Ontdvdmom 892 Xasuak

Ontdvdmom Xasuakvo
vo kgs sdiuda`tas abarndndgs.
abarndndgs. ^a ranglda`mo
ranglda`mo
fonar kgs nïknukgs y ak rasuktomg cd`ok ng` = mandlokas.

?- ·Nuï
·Nuïkk as ko loso
loso a` irol
irolgs
gs mak pr
pran
andp
dpdt
dtomg
omg ma OiNk
OiNk8,  sd sa
oiraio` 8,1 lK ma u`o mdsgkundþ` ma NoNk 8 :.?=4 L o ?6 lK ma
mdsgkundþ` ma Oi@G> :.644 L7 Xto. :.?:36 i

8 Oi@G > + NoNK 8 ↘ 8  OiNk + No ( @G > ) 8

( Oi@G > ·<·?34,69 ir/lgk

Zl ( Oi@G ir/lgk 5 L<:,644 5 S< :,:?6 k
(NoNK 8 ·<· ??? ir/lgk 5 L<:,?=4 5 S<:,::81 k
Zl (NoNK
 `
 L <
S 
` ( Oi@G > )<:,644∙:,:?6 <:,:?3?68 lgk

` ( NoNK 8 )<:,?=4∙:,::81< :,:::>981 lgk

l( Oi@G > ·<·?34,69*:,:?3?68 < ·8,9=6 ir 

l( Oi@G
NoNK 8 ·<· ?=>,>8 * :,:::>981 <· :,:1>= ir 
l(NoNK
l(

  >∙?∙???
??? ir NoNk
NoNk 8
NoNK 8<8,9=6 ir Oi@G < :,6496 ir NoNk
NoNk 8
8∙?34,69 ir Oi@g >

  8∙8∙?=>,>8
 Oi@g > <:,:1>= irNoNk < :,?>96 ir
?∙???
??? ir NoNk
NoNk 8

8- Q`o
Q`o luas
luastr
troo ma :,36>
:,36> i ma u` nglpua
nglpuast
stg
g masng`
masng`gn
gndm
dmg,
g, qua
8+
ng`tda`a
ng`tda`a dg`as Ho , sa mdsuakva a` oiuo y sa troto ng` u` axnasg
ma @o8^G=. ^d ko loso
loso mak prandpdt
prandpdtomg
omg ma Ho^G=  cgrlomg as ma
:.=?:1 i, ·nuïk as ak pgrna`toba a` loso ma Ho a` ak nglpuastg
grdid`ok masng`gndmg7 Xto. >1.>= %

Ho V h + @o 8 ^G = ↘ Ho^G

Ho^G = + 8 @o V h

 l loso
los sgkutg( Ho )
o mak sgkutg
%  (Ho )<   ∙?::
l loso tgtok ( Ho V h)
 

ld ( Ho )<lm

  L ( Ho )
ld ( Ho )< ∙l ( Ho^G = )
 L ( Ho^G = )

 L ( Ho )
 l  L ( Ho^G = ) ∙l ( Ho^G = )
%  (Ho )<   ∙?::
l loso tgtok ( Ho V h )

?>9
∙:,=?:1
 l 8>>
%  (Ho )< ∙?::
l :,36>

 l
%  ( Ho )<>1,
>1,>=
>= %
l

>- ·Nuï`t
·Nuï`tgs
gs irolgs ma @oNk sa `anasdto`
`anasdto` poro prandpdtor
prandpdtor ko loygr 
+
 porta ma kgs dg`as Oi ma 8,1: lK ma u`o mdsgkundþ` ma Oi@G >
:,:8=> L7 Asnrdhdr ko anuondþ` dþ`dno `ato poro ko raonndþ`. Xto.
:.>11= i

∘ · ( O_ )↘ OiNk(sgkdmg )·

Nk∘· ( O _ )+ Oi ·

 @oNk ( sgkdmg )+ Oi@G > ( O _ ) ↘ OiNk ( sgkdmg )+ @o ( @G > )( O _ )
ld
<Nm∙Sm
 Ld
ir
∙:,:8=> lgk
lgk
l ( @oNk
 @oNk )<16,1   ∙:,::81 kdtrgs<:,::>11 ir
kdtrg

=- Ko ng`n
ng`na`
a`tr
tron g`as Nu8+ a` ak oi
onddþ` ma dg`as oiuo
uo (q
(qua
ua to
tolh
lhdä
dä`
`
ng`tda`a dg`as sukcotg), sa matarld`o oiraio`mg u`o mdsgkundþ` ma
 

sukc
sukcur
urg
g ma sgmd
sgmdg
g a` ax
axna
nasg
sg o :.91
:.91 K ma
makk oi
oiuo
uo,, Ko an
anuo
uond
ndþ`
þ`
lgkanukor as

8() + =() ↘ 8=() + ()

Asnrdho ko anuondþ` dþ`dno `ato y noknuka ko ng`na`trondþ` lgkor ma

Nu8+ a` ko luastro ma oiuo sd sa cgrlo` :.:8:8> i ma Nu^ sþkdmg.

Xto. :.:::868 L

Anuondþ` dþ`dno `ato2 ^∘8 ( O _ )+ Nu∘8 ↘Nu^ ( sgkdmg )

Nu^∙? lgkNu^
  ∙? lgkNu∘8
41,38 ir Nu^
Nu^
:,:8:8> ir   <:,:::8?8 lgkNu∘8
? lgkNu^

∘8
:,:::8?8 lgkNu
 L <   <:,:::868 L 
:,91 kdtrgs

1- Q`o luastro
luastro ma :.>?:> i qua ng`tda`a ò`dnola`ta
ò`dnola`ta @oNk (16.==
(16.==
i/lgk) y HoNk8 (8:6.8> i/lgk) prgmubg :.1?89 i ma OiNk (?=>.>8
i/lgk) sang. Noknuka ak pgrna`toba ma nomo nglpuastg ma fokþia`g
a` ko luastro. Xto. 81.38 % @oNk y 9=.>6 % HoNk8

 @oNk + Oi@G >< Oink+ @o@G >

HoNk 8+ 8 Oi@G ><8  Oink + Ho ( @G

 @G > ) 8

 Vi @oNk y ( :.>?:> ∘ x ) iHoNk 8

 @oNk∙? lg
lgkk @oNk
@oNk   x
 Vi   < lgk @oNk
16.== i@oNk 16.==

 8 ∙? lgk HoNk
HoNk 8 (:.>?:> ∘ x )
(:.>?:> ∘ V ) i HoNk
HoNk < lgk@oNk
8:6.8> iHoNk 8 8:6.8>
 

 x 8 ( :.>?:> ∘ V ) :.1?89

+ <
16.== 8:6.8> ?=>.>8

 x :.38:3 ∘ 8 V 
+ <>.199>∙?:∘>
16.== 8:6.8>

8:6.8> V ∘??3.66 V < =>.1>8?∘>3.8396

 V <:.:9418?38 i @oNk
@oNk

:.>?:> ∘:.:9418?38<:.8>:996>6 i Ho
HoNk
Nk 8

  Loso
Loso ma @oNk
@oNk :.:9418?38
%< ∙?::< ∙?::<81.38%  @oNk
 Losoma
 Loso ma ko luastro :.>?:>

  Loso
Loso maHoNk 8 :.8>:996>6
%< ∙?::< ∙?::<9=.>
9=.>9
9 % HoNk8
 Losoma
 Loso ma ko luastro :.>?:>

3- Ak trotolda`t
trotolda`tg
g ma u`o luastro ma :.>1 i ma nkgrurg
nkgrurg ma pgtosdg
dlpurg ng` u` axnasg ma Oi@G> rasuktþ a` ko cgrlondþ` ma :.=>?
i ma OiNk. Noknuka ak pgrna`toba ma ENk a` ko luastro. Xto. 3=.:3
%

 ENk ∘∘∘∘∘∘∘∘∘∘∘∘∘∘∘∘∘ OiNk
9=.111 ?=>.>8
 V :.=>?

 V <:.88=8
  Loso
Loso ma V  :.88=8
%< ∙?::< ∙?::<3=.:1% ENk
 Losoma
 Loso ma ko luastro :.>1

9- ·_
·_uä
uä loso ma Nu (DG>)8
(DG>)8 puama
puama sa
sarr cg
cgrl
rlomo
omo o po
port
rtdr
dr ma :91 i ma
 

Nu^G=¹1F8G7 ?.8=> i

8 G∘∘∘∘∘∘∘∘∘∘∘∘∘∘∘∘∘Nu ( DG
Nu^G =∙1 F   8  DG > ) 8

G ∙? lgkNu^G =∙1 F   8
8G
8 G ∙? lgkNu ( DG > ) 8
8=4.3:3 iNu^G =∙1 F   8
  ∙=?>.>1 i Nu ( DG
 DG > ) 8
? lgkNu^G =∙1 F  8 8 G
:.91 iNu^G =∙1 F   8
8
? lgkNu ( DG > ) 8
· ?.8=8 i Nu ( DG
 DG > ) 8

6- O portdr
portdr ma u`o luastro
luastro ma :.=96
:.=96 i qua ok a`soyorko
a`soyorko ng`tda`
ng`tda`aa
8:,?% ma OkD>, ·quä loso ma OiD puama sar prgmundmo7 :.?314 i

 i ∙8:.?   >∙? lgk OkD  >

 >
:.=96 <:.:43:96 i OkD 
OkD  <8.>133∙?:∘ = lg
lgkk OkD 
OkD  >
 >
?:: =:9.34= i OkD  >
 >

∘=   >∙> lg
lgkk D 
8.>133∙?: lgk OkD  <9.:346∙?:∘= lgkD 
? lgk OkD >

∘=   D ∙? lg
lgkk OiD 
OiD    OiD ∙8>=.99= i OiD 
9.:346∙?: lgk   <9.:346∙?:∘= lgk   <:.?314 i OiD 
? lg
lgkk D  ? lgk OiD 

4- Q`o lu
luast
astro
ro ma Ok8(NG>)> dlpurg ma :.946 i as masnglpuasto
ng` FNk5 ak NG8 kdharomg cua ngkantomg sghra þxdmg ma nokndg y ok
 pasorkg sa ghtuvdarg` :.:3:8 i. Noknuka ak
a k pgrna`toba ma okuld`dg
a` ko luastro. Xto. ?.>114 %

NG8 + NoG  NoNG>

lgkas NoNG> < (:.:3:8 i ) / (?:: i/lgk)< :.:::3:8 lgkas

NoNG>
 

Ok8(NG>)> +3 FNk ⇘8 OkNk> + > F8G + > NG8

lgkas Ok8(NG>)> < (:.:::3:8 lgkas NoNG>) Ù (? lgk NG8 /?
lgk NG8) Ù (? lgk

Ok8(NG>)>/> lgka NG8) < lgkas Ok8(NG>)> < :.:::8::333

lgkas

lgkas Ok < (:.:::8::333 lgkas Ok8(NG>)>) Ù (8 lgkas Ok / ?

lgka Ok8(NG>)>)

lgkas Ok < :.:::=:?>>> lgkas Ok

loso lgkor Ok < 89 i/lgk

loso Ok < :.:::=:?>>> lgkas x 89 i/lgk < :.:?:6>3 i Ok

% Ok < (:.:?:6>3/ :.946) Ù?::% < ?.>19% Ok

?:- Q`o luastro

luastro ma :.9=4 i ma mdþxdmg
mdþxdmg ma lo`io`asg cua oÿomdmg
oÿomdmg
o u`o mdsgkundþ` ïndmo a` ko nuok sa mdsgkvdþ u`o luastro ma
?.1369 i qua ng`ta`ìo nkgrurg. Ko kdharondþ` mak nkgrg sa ghsarvo
a` ko sdiuda`ta raonndþ`2
∘ + 8+
8() + 8  + =  ↘   + 8() + 88
Maspuäs ma nglpkatorsa ko raonndþ`, ak axnasg ma L`G8 cua
ngkantomg pgr cdktrondþ`, kovomg y pasomg, y sa ranuparorg` :.>9:1
i. Noknukor ak pgrna`toba ma nkgrurg
n kgrurg ma okuld`dg.

 @oHr + EHr< OiHr 

Lgkas ma OiHr<:.6>=/?69<:.::== lgkas OiHr 

 @oHr + EHr + 8Oi@G>   8OiHr + E@o (@G>)8

(@G>)8

Lgka
Lgkass @ohr
@ohr < :.::=
:.::==
= lgka
lgkass OiHr
OiHr *? lgk
lgk @oHr
@oHr/8
/8 lgka
lgkass
OiHr<:.::88 Lgkas
 

%@oHr < ((:.::88*?:>) /:.=48) *?::

%@oHr < =3.36>

%EHr<1>.>?3

??- Nuo`
Nuo`mgmg u`o
u`o pgr
pgrnd
ndþ`
þ` ma 8::8:: lK ma u`ou`o mdmdssgk
gkun
unddþ` qua
qua
ng`tda
ng` tda`a
`a :.11
:.11 i ma Oi@G>
Oi@G> as laznko
laznkomo
mo ng` 8::.l
8::.lK K ma u`o qua
ng`tda`a :.81 i ma E8NrG=, sa cgrlo u` prandpdtomg ma Oi8NrG=.
o) no
nokn
knuk
ukaa ko loso
loso ma
makk pran
prandp
dpdt
dtom
omg.
g. h) Nokn
Noknuk
ukaa ko loso
loso ma
makk
nglpg`a`ta sd` raonndg`or qua parlo`ana a` mdsgkundþ`.

8Oi@G> + E 8NrG= Oi8NrG=+8E@G>

  ?34,69 ?4=,?6 >>?,>9

L< :,:?3? :,::3>

S<:.8K :.8K

`< :,::>88 :,::?86:

  `* pl < :,1=3 :,8=4

  ?4=,?6 E  8
 8 NrG =
8 NrG = <:,1=  Oi@G >.
 E   8 <:.16 i
8 ( ?34,69 ) Oi@G >

 >>?,>9 Oi 8 NrG =
 Oi 8 NrG = <:,8=4 E  8
 8 NrG = <:,=8 i
?4=,?6

?8- ^a masao
masao gh
ghta
ta`ar
`ar u` pran
prandp
dpdt
dtom
omg
g ma OiNk qua pasa :,3 i o
 portdr ma u`o luastro qua ng`tda`a ?: % ma nkgrg, ·quä no`tdmom
ma luastro maha tglor poro ak o`ïkdsds7

  Luastro< ·7

  %?:
 

  Loso OiNk< :.3i

losoOiNk loso
%Nk <   x ?::  luastro<  x ?::
luastro %

  :.3
luastro<  x ?::<3:: imaluastro
:.?:

?>- Zo
Zoro
ro gh
ghta
ta`a
`arr u` pran
prandp
dpdt
dtom
omg
g ma Ho^G=
Ho^G= qua pa pasa
sa ?,:8:
?,:8:33 i,
·quä pasg ma u`o pdrdto qua ng`tda`a ak >9.? % ma ^ foy qua tglor 
a` u` o`ïkds
o`ïkdsds
ds poro ghta`ar
ghta`ar u` prandp
prandpdto
dtomg
mg ma Ho^G= qua pasa
pasa
?,:?6= i7

8Ca^8 + =HoG + 4G8   =Ho^G= + 8CaG>

?.:8:3i Ho^G= * (? lgk Ho^G= / 8>>.>63i Ho^G=) * (8 lgk Ca^ 8 / =lgk Ho^G=) *

(??4.431i Ca^8 / ? lgk Ca^8) < :.838i Ca^8

?.:?6= Ho^G= * (? lgk Ho^G= / 8>>.>63i Ho^G=) * (8 lgk Ca^ 8 / =lgk Ho^G=) *

(??4.431i Ca^8 / ? lgk Ca^8) < :.83?9i Ca^8

?=- Nuï`to no`tdmom ma oiuo maharï sar

sar oÿomdmo o ??: i ma suakg
nuyg ng`ta`dmg ma fulamom d`dndok as ma ?>% poro okno`zor 89%
ma fulamom cd`ok.

%Y< (Yf - Ys) * ?:: / Ys

?>%< (??:i „ Ys) * ?::/Ys
?.?> Ys< ??:i
Ys< ??:i/?.?> < 49.>=i

Oiuo a` fulamom ?>%

Y< Yf „ Ys

Y< ??:i „ 49.>=i

 

Y< ?8.31i

89%< (Yf „ 49.>=) * ?::/49.>=i

:.89 * 49.>=i < Yf „ 49.>=
83.86+49.>=< Yf
Yf< ?8>.18?6

Oiuo o fulamom 89%

Y< Yf „ Ys

Y< ?8>.38?6 „ 49.>=

Y< 83.86i

Y< 83.86 - ?8.31< ?>.3>

X< ^a maha` oÿomdr ?>.3> irolgs ma oiuo poro kkaior o u`o

fulamom ma 89%

?1- Q`o luastro

luastro ma :,3>=? i ma u` ld`arok sa prandpdtþ
prandpdtþ a` cgrlo
ma sukcotg ma pkglg DD. Ak prandpdtomg sa kovþ, sanþ y sa a`ng`trþ
qua pasoho :,==81 i. (Zh < 8:95 Zh^G= < >:>,> y Zh>G= < 361,3)
Nokn
No knuk
uka2
a2 o) Ak pgpgrn
rna`
a`to
toba
ba ma pk
pkgl
glgg a` ko luas
luastr
troo y h) Ak
 pgrna`toba axprasomg nglg Zh>G=.

losomak prandpdt
prandpdtomg
omg x contgr
contgr irovdlatrd
irovdlatrdng
ng
%Zh <   x ?::
loso
loso ma koluastro
koluastro

o)

  8:9 i ph
:,==81 ix
>:>,> i ph
ph^G
^G =
%ph<   Ù ?:: <=9
=9,3>%
,3>%
:,3>=? i

h)

loso lgkanukor Zh>G=< 361,3 i/lgk 

 

 i
361,3   Zh > G =
lgk  ?
:,==81 ix  x
>:>,> i ph^G = >
%ph>G=<   Ù ?::<18,68%
18,68%
:,3>=? i

?3- ^dy sa
=1% soha qua akmapgrna`to
ko mdcara`ndo pgrna
loso`toba
ba makofulamom
a`tra fulamo
luastrom sano
ma u`o
y konor`a
nor`a as ma
luastro as
ma 8.:>:>33 i, ·quä loso ma nor nor`a sa fofoh hrï pa
passomg a` ko
matarld`ondþ` mak ng`ta`dmg onugsg ma ko ldslo7

Axtrontg sang < loso

< loso ma luastro sano * ?::
? :: / loso ma luastro

  axtrontg
axtrontg sang
 Loso ma ko luastro<
loso
loso mako luast
luastro
ro sano
sano x ?::

 Loso ma ko luastro< =18=.== i 

?9- Q`o
Q`o lg`a
lg`amomo ma pkoto
pkoto pa
paso
so 3.16
3.16 i y sa md mdsu
suak
akva
va a` ïnïndm
dmg
g
`ìtrdng. Ok oiraior nkgrurg ma sgmdg o ko mdsgkundþ`, prandpdto tgmo
ko pkoto nglg OiNk. Ak prandpdtomg ma OiNk paso 6.?: i.
Matarld`or ak pgrna`toba ma pkoto a` ko lg`amo.

^ohalgs qua ak nkgrurg ma pkoto paso 9 irolgs y ko nglpgsdndþ`

lgkanukor mak nkgrurg ma pkoto as2 OiNk < ?=>.>8 i/lgk.

Zgr kg qua sd ta`algs 6,?: irolgs ma OiNk ko no`tdmom lgkor as

ma2

 Lgk < 6,?:/?=>.>8 < :.:13 lgk.

 y sohalgs qua a` nomo lgk ta`algs u` lgk ma pkoto pgr kg qua

 

ta`algs u` tgtok ma pkoto ma :.:13 lgkas.

Ak pasg otþldng ma ko pkoto as2 ?:9.63 i/lgk. a`tg`nas ko no`tdmom

a` irolgs ma pkoto qua tda`a ko lg`amo as2

Oi < :.:13x?:9.63 < 3,:= i.

 Ma lgmg qua ak pgrna`toba a` loso ma ko lg`amo ma pkoto as2

%l < 3,:=/3,16x?:: < 4?,94%

?6- Q`o laznko

laznko ma @oNk y ENk pasoho
pasoho =.3461
=.3461 i. Ko luas
luastro
tro sa
mdsgkvdþ a` oiuo y o ko mdsgkundþ` sa ka oiraiþ `dtrotg ma pkoto. ^a
cgrlþ u` prandpdtomg hko`ng ma OiNk. Ak pasg mak OiNk sang cua
?>.18?> i. ·Nuïk aro ak pgrna`toba ma @oNk a` ko laznko7

 @Nk + Oi@G> ↘ OiNk + @o@G > T ENk + Oi@G>↘ OiNk + E@G>

OiNk <:,:4=> lgk <` ( @oNk )+ ` ( ENk )

` ( OiNk )<   ?>.18?> i OiNk
 OiNk
?=> , >8? i
lgk

y < loso ma @oNk5 y z < loso ma ENk

 y   z
+ < :,:4=> lgk
16,==> i / lgk 9=,11 i / lgk

  saiu`mo anuondþ` ng` kos losos2

y + z < 3.:?i
 

  Ok akdld`or z ma (?) y (8) y maspabor y, sa ghtda`a y < l(@oNk) < =.:38= i.

A`tg`nas,
 
% @oNk <=.:38= i

% @oNk < =,:38= i  x ?::<91 % ma @oNk

@oNk
1,=648 i

Ontdvdmom 862 Xasuakvo kgs sdiuda`tas abarndndgs. ^a ranglda`mo

fonar kgs nïknukgs y ak rasuktomg cd`ok ng` = mandlokas.

?. ^a tda`a u`o luastro ma 3 K ma u`o mdsgkundþ` nuyo

ng`na`trondþ` as > L. Ko luastro sa mdvdma a` > pgrndg`as,
u`o as ma > K, ko saiu`mo ma 8,91: K y ko tarnaro ma 81:
lK. Noknuko ko no`tdmom ma susto`ndo ma sgkutg qua foy a`
nomoo pgrndþ
nom pgrndþ`.
`. Xto.
Xto. 4, 6.81,
6.81, :.91
:.91 lgkas
lgkas ma sgkutg
sgkutg
raspantdvola`ta.

 `
   L <   ` < L . S  
S 

 lgk
` ?< >   .> k <4 lgk
 K
 

 lgk
` 8<>   .8,?1: K <6,81 lgk
 K

lgk
` > <>   .:,81: K <:,91 lgk
 K

8. A` ko tdtukondþ` ma u` vgkula` ma 1: lK ma u`o sgkundþ`

ma FNk sa `anasdtorg` 84.9? lK ma Ho(GF)8 :.:?43> L,
uso`mg nglg d`mdnomgr varma ma hrglgnrasgk. Noknukor ko
lgkordmom mak FNk. Xto. :.:8>>L

  Motgs2
FNk L< ·7
So<1:lk
Sh<84,9?
Ho (GF)8< :,:?43>L

   +
 < +

   ∙ ? ∙ 1: <
:,:?43>  ∙ 8 ∙84,9?lk

:,:?43> L ∙8∙84,9? lk
 Lo <
?∙1: lk
 
Lo< :.:8>>L

>. A` ko tdtukondþ` ma :.8?8? i ma @o8N8G= purg (?>= i/lgk)

sa iosto` =>.>? lK ma EL`G=. ·Nuïk as ko lgkordmom ma
ko sgkundþ` ma EL`G=7 Ko raonndþ` quìldno as2

∘ + 88∘ +  + ↘  8+ + 8 + 8

= =

X. :.:?=38L

Motgs2
Zasg ma @o₈N₈G₍< 8?8,? li
Iostg EL`G₍ < =>,>? lk
 

 @ / 1
I∙ @ < Z / ZA

=>,>? lk∙ @ <8?8,? li / ( 39 li / lAq )

 @ < :,:9>:4
 L < @  /
 / 1
 L <:,:9>:4 /1

 L <:,:?=38  L 

=. Ok vokgror g asto`mordzor u`o mdsgkundþ` ma Oi@G> sa

a`ng`trþ qua sa `anasdto` >1 lK ma akko poro prandpdtor
tgmg ak dg` nkgrurg ng`ta`dmg a` >9 lK ma @oNk :.=6 L.
·Nuï`tgs irolgs ma nkgrurg ma pkoto sa pgmrìo` ghta`ar o
 portdr ma 8:: lK ma ko mdsgkundþ` ma Oi@G>7 Xto.

Oi@G>(on)+@oNk(on)   OiNk(s)+@oNk(on)

` <( :,=6 L @onk ) ( :,:>9 K )< :,:?993 lgk

lgkasma
asma sgkutg
sgkutg

( 8:: lk
>1 lk  ) ( :,:?993 lgk Oi ) ( ?:9,4
 i
lgk )
  Oi <?:,41:> i Oi

1. ·_uä vgkula`, a` lK, ma @oGF 9 @ sa raqudara poro

`autrokdzor 1: lK ma FNk >,44 @7 Xto. 86.1 lK

Oi@G>(on)+@oNk(on) ↘ OiNk(s)+@oNk(on)

` <( >,44 @ FNk ) ( :,:1: K )<:,?441 lgk

lgkasma
asma sgkutg
sgkutg
 

l <( :,?441 lgk

lgkas
as @oGF  (
@oGF   )) >4,49
 i
lgk )
 @oGF  <9,49= i @oGF 
@oGF 

aq . irol
irolgs
gs :,?44= aq irolgs
irolgs @oGF 
@oGF 
S <  @    < 9 @    <:,:861 K
 K↘↘ 86,1 lk

3. ·Noknukor ko `grlokdmom ma u`o mdsgkundþ` ma F>ZG= sd 1:

lK ma akko `autrokdzo` ?>: lK ma @oGF :.3>9 @7 Xto.
?.3138 @

aq . irolgs< ( :,3>9 @ @oGF ) ( :,?> K )<:,:686 aq iro

irolgs irolgs
lgs sgkutg
sgkutg

:,:686 aq irolgs
irolgs F > Z G=
 @ <   <?,3138 @ F > Z G =
:,:1 K

9. ·_uä vgkula` ma FNk 3 @ `autrokdzo o u`o mdsgkundþ` qua

ng`tda`a > i ma @oGF7 Xto. ?8.1 lK

  > i @oGF 
@oGF 
`< <:,:91 lgka
lgkass @oGF 
 i
>4,49  @oGF 
lgk

:,:91 lgk
lgkas
as @oGF 
@oGF 
 L <   <:,:91 L 
? K

l<( :,:91 lgk (

as FNk ) >3,=1
lgkas
 i
lg )
 FNk <8,9>>9 i FNk

aq irolgs
irolgs :,:9=4
S <   <   <:,:?81 K ↘ ?8,1 lk
 @  3 @ 

6. Q`o luastro
luastro ma :.> i ma u` ïndmg sþkdmg
sþkdmg sa mdsgkv
mdsgkvdþ
dþ a`
oiuo y sa `autrokdzþ ng` 1: lK ma hosa :.?>? @. ·Nuïk as
 

ko loso aqudvoka`ta mak ïndmg7 Xto. =1.6:?1

 iro
irolgs
lgs mak sgkutg
sgkutg   lK∙? K
 @ <   1: <:.:1 K
 paq∙S  ?::: lK

irolgs
irolgs mak sgkutg   :.> i
 p aq <   < < =1.6:?1
 @ ∙S  :.?>? @ ∙:.:1 K

4. ^a raqudara` axontola`ta =9.3 lK ma mdsgkundþ` ma FNk

 poro `autrokdzor :.46=> i ma NoNG> purg. Noknuka ko
`grlokdmom mak ïndmg. Xto. :.=?>3 @

  ? K
=9.3 lK· <:.:=93 K  NoNG>< ?:
? :: i 
?::: lK
?:: i / lgk
 paq <   <1: i / aq
8 aq / lgk

 iro
irolgs
lgs mak sgkutg
sgkutg
 @ <
 paq∙S 

:.46=> i
<:.=?>3  @ 
 @<  i
1: ∙:.:=93  K
aq

?:. Q`o luastro ma =? lK ma u` ïndmg aqudvoka o 3: lK ma

?:.
u`o mdsg
mdsgku
kund
ndþ`
þ` ma @o8NG>. Ma as asto
to md
mdsg
sgku
kund
ndþ`,
þ`, >: lK
aqudv
udvoka` o 8=.?
=.? lK ma FNk :.44 4444 @. ·Nuïk as ko
`grlokdmom mak prdlar ïndmg7 Xto.

?:3 i
? lgk ma @o8NG>< 8 aqi    <1> aqi 
8 aqi

? K   ? K
<:.:=? <:.:3:
=? lK * ?::: lK   3: lK * ?::: lK
 

1> aq i
 @< <18=.9
:.?:?

??. Q`o luastro ma >: lK ma ïndmg nkgrfìmrdng, raqudara =>.6

??.
lK ma @oGF 1 L poro su `autrokdzondþ` nglpkato. o)
·Nuïk as ko lgkordmom ma ko mdsgkundþ` ma FNk7 Xto. 9.>L

 FNk + @oGF ↘ @oNk + F 8 G

  No`tdmom ma @oGF usomg

1 lg
lgkk @oGF 
@oGF    lk∙? K
  ∙=>,6 <:.8?4 lgk
lgkas
as @oG
@oGF 
F 
? K ?::: lk

  Lgkordmom ma ko mdsgkundþ` ma FNk

lgk FNk
lgk FNk
∙?::: lK
?.8?4 >: lk FNk
FNk
? K   <9.> L 

?8. ·Noknu
?8. ·Noknukor
kor ko ng`na`t
ng`na`tron
rondþ`
dþ` lgkor
lgkor ma u`o mdsgku
mdsgkundþ
ndþ`
` ma
E =Ca(N@)3 sd sa `anasdtorg` =? lK poro tdtukor ?9: li ma
R` (mdsuaktg) poro cgrlor E 8R`>UCa(N@)3\87

> R` + 8 E + 8 Ca ·

R`∙? i ∙? lg
lgkk R`
?::: li
?9: li <8.3::8 x ?:∘> lg
lgkasma
kasma R` mdsu
mdsuakt
aktg
g
 i
31,>6  R`
lgk

>
8.3::8 x ?: lgk
lgkasma
asma R` mdsuaktg∙8 lg
mdsuaktg kass E = Ca · ·
lgka

Lgkordmom ma  E = Ca ·2

∘>
 ?.9>>1 x ?:
 L < < :.:=886 L 
 lK∙? K
( =? ?::: lK )
 

?>. Q`o luastro ma 3: lK ma mdsgkundþ` ma @oGF raqudara

?>.
86.9 lK ma ïndmg :.? @ a` u`o tdtukondþ`. o) ·Nuïk as su
`grlokdmom7 Xto. :.:=96 @

 @o∙So
 @h<
Sh

86.9 lK∙:.? @ 
 @h<   <:.:=96>
3: lK

?=. ^a `anasdtorg` axontola`ta 8>.9 lK ma ïndmg :.969 @ poro

?=.
`autrokdzor tgtokla`ta
?.8> i ma u`o luastro dlpuro ma þxdmg ma nokndg. ·Nuïk as ko
 purazo mak NoG7 Xto.

· Aq∘ i sg
sgkutg< @ ∙S 
kutg

(
· Aq∘ i <:.969 @ ∙ 8>.9
  lK∙? K
?::: lK )
<:.:?63 imaïndmg

· Aq∘ iïndmg <· Aq∘ iNoG

Noknukor ko no`tdmom ma loso ma NoG purg qua

raonndg`o

· Aq∘ i∙ Zasg Lgkanukor

l<
Soka`ndo

:.:?63 ∙( ?3 + =:.:96 )
l< <:.18?1 iNoG purg
8
 

% ma Zurazo

:.18?1
%< ∙?:: <=8.=
=8.=::=
::= %
?.8>

?1. ·Nuïk as ko purazo ma F8^G= ng`na`tromg (ma`sdmom ?.6::

?1.
i/nl>) sd 1 lK sa mdkuya` a` oiuo y sa `autrokdzo` ng`
61.> lK ma @oGF 8,1 L7 Xto.

 @o∙So
 @h<
Sh

 @h< 1 lK∙8.1 @  :.?=31 @ 

61.> lK   <

· Aq∘ i sgkutg
sgkutg< @ ∙S 

· Aq∘ i <:.?=31 @ ∙ ( 61.>

  lK∙? K
?::: lK)< :.:?8=4 i ma ïndm
ïndmg
g

· Aq∘ iïndmg <· Aq∘ i @oGF 

@oGF 

 @oGF purg qua raonndg`o2

· Aq∘ i∙ Zasg Lgkanukor
l<
Soka`ndo

:.:?8=4∙=:
l< <:8=46 i @oG
@oGF
F purg
purg
8

?3. ^a raqudara ?,?16 i ma u` ïndmg poro `autrokdzor >8.43 lK ma u`o

?3.
 hosa vokgromo :.8?>
 @. ·Nuïk as ko loso aqudvoka`ta ma asta ïndmg7 Xto. ?3=.41
 

· Aq∘ i sgkutg
sgkutg< @ ∙S 

· Aq∘ i <:.8?> @ ∙ ( >8.43

  lK∙? K
?::: lK)<9.:8:=6 x ?:> i ma ïndm
ïndmg
g

?9. ^a asto`mordzþ u`o mdsgkundþ` ma Ca^G= pgr tdtukondþ`. Q`o

?9.
okìnugto ma >: lK ma ko mdsgkundþ` `anasdtþ =?.41 lK ma sukcotg
särdng :.:4 @ poro su gxdmondþ` nglpkato.  ·Nuïk as ko
`grlokdmom mak sukcotg ma fdarrg (DD)7 Xto. :.?814 @

 @o∙So
 @h<
Sh

=?.41 lK∙:.:4 @ 
 @h<   <:.?8161 @
>: lK

?6. ·Nuï`tgs ldkdkdtrgs ma @oGF :,:4>? L maha` oiraiorsa o

?6.

9: lK ma FNk :.?>1 L poro ghta`ar u`o mdsgkundþ` a` ko

qua ko ng`na`trondþ` ma F+ sao :,::?6 L7

  + < +

  :.:4>?L ∙ So <

:,?>1  ∙9:lK

:,?>1 L ∙9: lk
  So <
:.:4>? L 

So< ?:?.1:> lK