CHOLERA- “blue death” due to dehydration, they will turn blue or cyanotic, that is why they call it blue

death. It is an acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the
bacterium vibrio cholerae. The bacterium produces as enterotoxin that causes a copious, painless,
watery diarrhea that can quickly lead to severe dehydration and death if treatment is not promptly
given.

CAUSATIVE AGENT: VIBRIO CHOLERAE BACTERIA

INCUBATION PERIOD- 1- 5 DAYS

Pathognomonic Sign

SUDDEN ONSET OF FREQUENT PAINLESS RICE WATERY STOOLS

VOMITING

FOLDS IN BUTTOCKS- late stage; dehydration

WASHER WOMANS HAND; dehydration

MOT- EATIMG FOOD OR DRINKING WATER CONTAMINATED WITH HUMAN WASTE INFECTED WITH
VIBRIO CHOLERAE BACTERIA

Diagtest-

Stool culture — A definitive diagnosis of cholera is based on isolation of the

organism from clinical samples, which also permits a determination of the
antibiotic susceptibility profile. V. cholerae can be isolated from stool using
selective media such as thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose agar or taurocholate
tellurite gelatin agar. Once cultured, V. cholerae can be identified by
biochemical tests; serogroup and serotype can be assigned by testing with
specific antibodies [46]. In settings such as the United States, where cholera
is a sporadic illness, the clinical microbiology laboratory should be informed of
a suspicion of cholera so that appropriate selective media can be used. These
selective media are not routinely used for stool culture.

Isolation and identification of Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 or O139 by

culture of a stool specimen remains the gold standard for the laboratory
diagnosis of cholera.

(Thiosulfate–citrate–bile salts–sucrose agar, or TCBS agar, is a type of

selective agar culture plate that is used in microbiology laboratories to
isolate Vibrio species. TCBS agar is highly selective for the isolation of V.
cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus as well as other Vibrio species.)

(Once ingested, Vibrio cholera colonizes the intestinal lining and produces

the toxin choleragen, which causes influx of intestinal fluids leading to severe
diarrhea.)

Rapid Tests

In areas with limited or no laboratory testing, the Crystal  VC dipstick ®

rapid test can provide an early warning to public health officials that an
outbreak of cholera is occurring. However, the sensitivity and specificity
of this test is not optimal. Therefore, it is recommended that fecal
specimens that test positive for V. cholerae O1 and/or O139 by the
Crystal  VC dipstick always be confirmed using traditional culture-based
®

methods suitable for the isolation and identification of V. cholerae.

https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/preventionsteps.html

https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cholera-clinical-features-diagnosis-treatment-and-prevention/
print#:~:text=Cholera%20stools%20may%20contain%20fecal,typically%20has%20a%20fishy%20odor.

TETANUS

Tetanus is an infection caused by bacteria called Clostridium tetani.

When these bacteria enter the body, they produce a toxin that causes
painful muscle contractions. Another name for tetanus is “lockjaw”. It
often causes a person’s neck and jaw muscles to lock, making it hard to
open the mouth or swallow.

it does not spread from person to person. The bacteria are usually found in
soil, dust, and manure and enter the body through breaks in the skin —
usually cuts or puncture wounds caused by contaminated objects.
You are bitten by an animal or wounded by an object that might be
contaminated with dirt, feces, or dust

DIAG

Doctors diagnose tetanus based on a physical exam, medical and vaccination

history, and the signs and symptoms of muscle spasms, muscle rigidity and
pain. A laboratory test would likely be used only if your doctor suspects
another condition causing the signs and symptoms.

Wound care

Care for your wound requires cleaning to remove dirt, debris or foreign objects
that may be harboring bacteria. Your care team will also clear the wound of
any dead tissue that could provide an environment in which bacteria can
grow.

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tetanus/diagnosis-treatment/
drc-20351631

Tetanus antitoxin is given as prophylaxis to the persons at risk with

infected wounds, wounds contaminated with soil or mud, deep or
punctured wounds and wounds with devitalising tissue damages. A dose
of 1,500 IU should be given subcutaneously or intramuscularly as early as
possible after the wound is received.

DTaP vaccine can prevent diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis

https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/parents/diseases/tetanus.html