Specimen 'A': Title Sheet

Industrial IOT
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

of the degree of

Bachelor of Engineering
by

Mr. Onkar Sudrik

Mr. Nikhil Thosar
Mr. Vedant Vernekar

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mumbai University
2022

1
 Contents

Sr. No. Title Page Number

1 Contents and List of Figures 2
2 Introduction 3
2.1 History of IIoT 3
2.2 Structure of IIoT 5
3 Applications of IIoT 6
4 Advantages 7
5 Challenges 8
6 Conclusion 10
7 References 11

List of Figures

Sr. No. Title Page Number

1 IoT Subsets 3
2 Indusrty Generations 4
3 Advantages of IIoT 7
4 IIoT Challenges 9

2
 Chapter 1: Introduction

The industrial internet of things (IIoT) refers to interconnected sensors, instruments, and other
devices networked together with computers and their industrial applications, including
manufacturing and energy management and many more. This connectivity allows for data
collection, exchange, and analysis, potentially facilitating improvements in productivity and
efficiency as well as other economic benefits. IIoT is an evolution of a distributed control system
(DCS) that allows for a higher degree of automation by using cloud computing, big data and
other resources to refine and optimize the process controls[1]. It is a subset of IoT and a superset
of Industry 4.0 as we can see from Figure 1.

Figure 1: - IOT Subsets.

1.1 History of Industrial IOT.

The concept of the internet of things first became popular in 1999, through the Auto-ID Center at
MIT and related market-analysis publications. Radio-frequency identification (RFID) was seen
by Kevin Ashton as a prerequisite for the internet of things at that point. If all objects and people
in daily life were equipped with identifiers, computers could manage and inventory them.
Besides using RFID, the tagging of things may be achieved through such technologies as near
field communication, barcodes, QR codes and digital watermarking.
The current conception of the IIoT arose after the emergence of cloud technology in 2002, which
allows for the storage of data to examine for historical trends, and the development of the OPC
Unified Architecture protocol in 2006, which enabled secure, remote communications between
devices, programs, and data sources without the need for human intervention or interfaces.
The Industrial Internet of Things is connecting the physical world of sensors, devices and
machines with the Internet and, by applying deep analytics through software, is turning massive
data into powerful new insight THE FOUR INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS Flexibility and
complexity End of 18th century Beginning of 20th century 1970th 2015+ Industry 1.0 Steam
engine manufacturing Mass production and assembly lines Automation and robotic Digitization
and Integration of Value Chains and Products/ Services (Internet of Things/Services) New

3
Digital Business models Integrated Data Analytics as core capability Digital Enterprise 1800 ,
1900 , 2000, 2014 , 2020 Industry 2.0 Industry 3.0 Industry 4.0 Figure 2. The four industrial
revolutions. Industry 4.0: Industrial Internet of Things (IIOT) 3 ARTICLE IN PRESS and
intelligence. The industrial Internet of Things (IIOT) refers to the extension and use of the
Internet of Things (IOT) in industrial sectors and applications. With a strong focus on machine-
to-machine (M2M) communication, big data, and machine learning, the IIOT enables industries
and enterprises to have better efficiency and reliability in their operations.
Here are some other major innovations that were instrumental in making the IIoT possible:
1983: Ethernet is standardized
1989: Tim Berners-Lee creates Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
1992: TCP/IP allows PLCs to have connectivity
2002: Amazon Web Services launches, and cloud computing starts to take hold
2006: OPC Unified Architecture (UA) enables secure communications between devices, data
sources, and applications.
2006: Devices start getting smaller, and batteries and solar energy are becoming powerful and
more economical.
2010: Sensors drop in price, enabling them to be put into pretty much everything
And today, the IIoT is a big deal: it’s transforming the backbone of major industries by adding a
new layer of technology that helps companies optimize operations, track and analyze equipment,
implement predictive maintenance, make sense of massive amounts of data, and make real-time
decisions that were never before possible.[2].

Figure 2:- Industry Generations (Researchgate)

4
1.2 Structure of IIoT.

The Implementation of IIoT in a particular organization is dependent on some basic factors. The
basic factors are: -
● The industry 4.0 Strategy
Industry 4.0 Strategy is a key factor in determining the structure of IIoT. The levels of
automation, cloud computing, big data analytics, etc. play a role in selecting the structure
and the level of IIoT.
Industry 4.0 or the Fourth Industrial revolution is the term that encapsulates the
advancements of technology in all fields related to mankind such as Interconnection,
Data Transparency, the velocity of information transfer, smart sensors, automaton, etc.
over the previous revolution i.e., Third Industrial revolution where digital revolution
occurred.
● Factories of the future.
Factories of the future are classified into three main types. They are: -
1. Smart Factories.
Smart Factories utilize the most cutting-edge sensors, data transfer, and
acquisition methods, analytics-based maintenance, etc. due to which the
efficiency of the factory increases rapidly, the wastage of material is avoided and
the downtime decreases.
2. Connected Factories.
Connected Factories employ cloud computing and cloud information services
such as any plant of an organization can view the progress of a particular part
from the central office, and then according to that, start to manufacture the next
part or of an assembly according to the information received from the shop floor.
3. Virtual Factories.
A virtual factory is an integrated simulation model of major subsystems in a
factory that considers the factory as a whole and provides an advanced decision
support capability. It allows for mimicking the real-life operations of the factory.
It also includes the real-life simulation of the product before manufacturing it.

5
 Chapter 2: Applications of IIoT

IIoT has tremendous potential and can be used in various fields to get better outcomes than
before. Some of the fields where IIoT is being currently implemented are

1. Power Distribution Networks

IoT technology used in overhead transmission lines not only carry out line state
monitoring but also improve the perception of power transmission line in operation
condition, including meteorological conditions, ice cover, ground wire breeze vibration,
conductor temperature and sag, transmission line windage yaw, tower inclination and
others.

2. Transportation [5]
IIoT technology can be used in the transportation industry in,
● Fleet management
Fleet management helps in reducing maintenance costs, operational costs, and fuel
consumption and helps in accident management.
● Remote sensing.
● Geofencing.
● Inventory Management.
● Remote area monitoring.

3. Automotive Industry
IIoT in Automotive plants converts individual plants, manufacturing sites, distributors
and converts them into an integrated system that allows intercommunication of all the
plants.

4. Agriculture [6]
● Monitor climatic conditions.
● Use tools to reduce the wastage of crops.
● Increase the quality of crops.
● Use of mobile apps or remotely operated devices to increase convenience.

6
 Chapter 3 : Advantages

Industrial IoT solutions enable manufacturers to begin using operational data more effectively by
collecting and standardizing production data in real-time. In theory, this creates an unlimited
number of use cases, from simply monitoring equipment downtimes to predicting trends based
on historical data. Here are a few of the benefits of deploying an effective IoT solution[4].

● Improved Manufacturing Processes and Productivity

● Better Inventory Management
● Precision Quality
● Cost Savings
● Asset Tracking and Protection
● Improved Product Design

Figure 3:- Advantages of IIoT.

7
 Chapter 4 : Challenges

IIoT being one of the latest components of Industry 4.0, faces some issues and they are dealt
with over time and once they get widely fielded in all the industries.
Some of the challenges faced are,

1. High Investment Costs.

This is the most basic challenge to IIoT and becomes the largest hurdle for large-scale
adoption of IIot.

2. Connectivity Issues.
For optimal working of IIoT, Connectivity is very important as all the systems and sub-
systems depend upon being in constant contact with each other.

3. Data Storage.
Data Storage costs also a lot as Data warehouses, Data servers need to be created and
they carry a lot of costs which include space, cooling systems, electricity costs, etc.

4. Privacy and Security Issues.

Privacy poses an issue where data leaks and privacy issues may occur and may pose an
issue for the affected people.

5. Analytics Challenges.
IIoT requires large support of database and data analytics. Due to this, the company can
analyze and plan for the operations and future endavours.

6. Skill Gap.
IIoT requires a pool of technical operators, programmers, data analysts, etc. and it
requires a lot of time to train all these people and gain the required skills.

7. Scalability.
Billions of internet-enabled devices get connected in a huge network, large volumes of
data are needed to be processed. The system that stores, analyses the data from these IIoT
devices needs to be scalable. In present, the era of IIoT evolution everyday objects are
connected with each other via Internet. The raw data obtained from these devices need
big data analytics and cloud storage for interpretation of useful data.

8. Interoperability
Technological standards in most areas are still fragmented. These technologies need to be
converged. Which would help us in establishing a common framework and the standard
for the IIoT devices. As the standardization process is still lacking, interoperability of IoT
with legacy devices should be considered critical. This lack of interoperability is
preventing us to move towards the vision of truly connected everyday interoperable
smart objects.

8
 9. Managing device updates.
Many IoT devices require frequent updates, including updates for security features. Some
require manual interaction to update software and firmware, but these days many
wireless devices allow automatic over the air (OTA) updates. Even if a device is kept up-
to-date, though, there can be holes in system security — especially if the device
manufacturer or software designer retires a product or goes out of business and stops
creating updates.

10. Securing communication and encryption.

Most IoT devices do not encrypt communications if the data is transferred over a local
Wi-Fi network. If the Wi-Fi network is unsecured (and many are, especially public Wi-Fi
networks), this leaves the device wide open to security risks.
Some of the challenges faced are shown in Figure 4 and displays the broader perspective.

Figure 4:- IOT Challenges.

Chapter 5:- Conclusion

9
The IIoT is expected to transform how we live, work and play. The Industrial Internet of Things
can have a bright and shiny future. From factory automation and automotive connectivity to
wearable body sensors and home appliances, the IIOT is set to touch every facet of our lives.
We will “author” our life with networks around us that constantly change and evolve based on
our surroundings and inputs from other systems. Autonomous cars with IIOT makes our lives
safer with cars that sense each other to avoid accidents. It will make our lives greener with
lighting systems that adjust based on the amount of daylight from windows. It will make our
lives healthier with wearables that can detect heart attacks and strokes before they happen. The
future of IOT is virtually unlimited due to advances in technology and consumers’ desire to
integrate devices such as smart phones with household machines. Wi-Fi has made it possible
to connect people and machines on land, in the air and at sea. With so much data traveling from
device to device, security in technology will be required to grow just as fast as connectivity in
order to keep up with demands. Governments will undoubtable face tough decisions as to how
far the private the sector is allowed to go in terms of robotics and information sharing. It is
critical that both technology companies and governments keep in ethics in mind as we approach
the fourth Industrial Revolution. The number one challenge faced by the Industrial IOT is
security and privacy. If we cannot alleviate many of the security and privacy issues that impact
the Industrial IOT, we will not be able to achieve its full potential. IoT and the trend toward
greater connectivity means more data gathered from more places, in real time, to enable real-
time decisions and increase revenue, productivity, and efficiency. The possibilities are exciting,
productivity will increase, and amazing things will come by connecting the world. There is a
long road ahead to the IoT of 2022. But one thing is for sure, it is going to be amazing.

10
 Chapter 6: References.

1. Wikipedia. “Industrial internet of things.” Wikipedia,

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_internet_of_things.
2. Cronin, Con, Andrew Conway, and Joseph Walsh. "Flexible manufacturing
systems using IIoT in the automotive sector." Procedia Manufacturing 38 (2019):
1652-1659.
3. Riasanow, Tobias, et al. "Core, intertwined, and ecosystem-specific clusters in
platform ecosystems: analyzing similarities in the digital transformation of the
automotive, blockchain, financial, insurance and IIoT industry." Electronic
Markets 31.1 (2021): 89-104.
4. Fogg, Eric. “Complete Guide to IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things).”
MachineMetrics, 12 May 2022, https://www.machinemetrics.com/blog/industrial-
internet-of-things-iiot.
5. Gollnick, John. “What are the Advantages of IIoT in the Automotive Industry.”
LHP Engineering Solutions, 22 July 2022, https://www.lhpes.com/blog/the-
advantages-of-iiot-in-the-automotive-industry
6. “5 best uses of Industrial IoT in Transportation.” Biz4intellia,
https://www.biz4intellia.com/blog/5-best-uses-of-industrial-iot-in-transportation
7. “Five Ways to Improve Agricultural Efficiency With IIoT - FreeWave.”
FreeWave Technologies, https://www.freewave.com/five-ways-to-improve-
agricultural-efficiency-with-iiot/

11