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UNITA-A Case Study in Modern Insurgency
UNITA-A Case Study in Modern Insurgency
UNITA-A Case Study in Modern Insurgency

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ABSTRACT
nearly 15,000 Cuban troops and massive aid from the Soviet
government in Angola.
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2 April 1984
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION 1
Chapter
1. WHENCE IT CAME 5
4. MUSCLE FLEXING 45
6. RIPOSTE - OF SORTS 74
CONCLUSION 84
NOTES 86
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 94
LIST OF MAPS
MAP Page
4. SAVIMBI'S HEADQUARTERS 28
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INTRODUCTION
and terrorism.
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with definitions.
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Chapter 1
WHENCE IT CAME
Diogo Cao, who landed at the mouth of the Congo River in 1423.
King of the Kongo, whose capital became the present day M'Banza-
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and white European settlers) had all of the rights and privileges
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tenant farmers, and all those who had had problems in Portugal
that Portugal "was the first and last European nation to use
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simply did not have the political, economic, and social where-
a coup that ousted Dr. Marcello Cataeno, who had replaced Antonio
Salazar in 1968. While this coup did not mark the withdrawal
sensed that their time was at hand. The Portuguese simply lost
Angola.8
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will follow.
He had close ties with Zairian President Mobutu Sere Seko and
the FNLA armed forces. The FNLA received aid from the CIA
and even had the support of Dr. Savimbi, who served as foreign
Angolan population.
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cities, especially Luanda and Lobito (see Map 1). MPLA member-
support from among the one and one-half million Mbundo tribe
in the Cuanza Valley in the west, the Lunda and Chokwe tribes
in the eastern part of the colony, and from the slum dwellers
coordinated strategy.12
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troops, the MPLA was the weakest militarily of the three insur-
gencies.13
and the smallest at the time of the civil war. Its leader,
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Lausanne. (The "Dr." before his name was given to him by UNITA
between 1961 and 1966. During this period he met Che Guevara
Savimbi had long felt the need to form his own movement
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1966 to 1974, on the eve of the civil war, Egypt was the only
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United States was the massive aid the Soviet Union furnished
this time with 2000 troops and fought with UNITA and FNLA.
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legitimized Soviet and Cuban aid to the MPLA from the point of
view of the other African states which have long been hostile
recognition.
had, for over a decade, received Soviet and East German aid.
provided MIG aircraft, T54 and T34 tanks, 122mm rockets, and
and UNITA. By February 1976, the value of Soviet aid over the
UNITA and FNLA were simply no match for them and were defeated.
the MPLA and the foreign assistance that props up its power.
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civil war.
Chapter 2
insurgency.1
Africa) on the south and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. (See
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seasons are clearly defined. In the far north, the rainy season
the south, the rainy season begins later and ends sooner, from
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the urban centers, the coastal plain has the least favorable
kinds.2
with sandy soils. Through its center runs the Lunda Divide, a
series of low ridges that mark the division between the north
flowing rivers and the south and east flowing rivers. Annual
from year to year have long made this area attractive to Angolans
area, but it has largely been removed for timber. Other vegetation
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of Angola, the northern plateau has the best cover and conceal-
area is infested with the tsetse fly which makes farming and
The Portuguese called this area the "Land at the End of the
during the rainy season, and the almost total absence of adequate
roads.
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UNITA guerrillas since the civil war.8 (See Map 2 for a depiction
of Angola's railroads.)
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other 22,000 miles of roadway are unimproved dirt roads that are
UNITA has been well able to exploit such limitations. The most
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efficient weapon used by the MPLA in the civil war, the Soviet
and Lobito, 40,000. All are under firm MPLA control. Like
and social group. They hold the reins of power in the MPLA.12
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The same holds for the MPLA. Since the MPLA controls the
Chapter 3
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Savimbi is "one of the very few people who can lay claim to
and cheered wildly for a full five minutes. Leon Dash of the
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would be the dominant themes. No one, not even the MPLA would
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honest with the company, however, and tell them that the wealth
sions.13
and medical care are the basis for exoteric appeals. Like
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UNITA also emphasizes the fact that only one Ovimbundu (Faustino
from 240,000 tons in 1974, the year before the civil war, to
less than 30,000 tons. Iron ore and diamond production have
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skilled white Portuguese from Angola during the civil war left
While Gulf Oil produces the basic share of the income for the
Africa. The "Voice of the Black Cockerel," the name of the station,
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with Russia! Down with Brezhnev! Down with Cuba! Down with
Castro! Down with the MPLA! Down with dos Santos [now president
countryside
the MPLA."
Finally, the main event takes place at the center of the parade
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While many of the schools are no more than log benches under
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schools.24
fied doctor (Dr. Adelino Manassas, who was captured from the
bush hospitals.25
protected from contamination and every hut has its own latrine.
eye diseases are also common during this period. The intensity
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gain favor with the churches, which resent the MPLA law
religion.27
along the river valleys where the best soils are located.
Chapter 4
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MUSCLE FLEXING
use of esoteric and exoteric appeals since the civil war has
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months.3
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are a little younger. Many have to walk for as long as two months
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gain new territory and woo the population to the UNITA cause.
sabotage operations.6
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him. The armed forces over which these men preside are
South Africa)
tribe member)
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workshops.
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It has gotten lorries from South Africa and a fleet of some 200
units and bases over a 900 set two-way radio network. UNITA's
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for example, include Gringo and Big Rat -- who has been
in the bush fighting for five years told Richard Harwood that
has been difficult. "The first two years were the hardest,"
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by the fighting.15
that a brigade of 2,000 MPLA troops guarded the town and its
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troops. Within two hours UNITA had seized the town and
not only shows the detail in planning made but also the
roads, arches, bark, twigs, and moss were used in the model
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exploded and the entire town was soon ablaze. The MPLA
cut off the territory held by the MPLA in the east from its
South Africa.19
taking place around the town of Huambo and Kuito (see Map 6),
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major port on the Atlantic. UNITA blew the dam with a force
near Dondo (see Maps 2 and 7), just 130 miles southeast of Luanda.
The largest battle between the MPLA and UNITA took place
The battle lasted nearly eleven days with three UNITA brigades
63 dead and 200 wounded. The MPLA contends that its forces
killed 1100 UNITA troops while losing only 53. While the figures
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the people until a point has been reached when they will feed
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Prisoners are treated well in UNITA camps, however, and many have
been released to the Red Cross after being held captive for as
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does not have the resources to wage full scale civil war
strength.
represents. Since UNITA wants the Soviets and the Cubans out
power sharing agreement with the MPLA if the Soviets and the
Cubans leave the country. If one assumes the MPLA can survive
the policies of the MPLA with those of the Soviets and the
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Chapter 5
nation or group.1
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"We don't need tanks and we don't wany any GI's to go there
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material support from the U.S., he has not asked for it.
dealers.12
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Chapter 6
RIPOSTE - OF SORTS
and militarily."1
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in chief of the armed forces. Yet he, like Agustinho Neto before
this site was a famous resort for the rich in the colonial
era; now tanks are dug in around the main road that runs past
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that apart from the president and a few ministers, the other
assembly."6
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beset the MPLA, dos Santos has played a more active role in
that were abandoned during the civil war have been nationalized.
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much of its revenue from these companies and because the MPLA
does not have the technicians to run them if they were nation-
alized.9
skilled white Portuguese during the civil war has left Angola
not known, there are reports that at least 4500 to 5000 are
support.
who are more concerned with titles and salaries than with
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Cuban and MPLA troops who have been captured by UNITA report
morale among the Cubans might also be based on their own poor
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minute that they are the sole support for families or that
UNITA. Like the Soviets in Afghanistan, the MPLA does not seed
the sugar cane fields. UNITA alleges that over 6000 youths
on the effect the amnesty has had. The internal defense law
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fire that might set the stage for Namibian independence and
refrain from its attacks on SWAPO if Angola and SWAPO stay out
of Namibia.19
South Africa and the U.S. still insist that Cuban troops be
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CONCLUSION
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none seem capable of filling the void his loss would create.
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NOTES
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1
pp. 1-8.
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5Kaplan, p. 28.
6Alberts, p. 239.
1974.
11Kaplan, p. 124.
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Chapter 2
Alberts, p. 243.
pp. 1, 3.
4Alberts, p. 243.
6Alberts, p. 243.
7Ibid.
11Alberts, p. 244.
pp. 125-126.
pp. 127-130.
14Alberts, p. 246.
Chapter 3
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3Ibid., p. 7.
1984.
Many Labels," Washington Post, August 13, 1977, pp. A1 and A11.
6Ibid., p. A1.
7Ibid.
8O'Neill, p.7.
1980, p. 1018.
Press, , p. 248.
12Dash, p. A11.
13Reed, p. 8A.
14O'Neill, p. 8.
1982), p. 6.
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1981, p. A17.
20Harwood, p. A17.
23Ibid.
24Girardet, p. 13.
25Ibid.
26Reed, p. 8A.
Chapter 4
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4Ibid.
9Girardet, p. 13.
Enterprise," Washington Post, July 25, 1981, pp. A1, A16, and
A17.
11Girardet, p. 13.
p. 12.
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18Ibid.
19Ibid.
20Ibid.
21Frankel,. p. A10.
22Ibid.
government?", p. 12.
25O'Neill, p. 11.
27Ibid.
28O'Neill, p.3.
Chapter 5
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Offensive," U.S. News and World Report, June 13, 1983, pp.
1983, p. C2.
p. 10.
10Ibid., p. 7.
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Chapter 6
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Cuban Captives," Washington Post, July 23, 1981, pp. A1 and A20.
p. 13.
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Truce," p. A16.
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
Press, 1972.
Press, 1980.
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at Boston University.
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Periodicals
6903-6904.
1977): 25-32.
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pp. 30-31.
https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/BRR.htm 86/99
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1976): 407-425.
https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/BRR.htm 87/99
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(1983), 5 pages.
backers.
Namibia is reached.
24 (May 1983): 2.
(September 1983): 7.
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Newspapers
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Africa connection.
UNITA's leader.
organization.
of 1975-76.
Foisie, Jack. uIn Troubled Angola, War and Strife Just Won't
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involvement in Angola.
military strength.
military gains.
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for Angola.
Angola's economy.
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southeastern Angola.
charismatic leadership.
taking hostages.
policy of self-reliance.
Administration.
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U. S. in December 1981.
managerial talent.
UNITA in 1979.
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political organization.
Bush War." Reed focuses on UNITA's dire need for all kinds
of material support.
p. A22.
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governmental representatives.
embattled economy.
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Government Documents
relations.
1983).
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policy in Angola.
Interviews
South Africa.
position on UNITA.
and personality.
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