. Pio Valenzuela was living in a rented
house. Dr. Valenzuela was then the
provisional chairman of the Katipunan. In
the house we met the Supremo, Andres
Bonifacio, his wife Gregoria de Jesus; Jose
Dizon; and Dr. Valenzuela himself. We were
welcome cordially with fraternal embraces.
They said that they already knew Mr.
Aguinaldo but they did not recognize him
since he had been blindfolded during their
first encounter.
After we were all seated, we happily
exchanged news and talked about the
progress of the Katipunan. Once in a while,
brother Aguinaldo hesitated, which
promoted the observant Bonifacio to ask
solicitously if anything was bothering him. I
volunteered the information that he had
some unpleasant experience with an official
at the port office and that was what
probably was on his mind. I had scarcely
finished what I was saying when the
Supremo’s face flushed and his voice shook
as he said, “It is necessary to defend the
honor of our brother here”.
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 started in the night, included the massing
Immediately he sent Dr. Pio Valenzuela and of Spanish troops.
Jose Dizon to the house of Ramon
Padilla for redress to the dishonor he had ADDITIONAL NOTES:
showed to brother Aguinaldo. In default of 👬Twin Battles of Dalahican and Binakayan
an apology the two emissaries were to be ● Faction under Andres Bonifacio--
seconds in a duel. Santiago Alvarez
The Katipunan continued to spread. It was ● Battle of Binakayan - Magdalo (
Good Friday in the month of April 1896. faction under Emilio Aguinaldo)
At nine o’ clock in the morning, the ● Revolutionists - Filipinos divided into
Supremo Andres Bonifacio accompanied by two factions - misunderstanding
Dr. Pio Valenzuela, Emilio Jacinto and
Pantaleon Torres, arrived in the Town of Katipunan 🚩
Noveleta, Cavite province to establish a Recruitment system of the Katipunan --
provincial council of the Katipunan. Triangle Method (recuiting 2 members na
The Council came to be known as the hindi sila magkakilala)
Magdiwang. The following were its officers: Codes - messages
Mariano Alvarez, president; Pascual July - Dec 1892 -- Triangle Method in
Alvarez, secretary; Dionisio Alvarez, recruiting members
treasures; Valentin Salud, prosecutor; recruited members -- courage and
Benito Alix, sergeant-at-arms; Nicolas patriotism
Ricafrente, Adriano Guinto, Emeterio Malia initiation rites
and Valeriano Aquino, directors. physical and written initiation
While both councils approved their codes - messages
respective regulation uniforms, with a
common set of rank insignias, very few Ranking of members 🎖️
were able to comply because of unsettling 1. Katipon - associate - Anak ng Bayan
events coming one after the other. (password)
On Saturday, 28 September 1896, Captain 2. Kawal - soldiers - GOM -BUR-Za
General Apoy and general Vibora (password)
prepared to go to the field to inspect the 3. Bayani - patriot - - RIZAL (password)
fortifications to the west along the Cavite- Governing body
Batangas border, which were under the Supreme Council - National governing
command of Brig. Gen. Eleuterio Marasigan body- Kataas taasang Sangunian
and Col. Luciano San Miguel. But before Provincial Council - Sanguniang Bayan
the two Generals could leave, the Popular Council - Sanguniang Balangay
commander of the troops defending Katipunan - secret society but they also
Dalahican, Major Aklan, came to war considered - Government
ministry to report that they had sighted the
enemy fortifying the narrowest neck of Aims 🎯
Dalahican. The enemy activity, which had 1. Unity of the Filipinos

9
2. Fight for the independence of the Phils sino kina aguinaldo at andres bonifacio ang
--- prepared for a battle or uprising against magiging leader ng
the Spanish authorities revolutionists/katipuneros in the armed
uprising
Newspaper 🗞️ of Katipunan = Kalayaan Confusion 😵‍💫 on the part of the katipuneros
Discovery of the Katipunan - August 19, solved the rift
1896 Tejeros assembly = controversial issue
due to the misunderstanding of 2 Textbook 📚 - election, Emilio aguinaldo
Katipuneros who were working in the was elected as president and Bonifacio was
printing press Diario de Manila elected as director of interior
after Bonifacio was elected as a director of
Katipunan name interior, somebody question his
Emilio Aguinaldo = Magdalo qualification
Andres Bonifacio = Magdiwang Bonifacio was insulted 🤬 thus he walked
Jose Rizal = honorary leader out from the assembly declaring the
katipunan was formerly an association for election null and void making him the
men enemy of the new government
Bonifacio was arrested- trial - he found
Noveleta (place in Cavite) - Santiago guilty
Alvarez and family - provincial council punishment - to be executed
Magdiwang council (loyal to Andres by-laws / constitution
Bonifacio) guide to every member
Kartilya ng Katipunan
Kawit cavite - Emilio Aguinaldo 13 teachings - read and understand the
Magdalo council (Emilio Aguinaldo) teachings
★ is the teachings still relevant today?
2 faction or misunderstanding 😵‍ ★ if yes , how can we apply it?
Leadership sa katipunan - hmmm

August 30, 1896 - 8 provinces involved in

LESSON 3
the uprising against the Spanish authorities
were declared under Martial law = start of Kartilya ng Katipunan
Philippine Revolution
By Emilio Jacinto
September of 1896 - Twin Battles of
The first move towards independence began
Binakayan and Dalahican
on July 7, 1892 when the Katipunan
Binakayan - magdalo
was established by Andres Bonifacio. This
Dalahican - magdiwang
was a result of the failure of the Reform
victory on the part of the katipuneros
movement in Spain in which Filipinos
conflict on leadership
attempted to demand reforms for the
Philippines

10
from the Spanish government. This was also
the time that the La Liga Filipina
established by Dr. Jose Rizal in the
Philippines naturally died due to Rizal’s
exiled in Dapitan. Bonifacio saw the futility
of the efforts of the Filipino propagandists
and organized an underground movement
against Spain.
The Kataastaasang Kagalang-galangang
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan or KKK
was a revolutionary society that espoused
independence and freedom for the
Philippines through force of arms. Its main
objective was separation of the Philippines
from Spain and at the same time, the
development of the Filipinos as citizens of
their own nation once independence was
achieved. The latter objective was done
through the written works by Bonifacio and
fellow Katipunero, Emilio Jacinto, who wrote
a number of poems and essays for the
society members.
The recruitment process of the Katipunan
followed the Masonic initiation rites while
its structure was said to be based on Rizal’s
aborted reformist organization, the La Liga
Filipina. The new members of the society
were indoctrinated with the Katipunan rules
and its teachings that emphasized the value
of the love of one’s country and fellow
Filipinos.
About the Author
Emilio Jacinto was born on December 15,
1875, in the district of Trozo in Tondo,
Manila. He was the son of Mariano Jacinto,
a bookkeeper and Josefa Dizon. Living a
life of poverty Jacinto still managed to get a
good education. He finished his elementary
education in a private school then took up
his secondary education at the Colegio de
San Juan de Letran. He later studied law at
the University of Santo Tomas where he
developed a love of reading and improved
his skills in Spanish. Unfortunately, he had
to stop his studies when the Philippine
Revolution began in 1896.
Jacinto joined the Katipunan in 1894 at the
age of 18 and took the symbolic name
Pingkian. It was during this time that he
developed his nationalistic ideals. Through
his enthusiasm and ideas, Jacinto became a
guiding light to the members of the society.
He wrote the Kartilya as well as the oath of
the Katipuneros. He also edited the
Katipunan newspaper Kalayaan and was the
author of several literary writings using the
pen- mane “Dimas Ilaw”. He served the
Katipunan in different capacities such as
secretary, fiscal, editor and later appointed
General by Bonifacio in 1897. He also
served as an adviser to the Supremo.
After the death of Bonifacio in Cavite in
1897, Jacinto continued the fight against
the Spaniards even after the Truce
following the Pact of Biak-na-Bato. He was
wounded in a battle against the Spaniards
in Magdalena, Laguna and was captured.
Upon investigation, Jacinto was released
after he managed to convince the Spanish
soldiers he was a spy in their service when
he showed them a military pass issued to a
man, he killed several months ago. Jacinto
quickly went into hiding in Manila. There he
sent a letter to Apolinario Mabini in
Malolos, Bulacan stating his plan to
continue his law studies at the
newly-established Literary University of the
Philippines. But this plan was discontinued
when Jacinto had to go back to Laguna to
lead his fellow patriots in the war against
11
the new enemy, the Americans (Fil-Am Association of the Sons of the People
War). He established his headquarters in
the town of Majayjay where he, (Katipunan Nang Manga A. N. B)
unfortunately, contracted malaria. He died To Those Who Want to Join this Association
on April 6, 1899. (Sa May Nasang Makisanaib sa Katipunang
Ito)
About the Kartilya
Kartilya is the best known of all Katipunan In order that all who want to enter this

texts and it is the only document of any Association may have a full understanding

length set in print by the Katipunan prior to and knowledge of its guiding principles and

August 1896. main teachings, it is necessary to make

The Kartilya was printed as a small these things known to them so that they

pamphlet that was distributed to the will not, tomorrow or the next day, repent

members of the Katipunan. Its term was and so that they may perform their duties

derived from the Spanish cartilla which was wholeheartedly.

the primer used for grade schools during This Association pursues a most worthy and

the Spanish period. Kartilya served as the momentous objectives: to unite the

primary lessons for the members of the hearts and minds of all the Tagalogs by

Katipunan. means of an inviolable oath, in order that

The Kartilya presents not only the teachings his union may be strong enough to tear

for the neophyte Katipunero but also the aside the thick veil that obscures thought,

guiding principles of the society. The and to find the true path of reasons and

teachings are expected from the members Enlightenment.

even after the attainment of freedom from One of the foremost rules here is TRUE

the colonizers. The Kartilya ends with a Love of the native land and Genuine

document of affirmation by the member to Compassion for one another.

the society’s teachings. Poor, rich, ignorant, wise – here, all are

The Kartilya was not just a document for equal and true brethren.

the Katipunan. Its importance today is As soon as anybody enters here, he shall

predicated on the teachings that embodied be force to renounce disorderly habits and

the moral and nationalistic principles shall submit to the authority of the sacred

of a nation that fought for independence. commands of the Katipunan.

These principles are relevant as the All acts contrary to noble and clear living

sense of nationhood still holds true when are repugnant here, and hence the life of

the cultural and historical values of anyone who wants to affiliate with this

every Filipino are threatened by the Association will be submitted to a searching

onslaught of foreign influences brought investigation.

about by today’s globalization. If the applicant merely wishes to know the

secrets of the Association or to seek

English Translation personal gratification, or to know who are

here in order to sell them for a handful of

12
silver, he cannot proceed, for here those The funds cannot be expended without the
who are watching him already know his consent of the majority.
intentions, and will immediately have All this must be thought over and
recourse to an effective remedy, such as deliberated upon calmly as it cannot be
befits traitors. accomplished or endured by anyone who
Here, only actions are demanded and has no love for his native land and no
esteemed; hence anybody who is not genuine desire to promote Progress.
willing to act should not enter, no matter And for the upliftment of your mind and
how good a speaker he might be. virtue, read the following
It is also announced that the duties to be
performed by the members of this Teachings of the Katipunan of the
association are exceedingly hard, especially
Sons of the People
if one remembers that there can be no
dereliction or willful evasion of duty without
1. Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa
the exaction of terrible punishment.
isang malaki at banal na kadahilanan ay
If an applicant merely desires financial
kahoy na walang lilim, kun di damong
support relief or wants to lead a life of
makamandang.
bodily comfort and ease, he had better not
The life that is not consecrated to a lofty
proceed, for he will encounter weighty
and reasonable purpose is a tree without a
tasks, like the protection of the oppressed
shade, if not a poisonous weed.
and the relentless fight against all that is
evil.
● living life with a purpose - We need to
set our goals and find meaning to our
In this way, his fate will be a vexatious life.
life.
Nobody is unaware of the misfortune that
threatens the Filipino who contemplate
2. Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa
these things that are sacred (and even
pagpipita sa sarili, at hindi talagang nasang
those that are not) and the sufferings that
gumawa ng kagalingan, ay di kabaitan
are made to endure by the reign of cruelty,
To do good for personal gain and not for its
injustice and evil.
own sake is not virtue.
Everybody also knows the need for money,
which today is one of the main things
● Doing what is right - not to be selfish-
upon which we depend to bring sustenance
doing good must be accompanied
to all. In this regard, the punctual payment
with humbleness
of dues is required: one peso upon entry
and then twelve and a half centavos each
3. Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang
month. The custodian of the funds will
pagkakawang gawa, ang pagibig sa
periodically render an account to the
kapwa at ang isukat ang bawat kilos, gawa’t
members and each member has a right to
pangungusap sa talagang
examine the accounts, should he so wish.
Katuiran.

13
It is rational to be charitable and love one’s
fellow creature, and to adjust one’s
conduct, acts and words to what is in itself
reasonable.
● doing good /helping others without
asking anything in return
4. Maitim man at maputi ang kulay ng balat,
lahat ng tao’y magkakapantay:
mangyayaring ang isa’y higtan sa dunong,
sa yaman, sa ganda…, ngunit di mahihigtan
sa pagkatao.
Whether our skin be black or white, we are
all born equal: superiority in knowledge,
wealth and beauty are to be understood,
but not superiority by nature.
● Equality, no to racism
5. Ang may mataas na kalooban inuuna ang
puri sa pagpipita sa sarili; ang may hamak
na kalooban, inuuna ang pagpipita sa sarili
sa puri.
The honorable man prefers honor
personal gain; the scoundrel, gain to honor.
● Dignity yung tinitignan natin -
are selling their names for money;
personal interest
● issue - kris aquino (sister ni pres
Noynoy) - using her position/status to
help a friend - BIR
6. Sa taong may hiya, salita’y panunumpa.
To the honorable man, his word is sacred.
● Word of honor “walk the talk”
man of words = Jose Rizal
7. Huwag mong sayangin ang panahun: ang
yamang nawala’y mangyayaring magbalik;
ngunit panahung nagdaan na’y di na muli
pang magdadaan.
Do not waste thy time: wealth can be
recovered but not time lost.
● Time is gold - manage our time and
give our best like tomorrow ends -
telling your love to your parents,
importance of family love
8. Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi; kabakahin
ang umaapi.
Defend the oppressed and fight the
oppressor before the law or
in the field.
● fight for what is right - love for justice
● witness of a crime
● we need courage
● endangering your life
● heroes
9. Ang taong matalino’y ang may pagiingat
sa bawat sasabihin, at matutong ipaglihim
to ang dapat ipaglihim.
The prudent man is sparing in words and
they faithful in keeping secrets
● importance of trust and confidentiality
10. Sa daang matinik ng kabuhayan, lalaki
ay siyang patugot ng asawa’t mga anak:
kung ang umaakay ay tungo sa sama, ang
pagtutunguhan ng inaakay ay kasamaan
din.
On the thorny path of life, man is the guide
of woman and the children, and if the guide
leads to the precipice, those whom he
guides will also go there.
14
 ● Be a model ‘set an example’ - being yaon di nagpapaapi’t di nakikiapi; yaong
able to lead the family, community marunong magdamdam at marunong
● spiritual development lumingap sa bayang tinubuan.
● parents - first teachers Man is not worth more because he is a
● values king, because his nose is aquiline, and his
color white, not because he is a *priest, a
11. Ang babae ay huwag mong tignang servant of God, nor because of the high
isang bagay na libangan lamang, kun di prerogative that he enjoys upon earth, but
isang katuang at karamay sa mga kahirapan he is worth most who is a man of proven
nitong kabuhayan; gamitan mo nag boong and real value, who does good, keeps his
pagpipitagan ang kaniyang kahinaan, at words, is worthy and honest; he who does
alalahanin ang inang pinagbuhatan at not oppress nor consent to being
nagiwi sa iyong kasanggulan. oppressed, he who loves and cherishes his
Thou must not look upon woman as a mere fatherland, though he be born in the
plaything, but as a faithful companion who wilderness and know no tongue but his
will share with thee the penalties of life; own.
her (physical) weakness will increase thy
interest in her and she will remind thee of ● A man's life is not measured by what
the mother who bore thee and reared thee. is his status in life nor with the things
that he possesses. Instead, it is in his
● importance of women -- (respect) character and his love for the native
land
12. Ang di mo ibig na gawin sa asawa mo,
anak at kapatid, ay huwag mong gagawin sa 14. Paglagalap ng mga aral na ito at
asawa, anak at kapatid ng iba. maningning na sumikat ang araw ng mahal
What thou dost not desire done unto thy na Kalayaan dito sa kaabaabang
wife, children, brothers and sisters, that do Sangkapuluan, at sabugan ng matamis
not unto the wife, children, brothers and niyang liwanag ang nangagkaisang
sisters of thy neighbor. magkakalahi’t magkakapatid na ligayang
walang katapusan, ang mga ginugol na
● Golden rule buhay, pagud, at mga tiniis na kahirapa’y
labis nang natumbasan.
13. Ang kamahalan ng tao’y wala sa
pagkahari, wala sa tangus ng When these rules of conduct shall be
ilong at puti ng mukha, wala sa pagkaparing known to all, the longed- for sun of Liberty
kahalili ng Dios, wala sa mataas na shall rise brilliant over this most unhappy
kalagayan sa balat ng lupa: wagas at tunay portion of the globe and its rays shall
na mahal na tao, kahit laking gubat at diffuse everlasting joy among the
walang nababatid kun di ang sariling wika, confederated brethren of the same rays, the
yaon may magandang asal, may isang lives of those who have gone before, the
pangungusap, may dangal at puri; fatigues and the well-paid sufferings will

15
remain. If he who desires to enter (the Portugal and Spain - ⚔️rival countries in
Katipunan) has informed himself of all this terms of navigation
and believes he will be able to Portugal successfully discovered the
perform what will be his duties, he may fill eastward Route --- Cape of Good Hope
out the application for admission. and India
eastward route -- Atlantic ocean moving to
● Pag nagkaroon ng kalayaan ang mga the tip of Africa -- Indian ocean in order to
sacripisyo ay hindi na mararamdaman reach the east➡️
● It shows the sense of hopefulness for Spain - Christopher Columbus -- navigated
the motherland and that all the Atlantic ocean moving to the west⬅️
sacrifices made is not all for nothing. -- the new world (USA)
● Ipinapakita nito ang pag-asa ni -- Balboa - most dangerous ☠️ body of
Jacinto na makakamit ng Pilipinas ang water beyond south America -- South sea (
ganap na kalayaan mula sa Espanya. Pacific Ocean)
westward route
He studies the movement of the ocean 🌊-
Magellan
westward route to reach the east

Lesson 4 - Butuan/Limasawa? Portuguese

King Manuel I - king of Portugal
The Site of the First Mass in declined the proposal of Magellan

the Philippines Proposed his plan to King Charles of Spain

Falaiero = astronomer 🧑‍🚀
Eventually, inapproved ni King Charles na
ADDITIONAL NOTES: bigyan ng Financial ang Magellan
Expedition
Antonio Pigafetta
Francisco albo 5 ships 🚢 in the Magellan expedition
site of the first catholic mass in the Phils 1. Trinidad
(controversial issue - two points of view) 2. Concepcion
about the site/location of the first mass 3. Victoria
Butuan, Agusan del norte (Butuan version) 4. Santiago
Limasawa Leyte ( Limasawa version) 5. San Antonio

Expedition of Magellan 3 ships 🚢 that crossed the pacific ocean --

15th century Strait of Magellan (tip of Argentina)
turkey - a route that they used in going to strait of magellan - place where the water
the east from atlantic ocean and pacific ocean meet
trader- caravan 1. trinidad
India 2. victoria
China - spices 🧂 3. Concepcion

16
pacific ocean -- 98 days (3 months) King of Butuan
no food , no water 😵 Brother of Rajah
first island -- Guam Colambo
Magellan first name the island - Islands He was a visitor to
of sails ⛵ Mazaua.
there were many sail boats in the island He was the finest looking
natives of the islands stolen a sail boat from man, according to
the flag ship trinidad Pigafette.
Magellan changed the named of the island
as Island of Thieves The evidence 🧐 of albo’s log book
continue there voyage moving to the west- (limasawa version - francisco albo)
southwest mollucas island - spice islands (Indonesia)
March 16, 1521 - sighted mountain 2 Ships 🚢 = trinidad and victoria
● tridad -- returned back to spain using
the Magellan route ( Pacific Ocean -
FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD strait magellan - atlantic ocean) ===
Ferdinand Magellan - First Circumnav… failed because the ship was captured

Antonio pigafetta diary (assistant ni by the Portuguese

Magellan) - Limasawa version on the site of ● victoria - spain using the eastward

the first mass - Pigafetta and Francisco route ( spice island - indian ocean -

Albo (Albo Log Book) tip of africa - cape of good hope -

atlantic ocean)

(3 sa ppt)Mazaua -- 1. place in leyte --

limasawa /masaua (elders) Humunu pigafetta - Gada - albo

2. Mindanao -- Agusan del Norte - Masao Mazaua - pigafetta - Mazava - albo

riverrine albo account he did not mentioned about

Butuan the eucharistic celebration, what he

mentioned is only the planting of the

Humunu/Homonhon == leyte gulf - island cross ✝️.

surrounded by water (uninhabited) - 8
days lang sila nagstay Humunu/Gada -- Mazaua (pigafetta) /
Mazava (albo)

2 kings 👑 Today - Limasawa

1. Rajah Kulambo/kalambo/ Colambo Masao is the same with Mazaua

magellan expedition with limasawa version - Masao, Butuan Agusan del norte

site of the first mass Zubu (Cebu) - April 7, 1521 (Magellan

limasawa version - pigafetta account arrived)

mazaua - location of the planting and 17th - 19th century -- historians -

Eucharistic celebration influenced (Butuan del norte)

1. Francisco Colin - 240 years - reissued

2. Rajah Siago/Siani by Pablo pastell (PPT)

17
 2. Francisco Combes - reissued after annotate the book of morga - Dr. Jose
230 years by wenceslao Retana Rizal (concentrated)
assisted by Father pablo pastell (PPT)

Butuan tradition/version
Lesson 5 - The First Cry of
father Pablo pastell -- Wenceslao retana
Philippine Revolution
Carreri - Giro del Mundo (17TH CENTURY)
The Philippine Revolution of 1896 began
Juan dela concepcion - 14 volume history
with what became known as the “First Cry”
of the phils -- Manila (18TH CENTURY)
or the initial move of the Filipinos to begin
Joaquin de Zuniga (19TH CENTURY)
the revolution for independence. The event
● Dominican friars - UST who believed
happened after the Katipunan was exposed
in Butuan version
on August 19, 1896 and the Spaniards
● Professors of Ateneo who also
began to crack down on suspected rebels
supported the butuan version
News about the discovery of the Katipunan
● majority of the historians in the phils
spread to Manila and nearby suburbs, and
were influenced by the butuan
Andres Bonifacio immediately called for a
versionzaide and other historians
general meeting. Bonifacio asked his men
● in their book -- first mass was
whether they were willing to fight to the
officiated in Butuan agusan del norte
bitter end. Everyone shouted their approval,
The shift of opinion (20th century)
except for Teodoro Plata, who though that
butuan version - limasawa version (PPT)
it was too soon for a revolution. Heartened
by his men’s response, Bonifacio then
Butuan Tradition
asked them to tear their cedulas (residence
1. Second hand information (PPT)
certificates) to pieces, as a sign of their
2. Magellan and his men got to know the
defiance and determination to rise against
Rajah of Butuan at Masua. (Rajah
the Spaniards. The men immediately tore up
Siani - Masao, Butuan gusan del
their cedulas, shouting, Mabuhay ang
norte) (PPT) - Rajah of Butan is in
Pilipinas (long live the Philippines) -known
Masua (PPT)
as the First Cry of Philippine Revolution.
3. 1st mass must have been celebrated
The original plan was to start the revolution
at Butuan (PPT)
at the end of August but following the
1897 - Philippines at kaya doon
arrests of the Katipuneros, Bonifacio found
nagstart yung butuan version
it wise to begin the revolution that day and
he interviewed some of the 18
attack Manila at the end of the month.
survivors - of the Magellan expedition
In 1911, a monument to the Heroes of
- eucharistic celebration in the
1896 was erected in Balintawak where
archipelago (book - de moluccis
beginning in 1908, it was believed that the
insulis) - (1523) the book was a
first cry occurred in Balintawak on August
product of interview
26. However, the date and place of the
event was contradicted by different
18
Katipunan personalities who claimed that
they were there at the time.
The controversy, however, persists, with
historians and other personalities
(especially the descendants of the
Katipunero witnesses) claiming that the
official date and place are wrong.
government should be started on August
29, 1896. Only one man protested and
fought against a war and that was Teodoro
Plata. Besides the persons named above,
among those present at this meeting were
Enrique Cipriano, Alfonso Pachero, Tomas
Remigio, Sinforoso San Pedro and the
others. After the tumultuous meeting many

DR. PIO VALENZUELA’S ACCOUNT of those present tore their cedula

certificates and shouted “Long live the

An official of the Katipunan and a friend of Philippines! Long live the Philippines!”

Andres Bonifacio, who was present during

the event. His account was published as Santiago Alvarez’s Account
Memoirs of the K.K.K. and the Philippine
Revolution. He was a Filipino physician and In 1972, a pre-World War II Tagalog
he was the emissary sent by Bonifacio to weekly magazine named Sampaguita began
visit Dr. Jose Rizal in Dapitan. publishing the Katipunan memoirs of
general Santiago Virata Alvarez,

The Account (nom-de-guerre: Kidlat ng Apoy) one of the

The first place of refuge of Andres leaders of the Cavite revolution. The series

Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Procopio appeared in 36 parts. It told the story of

Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Aguedo del the Philippine Revolution starting in

Rosario and myself was Balintawak, the first March 1896 until late 1897 interspersed

five arriving there on August 19 and I, on with personal accounts and stories of

August 20, 1896. The first place were some events during the revolution taken from

500 members of the katipunan met on Alvarez’ notes. The series was later

August 22,1896 was the house and yard of published as a book, titled “The Katipunan

Apolonio Samson at Kangkong. Aside from and the Revolution (QC:ADMU, 1992) with

the persons mentioned above, among those an English translation by Paula Carolina

who were there were Briccio Pantas, Malay.

Alejandro Santiago, Ramon Bernardo, The story of the First Cry is found in

Apolonio Samson and others. Here, views Chapter 6 of the memoirs. Alvarez presents

were only exchanged and no resolution was an account devoid of any dramatic

debated or adopted. It was at Pugad Lawin description as it is merely a narration of the

in the house, store-house and yard of Juan events that happened in Bahay Toro (now

Ramos, son of Melchora Aquino, where over part of project 8 in Quezon City) August 24,

1,000 members of the Katipunan met and 1896. It was found out that Alvarez was not

carried out considerable debate and an actual participant of the event, he was in

discussion on August 23, 1896. Cavite at the time, he was just narrating the

The discussion was whether or not information that he gathered from other

the revolution against the Spanish

19
katipuneros, this is his version of the first At ten o’clock that Sunday morning,
Cry, as follows: 23 August 1896, we arrived at Bahay Toro.
Our number had grown to more than 500

The Account and the house, yard and

We started our trek to Kangkong at

about eleven that night. We walked through The following day, Monday, 24

the rain over dark expanses of muddy August, more Katipuneros came and

meadows and fields. Our clothes drenched warehouse of Cabesang Melchora was

and our bodies numbed by the cold wind, getting crowded with us Katipuneros. The

we plodded wordlessly. It was nearly two in generous hospitality of Cabesang Melchora

the morning. was no less than that of Apolonio Samson.

When we reached the house of Brother Like him, she also opened her granary and

Apolonio Samson in Kangkong. We crowded had plenty of rice pounded and animals

into the house to rest and warm ourselves. slaughtered to feed us. . .

We were so tired that, after hanging our

clothes out to dry, we so on fell asleep. . . increased our number to more than a
thousand. The supremo called a meeting at

The Supremo began assigning guards ten o’clock that morning inside Cabesang

at five o’clock the following morning, Melchora’s barn. Flanking him on both

Saturday 22 August 1896. He placed a sides at the head of the table were Dr. Pio

detachment at the Balintawak boundary and Valenzuela, Emilio Jacinto, Briccio Pantas,

another at the backyard to the north of the Enrique Pacheco, Ramon Bernardo,

house where we were gathered. . . Pantelaon Torres, Francisco Carreon,

Vicente Fernandez, Teodoro Plata and

No less than three hundred men others. We were so crowded that some

assembled at the bidding of the Supremo stood outside the barn. The following

Andres Bonifacio. Altogether, they carried matters were approved at the meeting:

assorted weapons, bolos, spears, daggers,

a dozen small revolvers and a rifle used by 1. An uprising to defend the people’s

its owner, one Lieutenant Manuel, for freedom was to be started at midnight of

hunting birds. The supremo Bonifacio was Saturday, 29 August 1896;

restless because of fear of a sudden attack 2. To be on a state of alert so that the

by the enemy. He was worried over the Katipunan forces could strike should the

thought that any of the couriers carrying situation arise where the enemy was at a

the letter sent by Emilio Jacinto could have disadvantage. Thus, the uprising could be

been intercepted: and in that eventuality, started earlier than the agreed time of

the enemy would surely know their midnight of 29 August 1896 should a

whereabouts and attack them on the sly. He favorable opportunity arise at that date.

decided that it was better to move to a site Everyone should steel himself and be

called Bahay Toro. resolute in the struggle that was imminent;

and

20
3. He immediate objective was the capture
of Manila.
After the adjournment of the meeting at
twelve noon, there were tumultuous shouts
of “Long live the Sons of the People
Guillermo Masangkay’s Account
In 1932, Guillermo Masangkay,
friend and fellow Katipunero of Andres
Bonifacio, recounted his experiences as a
member of Andres Bonifacio, recounted his
experiences as a member of
revolutionary movement. In an interview
with the Sunday Tribune magazine,
masangkay said that the First Cry happened
in Balintawak on August 26,1896. In the
first decade of American Rule, it was his
account that was used by the government
and civic officials to fix the date and place
of the First cry which was capped with the
erection of the “Monument to the Heroes of
1896” in the place.
However, in an interview published in
the newspaper Bagong Buhay on August
20, 1957, Masangkay changed his narrative
state in that the revolution began on
August 23, 1896, similar to the assertion of
Dr. Pio Valenzuela. But Masangkay’s date
was later changed again when
granddaughter, Soledad Buehler Barromeo,
cited sources, including the Masangkay
paper, that the original date was August 26.
The Account
On August 26th, a big meeting was
held in Balintawak, at the house of Apolonio
Samson, then cabeza of that barrio of
Caloocan. Among those who attended, I
remember, were Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto,
Aguedo del Rosario, Tomas Remigio, Briccio
Pantas, Teodoro Plata, Pio Valenzuela,
Enrique Pacheco, and Francisco Carreon.
They were all leaders of the Katipunan and
composed the board of directors of the
organization. Delegates from Bulacan,
Cabanatuan, Cavite, and Morong were
also present
a
At about nine o’clock in the morning
of August 26, the meeting was opened with
Andres Bonifacio presiding and Emilio
the Jacinto acting as secretary. The purpose
was to discuss when the uprising was to
take place. Teodoro Plata, Briccio Pantas,
and Pio Valenzuela were all opposed to
starting the revolution too early… Andres
Bonifacio, sensing that he would lose the
discussion then, left the session hall and
talked to the people, who were waiting
outside for the result of the meeting of the
leaders. He told the people that the leaders
were arguing against starting the revolution
early, and appealed to them in a fiery
speech in which he said: “You remember
the fate of our countrymen who were shot
in Bagumbayan. Should we return now to
the towns, the Spaniards will only shoot
us. Our organization has been discovered
and we are all marked men. If we don’t start
his the uprising, the Spaniards will get us
anyway. What then, do you say?”
“Revolt!” the people shouted as one.
Bonifacio then asked the people to
give a pledge that they were to revolt. He
told them that the sign of slavery of the
Filipinos were (sic) the cedula tax charged
each citizen. “If it is true that you are
21
ready to revolt... I want to see you destroy after Bonifacio’s intense and convincing
your cedulas. It will be a sign that all of us speech, everyone destroyed their cedulas
have declared our severance from the to symbolize their defiance towards Spain
Spaniards. and, together, raised the cry of “Revolt”.

The Cry of Balintawak occurred on Different dates and places

August 26, 1896. The Cry, defined as that
(Secondary Sources)
turning point when the Filipinos finally
refused Spanish colonial dominion over the
Various accounts give differing dates and
Philippine Islands. With tears in their
places for the Cry of Pugad Lawin.
eyes, the people as one man, pulled out
their cedulas and tore them into pieces. It
An officer of the Spanish guardia civil, Lt.
was the beginning of the formal declaration
Olegario Diaz, stated that the Cry took
of the separation from Spanish rule.”Long
place in Balintawak on August
Live the Philippine Republic!”, the cry of the
25, 1896.
people.

Historian Teodoro Kalaw in his 1925 book

An article from The Sunday Tribune
The Filipino Revolution wrote that the event
Magazine on August 21, 1932 featured the
took place during the last week of August
statements of the eyewitness account by
1896 at Kangkong, Balintawak.
Katipunan General Guillermo Masangkay, “A
Katipunero Speaks”. Masangkay recounts
Santiago Alvarez, a Katipunero and son of
the “Cry of Balintawak”, stating that on
Mariano Alvarez, the leader of the
August 26,1896, a big meeting was held in
Magdiwang faction in Cavite, stated in
Balintawak at the house of Apolonio
1927 that the Cry took place in Bahay Toro,
Samson, then the cabeza of that barrio of
now in Quezon City on August 24, 1896.
Caloocan. At about nine o’clock in the
morning of August 26, the meeting was
Pío Valenzuela, a close associate of Andrés
opened with Andres Bonifacio presiding and
Bonifacio, declared in 1948 that it
Emilio Jacinto acting as Secretary. In
happened in Pugad Lawin on August 23,
August 1896, after the Katipunan was
1896.
discovered, Masangkay joined Bonifacio,
Emilio Jacinto, and others in a clandestine
Historian Gregorio Zaide stated in his books
meeting held on the 26th of that month at
in 1954 that the “Cry” happened in
Apolonio Samson’s house in Caloocan.
Balintawak on August 26, 1896.

Initially, the leaders of the movement

Fellow historian Teodoro Agoncillo wrote in
quarreled over strategy and tactics, and
1956 that it took place in Pugad Lawin on
many of its members questioned the
August 23, 1896, based on Pío
wisdom of an open rebellion due to the lack
Valenzuela’s statement.
of arms and logistical support. However,

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Accounts by historians Milagros Guerrero,
Emmanuel Encarnacion and Ramon Villegas
claim the event to have taken place in
Tandang Sora’s barn in Gulod, Barangay
Banlat, Quezon City
Symbol of cedula: a symbol of vassalage to
spain or ayaw mo na magpaunder sa kanila
emissary of andres in dapitan
pio valenzuela

Some of the apparent confusion is in part What are the similarities and differences
due to the double meanings of the terms among the 3 accounts? (EXAM kasama 🧐)
“Balintawak” and “Caloocan” at the turn of Similarities
the century. Balintawak referred both to a Differences
specific place in modern Caloocan City and
a wider area which included parts of second thoughts regarding the date -
modern Quezon City. Similarly, Caloocan masangkay
referred to modern Caloocan City and also august 23
a wider area which included modern the same with pio valenzuela
Quezon City and part of modern Pasig. after the death of masangkay -- a relative
Pugad Lawin, Pasong Tamo, Kangkong and change august 23 -- august 26
other specific places were all in “greater Pio valenzuela - house of juan ramos -
Balintawak”, which was in turn part of pugadlawin
“greater Caloocan masangkay - house of apolonio samson -
balintawak

ADDITIONAL NOTES: issue until regasrding the date and place of

1892 - founding of the Katipunan the cry

--- 4 years after

----August 19 , 1896 - discovery of the Xiao Time: Ang Unang Sigaw ng Hima…

KKK no sense of time

due to the misunderstanding of 2 all the places are in caloocan

Katipuneros working in the Manila printing many meetings 🤝 were held

press Alvarez was in Cavite during the

Spanish authorities ordered the arrest of all meeting/cry of revolution -- his statement

suspicious men in the community was shared only by other katipuneros to

Andres Bonifacio and his men decided to him

hide participants -- cry ( pio valenzuela /

meeting in a particular location on a masangkay)

particular day eye - witnesses of the cry

issue - where is that place and when right date and right place

4 version - place, date of the first cry of phil Masangkay - August 23 ( Valenzuela)

independence Valenzuela ( Juan Ramos - son of Melchora

Aquino)

Cry😭 of Phil Independence - tearing of the Pugadlawin

cedula🧾 (Punitin and cedula) Masangkay - Apolonio samson (Balintawak)

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Caloocan

You've worked hard for this exam, so

give it your all! Best wishes to you.
24