SHANTI NIKETAN

PUBLIC SCHOOL

PROJECT REPORT OF
CHEMISTRY
ON
RATE OF REACTION

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Ms. NEHA GAURAV KUMAR

CLASS – XII (NON-MED)

ROLL NO.
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Gaurav Kumar has satisfactorily

completed the project in chemistry on “RATE OF
REACTION” prescribed by the AISSCE course in the
school in the year 2022-23. I have examined the project
and here by accord by my approval of it. As a study
carried out and presented in the manner required for its
acceptance. This doesn’t necessarily endorse or accept
every statement made, opinion expressed or conclusion
drawn. It only signifies the acceptance of the project for
which it is submitted.`

The assistane and help received during the project have

been acknowledged.

Sign ----------
Ms. Neha
(P.G.T. Chemistry)
 INDEX

S.NO. TOPIC
1 INTRODUCTION
2 THE FACTORS THOSE AFFECT THE
RATE OF REACTION
3 EXPERIMENT TO STUDY THE EFFECT
OF CONCENTRATION ON THE RATE OF
REACTION
3.1 AIM
3.2 PRINCIPLE
3.3 APPARATUS
3.4 CHEMICALS
3.5 PROCEDURE
3.6 CALCULATION
3.7 OBSERVATIONS
3.8 CONCLUSION
3.9 PRECAUTION
4 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION

In a chemical reaction, the concentrations of the reactants decrease with the

passage of time. Simultaneously, the concentrations of products build up.

Typically; A+B C+D

So, the active mass of A and B goes down by the formation of C and D. Some
reactions are fast and some are slow. The chemical reactions are said to proceed
at different rates.

The rate of reaction can be determined by measuring the concentration change

of the reactants or by measuring the products formed over a given time. The rate
of reaction is defined as the amount of change in concentration divided by the
corresponding time interval. To be precise, it is the concentration change per
unit time. For the above action, the rate of reaction can be expressed as:

ΔC C1 – C2

Δt t2 – t1

Where, ΔC is the concentration change, C1 – C2 and Δ t is the time

interval during which the change took place. The rate of reaction is expressed
as rate of change in molar concentration per second, symbolised as Ms-1. The
rate of reaction depends on a series of individual steps. Some reactions proceed
in one step but more frequently, the reaction occurs in a sequence of steps. It is
essential to specify with respect to which step the rate is being expressed.
There are many theories on reaction rates. Collision theory and transition state
theory are the most accepted concepts.

On the basis of collision theory, it is assumed that reaction between two species
basically occurs on collision of the two with a certain minimum violence and
the rate is proportional to the number of such violent collision per unit volume
per second. This implies that the increasing the concentration of the reactants
increases the rate of reaction because the chances of collision are more when
there are more molecules. Further, in case of a third order reaction, the reacting

molecules must collide simultaneously before final reaction. But it is observed

that complex reactions occur in stages known as ‘elementary reaction’. Such
elementary reaction involves only one or two species of molecules. The slowest
of these elementary reactions is the rate determining reaction. Rate of reaction
is very slow on comparison with probable collisions. The change in reaction is
not matching with the increase in collision due to velocity increase. Since
molecules move in random manner, it is understood that the orientation of the
molecules at the time of hitting is also critical.
 THE FACTORS THOSE AFFECT THE RATE OF
REACTION
 The nature of reacting substances. Due to the differences in the relative
stabilities or the electron structure of the substances involved, the rate of
reaction varies widely with the nature of reacting substances.
 The state of division of reacting substances. The more finely divided the
reacting substances are, more surface area, the more rapid is the reaction.
 Reaction medium. The reaction between materials in their solid states is
generally slower than reactions between their liquid or gaseous forms.
The nature of solvent (polar or non polar) also affects the rate of reaction.
 Temperature. An increase in temperature invariably increases the rate of a
chemical reaction. A rough rule in this connection is that all other factors
being the same, the rate of a reaction becomes double for every 10
degrees rise in temp.
 Radiant energy. Radiant energy like light can to alter the rate of certain
chemical reactions.
 Catalysts. Certain substance when present in the reaction mixture
changes the speed of the reaction. Such substances are called catalysts.
A catalyst is a substance that modifies a chemical reaction without itself
undergoing any chemical change.
 Pressure. If liquids and solids are only involved in a chemical reaction,
the effect of changing the pressure has little effect on the reaction rate.
 EXPERIMENT TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF
CONCENTRATION ON THE RATE OF
REACTION
Aim

To study the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction

Principle

Thiosulphate reacts with hydrochloric acid to form elemental sulphur

with the evolution of sulphur dioxide gas.

Na2S2O3 (aq) + 2HCl S (s) + 2NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) +

SO2 (g)

In the reactants side, sodium thiosulphate solution and hydrochloric

acid are colourless. But in the product side, sulphur is precipitating
and that makes the whole solution opaque. Therefore, rate of reaction
can be studied by measuring the time taken for precipitation of
sulphur enough to make the print on the paper, kept under the reaction
vessel, invisible.

Apparatus
1. Conical flask
2. Measuring cylinder
3. Stopwatch
4. Pipette
Chemicals

1. 0.05 M sodium thiosulphate – dissolve 3.1 grams sodium

thiosulphate penta hydrate (Na2S2O3.5H2O) in 250 mL distilled
water
2. 0.05 M hydrochloric acid – dilute 2.5 mL conc. HCl to 500 mL.

Procedure

1. Take five conical flasks and label them as 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.

2. With the help of measuring cylinder, transfer 50 mL, 40 mL, 30
mL, 20 mL and 10 mL 0.05 M sodium thiosulphate solution to
flask 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.
3. Bring up the volume to 50 mL level by adding 10mL, 20 mL, 30
mL and 40 mL distilled water to flask 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively.
4. Place Flask No. 1 on a piece of paper with some print on it.
5. Using a pipette, pour 10 mL 0.05 M HCl into this flask and start
the stop-watch at the fall of the last drop of acid.
6. View the print on the paper from top through the reaction
mixture and stop the stop-watch as soon as the print on the paper
is invisible. The time elapsed to precipitate enough sulphur to
make the print on the paper invisible is the time required for the
reaction to occur.
7. Repeat the experiment by keeping each flask on that piece of
printed paper and by adding 10 mL 0.05 M HCl for reaction.
 8. Note down the time taken in each case to precipitate enough
sulphur to make the print on the paper invisible.

Calculation

No calculation, as time required for each experiment is directly

measured.
Plot graph between the concentration and the time for making the
print invisible.

Observations

Flas Vol. of 0.05 Vol. of Total Concentrati Time to

k M sod. distille volume of on of sod. turn the
No. thiosulphate d water solution. thiosulphate print
solution. solution. invisible
1 50 mL 0 50 mL 0.05 M - - Sec
2 40 mL 10 mL 50 mL 0.04 M - - Sec
3 30 mL 20 mL 50 mL 0.03 M - - Sec
4 20 mL 30 mL 50 mL 0.02 M - - Sec
5 10 mL 40 mL 50 mL 0.01 M - - Sec
Conclusion

Rate of reaction between sodium thiosuphate and hydrochloric acid

decreases with the decrease in the concentration of sodium
thiosulphate

Precautions

 Do not apply force to pipette out acid. Let it flow down

uniformly in each experiment. Start the stopwatch at the fall of
last drop of acid.
 Stop the stopwatch as soon as the printing on the paper becomes
invisible.
 View the print on the paper through the solution almost from the
same height.
Bibliography & Vote of Thanks