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0a - Reading Assignment 1
0a - Reading Assignment 1
Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured in watts (W).
dw
p= (1.5)
dt
where p is power in watts (W), w is energy in joules (J), and t is time in
seconds (s). From Eqs. (1.1), (1.3), and (1.5), it follows that
dw dw dq
p= = · = vi (1.6)
dt dq dt
or
p = vi (1.7)
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CHAPTER 1 Basic Concepts 11
3A 3A 3A 3A
+ − + −
4V 4V 4V 4V
− + − +
This again confirms the fact that the total power supplied to the circuit
must balance the total power absorbed.
From Eq. (1.6), the energy absorbed or supplied by an element from
time t0 to time t is
t t
w= p dt = vi dt (1.9)
t0 t0
E X A M P L E 1 . 4
An energy source forces a constant current of 2 A for 10 s to flow through
a lightbulb. If 2.3 kJ is given off in the form of light and heat energy,
calculate the voltage drop across the bulb.
▲
▲
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12 PART 1 DC Circuits
Solution:
The total charge is
q = it = 2 × 10 = 20 C
The voltage drop is
w 2.3 × 103
v= = = 115 V
q 20
E X A M P L E 1 . 5
Find the power delivered to an element at t = 3 ms if the current entering
its positive terminal is
i = 5 cos 60π t A
and the voltage is: (a) v = 3i, (b) v = 3 di/dt.
Solution:
(a) The voltage is v = 3i = 15 cos 60π t; hence, the power is
p = vi = 75 cos2 60π t W
At t = 3 ms,
p = 75 cos2 (60π × 3 × 10−3 ) = 75 cos2 0.18π = 53.48 W
(b) We find the voltage and the power as
di
v=3 = 3(−60π )5 sin 60π t = −900π sin 60π t V
dt
p = vi = −4500π sin 60π t cos 60π t W
At t = 3 ms,
p = −4500π sin 0.18π cos 0.18π W
= −14137.167 sin 32.4◦ cos 32.4◦ = −6.396 kW
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