Index
Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate figures and t indicate tables.
A tower boiler with master cycle, 948
Absolute vibration, 104
Acceleration-seismic probes
working principle, 339–342, 341f
zirconate titanate elements, 342, 342–343t
Accelerometer, 335, 342–343t
Accessories, 463–475
air filter regulator, 463
air lock relay, 458f, 463, 465t
E(I)/P converter, 463–465, 464f, 465t
functions, 463t
hand wheel, 465–466, 466t, 466f
limit switches, 466, 467t
positioner, 466–470, 467f, 468t, 469f, 470t
position indicator, 466f, 470
position transmitter, 470–471, 471t
solenoid valve, 471, 473f, 473t
torque switches, 471, 474t
volume booster, 472–475, 474f
Accident, 992
Accumulator, 777
Acid dewpoint corrosion, 696
Activated carbon filter (ACF), 125, 128
Active protective devices, 754
Actuators, 417–436, 454–463
electric, 459
electro-hydraulic, 459
intelligent, 462–463, 462f
ISA guidelines, 455
piston cylinders, 455, 456f
pneumatic actuator selection, 455, 456t
safe failure, 455–462, 457–458f
sizing, 454–455
Address resolution protocol (ARP), 481
Admission controller, 752
Advanced firing systems, 897–902, 905
air separation unit, 899–901
chemical looping combustion systems,
901–902
Advanced ultrasupercritical (AUSC) thermal
power plant, 894–895, 919
boiler and turbine configuration, 948–962
B&W AUSC conceptual design, 949–952,
952f
compact design, 948
cross compound at high/low position
arrangement, 948–949, 951f
downdraft inverted tower type A-USC
boiler, 952–954, 953–954f
horizontal boiler, 957–960, 958–960f
M-type boiler arrangement, 960–962, 961f
technology, parameters, and control
T-type boiler arrangement, 962, 963f changes, 936–937, 937t
two-pass AUSC boiler, 954–957 modern plant
underground tower type, 948, 950f steam turbine output and efficiency,
economics, 902 938–940
electric power generation sector, 893–895 USC boiler-turbine load cycling capability,
fuel cells 940–941
basic structure, 979–981 power generation development, 896–904,
developments, 981–984 896t
operation principle, 979–981 advanced firing systems, 897–902, 899f
power systems, 984–986 construction materials, 902
global thermal power production, 895–896, conversion efficiency, 903–904, 903t
895f fuel pretreatment and flexibility, 897
international developments polygeneration, 902
advanced firing systems, 905 steam conditions, 902
China, 917–919 steam cycle redesigning/optimization
coal deposits, 904 double reheat with outer coolers, 944
coal-fired thermal power plants, 904 double reheat with regenerative heating,
coatings, 905 944–947, 947f
electricity, 904 double RH steam cycle, 941
European Union, 905–911, 906t Echelon cycle with double reheat, 944, 945f
fuel flexibility, 904 master cycle with double reheat, 943–944
India, 919 single steam RH loop, 941
integrated coal gasification fuel cell with super pressure concept, 942f
combined cycle, 904 turbine control systems
Japan, 915–917, 916t steam turbine generators, 962–968
martensitic steels, 905 by supervisory controller, 968–978, 969f
next-generation technologies, 904 Aerodynamic resistance, 927
nickel alloys, 905 Aerofoil, 282
Russia, 919 AHP. See Ash handling plant (AHP)
thermal power station, 905 Air and flue gas system. See also Cogeneration
United States, 911–915, 911t (CoGen); Condensate system; Feed
leakages and losses water (FW) steam; Main steam system
boiler tube, 920 (MS)
electrical efficiency, 919–920, 920f controls, 215–216
flue gas path, 920–922 description, 201–211, 202–203f, 206–211f
hydrogen sealing and cooing system, equipment, 211–213
923–926 objectives and functions, 200–201
reduction, 927 parameter measuring monitoring, 213–215,
vacuum sealing system around condenser, 213–214t
922–923 primary air, 200
valve, 926–927 pulverizer instrumentation, 216
modern boilers redundancy in measurement, 216
controlled safety pressure relief systems, secondary air/combustion air, 200
932–934, 934t Air and gas services, 840
different features, 928–932 Air bubbler level transmitters, 310
fuel flexibility and cocombustion, 932 Air-cooled
materials, 934–936 dump condenser, 32–33
modification and developments, 928 TG set generators, 792
optimized combustion system, 932 Air detraining tank, 780
steam parameter, 934 Air filter regulator (AFR), 852
1115
1116 Index

Air flow control, 28, 36, 42, 637–644, 638f, Alcohol, in steel, 278 Auxiliary steam (AS) system, 9, 690–694, 851.
640–641f, 643f. See also Fuel flow All volatile treatment (AVT), 100, 375 See also Cogeneration (CoGen);
controls American Electric Power (AEP), 941 Condensate system; Feed water (FW)
excess air, 638 American Society of Mechanical Engineers steam; Main steam system (MS)
FCEs for combustion air, 642t (ASME) 2001, 287 controls, 175
loop, 638–644, 638f, 640–641f, 643f Ammonia (NH3), 182, 186, 365, 367t, 707 description, 169–174, 170–173f
Air flue gas path equipment, 50–54 dosing control, 408 equipment, 174–175
air heaters, 50–51 Amphoteric resin, 129 heavy fuel oil, 169
dust collector units, 51–54 Anions, 125 light diesel oil, 169
FO systems, 58–59 exchanger resins, 130–131 objectives and functions, 169
mills/pulverizers, 56–58 regeneration, 132 process parameters and measuring
stoichiometric air-fuel ratio and excess air, 54 Annunciation, 556–559. See also Intelligent monitoring, 175, 175t
tangential tilt burners, 55, 60, 61f control system redundancy in measurement, 175
Airfoil control damper, 449, 449f specification, 558, 559t turbine, 837
Air-fuel ratio, 638 Antiswelling and shrinkage circuit algorithm, Avogadro’s Law, 3
Air header pressure control, 645–646, 647f 672 Axial fans, 49
Air heater (AH), 50–51, 204, 212, 214, 644 Apron feeders, 137 control devices, 49
soot blowers for, 739–740 Area, standard units for, 1047t Axial ring shaft seal, 778
washing medium for, 740 Ash handling plant (AHP), 42, 139–147, 554 Axial shift/thrust position (TP), 329
Air line, 852 ash disposal system, 146–147
Air lock relay, 458f, 463, 465t ash water system, 145–146 B
Air pollution monitoring & control, 410–411 fly ash handling system, 144–145 Back pressure extraction steam turbine (BEST),
Air preheater (APH), 641, 808, 921 influencing factors, 141 944
Air pressure control, 689 mode of ash disposal, 141–144 Back pressure regulator, 405
Air purging, 854 ASU. See Air separation unit (ASU) Balance chamber, 113
Air separation unit (ASU), 899–901 Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), 366 Balance of plant (BOP), 817–818
using cryogenic process, 899, 900f Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS), 366 BFP recirculation control, 818–821
using membrane technology, 900–901 Atomization, 240, 242f boiler control system, 817
using pressure swing adsorption, 899–900 Atomizing air system, 240, 241f CEP recirculation control, 821–824
Air service, 859, 862 Atomizing steam, 689 control system, 817
Air-side seal oil, 780 Attemperation control, 186 coordinated control system, 817
Air systems control, 215–216 AUSC Power cycle, 247 deaerator (pressure) control, 825–829
Alarm, 652, 1022–1034 Australia, Callide Oxyfuel Project in, 898 ejector control, 833–837
annunciator, 556–558 Auto manual station (AMS), 775, 800, 818 GSC minimum flow control, 824–825
audit, 1034 Automatic generation control (AGC), 806 HP heater level control, 832–833
basic parts, 1022–1023 Automatic turbine run up system (ATRS), 520, LP heater level control, 829–832
dead bands, 1025, 1027f 545–546, 743, 757–762, 758f TAS control, 833–837
definition, 1025, 1026f block diagram, 546f turbo generator control system, 817
designation methods, 556, 556f startup stress, 759–760 Ball-and-tube mill, 57, 657–664, 658f
detailed design, 1033 subgroups, 757, 760–762 level control, 660, 661f
display, 558, 603–604 TG system, 757–759 mill PA flow for, 650f, 651, 661f
ergonomic control room design concepts, thermal stress, 759–760 tangential tilt boiler boiler fuel (coal) control
1073 warmup process, 759 loop for, 649–651, 650f
features, 1027–1029 Automatic turbine start-up procedure Ball valves, 436–438, 438f
identification, 1033 chest warming step, 977 Barring gear, 83
implementation, 1033 prewarming step, 977 Base control mode, 799
lifecycle, 1033–1034, 1034f roll-off step, 977 Basic plant control system (BPCS), 561, 991,
maintenance, 1033 synchronization step, 977–978 1041
management of change, 1034 Automatic turbine testing (ATT), 83, Bath tub curve, 1004, 1005f
management, 1024–1025 743, 763f Bearing block vibration (BV), 329
monitoring and assessment, 1033 on KWU steam turbine control philosophy, Bearing temperature measurement, 331
objectives, 1025–1027 767–768, 768f Bearing vibration measurement, 328
operation, 1033 oil circuit, 764f Bellows sensor, 260–261
operator response, 1029, 1029f scope, 763–767 Belt sway switch, 139
option numbers, 557t testing process by, 744–745, 762–763 Benson point, 176, 176f
performance indicators, 1027–1029 Automatic voltage regulator (AVR), 747, Benson technology, 930
philosophy, 1030, 1031t, 1033 782–784 Bernoulli equation, 282–283, 283f
process safe time, 1029, 1030f controller output, 784 Best available technique (BAT), 928
rationalization, 1022–1023, 1031–1033, 1032f Auxiliary air damper, 642 Beta attenuation technique, 365
sequence, 556, 557t Auxiliary cooling water system (ACW system), Bharat Heavy Electrical (BHEL), 919
standards, 1025, 1026f 119, 122 Bicolor level gauges, 314–315, 315f
window types, 558f Auxiliary load, 48 Bimetallic element, 252
ALARP principles, 999–1001, 1002t, Auxiliary oil pump (AOP), 82, 225, 760 Bimetallic gauges, 278, 279t
1002–1003f Auxiliary steam control valve (ASV), 826 Bipolar junction transistor (BJT), 784
 Index 1117

Bit collision, 485, 486f pressure control, 691, 692f Boiler turbine and generator (BTG), 552–553
Black starting, 20–21, 222. See also Gas turbine temperature control, 691, 692f Bottom ash hopper (BAH), 142
(GT) Boiler circulating water (BCW), 48 Bottom ash systems (BA systems), 139, 141–144
automatic voltage regulator, 23 Boiler circulating water pump (BCWP), 48 Bourdon tube-operated sensor, 260
electric drive, 23 Boiler circulation pump (BCP), 176–182, 240 Bowl mill, 648–649, 649f. See also Vertical
hydraulic drive, 23 Boiler circulation system, 240–244, 243f, 245f roller mill
LCI, 22–23 Boiler control system, 817 TT boiler fuel (coal) control loop for, 648–649
self-contained black start, 21 air flow control, 637–644, 638f, 640–641f, 643f Boyle’s law, 2
VFD, 22–23 auto control loop system legend, 635f Brayton cycle, 217
Blade pitch control, 450f, 451 boiler OLCS, 720–740 Breakdown orifice, 402
Bleed steam. See Extraction steam system coal mill control-mill air flow control, Browser bar, 588, 601f
Blowdown 651–664 Brushless excitation system, 783–784, 783f
control, 407 control, 689–709 AVR controller output, 784
functional requirements, 406 control requirement, 633–634 thyristors gate control, 784
range, 406 drum level control, 668–675 thyristors/semiconductor in, 784
system, 46 feed water control, 668–675 Burners, 58
types, 406–407 fuel flow control, 644–651 Burner cooling, 240
valve, 11–12, 76, 402 fuel oil pressure control, 708–709 Burner management system (BMS), 635
Boiler(s), 8–9, 42 furnace draft control, 664–668 flame monitoring system, 732–733
and air/draft system, 42 HP-LP bypass system, 709–720 functional configuration, 725–732
compact design, 948 overfire air dampers, 689–709 hardware- and software-related functions, 725
configuration, 948–962 reheat temperature control, 681–689 manual operation/automation, 732
B&W AUSC conceptual design, 949–952, steam pressure control, 634–637, 637f NFPA definition, 723
952f superheater temperature control, 675–681 PLC in, 541–545
compact design, 948 Boiler drum, 668–675 process-related functions, 723–725
cross compound at high/low position boiler accessories, 69–70 scanner air fan control, 733
arrangement, 948–949, 951f boiler water circulation, 74–75 seal air fan control, 733
downdraft inverted tower type A-USC control loop description, 669–675 Burner tilt mechanism, 683, 687–688, 688f
boiler, 952–954, 953–954f drum internals, 71–72, 71f Bus transfer system (BTS), 1105, 1109–1113
horizontal boiler, 957–960, 958–960f drum-level computation, 669, 670–671f configuration, 1110
M-type boiler arrangement, 960–962, 961f economizers, 74 electrical power distribution, 1112–1113,
tower boiler with master cycle, 948 objective, 668 1113f
T-type boiler arrangement, 962, 963f reheaters, 72–74, 73f methods, 1112
two-pass AUSC boiler, 954–957 shrinking and swelling, 669 new transfer technology, 1112
underground tower type, 948, 950f superheaters, 72–74, 73f parameters, 1110
demand, 812–813 Boiler electromatic safety valve, 156 Butterfly valves, 436–438, 438f
energy transfer, 814 Boiler feed pump (BFP), 9, 44, 110–114, 111f, Bypass valve (BPV), 30
feedwater system, 42 176, 182, 184, 577, 668, 808.
firing, 8 See also Condensate extraction pump C
following turbine, 807 (CEP) Cable(s), 880–883, 883t, 1081
follow mode, 799, 806–808 associated measurements, 113–114 glands, 886
forced circulation, 8–9 with equidirectional impellers, 112–113 installation points, 885–886
furnace position, 8 motor-driven, 674 termination points, 886
heat source, 8 opposite directional impellers, 113 Calibrating buffer, 383
horizontal, 957–960 recirculation control Callide Oxyfuel Project, 898
load controller, 646 control loop description, 818–820 Cantilever pumps. See Vertical centrifugal pump
load demand, 804, 805f interlock, 821 Capacitance effect, 335
by MHI, 956–957 loop operation, 821 Capacitance level transmitters, 310
M-type, 960–962 selection criteria, 112 Capacitive coupling, 874
parallel operation, 807 speed control, 673f Capacitive type sensors, 258
steam system, 42 turbine-driven, 674 Carbon, 1069, 1069t
T-type, 962 Boiler feed pump turbine (BFPT), 183 Carbon capture and storage (CCS), 247–248, 894
tube contents, 8 Boiler feed water pumps (BFWP), 919–920 Carbon steel (CS), 65, 839
tube leakage, 920 Boiler master demand signal, 801–802 Carnot theorem, 5
turbine balance, 812–813 Boiler maximum continuous rating Cascade drain, 833
underground (U/G) tower type, 948 (BMCR), 176–182, 829 Casing expansion (CS), 103
water circulation, 48 Boiler oil pressure control, 710f Catalytic cracking, 706
forced water circulation, 75 Boiler optimization package, 622–626 Cation, 125
natural water circulation, 74–75 Boiler safety valve, 154 Cation-anion-cation stacked bed exchanger, 100
once-through boiler, 75 Boiler trips, cause and effect, 1107 Cation exchanger resins, 129
Boiler auxiliary steam (BAS), 169–172, Boiler tube failure and metal temperature, 63. Caustic corrosion, 63
690–691 See also Air flue gas path equipment Cavitation, 421, 421f
control, 691 major reasons for, 63–67 Central processing unit (CPU), 521, 523t
high and low capacity, 691, 692f measurement, 67–69 Centrifugal pump, 777
1118 Index

Ceramics, 1069, 1069t Cogeneration (CoGen). See also Auxiliary steam recirculation control
Change of reluctance sensing principle, 336 (AS) system; Heater drain and vent control loop description, 821–823
Charles law, 3 system control loop operation, 823–824
Check valves. See Nonreturn valve advantages, 216 interlocks, 824
Chemical dosing system, 46, 71 basic configurations, 216 selection criteria, 112
Chemical looping combustion (CLC), 897, Brayton cycle, 217 Condensate polishing, 191
901–902 control system, 222 Condensate polishing unit, 42, 98–101, 192.
Chemiluminescence type analysis system, 356 description, 219–222, 220–221f, 223f See also Miscellaneous turbine
Chilling system, 404–405 objectives and functions, 217–219 auxiliaries
China, 917 parameter measuring monitoring, 222–224 capacity, 100–101
CTF-700 and FSDP, 918 redundancy, 224 ion exchangers, 100–101
future projects, 919 single-shaft, 224–225, 224f presence of corrosive materials, 98–99
material special workgroup, 918, 918t thermodynamic principles, 217, 218f quality, 100–101
Ministry of Science and Technology, 918 Cold air dampers (CADs), 644 requirements, 98, 99f
NEA, 918 Cold PA system, 644 Condensate surge tank, 37
plant configuration, 919 Cold reheat (CRH), 69, 757–759, 852 Condensate system. See also Extraction steam
research program, 917–918 controls, 162 system; Reheat steam system
Chloride analyzer, 397–399 description, 159–160, 160f controls, 195
Choked flow, 422, 433 equipment, 161 description, 187–192, 188–192f
Circulating fluidized bed (CFB), 247 objectives and functions, 159 equipment, 192–193
Circulating fluidized bed combustion boiler parameter measuring monitoring, 161–162, exhausted steam, 187
(CFBC), 248–249, 248f, 897 161t objectives and functions, 187
Circulating water (CW), 555 redundancy, 162 parameter measuring monitoring, 193–195,
Circulating water pump (CWP), 44, 96–97, steam, 9 193t
808 Cold rolled cold annealed (CRCA), 870 redundancy in measurement, 195
Circulating water system (CW), 119–122 Cold startup, 759 Condensate throttling, 941
Citric acid/surfactant reagent, 394 Colorimetric type, 397–398 Condenser(s), 44, 192, 198, 790–791
Clarified cooling water system (CCW system), Combined cycle plant, 15 CEP, 44
119, 122 advantages, 216 condensing system, 760
Class A trips, 1106 basic configurations, 216 CT, 44
Class B trips, 1106 Brayton cycle, 217 CWP, 44
Class C trips, 1106–1107 control system, 222 evacuation, 85–88, 86f, 744
Class D trips, 1107 description, 219–222, 220–221f, 223f function, 85
Class U trips, 1105–1106 objectives and functions, 217–219 heat exchangers, 44
Clausius statement, 4 parameter measuring monitoring, 222–224 hotwell level control, 785–787, 786f
Clean grounding, 876 redundancy, 224 level control system, 785–788
Cleaning method, 926 single-shaft, 224–225, 224f steam ejectors and vacuum breaker, 44
Client server network, 584f thermodynamic principles, 217, 218f systems, 85–88
Closed cooling water systems, 122 Combined cycle power plant (CCPP), 788–789 vacuum, 85
Closed coupled overfire air (CCOFA), 699 Combustible analyzer, 360 Conditional alarming techniques, 1031
Closed-cycle type water system, 121–122 Combustion, 903 Conductive coupling, 873–875
mechanical induced-draft type cooling, 121 air, 56 Conductivity cells, 381
NDCT, 121–122 chamber, 211, 214 Conductivity level gauges, 316, 317f
Closed loop control system (CLCS), 720, equations, 1045t Conductivity level transmitters, 309–310
743–744 Combustion engineering (CE), 60 Conductor
Closed/pressurized vessel, 868 Combustion turbine. See Internal combustion with 0.5 mm2 cross section, 1058t
Closed transition, 1112 engine with 0.75 mm2 cross section, 1058–1059t
Closed type. See Local instrument enclosure (LIE) Common auxiliary steam control, 691 with 1.3 mm2 cross section, 1059t
Closed-type regenerative feedwater heaters, 118 pressure control, 693 Conduits, 886
Coal crushing, 136–137 temperature control, 693 spacing, 883–885, 885t
Coal gasification, 1099, 1100t Common cause failure (CCF), 1004, 1005f Consequence, 998–999
Coal hammer crusher, 136 Common impedance. See Conductive coupling Constant
Coal handling plant (CHP), 42, 553–554 Common mode rejection (CMR), 873 pressure, 4
Coal jaw crusher, 136 Communication module, 344 temperature, 4
Coal mill control-mill air flow control Communication schedule, 510–511, 513f volume process, 3
alarm, 652 Compensating cable, 889, 890t Constant head unit (CHU), 853
description, 652, 653f Compressor turbine. See Gas generator Continuous blowdown (CBD) tank level
interlock, 652 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), 697–700 control, 689
mill temperature control, 652–657 COMTES +, 909 Continuous blowdown valve, 12, 76
objective, 652 COMTES 700, 907 Continuous emission monitoring (CEM),
CO analyzer, 368–369, 371t Concentric firing system (CFS), 697–700 365–367, 372
CO2 analyzer, 369, 371t Condensate extraction pump (CEP), 44, 80–81, Continuous inkjet, 595
Coaxial cable, 610 110–114, 187, 193, 577, 785, 808 Continuous maximum rating
Cocombustion, 932 with associated measurements, 113–114 (CMR), 680
 Index 1119

Control superheater temperature control, 677–681, Cross-over steam, 162, 164

dampers, 449, 449f 678–679f Cross-talk, 874
mode, 805, 807f TAS, 835 Culometric method, 397
oil, 83–84, 83f interlock, 836 Cuprous oxide, 373
pressure, 751 operation, 836 Current rating, with multicore stranded annealed
supply, 762 turbine generating plant copper conductor size, 1057–1058t
parameters, 36 fuel/water ratio control, 1094 Curtis turbine, 77–78
system, 774 steam temperature control, 1092–1094 Cycles of concentration (COC), 122
Control and instrumentation system (C&I utility functions associated with, 634 Cyclic life expectancy (CLE) selectors, 976
system), 839, 882f CONTROLNET, 537–538
Control intelligence Control network structure, 610–613 D
expert system, 516, 516t Control oil system, 228–230, 228–229f Dall tube, 282, 290
fuzzy logic system, 516 Control system display, 604, 605f D and D/2 tapping, 285
Controlled Safety Pressure Relief Systems Control system security (CSS), 517, 518t Deaeration area, 115
(CSPRS), 932–934, 934t Control valve, 417–418, 419–420t, 436–448 Deaerator, 46–48, 114–117, 184
Controller bonnet, 443 level control system, 787–788, 787–788f
connected to PC/PLC/DCS, 582f characteristics, 423–426, 424f Deaerator pressure control, 825–829
in coordinated mode, 582f end connection for, 434–435, 434–435f control loop description, 826–829
with extension board, 582f face-to-face dimension, 435 control loop operation, 829
face plate, 590f flow application, 425t fixed setpoint interlock, 829
faceplate display, 601–603, 602f level application, 425t interlock, 829
front face, 580f noise, 431–434, 432f, 433t Decarbonators, 132–133
tuning display, 604–606, 605f packing, 444–445 Decarburization, 64
Control loop, 774–775 pressure application, 425t Decibels (dB), 874
air flow control, 638–644, 638f, 640–641f sizing, 418–423, 420t, 421f, 423f Dedusting, 349
BFP, 818–820 Conveyor safety switches, 139 Deexcitation system, 784
interlock, 821 Cooing system, 923–926 Degassers, 132–133
operation, 821 Coolant flow indicator, 404 de Laval turbine, 77
CFP, 821–823 Cooling media, 792 Demilitarized zone (DMZ), 1078
interlocks, 824 Cooling tower (CT), 44 Demineralized water (DM water), 100, 128
operation, 823–824 Coordinated control system (CCS), 635, 748, DM plant, 785
deaerator control, 826–829 797–815, 817 inlet water quality requirement, 125
interlock, 829 base control mode, 799 necessity for, 125
operation, 829 boiler follow mode, 806–808 system operation, 125–133
ejector control, 835–836 boiler turbine balance, 812–813 Denitrification plant, 349
interlock, 836 coordinated control mode, 799–805, 803f Density, standard units for, 1047t
operation, 836 demand from LDC, 812 Deposition, 373
fuel flow, 644–647, 646f, 663–664 direct energy balance, 797, 811 Desuperheater (DSH), 161, 175, 680, 771–773
furnace draft control, 665–668, 666–667f energy balance, 813f De-superheating control valve, 31
GSC, 825 heat release, 813–815 Desuperheating zone enclosure, 119
interlock, 825 manual control mode, 799 Device description language (DDL), 477
operation, 825 operating modes in, 797–799 DEVICENET, 537
HPH, 833 run back system, 808, 809–810f Device net connection, 537f
interlock, 833 single unit operation, 811 Diaphragm sealed piston, 261
operation, 833 startup control mode, 799 Diaphragm sensor, 260–261
HP-LP bypass system, 713–720 turbine follow mode, 799 Diaphragm type flow switch, 302–303
interlock, 694 Copper tube, 840 Diaphragm valves, 439–440, 439f
LPH, 830–831 Coriolis flow meters, 295–298, 297f Diesel generating set (DG set), 21
interlock, 831–832 Corner firing, 55 Differential expansion (DE), 103, 334
operation, 831 Corrosion, 63–64, 373 Differential pressure (DP), 127, 183, 251, 672,
mill drum level, 663 fatigue, 66–67 818, 847–850
mill outlet temperature control, 663 high-temperature, 936 control, 777
mill temperature control, 654–655 Counter-excitation, 784 Differential pressure transmitter (DPT), 38, 252,
operation, 693 Counterflow cation exchanger regeneration 861
PA inlet pressure, 663 methods, 131–132 Differential seal air pressure control, 660
reheat temperature control Creep, 89, 769 Differential temperature (dT), 89
burner tilt mechanism, 683, 687–688, creep-rupture, 65 Dilution air, 20
688f Critical point, 7 Direct carbon fuel cells (DCFC), 983–984
with gas dampers, 682–683, 685–687 Critical pressure, 244 Direct control option, 822
gas recycling damper, 682, 684f Critical temperature, 792 Direct current excitation system, 109
spray water valves, 689 Cross-axis sensitivity, 335 Direct energy balance (DEB), 797, 811
secondary air damper control, 735 Cross Compound at High/Low Position Direct level gauges, 313–316. See also Indirect
SOx, 700–701 Arrangement (CCHLPA), 948–949 level gauges
steam pressure control, 636–637, 637f Cross-over line, 164 bicolor level gauges, 314–315, 315f
1120 Index
Direct level gauges (Continued)
displacer type, 316
float and magnet type, 316
float and rotary shaft type, 316
float pulley type, 316
float type, 315
sight level gauge glass, 313–314, 314f
Direct mechanical type
low vacuum trip, 765
over speed trip, 765
thrust-bearing/axial shift high trip, 766
Dirty air service, 860
Discharge pressure control, 186
Displacement sensor/transducer, 334
Displacer level gauges, 316
Displacer level switch, 311
Displacer level transmitters, 309
Display(s). See also Intelligent control system
alarm, 603–604
bar graph, 606
CLCS, 604
controller faceplate, 601–603
controller tuning, 604–606
control system, 604
features, 594, 594t
group, 606
hierarchy, 594, 594t
large video screen, 606–607
mimic/P&ID, 601
OLCS, 604
overview, 599–601
point, 606
quantities, 600t
types, 599–607
Display module, 345
Dissimilar metal welds (DMW), 65
Dissolved oxygen (DO), 388–390, 825–826
Dissolved salts, 98–99
Distance, standard units for, 1046t
Distributed control system (DCS), 31, 133, 138,
559–582, 870. See also Intelligent
control system; Management
information system (MIS);
Programmable logic control (PLC)
CLCS functions, 570–571
components, 567f
configuration, 565–579
control algorithms, 562–565
control system grouping, 565–568
diagnostics features, 560–561
functional structure of, 611f
graphics, 572–573
input and output types, 573, 575t
integrated, 612f
IS and MIS functions, 571–572
OLCS functions, 569–570, 573–579
redundancy and fault tolerance, 561
safety aspects, 561
security, 561, 562t
standard library functions, 565, 566–567t
system integration, 561–562
Distributed digital control (DDC), 559–560
Diverting damper, 219
DONG Energy, 943
Doppler frequency shift method, 295 segregation requirements, 883–885
Doppler, transit time, and ultrasonic type, 295 separation requirements, 883–885
Dot matrix printer, 595 signal interferences, 873–875
Double-flow turbines selection, 789 signal noise, 873–875
Double reheat cycle, 931 wiring practices, 880–883
Downcomers, 74–75 Electrical
Downshot firing, 55 actuators, 459
DP type instrument installations. See Flow earthing, 876
instrument installations low vacuum trip, 765–766
Draft system, 42 over speed trip, 765
Drain control, 761–762 remote trip solenoid and testing, 766
Drain cooler, 193 thrust-bearing/axial shift high trip, 766
Drain line, 161, 164 Electrical Power Development Center (EPDC),
Drain neutralization system, 133 915
Drain valve, 12, 76 Electrical power distribution, 1112–1113, 1113f
Drive motors, 721 Electrical resistance, with stranded annealed
Droop, 801–802 copper conductor size, 1057t
Drum level Electricity, 904
computation, 669 Electric power generation sector, 893–895
control, 186 Electrochemical potential, 925–926
Drum-type boilers, 75 Electrode selection, 383
Dry Electrode storage and use, 385
fog dust suppression system, 137 Electro-hydraulic actuators, 459
process, 706 Electrohydraulic control (EHC), 83, 747
vacuum pump, 87–88, 96 communication, 970–971, 970f
Dryness fraction of steam, 5 computer-aided, 968–970, 969f
Dry type bottom ash system, 143–144 control console function, 975, 976f
Dry type fly ash handling system, 144 digital signals function, 975
Dual alkali-based wet scrubber system, 703, 704f display-communications computer, 973–974,
Dummy line, 861 973f
Dump condenser, 32–33 drivers function, 975
Dust input and calculations computer, 971–973,
collector units, 51–54 972f
control and ventilation systems, 137 keyboard and display, 975–977
extraction system, 137 operating modes, 974–975
Dynamic alarming, 1031 power integrity monitor function, 975
Dynamic modeling technology (DMT), 676–677 Electrohydraulic controllers (EHC), 802–803
Dynamic viscosity, 1053, 1053t Electrohydraulic governing system
(EHG), 162
Electro hydraulic governor (EHG), 83, 745–753,
E 752f
Earthing, 875–880 controller outputs selection, 751
Eccentricity, 101, 326 control philosophy, 746–751, 746t
Echelon cycle, 944, 945f duty assigning, 746
Economizers, 74, 184, 214 functional description, 751–753, 752f
Eddy current proximity probes, 337 hydraulic signals selection, 751
data sheet, 337, 338t operational mode of, 753
Eddy current sensing principle, 336 task of, 745–746
EEMUA, 1028 Electromagnetic, safety valve, 11, 76
Ejector control, 833–837 Electromagnetic coupling. See Radiative
control loop description, 835–836 coupling
control loop operation, 836 Electromagnetic safety valve, 76
interlocks, 836 Electromagnetic spectrum, 1075, 1076f
Elastic deformation pressure element, 251 Electromagnetism, standard units for, 1047t
Elecrical installation of instruments, 870–891 Electromotive force (EMF), 38, 783
cables, 880–883 Electrostatic precipitator (EP), 50, 53, 53f, 139,
installation points, 885–886 697–700, 705
termination points, 886 Embedded system, 535
circuit classifications, 872–873 Emergency oil pump (EOP), 225, 760
compensating cable/extension wire, 890t Emergency reclaim hopper (ERH), 137
copper cable, 887t Emergency stop valve (ESV), 744
grounding/earthing, 875–880 testing, 767
instruments, 880–883 Emission limit values (ELVs), 903t
LAN cable, 888t EN 14181, 350
 Index 1121

Enclosure protection ratings, 1041–1042, tolerance characteristics, 1002, 1003t policy, 1078
1042–1043f type, 1001 types, 1077–1078, 1078t
Energy Fault tolerance (FT), 513–515, 515t Firing systems, 8, 54–69. See also Steam
balance signal, 811 Fault tolerant Ethernet (FTE) generator (SG)
balance system, 814–815 benefits, 1080, 1081t fixed-type firing, 54–55
standard units for, 1047t classifications, 1078 mills/pulverizers, 56–58
ENISO 14956, 350 IEEE 802.1D Spanning Tree Protocol, 1079 start-up procedure, 56
Enlargement tank, 109 IEEE 802.1w Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol, First law of thermodynamics, 3. See also Second
Enthalpy, 4 1079 law of thermodynamics; Zeroeth law of
Entrained hydrogen, 779 major components, 1081 thermodynamics
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 696 modern plant control systems, 1078–1079 adiabatic work, 3
Environment protection, 842 software, 1081 internal energy, 3
E.ON 50 +, 908 topology, 1080f, 1081 First out alarm, 1031
EP. See Electrostatic precipitator (EP) Feed control station, 184, 186 Five valve manifolds, 843
E(I)/P converter, 463–465, 464f, 465t Feeder speed, 645 Fixed-type firing, 54–55
Equidirectional impellers, 112–113 control loop, 645 Flame detection system, 240
Equipment cooling water system (ECW), 555 flow system, 42, 44 Flame monitoring system, 732–733
Error, 514 Feed water (FW) flow, 669–670 Flange dimensions, 1048–1051, 1048–1052t
Esbjerg test rig (ETR), 907 Feed water (FW) steam Flange tapping, 285
ETHERNET, 537 controls, 186 Flapper/paddle type flow switches, 302, 302f
Ethernet, 484, 485f defined, 175 Flashing liquid, 423
gigabit, 486, 488f description, 176–184, 177–181f Flash tank, 193, 198
switch and network, 486, 487f equipment, 184 Float
types, 487t objectives and functions, 176, 176f floating ground, 876
European Cooperation in the Field of parameter measuring monitoring, 184–186, level gauges, 315
Science and Technology (COST) 185t and magnet level gauges, 316
program, 906 redundancy in measurement, 186–187 pulley level gauges, 316
European Network for Component Integration Feed water (FW) system, 9. See also Main steam and rotary shaft level gauges, 316
and Optimization (ENCIO) project, 909 system (MS) signal, 878–880
European Union (EU), 905–911, 906t FENIX700, 917 Flow accelerated corrosion (FAC), 372–373
Large Combustion Plant Directive, 894–895 Fiber optic network, 610, 1075 Flow elements, 254
Evacuation systems, 85–88, 230, 233f Field Dall tube, 290
function, 85 coil excitation, 793 flow nozzle, 285
methods, 86–88 flashing, 105 Krell’s bar orifice plate, 289–290
Event-based log/report, 607–608 transmitter grounding, 878 orifice plate, 285–289, 294t
Excess air, 54 winding, 105 pitot tube, 290
Excitation Field access sublayer (FAS), 477 selection, 282–293
current, 107 FIELDBUS, integration, 530 sizing, 290
system, 45 Fieldbus System V cone, 290
Exciter, 44–45, 107 IEC 61158-2 standard, 497, 498t Venturi meter, 283–285, 284f, 284t
Expansion measurement, 103 requirements, 496–497 Flow gauges, 38
Extension wire, 889–890t safe, 501–502 flow meters, 304
External influence, 335 types, 497 sight flow glass, 304–307
External leaks, 926 wireless, 498–501, 500f variable area type, 307
Extraction, 84–85 Fieldbus telegram, 514f variable orifice type, 307
Extraction lines, 166 Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), 536 Flow instrument installations, 862
Extraction steam system, 165–166. File transfer protocol (FTP), 482 Flow measurement, 38, 278–307. See also Level
See also Feed water (FW) system Filter requirement, 777 measurement
controls, 169 Final control element (FCE), 633 by DP method, 282–283, 283f
description, 166, 167f for combustion air, 641, 642t by level excursion method, 290–293
equipment, 166–168 control valve sizing, 418–423 sight flow glass indicators, 253
objectives and functions, 166 dampers, 449–453 units, 279–282, 281t
parameter monitoring, 168–169, 168t materials of construction and associated Flow meters, 304. See also Flow transmitters
redundancy in measurement, 169 tables, 429–431 Flow nozzle, 282, 285, 286f, 848
Extractive multianalysis system, 361–362, 362f nominal pipe size and pressure rating, 436 flow metering installation, 862
seat leakage classification, 426, 428t Flow switches, 254
F valves and actuators, 417–436 diaphragm type, 302–303, 303f
Fan jet. See Turbofan Final superheater (FSH), 69 flapper/paddle type, 302, 302f
Fans, 48 Fire retardant fluid (FRF), 762 piston type, 303, 304f
Fast transfer, 1112 Fireside corrosion fatigue, 64 shuttle type, 303
Fatigue, 66–67, 769 Fire tubes, 8 target/disk/vane, 302, 302f
Fault Firewall, 516, 1077–1078, 1077f thermal mass, 303–304
for failure categories, 1003–1004, 1004t demilitarized zone, 1078 with velocity-based actuation, 304, 305–307t
management of change, 1004, 1005f functionality, 1078, 1079t working principle, 301–304
1122 Index
Flow transmitters, 254, 294–301
Coriolis flow meters, 295–298, 297f
magnetic flow meters, 294, 295t
mass flow meters, 299, 299t
mechanical flow meters, 299–301
nutating disk meter, 301
oval gear meter, 300–301
piston meters, 300
Swirl flow meters, 299
turbine flow meter, 301
ultrasonic type, 295
variable area meter, 300
vortex flow meter, 298–299, 298f
Flue gas, 60, 200
air preheater, 921
controls, 215
desulfurization plant, 213
flow, 372
measurements
continuous emission monitoring, 372
flow, 372
oxyfuel, 372
nonbladed areas, 921–922
oxygen percentage in, 638–639
purification, 349
recirculation, 204
service, 860
steam sealing system around turbine, 921
turbine gland seals, 921–922
Flue gas denitrification plant, 54
Flue gas desulfurization (FGD), 50
plant, 54
Flue gas recirculation damper, 722
Fluid-filled bulb, 252
Fluidized bed copper oxide process, 706–708
Fluidized bed reactor, 984
Flumes, 292
Fly ash handling system, 144–145
Force collector types, 258–259
capacitive type, 258
inductance/reluctance, 259
piezoelectric, 259
piezoresistive strain gauge, 258–259
Forced circulation system, 69
Forced draft (FD), 21, 42
Forced draft fan (FDF), 213, 577, 641, 804
Forced draught fan (FD fan), 48
Forced oxidation, 702
Forced water circulation, 75
Force/weight, standard units for, 1047t
FO trip valve (FOTV), 59
Foundation fieldbus (FF), 507–512, 509f, 537
cabling, 510f
configuration, 511f
Frame GTs. See Heavy duty industrial GTs
Free Governor Mode of Operation
(FGMO), 797
Free mineral acidity (FMA), 131
Frequency-influenced load demand, 801–802
Frequency shift keying (FSK), 489
Front firing, 54
Fuel air damper, 641
Fuel and air/draft system, 42
Fuel burners, 42
Fuel cells
basic structure, 979–981
developments, 981–984
operation principle, 979–981
power systems, 984–986
Fuel flexibility, 932
Fuel flow controls. See also Air flow control
for ball tube mill, 662f
control loop description, 644–647, 646f
objective, 644
system, 28
for tangential tilt burner boilers, 647–651
Fuel input measurement, 814
Fuel NOX, 25
Fuel Oil (FO), 859
firing, 727
logic, 727–729
handling system, 555
heating, 169
pressure control
control loop description, 709
objective, 709
systems, 58–59, 59f
Fuel oil trip valve (FOTV), 727
Full redundancy, in single network, 1080
Full stroke test (FST), 1037, 1038t
Functional safety, 992–993
Functional subgroups, 744
Furnace, 961
chamber, 214
position, 8
pressure, 665–666
control, 36–37
Furnace draft control
control loop description, 665–668, 666–667f
objective, 665
Furnace purge logic, 726–727
Furnace safeguard supervision system (FSSS),
723. See also Burner management
system (BMS)
Fuzzy logic system, 516
G redundancy, 224
Gamma ray type level switch, 311
Gas, dynamic viscosity of, 1053t
Gas analysis, 322
absorption principle, 353–356
ammonia, 365, 367t
chemiluminescence type analysis
system, 356
CO analyzer, 368–369, 371t
CO2 analyzer, 369, 371t
combustible analyzer, 360
component and analysis types, 353, 353t
extractive multianalysis system, 361–362,
362f
gas chromatograph, 360–361, 361f
H2 analyzer, 369
Katharometer, 359, 360f, 360t
opacity/particulate monitoring, 363–365,
366–367t, 366f
oxygen analyzers, 367–368, 369f
paramagnetic and thermo magnetic oxygen
detection system, 357–358, 358f
paramagnetic oxygen analyzer, 368, 370t
requirements and types, 348–353
selection criteria, 353
in situ (modified) multianalysis
system, 362–363
in situ multichannel analysis system, 363,
364f, 364–365t
stack gas analyzer, 365–366, 368t
zirconia oxygen analyzer, 368, 370t
zirconia oxygen detection system, 359, 359f
Gas chromatograph, 360–361, 361f
Gas dampers, 682–683, 685–687, 686f
Gas generator, 18
Gas recirculation, 61–63
fan, 212
Gas recycling damper, 682–683, 684f
Gas tempering, 61–62, 204
Gas to gas heater (GGH), 702
Gas turbine (GT), 14, 217, 326, 327t, 327f
advantages, 216
basic configurations, 216
Brayton cycle, 217
closed loop cycle, 16
combustor with transition section, 20
with compressed air energy storage
facility, 23–25
compressor section with diffuser, 20
control system, 27–28, 222
description, 219–222, 220–221f, 223f
double shaft, 18
effects of atmospheric condition, 28
emissions, 25–26
external combustion engine, 26–27
fuels, 27
influencing factors, 28
inlet sections, 19–20
objectives and functions, 217–219
open loop cycles
heat exchangers/regenerator, 16
intercooling and reheating, 17
parameter measuring monitoring, 222–224
performance and optimization, 629
single-shaft, 18, 224–225, 224f
standards, 620
thermodynamic principles, 217, 218f
turbine firing temperature, 18
turbine pressure ratio, 18
turbine section, 20
Gate valve, 439–440f, 440
Gauge glass, 254, 868–869
Gauges, 251
bicolor level, 314–315, 315f
bimetallic, 278, 279t
conductivity level, 316, 317f
direct level, 313–316
bicolor level gauges, 314–315, 315f
displacer type, 316
float and magnet type, 316
float and rotary shaft type, 316
float pulley type, 316
float type, 315
sight level gauge glass, 313–314, 314f
displacer level, 316
 Index 1123

float and magnet level, 316 communication, 489 High temperature (HT)
float and rotary shaft level, 316 features, 489 creep, 65
float pulley level, 316 Hart Hand-Held configurator, 491–492 graphitization, 65–66
Generator, 44–45, 104–110 OSI model vs., 490–491 oxidation, 64
cooling gas analysis, 352 for system integration, 491 High-voltage (HV), 756, 870–872
excitation, 45 telegram, 490, 490f, 491t Hogging, 88
field excitation, 110 wireless, 492–494 Holding, 88
hydrogen, 45 Hazard, 991 Horizontal/wall firing, 211
cooling, 44, 109 Hazard analysis, 991, 994–997 Host layers, 479–481
temperature control, 793–794 aim, 995 Hot air duct pressure controller, 641
inerting system, 45 industrial, 994–995 Hot reheat (HRH), 12, 757–759, 851
protection system, 784 steps, 995, 996f controls, 165
rotor, 105 study and scope, 994 description, 162, 163f
seal oil types and classification, 995–997 equipment, 162–164
system, 45, 109 HAZOP analysis, 995–997, 997t, 998f objectives and functions, 162
temperature control, 793, 794f H2 detraining tank, 780 parameter measuring monitoring, 164–165,
stator, 105–106 Heat 164t
and rotor cooling, 107 engine, 4 redundancy, 165
working principles, 107 exchangers, 44 steam, 69
Generator circuit breaker (GCB), 748 convection type, 73 House load operation, 753, 1109
Generator control system, 781–785 radiation type, 73–74 boiler effect, 1109
AVR, 782–784 release, 813–815, 1055t electrical side changes, 1109
excitation control effect, 781–782 soaking, 90, 759 HP bypass, 1109
generator protection system, 784 source, 8 LP bypass control, 1109
generator voltage control, 781 tracing, 854 protection, 1109
instrumentation system, 784–785 trap, 50 runback command, 1109
rotor deexcitation system, 784 Heater drain and vent system, 195 turbine control, 1109
Generator H2 system, 235, 236f description, 196–198, 196–197f, 199f HP turbine casing expansion (CS), 331
Generator seal oil system, 230–235, 234f equipment, 198 Hydrastep, 39
Generator trips, cause and effect, 1107–1109 objectives and functions, 195 Hydraulic coupling scoop tube, 183
Generic NOx control intelligent system parameter measuring monitoring, 198–199, Hydraulic signals selection, 751
(GNOCIS), 621 200t Hydrazine, 182, 186, 390–393
GE S107H, 224–225 Heaters, 9, 114–119, 166 Hydrazine control, 409
Gigabit Ethernet, 486, 488f, 1075, 1076t tube rupture, 831 Hydrocarbon dewpoint, 361
Gland Heat flux meter, 737f Hydrogen
exhaust fan, 95–96 Heat recovery steam generator, 219 cooling system, 44, 109, 775
packing, 95–96 Heavy duty industrial GTs, 15 moisture in, 109
sealing systems, 44, 84–85 Heavy fuel oil (HFO), 48, 54, 169, 238–239, dew point, 780
seal subsystem, 744 239f, 240t, 644, 854 embrittlement, 64, 373
steam condenser, 95–96 Heavy furnace oil (HFO), 708–709 gland seals, 778–779
Gland steam condenser (GSC), 193, 818 Heavy petroleum stock (HPS), 708–709 purity, 785, 923
minimum flow control, 824–825, 825f Heavy spot, 101–103 sealing, 923–926
Gland steam coolers (GSC), 9 Heteropoly blue colorimetric analysis, 394 and seal oil system, 45
Gland steam heater, 81 High concentration slurry disposal system system, 108–109
Glass membrane shape and types, 383 (HCSD), 139 Hydrogen seal oil system, 775–781, 776f
Global thermal power production, 895–896, 895f High energy arc (HEA), 56, 644 air removal, 779–780
Globe control valves, 440–445, 441–444f Higher pH option, 924 hydrogen removal, 779–780
Grab sample, 405 High-pressure (HP), 744, 818 hydrogen system, 775
Gross calorific value (GCV), 134 control fluid, 762 problems with, 780–781
Grounding, 875–880 cylinder, 80–81 Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas, 708
Guided wave radar (GWR), 310–311, 317–320, heater drain, 198 Hydroxides, 373
319t heater level control, 832–833
control loop description, 833 I
H control loop operation, 833 IEC 61508, 1012
Hall effect, 470–471, 472f interlock, 833 analysis, 1012
Hammer-type mill. See Impact mill High-pressure bypass (HPBP), 154, 156, 711, operation, 1012
H2 analyzer, 369 770 IEC 61511, 1013–1018, 1015f
Hand wheel, 465–466, 466t, 466f pressure and temperature control, 714f analysis, 1014, 1016
Hardgrove Grindability Index (HGI), 134 pressure control, 716 elaboration of framework, 1013–1014,
Hardness ions, 125 spray water pressure control, 716 1016t
Hardware (HW), 1077 temperature control by spray water functional management, 1016–1017
Hardware failure tolerance (HFT), 1017, 1019 valve, 716 implementation, 1014, 1016
HART Protocol High-pressure heater (HPH), 9, 81, 184, 832 operation, 1015–1016
characteristics, 489–490 High-pressure turbine (HPT), 12, 757–759, 963 requirements, 1017, 1017t
1124 Index

IEC 61511 (Continued) Instrumentation cable, 880–883 International development projects, 935–936
safety requirement specification, 1018 earthing, 876–880 advanced firing systems, 905
second edition of standard, 1017–1018, 1018t Instrumentation cum electrical boiler material selection, 935
IEC61804 typical device structure, 573f panel, 406 China, 917–919
IEEE 802.1D Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), Instrumentation system, 784–785 coal deposits, 904
1079 Instrument rack, 343 coal-fired thermal power plants, 904
IEEE 802.1w Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol Insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), coatings, 905
(RSTP), 1079 451–453, 784 electricity, 904
Igniters, 58, 240 Insulation, 792 European Union, 905–911, 906t
Ignition supports, 58 Integrated approach, 1038 fuel flexibility, 904
Immersion length, 274 Integrated coal gasification combined cycle heat transfer tube panels, 935
IMPACT, 910 (IGCC) system, 904 high-temperature corrosion, 936
Impact mill, 57 Integrated coal gasification fuel cell combined India, 919
Impact probes, 282 cycle (IGFC) system, 904 integrated coal gasification fuel cell combined
Impellers, 211 Integrated gasification combined cycle cycle, 904
Impulse line, 839–840 (IGCC), 894–895 Japan, 915–917, 916t
length and diameter, 847, 848t basic process, 1097–1101, 1098t, 1098f martensitic steels, 905
Impulse-reaction turbine, 79–80, 80f ASU, 1099 next-generation technologies, 904
Impulse turbine, 77 coal gasification, 1099, 1100t nickel alloys, 905
Inconel 740 composition, 936 coal storage, 1097 Russia, 919
India, 919 design considerations, 1101 steam oxidation resistance, 936
Indian Material Research Program, 919 feed preparation, 1097 steam pipes, 936
Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research power block–combined cycle, 1099 superheaters/reheaters tube, 935–936
(IGCAR), 919 syngas cleanup, 1099 thermal power station, 905
Indirect control option, 822–823 syngas cooling, 1099 thick section components, 936
Indirect level gauges control system, 1101–1102, 1102–1103f United States, 911–915, 911t
conductivity, 316, 317f environmental benefits, 1097 International Energy Agency’s (IEA’s), 895–896
pressure, 316 Integrated gasification fuel cell systems, International Organization for Standardization
Induced draft (ID), 21 984–985 (ISO), 479–481
cooling tower, 121 Integrated plant control system, 531f International Organization of Standards (ISO
Induced draft fan (IDF), 213–214, 575, 664–665, Integrated recycle heat exchanger (INTREX), 5167-1), 287, 289
804 249 International Society of Automation (ISA), 279,
Induced draught fan (ID fan), 48 Intelligent actuators, 462–463, 462f 839–842
Induced flue gas recirculation, 63 Intelligent control system ergonomic control room design concepts,
Inductive coupling, 874 control intelligence, 515–516 1071–1073, 1072f
In-duct sorbent injection method, 705 fault tolerance, 513–515 air flow, 1073
Industrial internet of things (IIoT), 477 Fieldbus system, 496–502 alarm, 1073
Infant mortality, 1004 firewall, 516 coding, 1073
Initial priming, 96 Foundation Fieldbus, 507–512 human body dimensional details, 1071,
Inkjet and laser printing methods, 596f HART Protocol, 489–494 1071–1072t
Inkjet printers, 595 internet of things, 517–520 layout, 1072–1073
Inlet damper control, 49 Modbus Protocol, 494–496 lighting, 1073, 1073f
Inlet safety valve, 161 network basics, 479–489 sound level, 1073
Inlet vane control, 49 OPC, 512–513 temperature, 1073
In-phase transfer, 1112 PROFIBUS, 502–507 text and labels, 1073
Inputs/outputs (I/Os), 138 PROFINET, 507 guideline, 839–842
Inside diameter (ID), 839 security in control system, 516–517 material compositions
In situ (modified) multianalysis system, 362–363 signals and signal processing, 477–478 carbon and ceramics, 1069, 1069t
In situ multichannel analysis system, 363, 364f, World FIP, 512 metals, 1070, 1070t
364–365t Interference modes, 874, 874t nickel alloys, 1071, 1071t
Installation practices Interlock, 652 plastics and rubber, 1069, 1069t
field instrument, 839 Intermediate-pressure check valve temperature limits, 1071, 1071t
instruments (IPCV), 752 standards, 1067–1068, 1067–1069t
electrical installation, 870–891 Intermediate-pressure cylinder (IP cylinder), International Standard, 349
mechanical installation, 852–870 80–81 Internet of things (IoT), 477
ISA guideline, 839–842 Intermediate pressure turbine (IPT), 9–11, characteristics, 519–520, 520f
pipe valve fitting material, 850–852 757–759 definitions, 517–519
signal types, 842t control valve, 164 fog and cloud computing in, 521f
supplies, 842t stop valve, 162 process and impacts, 519
tapping point location, 841f Intermittent blowdown valve, 12, 76 Internet Protocol (IP), 481
tube/pipe support considerations, 842 Intermittent fault, 1001 Ion exchangers, 100–101, 129
Instrument(s) Internal combustion engine, 14 Ion-exchanger units, 125
elecrical installation, 870–891 Internal energy, 3 Ion-selective electrode, 398–399
mechanical installation, 852–870 Internal leaks, 926 IP packet-filtering firewall, 1078
 Index 1125

ISA practices, 839–842 displacer type, 316 Log generation, 608–609

guideline, 839–842 float and magnet type, 316 Low cycle fatigue, 89, 769
Isobaric process, 4 float and rotary shaft type, 316 Low-pressure (LP), 818
Isolation/block valves, 771 float pulley type, 316 cylinder, 80–81
ISO-OSI Reference Protocol Model, 479–480, float type, 315 heater level control
480f sight level gauge glass, 313–314, 314f control loop description, 830–831
Isothermal bath, 404–405 indirect level type control loop operation, 831
conductivity, 316, 317f heater drain, 829–830
J pressure, 316 interlock, 831–832
Jacking oil, 84, 84f working principle, 313–316 Low pressure bypass (LPBP), 162, 164, 712,
Jacking oil pump (JOP), 84, 227, 760 Level instrument installations, 862–869 744, 770–773
Jacking oil system, 227–228, 227f Level measurement, 307–320, 308t pressure and temperature control, 715f
Japan, 915–917, 916t gauges, 313–316 pressure control, 716–717
chemical and mechanical tests, 916 guided wave radar, 317–320 temperature control by spray water valve, 717
component test facility, 917 magnetostrictive instruments, 316–317 Low-pressure heater (LPH), 9, 81, 193, 832
650°C USC technology, 917 switch, 311–312 drain, 198
fire-side corrosion, 916 transmitters, 307–311 Low-pressure turbine (LPT), 9, 757–759
full-scale demonstration plant, 917 Level switches, 254 Low sulfur high stock (LSHS), 708–709
materials, 917 displacer type, 311 Low vacuum trip, 765–766
steam-side oxidation, 917 gamma ray type, 311 trip system for, 765–766
Jet engines, 15 magnetic and mechanical float type, 311 Low voltage (LV), 756, 870–872
Junction box (JB), 891 RF admittance, 312, 312–313t Lube oil system, 225–227, 226f
rotating paddle type, 312 Lubricating oil (LO), 82–83, 82f
K vibration/tuning fork type, 311–312 temperature control, 793
Kashirskaya State District Power Plant (GRES), working principle, 311–312
952–953 Level transmitters, 37, 255 M
Katharometer, 359, 360f, 360t air bubbler type, 310 MACPLUS, 910
Kelvin Planck statement, 4 capacitance/RF type, 310 Magnetic and mechanical float type level switch,
conductivity type, 309–310 311
Kinematic viscosity, 1054
KOMET 650, 906 displacer type, 309 Magnetic flow meters, 254, 294, 295t
Krell’s bar orifice plate, 289–290 magnetostriction and guided wave radar, Magnetite, 373
310–311 Magnetomotive force (MMF), 110
KWU steam turbine control philosophy,
pressure/DPT, 308–309 Magnetostriction level transmitters, 310–311
767–768, 768f
ultrasonic type, 309 Magnetostrictive instruments, 316–317, 318f,
working principle, 307–311 319t
L Light diesel oil (LDO), 56, 169 working principles, 317
Labyrinth glands, 85 Light oil, 240, 241f Main bearing, 93, 94f
Large Combustion Plant Directive (LCPD), Light scattering, 365 Main condensate valve (MCV), 822–823
894–895 Lime/limestone-based wet scrubber, 702, 704f Main oil pump (MOP), 82, 225, 760
Large integrated computer network, 1075–1077 Limit pressure control, 750 Main steam control valves (MSCVs), 744–745,
Large video screen (LVS), 594–595 Limit switches, 466, 467t 766–767
Laser jet printer, 595 Limit value monitor (LVM), 821 Main steam stop valve (MSSV), 11, 75,
Laser type absorption detection, 356 Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT), 156, 751
Latent heat, 5 348 Main steam system (MS)
Law of conservation of energy, 3–4 Liquid, dynamic viscosity of, 1053t bypass path, 154
Lead cation resin, 100 Liquid junction (LJ), 383 HP bypass, 154
Lead zirconate titanate, 340 potential, 383 process plant, 154, 157f
Leaf seal, 922 Liquid metal anode, 984 controls
Leakages and losses Liquid-metallic seal (LMS), 927–928 EHG, 159
boiler tube, 920 Liquid ring vacuum pump, 86–87, 87f, 96 electromatic safety valve, 159
electrical efficiency, 919–920, 920f Liquid services, 840, 861 HP bypass, 159
flue gas path, 920–922 Load dispatch center (LDC), 748, 797 start-up vent and drain valve, 159
hydrogen sealing and cooing system, 923–926 Load dispatch controls (LDC), 636 temperature, 158
reduction, 927 Load memory, 534 turbine inlet pressure, 158
vacuum sealing system around condenser, Load/power controller, 749 major system equipment, 154–156
922–923 Local area network (LAN), 479 objective and function, 153
valve, 926–927 cable, 886, 888t parameters, 158t
Leak test, 723 wireless, 498 flow, 158
valve, 238 Local instrument enclosure (LIE), 840 HPSV and HPCV, 158
LED vs. semiconductor laser, 1075, 1076t pressure transmitter/switch installation, pressure and temperature, 158
Level excursion type, 295 860–861 turbine first-stage steam pressure, 158
Level gauges, 254 Local instrument rack (LIR), 840 turbine inlet steam pressure, 158
direct level, 313–316 pressure transmitter/switch installation, pressure demand, 803, 803f
bicolor level gauges, 314–315, 315f 860–861 process and piping, 153–154, 155–156f
1126 Index

Main steam system (MS) (Continued) Methane (CH4), 707 technology, parameters, and control changes,
redundancy in measurement, 159 Metropolitan area networks (MAN), 498 936–937, 937t
sampling lines, 154 Mill cutting, 808 Modernization, 251
Management information system (MIS), Mill drum level control loop, 660–663, 661f Modern superthermal power plants, 896
559–582. See also Distributed control Mill drum level sound detector, 661–663 Modern thermal power plants, 251
system (DCS) Mill outlet temperature Molten carbonate DCFC, 983–984
application functionality, 619f for bowl mill and tube mill, 656f Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFCs), 982–983
characteristics, 617 control, 654–655, 655f, 660–661 Molten salt
functionality, 617–619 measurement, 654 DCFC, 983
gas turbine performance and optimization, for TT boiler, 655–657 solid carbon in, 984
629 Mills/pulverizers, 42, 46, 48, 57 Monitoring module, 344
with IS, 618f Mimic display, 602f Monitor page selectors, 976
performance calculation and optimization, Mimic/P&ID display, 601 Motor control center (MCC), 459, 461f
619–628 Ministry of Environment and Forests M-type boiler, 960–962
plant level network and interface to, 613f (MoEF), 120–121, 139 Multidrop network, 485, 486f
position, 617–619 Miscellaneous boiler equipment. See also Steam Multihole pressure probes, 282
profile, 618f generator (SG) Multiple grounding, 876
Management of change (MOC), 1034 blow down valves, 76 Multiple identical modules selection, 789
Man machine interface (MMI) drain valve, 76 Multiple nozzles, 773
communication medium, 609–610 electromagnetic safety valve, 76 ejectors, 86
control network structure, 610–613 MSSV, 75
display types, 599–607 nonreturn valve, 75–76 N
large video screen, 594–595 safety valves, 76 Na+ error, 385
log types, 607–609 spring-loaded safety valve, 76 National Energy Technology Laboratory,
printers, 595–597 startup vent valve, 76 912–914
recorders, 597–599 steam separator, 76–77 conceptual design, 912
system configuration aspects, 613–616 steam trap, 76 economic analysis, 912
workstation, 584–594 swing check valve, 77 fabricability, 913–914
Manometer, 261 Miscellaneous supply lines, 161 fire-side corrosion, 913
Manual control mode, 799 Miscellaneous turbine auxiliaries, 91–101 material standards, 914
MARCKO 700, 909 circulating water pumps, 96–97 mechanical properties, 912
MARCKO DE2, 909 gland steam-side oxidation, 912–913
Martensitic steels, 905 exhaust fan, 95–96 welding, 913
Mass, standard units for, 1046t packing, 95–96 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
Mass flow meters, 299, 299t steam condenser, 95–96 codes, 665
Mass flowrates, 279 online condenser tube-cleaning system, 97–98 National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS),
Master priming system for water box, 96–97 915
pressure control, 36 turbine bearings, 93–95 National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC),
steam pressure control mode, 806–807 vacuum breaker, 96–97 919
Master cycle with double reheat, 943–944 Mishap, 993 National Thermal Power Engineering and
Master fuel trip signals, 731 Mixed bed exchanger, 100, 131 Technology Research Center
Master slave query response, 494–495, 496f Mixed bed regeneration, 132 (NTPETRC), 944
Materials, 903 Mobile devices networks, 498 Natural circulation. See Forced circulation
Material science, 769 Modbus protocol Natural draft cooling tower, 121–122
Material special workgroup (MSW), 918, 918t implementation methods, 496, 497f Natural water circulation, 74–75
MATLAB, 606f MODBUS system, 496f Near miss/incident, 993
Maximum continuous rating (MCR), 748–749 transaction methodology, 494–495 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH), 112
Mechanical Modern boilers Network control and communications, 1075
dust collector units, 51–53 controlled safety pressure relief systems, associated networks, 1075
flow meter, 282 932–934, 934t electromagnetic spectrum, 1075, 1076f
flow meters, 299–301 different features, 928–932 fault tolerant Ethernet
induced-draft type cooling tower, 121 double reheat cycle, 931 benefits, 1080, 1081t
instruments of installation, 852–870 single train-double train, 931 classifications, 1078
vibration-type fatigue, 66 tangential firing, 930–931 IEEE 802.1D Spanning Tree Protocol, 1079
Media converter, 1081 tower type and two-pass type, IEEE 802.1w Rapid Spanning Tree
Medium voltage (MV), 870–872 928–930 Protocol, 1079
Memory divisions, 534f water/membrane wall types, 930 major components, 1081
Mercury fuel flexibility and cocombustion, 932 modern plant control systems, 1078–1079
in glass, 277–278 materials, 934–936 software, 1081
in steel, 278 modification and developments, 928 topology, 1080f, 1081
Metallic diaphragms, 261 optimized combustion system, 932 fiber optic, 1075
Metallic oxides, 373 tangential firing system, 932 firewalls, 1077–1078, 1077f
Metals, 1070, 1070t twin vortex firing system, 932 demilitarized zone, 1078
Metal piezoresistors, 259 steam parameter, 934 functionality, 1078, 1079t

policy, 1078
types, 1077–1078, 1078t
gigabit Ethernet, 1075, 1076t
large integrated computer network,
1075–1077
LED vs. semiconductor laser, 1075, 1076t
Networking capability, 345
Network interface controllers, 1081
Network transmission techniques, 483–489
Neutral pH option, 924
Nickel alloys, 905, 1071, 1071t
Nitrogen (N2), 696
Noise-minimizing techniques, 875
Noise susceptibility level (NSL), 875
Nominal bore (NB), 850–852
Nonflammable fluid. See Fire retardant fluid
(FRF)
Nonreturn valve (NRV), 11, 75–76, 166, 829
Nonselective catalytic reduction (NSCR), 706
Normally closed (NC), 818
Normally open (NO), 818
North American Electric Reliability Council
(NERC), 938
NOx, 696–700
control methods, 697, 698–699t
controls of, 705–706
pollution, 697
reduction percentage, 697, 697t
Nozzle governing system, 789–790
NRWPP700, 908
Nutating disk meter, 301
O measurements, 36–37
Object Linking and Embedding (OLE), 477
Oil-handling plant, 42
Oil leak test, 724f
Oil unloading system, 58
OLE for process control server (OPC server),
512–513, 514f
Once-through (OT)
circulating water system, 120
oil vacuum pump, 88, 96–97
supercritical boilers, 244
One of two transmitters, 151
Online condenser tube cleaning system, 97–98
On load operation, 753
On/off dampers and valves, 645
Opacity instrument, 365
Open loop control system (OLCS), 720, 743–744
applications, 720
for ATRS, 545–547
for automatic turbine testing system, 547–548
boiler, 720–722
display tabs and plaques, 605f
functions, 569–570
for lubricating oil pumps, 721
for main drives, 721
miscellaneous functions, 578f
in SADC, 722
in soot blower, 722–723
for turbine protection system, 547
Open/nonpressurized vessel level measurement
displacer/float instruments, 868–869
DPT with/without instrument seal, 869
Index 1127
Open system interconnection (OSI), 479–481 Pipes, 852
Open transition, 1112 dimensions, 850, 851t
Open type. See Local instrument rack (LIR) steam, 936
Open type regenerative feed water heaters, 118 valve fitting material, 850–852
Operating vent, 196 Pipe tapping, 285
Operation release, 546 Piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID), 1,
Opposed firing, 54 150
Opposite directional impellers, 113 air and flue gas system
Optical fiber, 259 controls, 215–216
Optical scintillation, 363 description, 201–211, 202–203f, 206–211f
OPTICOM, 625f, 627f equipment, 211–213
Orifice plate, 282, 285–289, 862 objectives and functions, 200–201
Outlet damper control, 49 parameter measuring monitoring, 213–215,
Out of service, 1031 213–214t
Oval gear meter, 300–301 primary air, 200
Over burner air (OBA), 930–931 pulverizer instrumentation, 216
Overfire air (OFA) dampers, 689–709 redundancy in measurement, 216
Over speed trip system, 764–765 secondary air/combustion air, 200
trip system, 764–765 analytical instruments and control, 153
trip testing system, 765 auxiliary steam system
Overview display, 599–601 controls, 175
Oxides of nitrogen (NOx), 18 description, 169–174, 170–173f
Oxyfuel, 372 equipment, 174–175
combustion, 248, 897–898 heavy fuel oil, 169
Oxygen analyzers, 367–368, 369f light diesel oil, 169
Oxygen trimming controller, 639, 643f objectives and functions, 169
process parameters and measuring
P monitoring, 175, 175t
Packet-filtering firewall, 1078 redundancy in measurement, 175
Paddle type switches, 254 cogeneration/combined cycle plants
Paramagnetic oxygen analyzer, 357, 358f advantages, 216
Parameters, 33–39 See also specific Parameters basic configurations, 216
Brayton cycle, 217
efficient running/control of plant, 36–37 control system, 222
plant safety, 36 description, 219–222, 220–221f, 223f
Parshall flumes, 38, 292 objectives and functions, 217–219
Parson’s reaction turbine, 80 parameter measuring monitoring,
Partial stroke test (PST), 1036–1037 222–224
Particulate matter (PM), 25, 98 redundancy, 224
Passivation of DM water, 122 single-shaft, 224–225, 224f
Pass out turbine, 31 thermodynamic principles, 217, 218f
Pegging pressure, 826 condensate system
Pendant superheater, 204 controls, 195
Perfect gas, 2 description, 187–192, 188–192f
Perfect intercooling, 17 equipment, 192–193
Performance calculation report, 622–623f exhausted steam, 187
Performance log, 608 objectives and functions, 187
Permanent fault, 1002 parameter measuring monitoring, 193–195,
Personal area networks (PAN), 498 193t
pH analyzer, 385–386 redundancy in measurement, 195
working principles, 386–388 equipment, 150
Phase, 101–103 extraction steam system, 165–166
Phase measurement (KP), 329 controls, 169
Phosphate analyzer, 394–395, 396t description, 166, 167f
Phosphate dosing control, 409 equipment, 166–168
Phosphate ester. See Fire retardant fluid objectives and functions, 166
(FRF) parameter monitoring, 168–169, 168t
Physical data, with multicore stranded annealed redundancy in measurement, 169
copper conductor size, 1057–1058t feed water steam
Piccolo tube, 282 controls, 186
Piezoelectric inkjet, 595 defined, 175
Piezoelectricity, 259 description, 176–184, 177–181f
Piezoresistive devices, 258 equipment, 184
Piezoresistive strain gauge, 258–259 objectives and functions, 176, 176f
1128 Index
Piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID)
(Continued)
parameter measuring monitoring, 184–186,
185t
redundancy in measurement, 186–187
heater drain and vent system, 195
description, 196–198, 196–197f, 199f
equipment, 198
objectives and functions, 195
parameter measuring monitoring, 198–199,
200t
main steam system
bypass path, 154, 157f
controls associated with, 158–159
major system equipment, 154–156
objective and function, 153
parameters, 156–158, 158t
process and piping, 153–154, 155–156f
redundancy in measurement, 159
sampling lines, 154
piping representation, 150
power generation process
bubbling and circulating fluidized bed
combustion technology, 248–249, 248f
carbon capture and storage and oxyfuel
combustion, 247–248
increased pressure, temperature operation,
244–247, 246–247f, 246t
reducing emissions and increasing
efficiency, 247
primary sample conditioning, 401
process parameter, 150
reheat steam system
cold, 159–162, 160f, 161t
hot, 162–165, 163f, 164t
secondary conditioning system, 402
steam generator related
atomization, 240, 242f
boiler circulation system, 240–244, 243f,
245f
burner cooling, 240
flame detection system, 240
heavy oil system, 238–239, 239f, 240t
ignitor, 240
light oil and atomizing air system, 240, 241f
symbols and legends, 150, 151f
transmitters redundancy
LHS and RHS, 150–151
measurement, 150–151
monitoring and inhibiting selection, 151
one of two selections, 151, 152f
three transmitters, 152–153
triple modular redundancy, 153, 153f
turbogenerator-related
control oil system, 228–230, 228–229f
evacuation system, 230, 233f
generator H2 system, 235, 236f
generator seal oil system, 230–235, 234f
jacking oil system, 227–228, 227f
lube oil system, 225–227, 226f
seal steam system, 230, 231–232f
stator-cooling water system, 235–237, 237f
Piston cylinders, 455, 456f
Piston meters, 300
Piston type flow switches, 303, 304f
Pitot tube, 282, 290
Plain water dust suppression system, 137
Plant auxiliary interlock diagram, 576f
Plastics, 1069, 1069t
Plate heat exchangers, 121
Platinum, 269
Platinum resistance thermometer (PRT), 39, 253,
269
Pluggage prevention, 926
Pneumatic positioner, 466–468, 467f, 468t, 470t
Polygeneration, 902
Pop-up valve. See Safety
Position
controller, 751
indicator, 466f, 470
transmitter, 470–471, 471t
Positioner, 466–470, 467f, 468t, 469f, 470t
Positive displacement gear type pump, 777
Possible communication path, 1080
Postcombustion capture, 248
Potential transformers (PTs), 749
Potentiometric pressure measurement, 259, 260t
Powdered/pulverized fuel (PF), 644
Power block–combined cycle, 1099
Power generation
bubbling and circulating fluidized bed
combustion technology, 248–249, 248f
carbon capture and storage and oxyfuel
combustion, 247–248
development, 896–904, 896t
advanced firing systems, 897–902, 899f
construction materials, 902
conversion efficiency, 903–904, 903t
fuel pretreatment and flexibility, 897
polygeneration, 902
steam conditions, 902
increased pressure, temperature operation,
244–247, 246–247f, 246t
reducing emissions and increasing
efficiency, 247
Power-operated nonreturn valve, 168
Power station options. See KOMET 650
Power, standard units for, 1047t
Power supply, 343
Power supply unit (PSU), 521
Power system stabilizer (PSS), 781–782
Precombustion capture, 247
Predictive adaptive controller, 676
Pressure
gauge, 404
special features, 261–262
specification, 261–262
supplier, 261–262
switch elements, 252t
working principle, 261–262
measurements, 255–259, 256–258t
(see also Temperature)
pressure compounded impulse turbine, 77
pressure-reducing and control valves, 771
set point, 802–803
standard units for, 35t, 1046t
switches
accessories, 261
bellows sensor, 260–261
bourdon tube-operated sensor, 260
ON/OFF differential/deadband, 261, 262t
special features, 259–261
specification, 259–261
supplier, 259–261
working principle, 259–261
tapping, 843–844
transmitters element, 252
velocity-compounded turbine, 77–78
Pressure instrument installations, 854–862
DPT/switch installations, 861–862
pressure gauge installation, 854–860
pressure switch installation, 856f, 860
pressure transmitter/switch installations,
860–861
Pressure level gauges, 316
Pressure-reducing and de-superheating station
(PRDS), 31, 445
objective, 31
system description, 31
Pressure-reducing control valve (PRV), 14, 172,
174, 851
Pressure reduction and desuperheating system
(PRDS), 771
Pressure sand filters (PSF), 127
Pressure spring, 252
Pressure spring-type temperature gauges, 252
Pressure switch, 404
Pressure–volume diagram, 7, 8f
Primary air (PA), 42, 56–57, 200–201
Primary air fan (PAF), 48, 213, 644, 804
Primary coal crusher, 136
Primary cooler, 402
Primary/platen superheater (PSH), 69
Primary pressure reducing valve, 402–404
Priming air ejector, 88, 96
Priming system, 95f, 96–97
Printers, 595–597
Probability of failure on demand (PFD), 992,
1019
Process boiler, 29–31
back-pressure turbine, 29–31
pass out turbine, 31
Process instrumentation, 784–785
Process tap, 839
PROFIBUS
applications, 504t
configuration and communication, 504–505,
505f
DP, 537
DP features, 507
family and application area, 502–503
GSD files and associated parameters, 506–507
integration, 530
master classification, 505–506, 506t
PA features, 507
physical medium and transmission, 504, 504t
structure, 503–504, 504f
telegram, 507, 508f
token passing and communication, 505, 506f
topology and communication, 504–506
wiring, 507
PROFINET, 507, 508t, 537

Programmable logic control (PLC), 133.
See also Distributed control system
(DCS); Intelligent control system
in ATRS turbine protection and ATT,
545–548
basics, 520–525
in BMS, 541–545
configuration, 521f, 526–538, 527f
in electrical system, 548–552
features, 541
with fieldbus systems, 530f
hardware considerations, 532–538
I/O connections, 541
I/P output signals, 522f
networking, 528f
in off sites, 552–555
operating principles, 524f
programming language types, 524f
redundancy criteria, 539–541
salient features, 525–526
software considerations, 538–539
system integration, 541
types, 539–541
Proportional-integral-derivative (PID)
controller, 563f
with filter at set point and measured
variable, 564f
interactive, 564f
noninteractive, 564f
Protocol data unit (PDU), 495
Pull chord switch, 139
Pulverized fuel (PF), 57, 657
Pulverized fuel firing logic, 729–731
Pumps, 777
Purging, 854
connections, 840
Q parameter measuring monitoring, 161–162,
Quantitative risk matrix, 1008, 1009t
R hot
Rack interface function, 343
Radial/centrifugal fans, 50
Radial oil seal, 778–779, 778–779f
Radiative coupling, 873–875
Rafako, 911
Random failure, 544, 994, 1004
Rankine cycle, 8–9
Rankine engine efficiency, 9
Rapid response, 1080
Rateau turbine, 77
Rate set valve, 404
Raw water, 123
Recapitulation
Carnot cycle application, 5
Carnot theorem, 5
entropy of phases, 7
reversible cycle, 5
steam properties, 5–6
temperature-entropy diagram, 6–7, 6f
Reciprocating engines, standards, 621
Recirculating water system. See Closed-cycle
type water system
Index 1129
Recirculation control Remote control valve (RCV), 818
boiler feed pump, 818–821, 819f Reserve feedwater (RFW), 785
condensate extraction pump, 821–824, 822f Residual voltage transfer, 1112
Recorders, 597–599, 598f Resin column, 405
chartless, 598 Resins regeneration, 100
circular chart, 598 Resistance temperature detector (RTD), 39, 253,
strip chart, 598 263–269
Recuperative air heaters, 50–51 Resistance vs. temperature, 1060–1065t
Recursive least squares (RLS) method, 676 Retentive memory, 534
Recycled flue gas (RFG), 897 Retractable seals, 921–922
Redundancy, 1041 Return on investment (ROI), 1027
Redundant control net, 538f Reverse osmosis (RO), 98
Redundant fieldbus, 611f RF admittance, 312, 312–313t
Reference earth, 876–878 Ring granulator, 136–137
Reference electrode, 383 Ring-roll and ball-race mill, 56
Reference grounding, 876 Ring type desuperheater, 772
Regenerative air heaters, 51 Riser, 75
Regenerative cycle, 9–11, 84–85 Risk, 991
steam separator, 12 analysis and assessment, 1007–1009
steam trap, 12 component combination, 1005, 1005f
valves and operations, 11–12 consequence range, 1008, 1009t
Regenerative feed heaters, 114, 118–119 control measure, 1006, 1006f
closed-type, 118 frequency, 1005–1006
comparison, 118 levels, 1006, 1008, 1008t
feed heating, 9, 84–85 likelihood and consequence ranges, 1008,
open-type, 118 1009t
Regenerative heater, 84–85 matrix, 1007–1009, 1008t
Reheater (RH), 50, 72–74, 212, 214, 851 quantitative risk matrix, 1008, 1009t
Reheat inlet header, 161 register, 1007, 1008f
Reheat outlet header, 162 severity, 1006
Reheat spray control valves, 688 target, 1007, 1007f
Reheat steam outlet valves, 684–685, 685f Risk avoidance, 544f
Reheat steam system Risk graph, 1009–1010, 1010f
cold Risk reducing plan, 543f
controls, 162 Rotameters, 404. See also Flow gauges
description, 159–160, 160f Rotary piston. See Piston meters
equipment, 161 Rotating paddle level switch, 312
objectives and functions, 159 Rotating-type excitation system, 109–110
Rotor, 105
cooling, 107
161t
redundancy, 162 excitation control, 782–784
field excitation, 781–782
controls, 165 Rotor deexcitation system, 784
description, 162, 163f Rotor eccentricity (RE), 333
equipment, 162–164 Rubber, 1069, 1069t
objectives and functions, 162 Run back
parameter measuring monitoring, 164–165, condition, 814
164t demand, 808, 814
redundancy, 165 load, 808
Reheat temperature control. See also Air flue gas system, 808, 809–810f
path equipment Run-of-mine, 134
control loop description Russia, 919
burner tilt mechanism, 683, 687–688, 688f
with gas dampers, 682–683, 685–687 S
gas recycling damper, 682, 684f Safe failure fraction (SFF), 1019
spray water valves, 689 Safe Fieldbus, 501–502
gas dampers, 60 Safe PLC approach, 1038
gas recirculation damper, 61–63 Safety, 993
objective, 682 barrier and isolation, 345
tangential tilting burner assembly, 60 reallocation, 1012
Reinforced concrete cement (RCC), 135 valves, 11, 76
Relative vibration of shaft, 104 valve vent, 196
Relay module, 344 Safety instrumented function (SIF), 992,
Relief valve. See Electromagnetic safety valve 1018–1022
1130 Index

Safety instrumented system (SIS), 542, 561,
991–992
boundary and layout, 993, 993f
control element, 1035–1037
full stroke test, 1037, 1038t
partial stroke test, 1036–1037
testing method, 1036
valve, 1036
explanation, 1019
field sensors, 1035
device diagnostics and impact, 1035, 1036t
redundancy and voting, 1035
safety and reliability data, 1035, 1036t
selection and types, 1035
logic solver, 1037–1041
controller requirements and redundancy,
1041
separate and integrated BPCS-SIS network,
1039–1040
types, 1038–1039
risk reduction, 992f
Safety integrated level (SIL), 989–990, 992,
1018–1022
categories, 1020–1021
determination techniques, 1021–1022,
1024–1025t
explanation, 1019
guidelines for calibration parameter, 1022,
1025t
IEC standard, 990
independent protection layer, 1022, 1026f
interrelation, 1021, 1021t
logic solver types, 1040–1041, 1040t
risk matrix, 1022, 1024f
Safety lifecycle
approach, 1011
concept of, 1011, 1011f
failure category, 993
failure types, 1011–1012
functional safety, 993
hardware safety integrity, 1014t
IEC 61508, 1012
analysis, 1012
operation, 1012
IEC 61511, 1013–1018, 1015f
analysis, 1014, 1016
elaboration of framework, 1013–1014, 1016t
functional management, 1016–1017
implementation, 1014, 1016
operation, 1015–1016
requirements, 1017, 1017t
safety requirement specification, 1018
second edition of standard, 1017–1018,
1018t
stages, 1012
Salient pole rotors, 105
Sample conditioning system, 322, 399–406
primary, 400–401
sample pipes, tubes, and fittings, 405
secondary, 400–401
SWAS Rack/Panels, 405–406
Sample filter, 404
Sample relief valve, 402
Saunders’ valves. See Diaphragm valves
SCADA, 548 Sequence of events (SOE).
components, 548–549 See also Annunciation; Intelligent
history and architecture, 549 control system
protocol, 550–552 features, 558
security, 552 SER, 559, 560t
Scale and slope control, 385 specification, 559
Scanner air fan, 48, 58, 213, 215, 733 Setpoint establishment, 828
Scanner air system, 200 Severity, risk, 1006
Scavenging, 109, 780 Shaft relative vibration, 104
Scoop tube, 49 Shaft-sealing system failure, 777
actuator, 667 Shelved alarm, 1028, 1030
Screw pump, 777 Shield effectiveness, 874
Scroll fan. See Squirrel cage Short recirculation valve, 59
Seal air fan, 48, 58, 213, 215, 733 Short-term overheating, 65
Seal air system, 200 Shrinking and swelling, in boiler drum, 669
Seal oil Shut down
coolers, 777–778 log, 608
system, 45, 109, 775 operation, 753
Seals, 778–779, 778–779f program, 762
Seal steam pressure control, 773–775, 774f Shuttle type flow switches, 303
Seal steam system, 230, 231–232f Side stream filters, 123
Seat leakage classification, 426, 428t Siemens, 922
Seawater applications, filters for, 128 Sight flow glass, 304–307
Seawater scrubbing, 705 indicators, 253
Secondary air, 56 Sight level gauge glass, 313–314, 314f
Secondary air/combustion air (SA/CA), 200–201 Signal cable shield grounding, 878
Secondary air damper control (SADC), 734f Signal conditioning, 323
control loop description, 735 Signals and signal processing
objective, 733 common mode rejection ratio, 478, 479f
soot blowing system, 735–740 considerations, 478
for tangentially corner-fired boilers, 734–735 critical measurement, 478
for wall-fired boiler, 733–734 I/O intelligence, 478
Secondary air dampers (SAD), 639, 641–642 normal noise rejection, 478
Secondary air (SA) flow controller, 639–640 signal grouping philosophy, 478
Secondary air flow measurement, 639 Silent fault, 1002
Secondary coal crusher, 136 Silica, 393
Secondary cooler, 404 Silica analyzer accessories, 394, 394t
Secondary pressure reducing valve, 404 Simple cation bed exchanger, 100
Second law of thermodynamics, 4. See also First Single-flow turbine selection, 789
law of thermodynamics; Zeroeth law of Single-loop approach, 1038
thermodynamics Single nozzle ejectors, 86
Clausius statement, 4 Single point grounding, 876
Kelvin Planck statement, 4 Sliding pressure control, 750–751
Security, 516–517, 517t Smart/electro pneumatic positioner, 468–470,
Segregation requirements, 883–885 469f, 470t
Selective catalytic reduction, 50 Smart noncontact position transmitter, 470–471,
Selective catalytic reduction (SCR), 706 472f
catalysts used for, 676–677 Socket weld (SW), 860–861
Selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR), 706 Sodium analyzer, 395–396, 398t
Self-contained black start, 21 accessories, 397t
Self-excitation system, 782 working principle, 396
Self-pressure regulating valve (PRV), 82 Sodium-based wet scrubber system, 703
Semi-closed cycle, 14 Software (SW), 1077
Semiconductor, 784 Solenoid, 122
Semi-positive displacement meters. See Piston valve, 404, 471, 473f, 473t
meters Solid carbon
Semiwet bottom ash system fluidized bed reactor, 984
submerged flight conveyor, 141–142 molten salt, 984
submerged scrapper conveyor, 142–143 Solid oxide DCFC, 984
Sensible heat, 5 Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) operating
Sensor loading, 335 principles, 981–982, 981f
Separate overfire air (SOFA), 699 Soot blowers
Separation requirements, 883–885 for air heater, 739–740
Separator storage tank level control, 186 blowing media of, 738–739

for furnace walls, 738
location and operation of, 739
for radiation/convection area, 738
Soot blowing (SB), 735–740
soot depositions, removal of, 736–740
steam pressure control
control loop description, 694, 695f
objective, 694
system, 42, 48
Soot depositions, removal of, 736–740
Sorbent injector, 705
Sound pressure level (SPL), 431–432
Source point, 840. See also Installation practices
for flow elements, 849f
for flow measurements, 847–850
for level measurement, 850, 850f
for pressure type tapping, 843–844
for temperature element, 845f
for temperature tapping, 844–846
valve manifold, 843
Southwestern Electric Power (SWEPCO), 896
SOx and NOx control objective, 696
SOx-NOx removal, 706–708
by fluidized bed copper oxide process,
706–708
gas phase oxidation/ammonia injection, 708
Special instruments, 321–322
blowdown, 322
control, 407
functional requirements, 406
range, 406
types, 406–407
dosing control, 322
high-pressure, 409
low-pressure, 408–409
flue gas measurements
continuous emission monitoring, 372
flow, 372
oxyfuel, 372
frequency range, 334
gas analysis, 322
absorption principle, 353–356
ammonia, 365, 367t
chemiluminescence type analysis system,
356
CO analyzer, 368–369, 371t
CO2 analyzer, 369, 371t
combustible analyzer, 360
component and analysis types, 353, 353t
extractive multianalysis system, 361–362,
362f
gas chromatograph, 360–361, 361f
H2 analyzer, 369
Katharometer, 359, 360f, 360t
opacity/particulate monitoring, 363–365,
366–367t, 366f
oxygen analyzers, 367–368, 369f
paramagnetic and thermo magnetic oxygen
detection system, 357–358, 358f
paramagnetic oxygen analyzer, 368, 370t
requirements and types, 348–353
selection criteria, 353
in situ (modified) multianalysis system,
362–363
Index 1131
in situ multichannel analysis system, 363, HPBP temperature control by, 716
364f, 364–365t LPBP temperature control by, 717
stack gas analyzer, 365–366, 368t in reheater control loops, 689
zirconia oxygen analyzer, 368, 370t Spring-loaded
zirconia oxygen detection system, 359, 359f injection nozzles, 773
oxygenated treatment, 411–413 safety valve, 11, 76
pollution-related analysis, 322, 410–411 Squirrel cage, 50
sample conditioning, 322, 399–406 Stack gas analyzer, 365–366, 368t
primary, 400–401 Stack inlet damper, 683, 684f
sample pipes, tubes, and fittings, 405 Stainless Steel tubing, 839
secondary, 400–401 Stale alarm, 1028
SWAS Rack/Panels, 405–406 Standalone controller, 581f
sensor/transducers measurement, 334–335 Standalone controller unit (SCU)
steam and water analysis, 322 communication, 581
condensate polishing unit, 380–381 standalone controller block diagram,
conductivity analysis system, 381–399, 579–581
381t, 382–383f, 385t support functions, 582
HRSGs, 376–379, 380t typical specifications, 581
measurements and controls, 372–376, 374f, Standard EEMAUA, 1025
376–377f, 378–380t Standard electronic position transmitter, 470,
turbovisory, 322 471t
application, 348 Standard ISA 18.2:2009, 1025
casing expansion, 347–348 Standard library functions, 565, 566–567t
importance, 326 Standby liquid control systems (SLCs), 744
smaller, 347 Standing alarm, 1028
steam turbine, 323–326, 324f, 325–326t Starting air ejector, 88, 760
STG TSI specification, 345–347 Startup
system configuration, 348, 349f control mode, 799
valve position, 348 log, 608
vibration measurement, 322 procedure, 88–89
acceleration-seismic probes, 339–342, and synchronization, 753
341f, 342–343t thermocouples, 67
application, 342–343 vent valve, 76
basic building blocks, 323 Startup and thermal stress, 88–91
factors influencing, 335 damage mechanisms, 89
general IDEA, 322–323, 322f startup procedure, 88–89
importance, 323, 326 stress, temperature, and startups relationship,
interpretation, 335, 335f 89–91
machine health/condition monitoring Start-up vent, 196
system, 343–345, 344–345f main steam, 154
machine vibration analysis system, 345 Stateful packet-filter firewall, 1078
points, 323, 323t Stateless packet-filtering firewall, 1078
proximity probes, 336–337, 336f State variable control, 677
sources, 335–336, 335t Static type excitation system, 110
velocity-seismic probes, 337–339 Station service transformer level control, and
Specific heat, 2 water service, 840
Speed Stator, 105–106
controller, 747–748 bar, 792
measurement, 103–104 coolant flow, 794–795
speed/load control systems, 27 cooling, 107
switch, zero, 139 and rotor cooling, 107
Speed control, 451–453 Stator cooling water (SCW) system, 45,
hydraulic coupling, 451, 452f 235–237, 237f, 794–795, 795f, 923
loop, 746–748, 747f monitoring, 924–925, 925t
VFD for, 451, 453f regimes, 923–924
Speed of onset, 998 Steam
Spindle-operated ejector, 86–88 conditioning control valves, 445
dry vacuum pump, 87–88 ejectors, 44, 834
liquid-ring vacuum pump, 86–87 jet air ejectors, 86
once-through oil vacuum pump, 88 multiple-nozzle ejectors, 86
Split ECON, 928–929 single-nozzle ejectors, 86
Spray dry scrubber, 705 pipes, 936
Spray type deaerator, 117 pressure control mode, 806–807
Spray water valves properties, 5–6
1132 Index

Steam (Continued) cycle optimization package, 626 safety interlocks, 680

separator, 12
service, 840, 860
system, 42, 46, 47f
table, 5
trap, 12
turbine, 910
turbine generators, 962–968
and water analysis, 322
condensate polishing unit, 380–381
conductivity analysis system, 381–399,
381t, 382–383f, 385t
HRSGs, 376–379, 380t
measurements and controls, 372–376, 374f,
376–377f, 378–380t
Steam and water analysis system (SWAS),
438–439, 842
Steam-assisted desuperheaters, 772–773
Steam boilers standards, 620–621
Steam coil air preheater (SCAPH), 51, 213, 701
control loop description, 695–696
objective, 695
Steam cycle, 943–944
Steam cycle redesigning/optimization
double reheat with outer coolers, 944
double reheat with regenerative heating,
944–947, 947f
double RH steam cycle, 941
Echelon cycle with double reheat, 944, 945f
master cycle with double reheat, 943–944
single steam RH loop, 941
with super pressure concept, 942f
Steam ejectors, 44
Steam generator (SG), 7–8, 45–77, 1084–1085
air flue gas path equipment, 50–54
atomization, 240, 242f
boiler, 1092–1095
boiler circulating water system, 48
boiler circulation system, 240–244, 243f, 245f
boiler drum, 69–75
burner cooling, 240
constant and variable pressure operation,
1085–1086
deaerator, 46–48
fans, 48
flame detection system, 240
heavy oil system, 238–239, 239f, 240t
historical developments, 1084–1085, 1084t
ignitor, 240
light oil and atomizing air system, 240, 241f
mills and pulverizers, 48
parameters control and monitoring, 1086
pumps and heating units, 48
soot blowing system, 48
subsystems, 45–46
temperature-entropy relationship, 1085
water circulation and startup procedure,
1086–1092
Steam pressure, 634–635
control loop description, 636–637, 637f
objective, 635
Steam turbine, 788–791
condensers, 790–791
constant pressure controls, 790
double-flow turbines selection, 789 two-stage attemperation, 677–680
fossil-fired power plants, 791 objective, 676
generator, 962–968 Superheat problem, 943
control system, 964–967, 965f Supporting software system, 345
with megawatt feedback and pressure, Suppression by design, 1030
967–968 Suspended matter, 98
partial and full arc, 963, 966f Swing check valve, 77
stress evaluator, 964 Swirl flow meters, 299
governing system, 789–790 Switched Ethernet, 486
HPT/IPT and LPT blading, 790 Switches, 251, 1081
modules selection, 789 diaphragm type flow, 302–303
multiple identical modules selection, 789 displacer level, 311
nuclear thermal power plants, 791 Syngas, 247
single-flow turbines selection, 789 Systematic capability, 1017
sliding pressure controls, 790 Systematic failure, 544, 994, 1004
standards, 620 System memory, 535
subcritical critical steam parameters, 791
super critical steam parameters, 791 T
turbine selection, 789 Tangential firing, 930–932. See also Corner
vales regulation and ESVs, 790 firing
Stirring, 385 Tangential tilt (TT)
Stoichiometric air-fuel ratio, 54 burners, 55, 60, 61f, 637
Stoichiometric ratio, 638, 644 firing, 212
Storage and transfer system, 58 temperature-equalizing column, 868
Stress corrosion cracking, 63 Tangential tilt burner boilers
Stress rupture, 65 control loop
DMW, 65 for ball and tube mill, 649–651, 650f
high temperature creep, 65 for bowl mill, 648–649, 649f
short-term overheating, 65 fuel flow controls for, 647–651
Strong acid cation (SAC), 100 master demand control, 647–648, 648f
exchanger resins, 129 Target/disk/vane flow switches, 302, 302f
Strong base anion (SBA), 100 TAS, 169–172
exchanger resins, 130 Telegram
Structured control language (SCL), 538 Fieldbus, 514f
Subcooling zone, 119 HART Protocol, 490, 490f, 491t
Subcritical critical steam parameters, 791 PROFIBUS, 507, 508f
Submerged flight conveyor (SFC), 141–142 Temperature, 2
structure, 574f control, 27–28
Submerged scrapper conveyor (SSC), 142–143 valve, 174
Suction heater, 58 gauges, 252, 252t, 277–278, 404
Super critical steam generators, 69 alcohol in steel, 278
Supercritical systems (SC systems), 69 bimetallic gauges, 278, 279t
Supercritical/ultra-supercritical power plants, mercury in glass, 277–278
1083–1084, 1083t limits, 1071, 1071t
steam generators, 1084–1085 measurement, 39
boiler, 1092–1095 elements, 262–274, 267–268f
constant and variable pressure operation, immersion length, 274
1085–1086 vs. resistance, 1060–1065t
historical developments, 1084–1085, 1084t sensors, 840
parameters control and monitoring, 1086 standard units for, 35t, 1045t
temperature-entropy relationship, 1085 switches, 275–276, 278t, 404
water circulation and startup procedure, transmitter, 252–253, 275
1086–1092 special features, 274–275
Superheated steam, 5, 675–676 specification, 274–275, 276–277t
Superheater (SH), 50, 72–74, 212, 214, 851 supplier, 274–275
fireside ash corrosion, 64 working principle, 274–275
Superheater outlet header, 154 Temperature-entropy diagram, 6–7
Superheater temperature control boiler classifications, 8–9
with burner tilt, 681f pressure-volume diagram, 7
control loop description, 677–681, 678–679f of steam, 7–9
for boiler with single-stage attemperation, steam generators, 7–8
680–681 T-firing concept, 931
first-stage attemperation, 677–680 Thermal fatigue, 66

Thermal generating plants, 894
Thermal inkjet, 595
Thermal mass flow switches, 303–304
Thermal matrix printer, 595
Thermal shock, 66
Thermal stress evaluator (TSE), 712, 800–801
Thermistors, 39, 253, 272–274
Thermocouple (THC), 39, 253, 269–271
cold junction compensation, 271, 271–272t
connection to instruments, 269–271
voltage-temperature relationship, 269
Thermodynamic system, 1
Thermo magnetic oxygen analyzer, 357–358,
358f
Thermometer, 277
Thermosiphoning, 74
Thin-film transistor (TFT) LCD, 587
Three-element drum level control
control loop description with, 671–675
by pump speed variation, 674–675, 675f
Three phase, 107
Three transmitters, 152–153
Three-valve manifolds, 843
Three-way valve, 405
Thrust bearing, 93–95
Thrust position, 101
Time and alarm control switches, 976
Time-domain technique, 677
Token bus, 488, 488f
Token ring, 488, 489f
Topping cycle, 915, 915f
Torque switches, 471
Total dissolved solids (TDS), 98, 101
Total organic compound (TOC), 98
Touchscreen, 591, 592–593t
Track hopper unloading system, 135
Tracking integrator (TRI), 808
Transition section, 20
Transmissiometer, 363
Transmission control protocol (TCP), 482
Transmission fluid, 252
Transmitters
capacitance level, 310
conductivity level, 309–310
displacer level, 309
enclosure, 870, 871f
mounting, 870, 871f
redundancy
LHS and RHS, 150–151
measurement, 150–151
monitoring and inhibiting selection, 151
one of two selections, 151, 152f
three transmitters, 152–153
triple modular redundancy, 153, 153f
with seal, 869
selection, 634
without seal, 869
Tray spacing, 883–885, 885t
Tray type deaerator, 117
Trip(s)
cause and effect, 1107–1109
Class A, 1106
Class B, 1106
Class C, 1106–1107
Class D, 1107
Class U, 1105–1106
Triple modular redundancy, 153
Trunnion seal, 658
T-type boiler, 962
Tubes, 852
heat transfer panels, 935
inside corrosion, 63–64
outside corrosion, 64
spiral/meandering, 930
superheaters/reheaters, 935–936
tubing materials, 839
vertical, 930
Tubular-type air heaters, 51
Tuning turbine, 943
Turbidity, 411
Turbine, 42–44
auxiliary steam, 837
bearings, 91–95
main bearing, 93, 94f
thrust bearing, 93–95, 94f
blading, 940
bolting, 939
casings/shells, 939
condenser and evacuation systems, 85–88
configuration, 948–962
B&W AUSC conceptual design, 949–952,
952f
compact design, 948
cross compound at high/low position
arrangement, 948–949, 951f
downdraft inverted tower type A-USC
boiler, 952–954, 953–954f
horizontal boiler, 957–960, 958–960f
M-type boiler arrangement, 960–962, 961f
tower boiler with master cycle, 948
T-type boiler arrangement, 962, 963f
two-pass AUSC boiler, 954–957
underground tower type, 948, 950f
control oil system, 228–230, 228–229f
demand, 812
evacuation system, 230, 233f
extraction and gland-sealing system, 84–85
firing temperature, 18
follow mode, 799, 805–806
gear/barring gear, 44
generator H2 system, 235, 236f
generator seal oil system, 230–235, 234f
gland sealing systems, 44
governor and isolation valves, 44
HP/LP bypass system, 44
inlet temperature, 18
jacking oil system, 227–228, 227f
load demand, 804–805, 804f, 806f
loading, 978
lube oil system, 225–227, 226f
master demand, 801–802
miscellaneous turbine auxiliaries, 91–101
oil system, 42–43, 82–84
control oil, 83–84
jacking oil, 84, 84f
lubricating oil, 82–83, 82f
pressure ratio, 18
rotors/discs, 939–940
Index 1133
seal steam system, 230, 231–232f
startup and thermal stress, 88–91
stator-cooling water system, 235–237, 237f
supervisory instrumentation, 101–104
eccentricity, 101
expansion measurement, 103
phase, 101–103
speed measurement, 103–104
temperature, 104
thrust position, 101
turbine governing valve position, 104
vibration measurement, 104
types, 77–104
Turbine auxiliary steam system (TAS), 690, 818,
833–837
Turbine control system (TCS), 348
steam turbine generators, 962–968
by supervisory controller, 968–978, 969f
Turbine cycle optimization, 627f
Turbine-driven boiler feed pump (TDBFP), 668
Turbine flow meter, 301
Turbine follow mode system, 636
Turbine generator
control loop strategies
fuel/water ratio control, 1094
steam temperature control, 1092–1094
control strategies
feedwater recirculation flow control,
1094–1095
fuel/water ratio control, 1094
main steam temperature control, 1094
steam SST level control, 1095
parameters control and monitor, 1092
Turbine governing valve position, 104
Turbine trips, cause and effect, 1107
Turbine water damage prevention system
(TWDPS), 161
Turbofan, 15
Turbo generator (TG), 83, 817
Turbogenerator-related piping and
instrumentation diagram
control oil system, 228–230, 228–229f
evacuation system, 230, 233f
generator H2 system, 235, 236f
generator seal oil system, 230–235, 234f
jacking oil system, 227–228, 227f
lube oil system, 225–227, 226f
seal steam system, 230, 231–232f
stator-cooling water system, 235–237, 237f
Turbojets, 15
Turbomachinery, 904
Turboshaft engine, 18
Turbovisory instruments, 322
application, 348
casing expansion, 347–348
importance, 326
smaller, 347
steam turbine, 323–326, 324f, 325–326t
STG TSI specification, 345–347
system configuration, 348, 349f
valve position, 348
Turning gear. See Barring gear
Turning gear oil pump, 225
Twin vortex firing system, 932
1134 Index
Twisted pair cable category (CAT CABLE),
489–490, 610t
Two-pass boilers, 928
Two transmitters, 151
Two-valve manifolds, 843
U parameter measuring monitoring, 198–199,
Ultrasonic flow transmitters, 295
Ultrasonic level transmitters, 309
Unburnt carbon (UBC), 697–700
United States, 896, 911–915, 911t
National Energy Technology Laboratory,
912–914
Unit load demand, 800, 800f
auto manual selection, 800
blocking of increase and decrease, 801
limiting, 814–815
upper and lower limit, 800
Unit protection system, trips
cause and effect, 1107–1109
classification, 1105–1107
Universal gas constant, 3
Unloading, 135
USC141, 917
USC800MOD, 917
User datagram protocol (UDP), 482
V Vibration measurement, 104
Vacuum, 85
breaker, 44
valve, 97
condenser, 32–33
gauge, 261
sealing system, 922–923
service, 840
Vacuum pumps. See Steam ejectors
Valve(s), 417–436
ball, 436–438, 438f
stem sealing, 927–928
Valve manifold, 843
Valve position (PoS), 334
Vane/damper control, 450–451, 450f
Variable area flow gauge, 307
Variable area meter, 300
Variable frequency drive (VFD), 49, 645
Variable inlet vane, 450
Variable orifice flow gauge, 307
Variable-pitch control, 49
Variable resistance trim (VRT), 184
V cone flow device, 282, 290
Velocity-based actuation, 304, 305–307t
Velocity compounded impulse turbine, 77–78
Velocity-seismic probes
issues, 337–339, 340t
working principle, 337, 339f
Velocity sensor/transducer, 334
Vena contracta tapping, 285
Vent system, 195
description, 196–198, 196–197f, 199f
equipment, 198
objectives and functions, 195
200t
Venturi meter, 281, 283–285, 284f, 862
Vertical centrifugal pump, 114
Vertical roller mill, 56
Vibration instruments, 322
acceleration-seismic probes, 339–342, 341f,
342–343t
application, 342–343
basic building blocks, 323
factors influencing, 335
general IDEA, 322–323, 322f
importance, 323, 326
interpretation, 335, 335f
machine health/condition monitoring
system, 343–345, 344–345f
machine vibration analysis system, 345
points, 323, 323t
proximity probes, 336–337, 336f
sources, 335–336, 335t
velocity-seismic probes, 337–339
absolute vibration, 104
relative vibration of shaft, 104
Vibration transducer, 323
Vibration/tuning fork level switch, 311–312
Virtual communication relationship
(VCR), 511, 513t
Virtual private network (VPN), 525, 1078
Viscosity, 1052–1053
dynamic, 1053, 1053t
effect of temperature on, 1054–1055
index, 1054
kinematic, 1054
standard units for, 1048t
Volatile organic compounds (VOC), 25
Volume
booster, 472–475, 474f
standard units for, 38t, 1046t
Vortex flow meter, 298–299, 298f
Vulnerability, 999, 1001t, 1001f
W work, 2
Wagon tippler unloading system, 135
Wall firing. See Front firing
Water
induction, 829
service, 840
tubes, 8
water-cooled dump condenser, 33
Water circulation, 1086–1092
boiler clean up, 1091
dry mode of operation, 1092
filling up, 1086–1091
wet mode operation, 1091–1092
Water treatment plant (WTP), 554–555
Water walls, 8, 201
fireside corrosion, 64
Weak acid cation (WAC), 125
exchanger resins, 130
Weak base anion (WBA), 125
exchanger resins, 130–131
Wearing out, 1005
Wellman-Lord process, 703
Weight, standard units for, 1047t
Wet bottom ash system, 141, 142f
Wet scrubber, 701
Wet steam, 5
Wet type fly ash handling system, 145
Wide area network (WAN), 479
wireless, 498
Wind box (WB), 56, 213, 215
Wireless Fieldbus, 484f, 498–501, 502–503f
Wireless Hart Protocol, 492–494, 494f
Wireless LAN (WLAN), 479
Wireless technology, in field sensors, 501
Wiring practices, 880–883
Wobbe Index (WI), 361
Work, 2
Working memory, 534
Workstation (WS), 561, 584–594
classification of, 589, 591t
console types, 586f
operation and monitoring area for, 588f
operation and monitoring functions,
589, 591t
software architecture, 593f
World FIP, 512, 513t
Z
Zeroeth law of thermodynamics, 2. See also First
law of thermodynamics; Second law of
thermodynamics
energy, 2
perfect gas, 2
specific heat, 2
Zero leakage, 926
Zero speed switch, 139
Zirconia oxygen analyzer, 368, 370t
Zirconia oxygen detection system, 359, 359f
Zirconia probe, 367