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62 Finance & economics The Economist August 20th 2022
would pay $103 for a $100 item.” That way sumably jump at the offer.
Paying profits 1
consumers would pay for the benefits, but The creditcard firms defend the exist
S&P 500 companies, net profit margins*, % only if they truly value them. Such a sol ing system, arguing that consumers and
2021 ution used to be impossible: in their agree merchants derive value from it, because it
60 ments with merchants, the card networks helps guarantee payments for merchants
Visa explicitly banned the addition of such sur and protect consumers against fraud. Thus
Mastercard charges. But a classaction lawsuit that was shoppers have more purchasing power
40 first settled in 2013 forced Visa and Master than would otherwise have been the case.
card to permit merchants to impose a sur Two factors help the bill’s chances. It is
charge. Subsequent lawsuits have over sponsored by Mr Durbin, the secondmost
20 turned state laws banning surcharges. senior Democrat in the Senate, and it is bi
Even though adding surcharges is now partisan, cosponsored by Roger Marshall,
permitted and legal, it is still difficult. a Republican from Kansas. The ccc’s best
0 “When we talk to merchants, a lot of them chance is probably as an amendment to an
Market capitalisation do not even know whether it is a plain card other bigger piece of legislation, which is
Aug 15th 2022, $bn or a reward card, so they do not know what how debitcard regulation passed in 2010.
100 500 -20 their processing cost is until they get their Even if the effort fails, or fails to work as
-20 0 20 40 60 monthly bill,” says Ms Stavins. It would be intended, a potentially bigger threat to the
2011 a technological nightmare to implement a giants looms. So far new entrants to the
*Annual net income divided by annual net sales. system that accounted for all the different payments market have benefited Visa and
Excludes real-estate investment trusts, eBay (27.7% in 2011; interchange rates. It would also be offput Mastercard, by making it easier for con
130.6% in 2021) and Carnival (12.1% in 2011; -498.0% in 2021)
Source: Bloomberg
ting for customers. Typically businesses sumers to use their cards online. But as the
that do surcharge are those, such as petrol new fintechs have gained clout, their deci
stations or government enterprises, where sions about the sorts of payments they of
of Boston and colleagues, retailers raise consumers struggle to go elsewhere. fer could influence how much money tra
prices at the tills by 1.4%, passing inter That might explain why legislators are vels along the card networks.
change costs on to households. eyeing up credit cards. On July 28th Rich Stripe, a large paymentsinfrastructure
Poor Americans fare the worst. High ard Durbin, the same Democratic senator firm, says it is working to provide mer
fees are built into the price of goods, and who regulated debit interchange a decade chants with payment methods that will
prices are typically the same whether you ago, introduced the Credit Card Competi lower their costs. Current options include
pay with card or cash, which the poor are tion Act (ccc). It does not propose a cap on a box for customers to enter card details,
more likely to use. “The way to think about interchange, as the debit rule does, since but also Klarna, a “buynowpaylater”
it is if you are not getting your points you costs for credit cards are more variable provider through which customers can pay
are essentially funding everyone else’s,” than for debit cards, making it harder to for purchases using bank transfers, thus
says Brian Kelly, more commonly known find the right level. avoiding the card networks. It could soon
as “the points guy”, who has forged an en Instead, the ccc would attempt to spur include things like FedNow, a realtime
tire business out of encouraging people to competition by breaking the links between banktransfer system being built by the
use perks. Households with an annual in card networks and banks. At present, when Fed, which is due to be launched next year.
come of less than $25,000 (roughly a quar a bank issues a credit card every transac In time, it could even include centralbank
ter of the total number) on average get no tion on it is processed by the card network digital currencies or cryptocurrencies.
net rewards, since any they do receive are the bank stipulates, meaning the bank is Competitors might make little headway
entirely offset by fees. Households that guaranteed the interchange fee the net if the perks for sticking with credit cards
bring in more than $135,000 a year recoup work sets. If the ccc becomes law it will are sufficiently juicy. But merchants can
in points or perks around 0.6 percentage force banks to offer merchants the choice offer their own incentives. When your cor
points of the interchange fees they pay. of at least two different card networks. respondent recently went to purchase a
These fees do fund some benefits, not Crucially, these choices could not be the pair of linen trousers from Everlane, an on
least the sort of consumer protection that two biggest—at least one smaller network line retailer, she was encouraged to pay us
is provided by regulators or legislators would have to be offered. They could com ing Catch, a fintech app. The app linked to
elsewhere. In Europe, for instance, regula pete for business by offering lower inter her bank account via another payment
tion ensures that customers can return change rates, and merchants would pre startup called Plaid. As a thank you for
goods, especially faulty ones, or that air avoiding the card networks, Everlane of
lines compensate delayed passengers. In fered a shop credit worth 5% of the transac
America card networks have stepped into The cards are stacked 2 tion value. Catch has signed up a handful
the breach. They offer consumers the abil United States, credit cards, $trn of fashionable, millennial brands includ
ity to “chargeback”—reverse their approv 5
ing Pacsun, another clothing retailer, and
al for a settled transaction—if something is Farmacy, a skincare firm.
not delivered as described. Card networks Purchase volumes For evidence that this poses a threat,
4
also use the fees to keep payment systems look no further than Visa’s attempted pur
secure and free from fraud. In short, Amer 3 chase of Plaid. In 2020 the firm tried to buy
icans rely more on capitalism and compe the upstart for $5.3bn, only for the deal to
tition to protect consumers, rather than 2 be scuppered by antitrust regulators on the
legislation and regulation. grounds that the transaction would have
“I certainly would not eliminate credit Loan balances 1 allowed Visa to eliminate a competitive
cards because they work great, they are threat. Ultimately, Visa gave up, but the at
convenient and people love them,” says Ms 0 tempt was nonetheless telling. The house
Stavins. Instead, she would like costs to be 1991 96 2001 06 11 16 21
of cards carefully constructed by the two
passed on: “If you come to the checkout, Source: Nilson Report
payment giants is formidable and long
and you want to use a credit card, you standing. But it is not indestructible. n
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The Economist August 20th 2022 Finance & economics 63
The green transition sidies; instead, it gives ev owners an ex build charging infrastructure instead.
emption from the heavy taxes the country Research from the World Bank suggests
Cash guzzlers levies on internalcombustion cars. As a that Britain’s move is sensible. It calculates
bonus, such taxes encourage drivers to that on average $10,000 or so is required to
spend less on petrol and shy away from encourage the purchase of an electric car.
thirstier vehicles when buying a new car. The same result could be achieved by just
Retailprice subsidies also come with a under $1,600 of spending on charging in
high “deadweight” loss as many ev pur frastructure. The most costeffective
There are better ways than subsidies to
chasers would have bought the car even means of promoting electric cars, how
encourage electric-car use
without the discount. That is why coun ever, come with a nearzero cost: China
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