CEB30403- Air Pollution Control

Technology

Chapter 3 - Dry & Wet

Chamber

By; Dr. Nor Zalina Kasim

Gravitational
settling
chamber

¡ Gas velocity is reduced, particle to settle out under the

action of gravity.
¡ Generally limited to the removal of larger-sized particles,
e.g., 40 – 60 µm.
¡ Also use as a pre-cleaner to reduce the inlet loading of
particulate matter to downstream by removing larger and
abrasive particles.

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 • The gas stream enter and
expansion of the gas stream causes
the gas velocity to be reduced.

• At reduced gas velocities the larger

particles are acted on preferentially
by gravity and fall into the dust
hopper(s).

• Theoretically, a settling chamber of

1) The simple expansion chamber infinite length could collect even
the very small particles (~10 µm).

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 Has several horizontal collections
of plates to shorten the settling
path of the particle and to improve
the collection efficiency of small
particles due to lower vertical
distance (<1inch)
Disadvantages;
◦ Cleaning difficult
◦ The trays tend to warp during
high-temperature operations
2. The multiple tray settling chamber ◦ The inability of the unit to
handle high dust
concentrations.

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 1. Low capital cost
Advantages 2. Low energy and operating cost
3. Dry collection and disposal
4. No moving parts – less maintenance
5. Device not subject to abrasion due to
low gas velocity
6. Temperature and pressure limitations
are only dependent on the materials
of construction

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 1. Relatively low PM collection efficiencies,
particularly for PM less than 50 µm in size
Disadvantages 2. Unable to handle sticky or tacky materials
3. Large physical size
4. Trays in multiple-tray settling chamber
may warp during high-temperature
operations

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Wet chamber

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 § Wet collection devices use a variety of
Introduction methods to wet the contaminant particles in
order to remove them from the gas stream

§ Can effectively remove fine particles in the

range from 0.1 to 20 µm

§ Wet scrubbers can be used with high-

temperature gases, where cooling of the gas
is acceptable and also with potentially
explosive gases

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 Type I – Spray collector

Major types
of wet
chamber

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 Type II – Impingement on wetted surface

Major types
of wet
chamber

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 Type III- Bubbling through scrubbing liquid

Major types
of wet
chamber

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 Drops form from the nozzle
sprayed into the gas
stream

Mechanism In the countercurrent

-spray tower, polluted gas flow
upwards against the liquid
chamber- droplet

The particles collide with

the liquid droplet

Contaminated droplets will

settle by gravity to the
bottom of the tower
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 Physical absorption depends on:

Spray 1. properties of the gas stream and liquid

solvent, such as density and viscosity,
chamber
2. specific characteristics of the pollutant
in the gas and the liquid stream (e.g.
diffusivity, equilibrium solubility).
3. temperature
4. contacting surface
5. liquid gas ratios
6. rate of reaction

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Chemical The reaction taking place in wet scrubbing using a
CaCO3(limestone) slurry can be expressed as:
reaction CaCO3 (slurry) + SO2 (gas) à CaSO4 (solid) + CO2 (gas)

When wet scrubbing with a Mg(OH)2 (magnesium

hydroxide) slurry
Mg(OH)2 (slurry) + SO2 (gas) à MgSO3 (solid) + H2O (liquid)

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 Inexpensive control devices
Advantages
Completely open design; they have no
internal parts except for the spray
nozzles

This feature eliminates many of the scale

buildup and plugging problems
associated with other scrubbers

Effectively to remove large particles and

highly soluble gases

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 May create water (or liquid) disposal
problem
Disadvantages
Waste product collected wet

Relatively inefficient at removing fine

PM

Relatively high operating costs

Spray-nozzle plugging or eroding,

especially when using recycled
scrubber liquid.

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 A venturi scrubber
consists of three
Venturi sections:
1. Converging
scrubber section,
2. Throat section,
3. Diverging section.

A venturi scrubber
accelerates the waste
gas stream to atomize
the scrubbing liquid
and to improve gas-
liquid contact

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 The inlet gas, forced to move
at extremely high velocities
from the converging section
into the small throat

Mechanism
-Venturi Dust particle and gas was
incorporated into the liquid ,
Scrubber- producing an enormous
number of very tiny droplets

The inlet stream then exits

through the diverging
section, where it is forced to
slow down.

the wetted PM and excess

liquid droplets are separated
from the gas stream at the
separation chamber
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Design To design a venturi scrubber, any one of three
options may be chosen:

1. Rely on previous experience with an analogous

application, which is best for plants lacking
effluent data;
2. Test a scrubber on the source itself; or
3. Collect sufficient data about source stream
characteristics, such as particle size distribution,
flow rate, and temperature.

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 In order to capture fine particles,
Collection greater energy must be expended on
efficiency the gas. There are two ways to do this:

1. Increase the gas pressure

2. Atomize large quantities of water

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 1. Can handle flammable and explosive
Advantages dusts with little risk
2. Can handle mists
3. Collection efficiency can be varied
4. Provides cooling for hot gases
5. Corrosive gases and dusts can be
neutralized

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 1. Effluent liquid can create water
Disadvantages
pollution problems
2. Waste product collected wet
3. High potential for corrosion problems
4. Collected PM may be contaminated,
and may not be recyclable
5. Disposal of waste sludge may be very
expensive

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Comparison
between
particulate
removal
system

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