13 Chapter 4

CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Health and nutritional status of elderly from rural, urban and tribal area from
Nanded District was assessed in the present study. Nutritional status was comprised
of assessment of anthropometric measurements and diet survey. Health status
includes health checkup and estimation of blood. Anthropometric measurements
such as body height (cm.), weight (kg.), body mass index, waist circumference
(cm.), hip circumference (cm.) and waist hip ratio. Prevalence of undernutrition was
assessed on the basis of BMI. However, diet survey includes two day recall method
and weighment method for estimation of food and nutrient intake and percent
adequacy. Health status was assessed by conducting health checkup camp in urban
and rural area. Ten percent samples each from rural and urban area were selected for
estimation of haemoglobin, serum calcium and serum phosphorus. Data was
analyzed statistically and tabulated and presented under different heads.
4.1 Socio economic background of the selected elderly subjects
Data on socio economic background of the selected elderly subjects residing

in rural, urban and tribal area of Nanded district is presented in Table 1. It is evident
from the table that, 75 percent elderly were belonging to age group of 60 to 70 years
and 25 percent were above 70 years. Among selected elderly, 53.5 percent were
female and 46.5 percent were male. Majority of the subjects were vegetarian
(62.5%) while 37.5 percent were non vegetarian. However, the selected elderly
(40.16%) were having monthly income of Rs. >10,000/- followed by 32.83 and 27
percent were having monthly income less than Rs. 5000/- and in between Rs. 5000/-
to 10,000/-. Further 55.66 percent elderly were involved in farming as their prime
occupation. Whereas, 23.66 percent elderly women were housewife, 31.33 percent
elderly were retired as government employee. Whereas, 9.66 percent subjects were
either doing private job or business. Almost all (92.16%) subjects lived with family
1
having more than 5 members in the family. However, 91.16 percent elderly subjects
were living with their family, only 8.83 percent were living alone. Majority of the
elderly (68.83%) were having nuclear family and 29.66 percent elderly were
belonging to joint family. Whereas, 48.33 percent were educated from primary to
high school level and 41.83 percent were illiterate and 9.83 percent elderly were
degree holders.
Factors influencing socio economic background of the selected elderly

subjects
Table no.1 revealed that, out of total 600 studied elderly subjects, 200 each
were equally covered from rural, urban and tribal area where most of the elderly
(75%) were belonging to 60-70 years of age. Bhosle B. (2005) when conducted
study on institutionalized elderly subjects in Marathwada region, also found more
elderly (53%) from this age group and also having the same distribution of elderly
female (53.5%) and male (46.5%). This can be attributed to the longer life
expectancy for female (Chauhan and Chandrashekar, 2013). The present study also
revealed that majority of the elderly population (62.5%) were vegetarian. Bhosale B.
(2005) and Revanwar M. (2002), also revealed the same result for the elderly
subjects when they carried out study in Parbhani District. Almost all (91.16%)
elderly from present study were living with their family members. While, only 8.83
percent were living alone. The result are go hand in hand with result produced by
Kulkarni and Rao (2014) who had conducted study on elderly from old age home
from Dharwad, Karnataka.
In the present investigation, half of the selected elderly (55.66 %) were

reported farming as a main and prime occupation which includes male and female
both. Though they are elderly, they need to work in farm as farmer or labour to
survive them self and to feed other family members. Rainfed farming is a common
among selected area as economically they are deprived segment and hence they
belonging to low economic status of population.
2
Table 1. Socio economic background of the selected elderly subjects
(n=600)
Socio economic factors Frequency and Percentage
Area
Urban 200 (33.33)
Rural 200 (33.33)
200 (33.33)
Tribal
Age
60-70 yrs. 450 (75)
>70 yrs. 150 (25)
Sex
Male 279 (46.5)
Female 321 (53.5)
Food habits
Vegetarian 375 (62.5)
Non Vegetarian 225 (37.5)
Monthly Income (Rs.)
< 5000/- 197( 32.83)
5000/- to 10,000/- 162( 27.00)
241( 40.16)
> 10,000/-
Occupation
House wife 142 (23.66)
Farmers 334( 55.66)
Government Service 66(11.00)
Private job/ business 58 (9.66)
Family Size
1 to 4 members 47(7.83)
<5 members 553(92.16)
Family type
Joint 3 (0.5)
Nuclear 413 (68.83)
Extended 178(29.66)
Living alone 53)(8.83)
With family 547( 91.16)
Education
Illiterate 251( 41.83)
Primary to High School 290( 48.33)
59( 9.83)
Degree holders
Figures in parenthesis indicates percentages

3
4.2 Mean and range of anthropometric measurements of the selected
elderly subjects
Table 2 revealed the data on anthropometric measurements of selected
elderly. The anthropometric measurements like height, weight were recorded and on
the basis of values of height and weight BMI was calculated. Waist hip ratio was
calculated by using waist and hip circumference. The average height of selected
elderly was 155.96±12.07cm with range of 122 to 182cm. Whereas, the mean body
weight was 52.67±11.315kg with the range of 28 to 87 kg. The body mass index
value varied from 13.88 to 34.63 with an average mean value of 21.22±3.43. The
recorded mean value of waist circumference and hip circumference was
78.85±11.20 cm and 85.29±11.75 cm. The value of calculated waist hip ratio was
0.92±0.04 with the range of 43 to 111, 51 to 118 and 0.75 to 1.08 respectively.
Table 2. Mean and range of anthropometric measurements of the selected elderly

subjects
(n=600)
Measurement Mean ±SD Range
Body Weight (kg) 52.67 ± 11.315 28 - 87
Body Height (cm) 155.96 ± 12.07 122 - 182
Body Mass Index(Kg/m2) 21.22 ± 3.43 13.88 – 34.63
West Circumference (cm) 78.85 ± 11.20 43 - 111
Hip Circumference (cm) 85.29 ± 11.75 51 - 118
West Hip Ratio 0.92 ± 0.04 0.75 – 1.08
4
4.3 Mean height, weight and BMI of selected elderly from different socio
economic status
The anthropometric measurement of elderly subjects from different socio

economic categories is described in Table 3. It is evident from the table that among
all socio economic factors, mean height, weight and BMI of selected elderly
subjects ranged from 150.84±7.5 to 163.49±7.65 cm., 45.47±9.58 to 63.34±8.31 kg.
and 19.44±2.61 to 23.58±3.03 respectively. When noted area wise, urban elderly
were having somehow more height (159.95±13.24cm) than rural and tribal elderly
subjects (157.09±12.7cm and 150.95±7.8 cm respectively). Similarly, the height of
elderly above age 70 years was found more (157.69±10.34) than elderly of age 60 to
70 years (155.4±12.59). On the contrary, the weight (53.1±10.62) and BMI
(21.53±3.48) was noted more in age group of 60 to 70 years. Gender wise data
showed that, height (160.93±11.8 cm), weight (56.02±10.43 kg) and BMI
(21.34±3.25) was greater in elderly male than female. Further it was noted that,
elderly who were following vegetarian diet pattern were reported more height
(156.44±13.70 cm), weight (53.80±11.28 kg) and BMI (21.56±3.45) as compared to
non vegetarian elderly. Income wise distribution of elderly showed that, height,
weight and BMI was higher in elderly of income group Rs. > 10000/-
(159.69±12.30, 59.13±9.78 and 22.86±3.53). While lowest value were noted in
income group of Rs. < 5000/-. Elderly who were retired as a government employee
reported highest values for all the measurements followed by elderly who were
doing private service and house wife. While lowest values for weight (48.80±10.19)
and BMI (20.15±2.99) was recorded among farmers. However, height of the elderly
housewife and farmers was almost same. In the nutshell it can be concluded from
the table that, the male elderly in age group of > 70 years, elderly having income Rs.
> 10000/- and vegetarian elderly had better height than their counterparts. Similar
trend was noted for weight and BMI.
5
Table 3. Mean anthropometric measurements of selected elderly from
different socio economic status (n=600)
Socio economic Anthropometric measurements (Mean ±SD)

factors Height (cm) Weight (kg) BMI(kg/m2)
Area
Urban (200) 159.95±13.24 59.99±9.62 23.02±3.60
Rural(200) 157.09±12.7 52.65± 9.8 21.10±3.39
Tribal(200) 150.95±7.8 45.47±9.58 19.44±2.61
Age (Years)
60 – 70(450) 155.4 ± 12.59 53.1 ± 10.62 21.53 ± 3.48
>70(150) 157.69 ± 10.34 51.45 ± 13.18 20.14 ± 3.50
Sex
Male (279) 160.93 ± 11.8 56.02 ± 10.43 21.34 ± 3.25
Female(321) 151.71 ± 10.64 49.82 ± 11.31 21.04 ± 3.77
Food habits
Vegetarian(375) 156.44 ± 13.70 53.80 ± 11.28 21.56 ± 3.45
Non vegetarian(225) 155.25 ± 8.77 50.87 ± 11.20 20.56 ± 3.61
Income (Rs.)
<5000/-(197) 150.84± 7.5 45.5± 10.05 19.48± 2.88
5000 – 10000/-(162) 156.74 ± 14.01 51.91 ± 9.23 20.77 ± 3.14
>10000/-(241) 159.69 ± 12.30 59.13 ± 9.78 22.86 ± 3.53
Occupation
House wife(142) 154.19 ± 14.05 54.09 ± 10.48 22.16 ± 4.10
Farmers(334) 154.41 ± 8.30 48.80 ± 10.19 20.15 ± 2.99
Government 163.49 ± 7.65 63.34 ± 8.31 23.58 ± 3.03
service(66)
Private service(58) 160.84 ± 21.48 59.43 ± 10.70 22.04 ± 3.37
6
4.4 Mean waist hip ratio of selected elderly from different socio economic
status
Table 4 reveals the mean waist circumference, hip circumference and waist
hip ratio among selected elderly subjects. Mean waist circumference and hip
circumference of selected elderly ranged from 69.11±8.98 to 87.16±8.14 and
76.6±9.59 to 92.25±8.80 respectively. While range of waist hip ratio was 0.89±0.04
to 0.94±0.04. As per area of residence, elderly belonging to urban area were having
higher values for waist circumference (85.15±7.86 cm.) and hip circumference
(91.03±9.31 cm.). While lowest values was noted among tribal elderly subjects
(69.11±8.98 and 76.6±9.59 cm respectively). Whereas, in case of waist hip ratio,
values were found to be same among urban and rural elderly subjects (0.93±0.03)
and lowest among tribal elderly subjects (0.89±0.04). When observed age wise, it
was noted that, waist circumference (79.31±10.83 cm) and hip circumference
(86.15±11.44 cm) was greater among age group of 60 to 70 years as compared to
elderly aged > 70 years. Whereas, waist hip ratio was noted more among aged > 70
years (0.93±0.04). Further gender wise data reported that, waist circumference
(79.72±10.86 cm) and waist hip ratio (0.93±0.03) was higher among male while,
among female 86.03±12.5 cm hip circumference noted. Further, elderly who were
following vegetarian diet pattern reported higher values for all measurements than
non vegetarian. However, as income level increased the values for all measurements
were also increased. Highest value was noted among income group of Rs. > 10000/-
while lowest values were reported by elderly of low income (Rs. < 5000/-). Further,
occupation wise distribution showed that, waist and hip circumference of elderly
belonging to retired government employee group was noted greater (87.16±8.14 cm
and 92.25±8.80 cm) than other groups. While waist hip ratio was found same among
retired government employee and private service employee (0.94±0.03) and also
among house wife and farmers (0.91±0.04).
7
Table 4. Waist hip ratio of selected elderly from different socio economic
status (n=600)
Socio economic Anthropometric measurments (Mean ±SD)

factors Waist Hip circumference Waist hip
circumference (cm) ratio
(cm)
Area
Urban (200) 85.15±7.86 91.03±9.31 0.93±0.03
Rural(200) 82.30±9.35 88.23±10.9 0.93±0.04
Tribal(200) 69.11±8.98 76.6±9.59 0.89±0.04
Age (Years)
60 – 70(450) 79.31 ± 10.83 86.15 ± 11.44 0.91 ± 0.04
>70(150) 77.42 ± 12.13 82.58 ± 12.26 0.93 ± 0.04
Sex
Male (279) 79.72 ± 10.86 84.43 ± 10.76 0.93 ± 0.03
Female(321) 78.09 ± 11.43 86.03 ± 12.5 0.90 ± 0.04
Food habits
Vegetarian(375) 80.51 ± 10.77 86.88 ± 11.38 0.92 ± 0.04
Non 76.09 ± 11.37 82.63 ± 11.87 0.91 ± 0.04
vegetarian(225)
Income (Rs.)
<5000/-(197) 69.60± 9.82 76.96±10.35 0.90 ± 0.04
5000 – 10000/- 80.38 ± 8.39 86.25 ± 9.50 0.92 ± 0.04
(162)
>10000/-(241) 85.51 ± 8.44 91.55 ± 9.99 0.93 ± 0.03
Occupation
House wife(142) 82.41 ± 10.69 90.19 ± 11.82 0.91 ± 0.03
Farmers(334) 74.81 ± 10.59 81.22 ± 10.96 0.91 ± 0.04
Government 87.16 ± 8.14 92.25 ± 8.80 0.94 ± 0.03
service(66)
Private service(58) 84.05 ± 8.34 88.82 ± 9.31 0.94 ± 0.04
8
4.5 Anthropometric measurements of selected elderly as per sex and
area
An anthropometric measurement of elderly male and female from different

residential area is illustrated in Table 5 and fig 4.
It is evident from the table that, the height and weight of elderly ranged from
147.01±6.01 to 164.72±17.01 and 42.55±10.00 to 63.69±8.68. when compared
among male and female in urban, rural and tribal area, statistically significant
difference was noted. But, values shows clearly that, the values of height and weight
recorded by female were comparatively less than their counterparts. However, urban
elderly recorded more height and weight than rural and tribal elderly subjects.
Whereas, among urban and rural areas, the difference between BMI was statistically
non significant with the range of 20.91±3.07 to 23.06±3.40. Contrary to the height
and weight, female recorded more BMI in urban and rural area. However, among
the tribal elderly, statistically significant difference was noted for BMI. Waist
circumferences of elderly male from all three areas were slightly more than female.
But statistically non significant difference was noted. In case of hip circumference,
elderly female from urban area recorded more values (93.01±9.28cm) as compared
to elderly male (88.86±8.86cm). While no remarkable difference was observed
among rural and tribal area. Waist hip ratio exhibited very negligible difference in
between two genders in all three areas. On the whole, when observed for all
anthropometric values in all three residential areas, statistically significant
difference was noted for height and weight among all groups. However, statistically
non significant difference was recorded for other anthropometric measurements.
Tribal elderly male and female exhibited very low values than urban and rural
elderly male and female.
9
Table 5. Anthropometric measurements of selected elderly as per sex and area (n=600)
Anthropometric Urban (Mean ±SD) Rural (Mean ±SD) Tribal (Mean ±SD)
measurements Male Female Z Male Female Z Male Female Z
(n=95) (n=105) value (n=94) (n=106) value (n=90) (n=110) value
Height (cm) 164.72± 17.01 155.56± 5.67 5.03** 161.95± 5.77 154.15± 5.21 10.12** 155.75± 7.02 147.01±6.01 9.5**
Weight (kg) 63.69± 8.68 56.52± 9.11 5.73** 54.82± 8.99 50.72± 10.12 3.05** 49.03± 7.71 42.55± 10.00 5.22**
BMI(kg/m2) 22.96± 3.15 23.06± 3.40 NS 20.91± 3.07 21.27± 3.65 NS 20.07± 2.82 18.92± 2.30 3.38**
West 85.31± 7.94 85.01± 7.82 NS 83.37± 9.25 81.35± 9.39 NS 70.03± 8.40 68.35±9.39 NS
circumference(cm)
Hip circumference 88.86± 8.86 93.01± 9.28 3.24** 87.75± 10.11 88.66± 11.58 NS 76.32±8.55 76.83±10.40 NS
(cm)
West hip ratio 0.95± 0.02 0.91± 0.03 NS 0.94± 0.04 0.91±0.40 NS 0.91±0.03 0.88±0.05 NS
**-Significant at 1%, NS- Non significant
10
4.6 Anthropometric measurements of selected elderly as per different age
and area
Anthropometric measurements of selected elderly subjects with different age

and area is presented in Table 6 and fig 5.
The height of urban, rural and tribal elderly of 60 to 70 years of age were
159.71±7.34 cm, 156.72±14.16 cm and 151.32±7.18 cm respectively. While
respective values for the elderly aged more than 70 years were 162.69±9.41 cm,
158.09±7.28 cm and 149.25±10.09 cm. Significant difference in height of elderly
was found only in urban area. The weight of the elderly of 60 to 70 years and more
than 70 years in all the three groups ranged from 46.12±8.66 to 60.5±8.31kg. and
42.47±12.71 to 58.6±12.02 kg respectively. When seen critically it is evident from
the table that elderly from 60 to 70 years recorded more weight than their
counterparts in all studied areas. However, when compared in between rural elderly
statistically significant difference was noted for weight. However, among urban and
tribal elderly non significant difference was noted.
High values for body mass index was noted in 60 to 70 years of elderly
subjects among all groups as compared to > 70 years. However, statistically
significant difference was noted among both age groups in all three areas. Further,
the waist circumference and hip circumference of urban, rural and tribal elderly of
60 to 70 years of age were 86.1±7.64 and 92.7±8.92, 82.87±8.87 and 89.04±10.70
and 70.34±8.48 and 78.01±8.95 respectively. While respective values for the elderly
aged more than 70 years were 82.96±8.01 and 87.18±9.08, 80.73±10.51 and
86.00±11.24 and 63.5±9.15 and 70.19±9.91 respectively. Except for rural area waist
and hip circumference of elderly of both age groups from other two areas reported
significant difference. Whereas, waist hip ratio was calculated on the basis of waist
and hip circumference. The difference was found negligible in both age groups of
all three areas.
11
Table 6. Anthropometric measurements of selected elderly as per age and area
(n=600)
measurements 60 to 70 >70 years Z 60 to 70 >70 years Z 60 to 70 >70 years Z
years value years value years value
(n=140) (n=60) (n=147) (n=53) (n=163) (n=37)
Height (cm) 159.71±7.34 162.69±9.41 2.19* 156.72±14.16 158.09±7.28 NS 151.32±7.18 149.25±10.09 NS
Weight (kg) 60.5±8.31 58.6±12.02 NS 53.76±9.40 49.58±10.31 2.59** 46.12±8.66 42.47±12.71 NS
BMI(kg/m2) 23.47±3.60 21.93±3.35 3.01** 21.59±3.28 19.75±3.33 3.6** 19.82±2.56 17.71±2.10 5.55**
Waist 86.1±7.64 82.96±8.01 2.59** 82.87±8.87 80.73±10.51 NS 70.34±8.48 63.5±9.15 4.17**

circumference
Hip 92.7±8.92 87.18±9.08 4.0** 89.04±10.70 86.00±11.24 NS 78.01±8.95 70.19±9.91 4.41**
circumference
Waist hip ratio 0.92±0.03 0.94±0.03 NS 0.92±0.04 0.93±0.04 NS 0.89±0.04 0.90±0.05 NS
**-Significant at 1%, *- significant at 5 %, NS- Non significant
12
4.7 Anthropometric measurements of selected elderly as per different
food habits and area
The anthropometric measurements of selected elderly subjects with respect to

area and food habits depicted in Table 7 and Fig 6.
The values for height of vegetarian and non-vegetarian elderly from urban,
rural and tribal area ranged from 150.87±7.97 to 161.59±7.95 cm. While weight
ranged from 44.53±8.57 to 60.75±10.91kg. The body mass index exhibited range
from 19.40±2.64 to 23.14±2.80. Further it was noted that range of waist
circumference, hip circumference and waist hip ratio was 69.11±8.35 to 86.46±9.56,
76.36±9.21 to 92.91±10.18 and 0.89±0.04 to 0.93±0.03 respectively. However, the
mean height (161.59±7.95) and weight (60.75±10.91) of non vegetarian elderly was
noted greater than vegetarian elderly subjects. When compared in between three
areas, values were noted more among urban elderly subjects and lowest among
tribal elderly subjects. Calculated BMI was more among vegetarian elderly from
urban area (23.14±2.88) as compared to other elderly subjects of other two areas. In
case of waist circumference (86.46±9.56) and hip circumference (92.91±10.18), also
values were found higher among non vegetarian elderly from urban area as
compared to other two areas. On the whole, the highest values for almost all the
measurements were noted in urban non-vegetarian elderly subjects. While lowest
values were noted in tribal vegetarian elderly. The difference between vegetarian
and non-vegetarian elderly for all anthropometric values in three residential areas
were non significant statistically.
13
Table 7. Anthropometric measurements of selected elderly as per different food habits and area
(n=600)
Anthropometric Urban Rural Tribal

measurements (Mean ±SD) (Mean ±SD) (Mean ±SD)
Vegetarian Non Z Vegetarian Non Z Vegetarian Non Z
vegetarian value vegetarian value vegetarian value
(n=155) (n=45) (n=143) (n=57) (n=78) (n=122)
Height (cm) 159.44± 14.37 161.59±7.95 NS 156.58±14.53 158.36±5.97 NS 150.87±7.97 151.10±7.95 NS
Weight (kg) 59.69±9.18 60.75±10.91 NS 52.67±10.31 52.59±8.47 NS 44.53±8.57 46.06±9.68 NS
BMI(kg/m2) 23.14±2.88 22.57±5.41 NS 21.15±3.48 20.98±3.16 NS 19.40±2.64 19.56±2.49 NS
Waist 84.78±7.29 86.46±9.56 NS 82.40±9.91 82.05±7.85 NS 69.65±10.03 69.11±8.35 NS

circumference(cm)
Hip 90.47±9.00 92.91±10.18 NS 88.57±11.23 87.38±10.05 NS 76.93±10.25 76.36±9.21 NS
circumference(cm)
Waist hip ratio 0.93±0.03 0.92±0.04 NS 0.92±0.04 0.93±0.03 NS 0.89±0.04 0.90±0.04 NS
NS- Non significant
14
income status and area
Table 8 and fig 7 revealed that among three residential areas height and
weight ranged from 150.13±7.2 to 160.13±13.97 and 44.77±9.43 to 61.02±9.08 i.e.
among tribal low income group and urban high income group respectively.
However, BMI was found to be low among urban low income (17.47±0.47) and
highest in urban high income (23.37±3.58) group. Further it was also found that like
height and weight, waist and hip circumference was found to be lowest among low
income tribal (68.18±8.70 and 75.55±9.30 cm) and more in urban high income
group (86.12±7.65 and 92.12±9.03 cm). Whereas, waist hip ratio was almost same
in all three areas of all three groups which ranged from 0.89±0.04 to 0.94±0.03.
Individually Influence of area and income was studied, it was observed that,
among urban subjects, height of the elderly belonging to low, middle and high
income group was 156.25±6.55, 159.19±8.55 and 160.13±13.97 cm respectively.
While respective values for weight of the selected elderly were 50.25±17.59,
54.75±9.13 and 61.02±9.08. However, BMI was 17.47±0.47, 21.60±3.00 and
23.37±3.58 kg. Except height and waist hip ratio, all other anthropometric
measurements were found to have significantly different in urban area.
In rural situation, height (158.61±7.14), weight (54.81±10.07), waist

circumference (84.23±9.93) and hip circumference (90.36±11.89) was noted more
among high income group as compared to other two income groups. But the result
was noted non significant.
Among tribal elderly subjects, height (156.1±9.32) and weight (50.04±9.61),

waist circumference (75.32±8.69) and hip circumference (83.72±8.85) were noted
more among middle income group as compared to other group. However, except
BMI and waist hip ratio other anthropometric measurements were found
significantly different.
15
On the whole, it can be concluded from the above findings that,
anthropometric measurements were influenced by income level among the elderly
belonging to three residential areas.

occupation and area
Anthropometric measurements of selected elderly as per their occupation and

area is given in Table 9 and fig 8.
Height and weight of selected elderly among three residential areas ranged
from 145.1±6.20 (tribal house wife) to 164.69±7.71 cm (urban farmers group) and
36.8±7.25 (tribal house wife) to 67.5±20.50 (tribal government service elderly).
Further, BMI was noted to be lowest among tribal house wife (17.36±2.39) and
highest among retired government employee from urban area (23.86±2.92).
However, waist and hip circumference was noted lowest (58.1±9.70 and
67.7±11.96) among house wife of tribal area and highest (89.0±11.23 and
93.92±12.07) among elderly retired as government employee from rural area.
Whereas, waist hip ratio was ranged from 0.85±0.05 (retired government employee
from tribal area) to 0.94±0.04 (retired government employee of urban area).
Influence of area and occupation on anthropometric measurements of elderly

was noted that, height of the elderly who were house wife, farmers, retired
government employee and private job holders by occupation was 156.20±5.86,
164.69±7.71, 164.47±7.23 and 159.81±25.42 respectively. While respective values
for weight was 57.07±8.95, 59.22±10.84, 64.16±6.75 and 61.3±11.22. Whereas,
BMI was noted 23.06±4.09, 21.66±3.01, 23.86±2.92 and 22.58±3.37. Except BMI
and waist circumference, all other anthropometric measurements were noted
significantly different among various occupations from urban area.
In rural area, range of height was noted 152.24±23.21 (house wife) to

163.11±7.47 (private job holders), weight ranged from 51.67±9.57 (farmers) to
16
59.85±11.11 (retired government employee) and range of BMI was 20.81±3.33
(farmers) to 22.80±3.37 (government service elderly). Whereas, waist
circumference, hip circumference and waist hip ratio was noted highest among
elderly who were retired government employee (89.0±11.23, 93.92±12.07 and
0.94±0.04). However, except BMI and hip circumference difference between all
other anthropometric measurements among various occupations were significant
statistically.
Height, weight and BMI of tribal elderly ranged from 145.1±6.20 to

153.0±5.65, 36.8±7.25 to 67.5±20.50 and 17.36±2.39 to 20.22±1.85 respectively.
However, all anthropometric measurements recorded highest values among retired
government employee (153.0±5.65, 67.5±20.50, 20.22±1.85, 77.0±00, 90.5±6.36
and 0.85±0.05) and lowest among house wife (145.1±6.20, 36.8±7.25, 17.36±2.39,
58.1±9.70, 67.7±11.96 and 0.85±0.06).
In nutshell, it can be inferred from above findings that, irrespective of area,

except height, other anthropometric measurements were found to be highest among
elderly belonged to retired government employee. However, hip circumference was
recorded more among housewives. The waist hip ratio was almost equal among all
elderly irrespective of occupation and area. It can be concluded from the table that,
area may not be influenced rather occupation influenced significantly on
anthropometric measurements. Highest values of hip circumference among
housewives was found to be more may be because of lack of exercise and presence
of some diseases and life style pattern in old age in urban and rural area. It is crystal
clear from result that, tribal women recorded low values for waist and hip
circumference and waist hip ratio.
17
Table 8. Anthropometric measurements of selected elderly as per different income status and area
(n=600)
Anthropo Urban (Mean ±SD) Rural (Mean ±SD) Tribal (Mean ±SD)
metric Height Weigh BMI( West Hip West Height Weigh BM West Hip We Hei Wei BMI( West Hip West
measurem (cm) t (kg) kg/m circum circum hip (cm) t (kg) I circu circ st ght ght kg/m2 circu circu hip
ents 2) ference ference ratio (kg/ mfere umf hip (cm (kg) ) mfere mfere ratio
m2) nce eren rati ) nce nce
ce o
Rs.<5000/- 156.25±6. 50.25± 17.47 75.00± 82.25± 0.91± 156.5± 51.52± 21.0 81.52± 88.3 0.92 150. 44.7 19.37 68.18± 75.55 0.89±0
(n=4) 55 17.59 ±0.47 5.77 8.95 0.05 7.65 12.13 3±4. 12.08 6±12 ±0.0 13± 7±9. ±2.63 8.70 ±9.30 .04
6 .79 6 7.24 43
Rs.5000 to 159.19±8. 54.75± 21.60 80.82± 85.67± 0.94± 156.18 51.42± 20.6 81.16± 86.8 0.93 156. 50.0 19.92 75.32± 83.72 0.89±0
10000/- 55 9.13 ±3.00 7.01 8.77 0.03 ±15.87 9.00 9±3. 8.26 0±9. ±0.0 1±9. 4±9. ±2.52 8.69 ±8.85 .05
(n=28) 26 67 4 32 61
Rs.>10000 160.13±13 61.02± 23.37 86.12± 92.12± 0.93± 54.81± 21.7 84.23± 90.3 0.92 164. 52.0 19.4± 74.00± 81.00 0.91±0
158.61
/- .97 9.08 ±3.58 7.65 9.03 0.03 10.07 3±3. 9.93 6±11 ±0.0 00± 0±00 00 00 ±00 0
±7.14
(n=168) 15 .89 4 00
F value 0.21 7.7** 8.61* 9.63** 8.09** 1.38 0.815 2.790 2.07 2.442 2.33 0.51 8.37 3.62 0.48 7.49** 8.62* 0.34
* 3 5 2 ** * *
CD NS 10.64 3.99 8.65 10.32 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 16.3 2.54 NS 18.9 20.08 NS
4
**- Significant at 5 %, NS- Non significant
18
Table 9. Anthropometric measurements of selected elderly as per different occupation and area
(n=600)
measurements
Height Weight BMI(kg/ West Hip Wes Height Weight BMI( West Hip West Heig Weigh BMI(k West Hip West
(cm) (kg) m2) circumfe circumfe t hip (cm) (kg) kg/m circumf circu hip ht t (kg) g/m2) circumfere circ hip
rence rence rati 2) erence mfere ratio (cm) nce umf ratio
o nce eren
ce
House wife 156.20± 57.07±8 23.06±4. 85.07±7 92.78±9 0.91 152.24 52.04±9 21.4 82.61± 90.13 0.91 145. 36.8± 17.36± 58.1±9.70 67.7 0.85
(n=88 ) 5.86 .95 09 .77 .49 ±0.0 ±23.21 .76 6±3. 8.98 ±10.7 ±0.0 1±6. 7.25 2.39 ±11. ±0.0
3 56 1 3 20 96 6
Farmer 164.69± 59.22±1 21.66±3. 82.68±8 86.68±9 0.94 157.39 51.67±9 20.8 81.30± 86.75 0.93 151. 45.69 19.54± 69.61±8.5 76.9 0.90
(n= 22) 7.71 0.84 01 .31 .88 ±0.0 ±6.41 .57 1±3. 9.20 ±10.7 ±0.0 23±7 ±9.14 2.59 9 3±9. ±0.0
3 33 8 4 .79 19 4
Government 164.47± 64.16±6 23.86±2. 86.98±7 91.78±7 0.94 59.85±1 22.8 89.0±1 93.92 0.94 153. 67.5± 20.22± 77.0±00 90.5 0.85
service 7.23 .75 92 .04 .95 ±0.0 161.85 1.11 0±3. 1.23 ±12.0 ±0.0 0±5. 20.50 1.85 ±6.3 ±0.0
(n= 50) 3 ±8.54 37 7 4 65 6 5
Private service 159.81± 61.3±11 22.58±3. 84.42±8 88.6±9. 0.94 55.27±8 20.8 83.22± 89.33 0.93 - - - - - -
(n=40) 25.42 .22 37 .53 22 ±0.0 163.11 .27 5±3. 8.08 ±9.76 ±0.0
3 ±7.47 13 5
F value 5.61** 6.67** 2.15 1.75 3.8* 15.5 7.947** 3.54* 1.68 3.022* 2.598 2.82 114. 114.7 2600.7 40.1** 4.66 3828
1** * 78** 8** 1** ** 1.23
**
CD 9.09 6.54 NS NS 6.49 0.02 4.67 7.03 NS 6.73 NS 0.03 12.9 12.96 4.3 14.26 15.3 0.75
6 8
**- Significant at 5 %, NS- Non significant
19
Factors influencing on anthropometric measurements of selected elderly
subjects from different socio economic status
Effects of area and different socio economic factors on anthropometric

measurements is reported in Table no. 2 to 9. Mean height, weight and BMI of
selected elderly were 155.96±12.07cm, 52.67±11.31 kg and 21.22±3.43 respectively
(Table 2). The result given by Revanwar (2002) was in line of the present result.
The highest values for height, weight and BMI was observed in elderly of
urban areas as compared to rural and tribal elderly. The lowest values were observed
in elderly male and female of tribal area. In case of BMI and hip circumference
values were observed more in female. The results are in the line of result of the
study conducted by Sheen (2011) in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. Generally hip
circumference was found to be more among woman due to more fat deposition and
less body exertion. Significant difference was noted for height and weight among
elderly male and female. Elderly male have better anthropometric values than
female. This could be due to the difference between food intakes of the both.
Influence of area and age on anthropometric measurement of elderly subjects

(Table 6) revealed that, the urban elderly of both age group recorded more values
and tribal elderly of both age groups were recorded lower values for all
anthropometric measurements. It is evident from the result that, as age advances, the
weight, BMI, waist circumference and hip circumference decreased. In general,
body mass increases during adulthood and decreases progressively with old age at a
rate of approximately one kilogram per decade (Garcia et al., 2007). The same
values were noted by Mukhopadhyay (2010) while studying the anthropometric
characteristics of adult tribe of Birbhum District, West Bengal. Also the results are
in the line of study conducted by Jose (2011).
Further the anthropometric measurements of elderly subjects as influenced by

area and income revealed that, the measurements increased as the income increased
in all three residential areas. Results observed by Pawar (2014) who conducted
20
study in Parbhani, Maharashtra go hand in hand with the present study. The
difference in anthropometric values were observed in all three income groups (Rs.
<5000/-, Rs. 5000 to 10,000/- and Rs. >10,000) in urban and tribal area. While, near
about same values were observed in rural area. From the findings, it is clear that, the
income was influencing the changes in anthropometric not single handed but in
association with other factors. However, in rural area, no significant difference was
found in anthropometric measurements of elderly subjects with respect to different
income groups.
The influence of area combined with food habits on anthropometric

measurements of elderly subjects (table 7) revealed that, urban elderly subjects were
better in their anthropometric values than rural and tribal elderly subjects. In case of
urban elderly, except BMI, all other values were found more in non-vegetarian
elderly but difference was non significant. While in rural and tribal elderly, no such
difference was observed. This could be due to rare consumption of non-vegetarian
food. Income level also affect on the food consumption of elderly. The influence of
occupation of elderly on anthropometric measurements of urban rural and tribal area
(table 9) revealed that, in case of weight, BMI, waist circumference, hip
circumference of rural and tribal area, values were higher in elderly belonging to
retired from government service. While in general, anthropometric values were
found lower in elderly who were farmers. As compared to rural and tribal elderly,
urban elderly belonged to various occupations were better anthropometric values for
height, weight and BMI. However, hip circumference was recorded more among
housewives. The waist hip ratio was almost equal among all elderly irrespective of
occupation and area. It can be concluded that, different occupations of all studied
three areas influenced significantly on anthropometric measurements. Highest
values of hip circumference among housewives was found to be more may be
because of lack of exercise and presence of some diseases and life style pattern in
old age in urban and rural area. It is crystal clear from result that, tribal women
21
recorded low values for waist and hip circumference and waist hip ratio.
Occupations depends on the education and income also which effects on the
awareness and purchasing power of fruits, vegetables and other things. Which
directly effects on anthropometric values of the elderly subjects.
4.10 Prevalence of under nutrition among selected elderly from different

socio economic conditions
Prevalence of under nutrition in selected elderly based on body mass

index as per socio economic conditions is presented in Table 10. It is observed from
the table that, 56 to 71.21 percent of elderly subjects were found to be normal while
remaining were either underweight or overweight. Maximum percent of normal
elderly were from urban area followed by rural and tribal. Percent of elderly in
underweight category was found more (38%) in tribal area while percent of elderly
in overweight category was more in urban area (26%). The difference was found
highly significant. Considering the age wise distribution of elderly, among the both
age groups, majority were found to be normal followed by underweight and
overweight. Age wise different elderly belonged to 60 to 70 years age group were
found to be normal and overweight (63.33 and 18.22 percent) as compared to higher
age group. However, 40.66 percent elderly belonged to > 70 years were found to be
underweight. Chi square value shows highly significant among two age groups and
categories. When observed gender wise, percent of normal male were more
(67.02%) than women (56.69%). While, percent of female were found more in
underweight category. According to food habits, almost equal percent of elderly of
both the groups (61.6% and 61.77%) were found to be normal. In underweight
category, non-vegetarian elderly were more and in overweight category vegetarian
elderly were found more. When considered the income level of elderly, it was noted
that, high percent of normal elderly were belonging to low income group. On the
contrary, the high income group (Rs. >10000/-) comprised more percent of
underweight elderly subjects. While, percent of overweight was more (25.88%)
22
among low income group (Rs. <5000/-). Occupation of the elderly exhibited the
clear difference in under nutrition category. More percent (71.21%) of elderly who
were retired government employee, were found normal, followed by farmers
(61.67%), housewife (58.45%) and private job holders (56.89%). Whereas, 32.03
percent farmers were in underweight category. However, 25.75 percent government
servant, 24.64 percent housewife were found to be overweight. Except food habits,
highly significant difference was noted in each socio economic categories.
4.11 Prevalence of undernutrition among selected elderly on the basis of

area of living
Prevalence of undernutrition among selected elderly on the basis of area
of living is described in Table 11. On the basis of BMI, selected elderly from urban,
rural and tribal areas were categorized into three groups i.e. underweight, normal
and overweight. Out of total samples, maximum elderly from urban (64.5%), rural
(60.5%) and tribal (59.5%) area were found to be normal. Almost more than 60
percent were categorized as normal irrespective of area of living. More percent of
elderly subjects (38%) from tribal area were found to be underweight when
compared with urban and rural elderly. Whereas, among urban area more
overweight elderly subjects (26%) were recorded.
4.12 Prevalence of undernutrition among selected elderly male and

female
Prevalence of undernutrition among selected male and female is
reported in Table 12. It is evident from the table that, 67.02 percent male were found
to be normal and remaining were either underweight (21.14) and 11.82 were
overweight. Whereas, among female elderly 56.69 percent were categorized as
normal followed by underweight 27.10 percent and overweight 16.19 percent. When
compared between male and female, more percent of male were found to be normal
than female. Contrary, more percent of female were belonging to either underweight
or overweight.
23
Table 10. Prevalence of under nutrition among selected elderly from different socio
economic conditions (n=600)
Socio economic BMI

factors Underweight Normal Overweight
% % %
Area
Urban (200) 19(9.5) 129 (64.5 ) 52 (26)
Rural(200) 51(25.5) 121 (60.5 ) 28 (14)
Tribal(200) 76(38 ) 119 (59.5) 5 (2.5)
Age (years)
60 – 70(450) 85(18.88 ) 285 (63.33) 82 (18.22)
>70(150) 61(40.66 ) 84 (56 ) 3 (2 )
Sex
Male (279) 59(21.14 ) 187 (67.02 ) 33 (11.82 )
Female(321) 87(27.10) 182 (56.69 ) 52 (16.19 )
Food habits
Vegetarian(375) 83(22.13) 231 (61.6 ) 61 (16.26 )
Non vegetarian(225) 63(28) 139 (61.77 ) 23 (10.22)
Income (Rs.)
<5000/-(197) 17(8.62) 129 (65.48 ) 51 (25.88 )
5000 – 10000/-(162) 42(25.92) 94 (58.02 ) 26 (16.04)
>10000/-(241) 87(36.09) 146 (60.58 ) 8 (3.3)
Occupation
House wife(142) 24(16.90) 83 (58.45) 35 (24.6)
Farmers(334) 107(32.03) 206 (61.67) 21 (6.28)
Government 2(3.3) 47 (71.21) 17 (25.75)
service(66)
Private service(58) 13(22.41) 33 (56.89) 12 (20.68)
24
Table 11. Prevalence of under nutrition among selected elderly on the basis of area of
living (n=600)
BMI Urban (%) Rural(%) Tribal(%)

(n = 200) (n = 200) (n = 200)
Underweight 19 (9.5) 51(25.5) 76 (38)
(<18.5)
Normal 129 (64.5) 121 (60.5) 119 (59.5)
(18.5 – 25)
Overweight 52 (26) 28 (14) 5 (2.5)
(>25)
Table 12. Prevalence of under nutrition among selected elderly men and women
(n=600)
BMI Men(%) Women(%)

(n = 279) (n = 321)
Underweight (<18.5) 59 (21.14) 87 (27.10)
Normal (18.5 – 25) 187 (67.02) 182 (56.69)
Overweight (>25) 33 (11.82) 52 (16.19)

4.13 Prevalence of undernutrition among selected elderly of different age

groups
Table 13 revealed the prevalence of undernutrition among selected elderly

of different age groups. Out of total elderly subjects, 63.11 percent elderly were
belonging to 60 to 70 years of age group and 56.66 percent of elderly > 70 years
were found to be normal. Almost same percent of elderly (18% and 18.88%)
belonging to 60 to 70 years were recorded as under underweight and overweight
respectively. Whereas, 40.66 percent elderly above age 70 years were underweight
and negligible (2.66%) elderly were overweight. When compared between two age
groups, more percent of elderly of 60 to 70 years age were found to be normal as
25
compared to elderly above age 70 years. Contrary, more percent of elderly above
age 70 years were found to be underweight.
Table 13. Prevalence of under nutrition among selected elderly of different age groups
(n = 600)
BMI 60 - 70 yrs (%) 60 >70 yrs(%)

(n = 450) (n = 150)
Underweight(<18.5) 85 (18.88) 61 (40.66)
Normal (18.5 – 25) 284 (63.11) 85 (56.66)
Overweight (>25) 81 (18.00) 4 (2.66)

family income
Prevalence of undernutrition among selected elderly on the basis of

family income is presented in Table 14. Among three income groups, majority
percent of elderly were found to be normal, which ranged from 54.31 percent (low
income) to 65.66 percent (high income). More percent of elderly among low income
group (41.62%) were found to be underweight followed by middle income group
(23.45%) and high income group (9.95 %). On the contrary, maximum percent of
elderly from high income group (24.48 %) were noticed overweight followed by
middle income group (11.11 %) and low income group (4.06 %). From the above
findings it is clearly indicated that, family income affected positively on prevalence
of undernutrition.
4. 15 Prevalence of under nutrition among selected elderly on the basis of

food habits
Table 15 revealed the data on prevalence of under nutrition among

selected elderly on the basis of food habits. It is evident from the table that, almost
equal percent of elderly (61.6 and 61.77%) were found to be normal among two
groups. While more percent (28%) of elderly from non vegetarian food habit were
26
found to be underweight. On the contrary, more percent of vegetarian elderly
subjects were overweight than non vegetarian elderly.
Table 14. Prevalence of under nutrition among selected elderly as per family income
(n = 600)
BMI <5000/-(%) 5000 – 10,000/-(%) >10,000/-(%)

(n = 197) (n = 162) (n = 241)
Underweight (<18.5) 82 (41.62) 38 (23.45) 24 (9.95)
Normal (18.5 – 25) 107 (54.31) 106 (65.43) 158 (65.56)
Overweight (>25) 08 (4.06) 18 (11.11) 59 (24.48)
Table 15. Prevalence of under nutrition among selected elderly on the basis of food
habits (n = 600)
BMI Vegetarian (%) Non vegetarian (%)

(n = 375) (n = 225)
Underweight (<18.5) 83 (22.13) 63 (28)
Normal (18.5 – 25) 231 (61.6) 139 (61.77)
Overweight (>25) 61(16.26) 23 (10.22)

occupation
Prevalence of under nutrition among selected elderly on the basis of

occupation is reported in Table 16. Almost 56.89 percent (elderly from private job)
to 71.21 percent (retired government employee) were categorized as normal.
Further, except farmers (6.28%) other elderly were found to be overweight i.e.
20.68 percent (private job holders) to 25.75 percent (retired government employee)
and farmers (32.03%) and private job holders (22.41%) and house wife (16.90%)
were found to be under weight. On the whole, it is observed that, as compared to
27
other occupations, more elderly who were doing farming were undernourished.
Whereas, high percent of elderly who were belonging to retired government
employee group found to be normal.
Influence of socioeconomic factors on prevalence of undernutrition
Perusal of table 10 to 16 revealed that, majority of the urban elderly

were categorized as normal while high percent of tribal elderly were found to be
underweight. When, observed gender wise, more elderly male (67.02%) were found
to be normal. Whereas, more percent of female were either underweight or
overweight. From the result, it is evident that, most of the elderly (63.33%) from age
group of 60-70 years were normal while 40.66 percent elderly from age groups >70
years were in underweight category. The result of the study conducted by sheen N.
(2011) in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala was exactly opposite than present study. In
their study 75 percent elderly from > 60 years group were in overweight category.
This may be due to the change in food habits and overall socioeconomic strata of
elderly. In present study, selected elderly were from urban, rural and tribal area. The
area of residence may affect on the anthropometric measurements.
Considering the monthly income of elderly subjects, the results

shows that almost same percent of normal elderly were found more in Rs.5000 to
10000/- and >10000/- (65%) income group. While 54.31 percent normal elderly
were recorded in < 5000/- income group. Whereas, very less percent of elderly
(9.95%) from high income group and high percent of elderly (41.62%) from low
income group were underweight. Contrary, very low percent of elderly (4.06%)
from low income group and high percent of elderly (24.48%) from high income
group were found to be overweight. Near about same findings were reported by
Pawar C. (2014), where maximum percent of normal elderly were found in low and
high income groups. As income increased the percent of underweight elderly
decreased. Vice versa, as income of family increased percent of overweight elderly
increased. Same percent of elderly from vegetarian and non-vegetarian food habits
28
were normal in present investigation. While no more difference was observed for
underweight and overweight category. The difference was not remarkable because
elderly subjects already have low food intake. Though they were non vegetarian but
frequency was very less. However, majority of tribal (60%) were reported that they
were consuming non vegetarian food, but it was occasionally. Hence the impact of
food habit was not remarkable. Occupation affected more on the anthropometric
measurements among selected elderly subjects in present study. Elderly who were
retired government servant (71.21%) were found to be normal followed by farmers
(61.67%), housewife (58.45%) and private service (56.89%). Whereas, underweight
elderly was found more in farmers group (32.03%). As elderly have less physical
activities their BMI found normal in most of the cases. While farmers have more
work and less nutritious diet, other associated health problems may be ingredients of
underweight of elderly. As the elderly were having money in their hand they can be
spent on the need of themselves like medicine, fruits, dry fruits etc. However, those
who were not having sufficient money may be dependent on children for each and
every need. This may be reason that, retired pensioners were showed good
anthropometric measurements among all.
In nut shell it can be inferred from the findings that, except income and
occupation other factors were not significantly affected on anthropometric
measurements.
Table 16. Prevalence of under nutrition among selected elderly on the basis of
Occupation (n = 600)
BMI House wife Farmer(%) Government Private
(%) (n =334) service(%) service(%)
(n =142) (n =66) (n =58)
Underweight (<18.5) 24 (16.90) 107 (32.03) 2 (3.3) 13 (22.41)
Normal (18.5 – 25) 83(58.45) 206 (61.67) 47 (71.21) 33 (56.89)
Overweight (>25) 35(24.64) 21 (6.28) 17 (25.75) 12 (20.68)
29
4.17 Average food intake of selected elderly from different socio
economic background
Average food intake of selected elderly from various socioeconomic
backgrounds is presented in Table 17. It is evident from the table that, average
intake of cereals, pulses, green leafy vegetables, roots and tubers, other vegetables,
fats and oil, milk and milk products and sugar and jaggery by elderly from urban
area was more i.e. 266.52±72.27gm, 33.23±12.15 gm, 27.42±32.15 gm,
48.05±34.48 gm, 33.82±34.72 gm, 13.92±5.59 gm, 104.37±50.79 gm and
16.66±7.46 gm respectively followed by rural area. While very less consumption of
these food stuffs was found among tribal elderly. However, as compared to urban
(30.78±36.01gm) and tribal (17.69±27.67 gm) elderly, intake of fruits was found
more by elderly of rural area (35.05±39.06gm). Whereas, intake of various food
stuffs by elderly male ranged from 10.31±5.68 gm (fats and oil) to 229.15±77.67 gm
(cereals) and by elderly female ranged from 9.69±5.14 (fats and oil) to
176.62±66.89 gm (cereals). Almost all food stuffs were found to be consumed more
by elderly male than female.
Age wise consumption of various food stuffs noted that, except milk and
milk products all other foods were consumed more in age group of 60 to 70 years
which ranged from 10.92±5.35 gm (fats and oil) to 231.37±77.29 (cereals). While,
intake by elderly of >70 years ranged from 9.69±5.14 (fats and oil) to 176.62±66.89
(cereals). As per food habit, when consumption of foods was studied, it is noticed
that, except pulses and sugar and jaggery, all other food stuffs intake was found to
be consumed more by vegetarian elderly than non vegetarian elderly. The intake of
pulses, fruits and sugar was almost same among two groups. Further it is observed
from the table that, income of the family influences on consumption of different
foods. As income of family increases consumption of foods increases except pulses,
fruits and sugar and jaggery. It was almost same in low and high income group.
When considered income wise, it is observed from the table that, elderly belonging
to high income group had more consumption of cereals, green leafy vegetables,
30
roots and tubers, other vegetables, fats and oil and milk and milk products i.e.
262.31±71.13gm, 27.68±32.58gm, 48.01±35.30gm, 32.18±35.08gm, 13.84±5.92gm
and 103.12±52.04gm respectively.
However, occupation of the elderly also affected on average food intake.

Intake of cereals, pulses, green leafy vegetables, other vegetables, fats and oil, milk
and milk products were consumed more by elderly who were retired government
employee i.e. 281.13±69.43gm, 32.33±15.32gm, 35.66±39.83gm, 36.51±37.80gm,
14.62±5.96gm and 115.15±53.86gm respectively. While intake of roots and tubers
and fruits were found to be consumed more by elderly doing private job. Contrary,
almost all food stuffs were consumed less by elderly doing farming.
4. 18 Average Food intake by the selected elderly subject form urban,

rural and tribal area
The mean food intake by selected elderly form rural, urban and tribal area is
given in Table 18 and presented in fig 9.
Consumption of cereals (266.52 ±72.27 gm.), pulses (33.23±12.15 gm.),

green leafy vegetables (27.42±32.15 gm.), roots and tubers (48.05±34.48 gm.), other
vegetables (33.82±34.72 gm.), fats and oil (13.93±5.59 gm.), milk and milk
products (104.37±50.79 gm.) was found significantly more by elderly of urban area
than elderly of rural and tribal area. When compared rural elderly subjects with
tribal elderly, it was seen that, consumption of cereals (226.61±76.48 gm.), green
leafy vegetables (20.42±29.54 gm.), roots and tubers (44.8±32.62 gm.), other
vegetables (18.71±29.30 gm.), fruits (35.05±39.06 gm.), fats and oil (10.83±5.08
gm.), milk and milk products (63.82±47.52 gm.) was significantly more by rural
elderly subjects than tribal elderly subjects. Whereas, only sugar and jaggery was
consumed more by tribal elderly (17.11±8.09 gm.) than rural (14.62±7.96 gm.) and
urban (16.66±7.48 gm.) elderly subjects. In nutshell it was noted from the table that
consumption of all food stuffs was found to be significantly more among urban
elderly except fruits consumption, which was found to be more among rural and
sugar and jaggery consumed more by tribal elderly.
31
Table 17. Average food intake of selected elderly from different socio economic background (n=600)
Socio economic Food groups ( Mean ±SD)

factors Cereals Pulses Green leafy Roots Other Fruits Fats and Milk and Sugar and
vegetables and vegetables oil products jiggery
tubers
Area
Urban (200) 266.52+72.27 33.23+12.15 27.42+32.15 48.05+34.48 33.82+34.72 30.78+36.01 13.93+5.59 104.37+50.79 16.66+7.46
Rural(200) 226.61+76.48 18.01+10.36 20.42+29.54 44.8+32.62 18.71+29.30 35.05+39.06 10.83+5.08 63.82+47.52 14.62+7.966
Tribal(200) 163.47+44.97 31.66+14.05 3.91+10.36 12.41+19.95 3.93+12.63 17.69+27.67 7.23+2.39 5.985+13.50 17.11+8.09
Sex
Male (279) 229.15+77.67 29.48+14.33 18.45+30.36 36.91+34.61 18.88+30.09 27.86+36.76 10.31+5.68 63.53+61.53 16.75+8.09
Female(321) 210.11+78.18 26.02+13.62 16.25+25.15 33.6+32.98 18.82+29.62 27.90+34.07 10.98+4.98 53.46+53.29 15.60+7.71
Age
60 – 70 years(450) 231.37+77.29 28.54+14.31 17.94+28.38 35.31+33.90 19.20+30.10 28.65+36.14 10.92+5.35 54.05+54.62 16.20+7.89
>70 years(150) 176.62+66.89 24.62+12.89 15.25+25.54 33.25+33.23 17.33+28.30 25.75+33.59 9.69+5.14 68.74+63.73 15.93+8.11
Income
Rs.<5000/-(197) 172.04+55.89 29.09+14.38 5.88+14.96 19.41+28.14 4.91+15.74 21.72+31.51 7.50+2.76 14.72+27.62 16.58+8.12
Rs.5000 – 10000/- 224.81+79.06 21.65+11.54 19.32+28.04 40.70+27.37 19.99+27.06 32.84+34.06 10.68+3.92 54.52+39.92 14.82+7.84
(162)
Rs.>10000/-(241) 262.31+71.13 29.10+14.03 27.68+32.58 48.01+35.30 32.18+35.08 31.64+38.45 13.84+5.92 103.12+52.04 16.25+7.68
Food habits
Vegetarian(375) 230.88+81.50 26.95+14.15 20.50+29.20 38.10+33.38 23.68+32.12 29.21+36.37 11.67+5.68 72.93+60.16 15.21+8.04
Non 198.25+68.29 28.80+13.80 11.67+23.91 29.90+33.86 10.48+23.11 25.48+33.37 8.94+4.11 32.55+41.61 17.71+7.41
vegetarian(225)
Occupation
House wife(142) 233.64± 79.21 27.77± 14.21 19.73± 24.63 43.37± 35.77 28.9± 32.85 28.10± 33.83 12.59± 5.67 83.73± 54.8 15.21± 7.45
Farmers(334) 191.91± 67.22 26.71± 13.93 11.14± 23.75 27.28± 31.55 9.34± 21.61 26.18± 34.99 8.55± 3.75 30.14± 42.04 16.52± 8.04
Government 281.13± 69.43 32.33± 15.32 35.66± 39.83 44.31± 34.55 36.51± 37.80 30.84± 35.17 14.62± 5.96 115.15± 53.86 15.83± 8.52
service(66)
Private service(58) 267.06± 74.8 27.24± 11.8 25.36± 27.38 49.22± 28.54 28.62± 32.58 33.31± 40.65 13.60± 5.76 91.03± 50.29 16.44± 7.41
32
Table 18. Average food intake by the selected elderly subject from urban, rural and tribal area
(n = 600)
Food groups Urban Rural Tribal Z value

(gm) (n=200) (n=200) (n=200) a Vs b b Vs c a Vs c
a b c
Cereals 266.52+72.27 226.61+76.48 163.47+44.97 5.37** 10.07** 17.14**
Pulses 33.23+12.15 18.01+10.36 31.66+14.05 13.58** 11.18** NS
Green leafy 27.42+32.15 20.42+29.54 3.91+10.36 2.27* 7.47** 9.87**

Vegetables
Roots and tubers 48.05+34.48 44.8+32.62 12.41+19.95 NS 11.99** 12.68**
Other vegetables 33.82+34.72 18.71+29.30 3.93+12.63 4.70** 6.56** 11.49**
Fruits 30.78+36.01 35.05+39.06 17.69+27.67 NS 5.13** 4.09

Fats and oil 13.93+5.59 10.83+5.08 7.23+2.39 6.07** 9.72** 16.34**
Milk & milk 104.37+50.79 63.82+47.52 5.985+13.50 8.25** 16.57** 26.52**
products
Sugar and jaggery 16.66+7.46 14.62+7.966 17.11+8.09 2.68* 3.15** NS
**- Significant at 1%, *-Significant at 5 %, NS- Non significant
33
4. 19 Average food intake by selected elderly male and female
The data on average daily intake of different food stuffs per day by the
selected elderly male and female is presented in Table 19 and fig 10.
It is evident from table that, the mean intake of cereals (229.15±77.67 gm.),
pulses (29.48±14.33 gm.), green leafy vegetables (18.45±30.36 gm.), roots and
tubers (36.91±34.61 gm.), milk and milk products (63.53±61.53 gm.) and sugar and
jaggery (16.75±8.09 gm.) was more by elderly male than female. Whereas,
respective values for female was 210.11±78.18, 26.02±13.63, 16.25±25.15,
33.6±32.98, 53.46±53.29 and 15.60±7.71 gm. Mean intake of other vegetables,
fruits, fats and oil was at par in both genders. Statistically significant difference for
intake of cereals, pulses and milk and milk products was observed. Mean intake of
all food stuffs by elderly male and female was comparatively low than
recommended dietary allowances for elderly.
Table 19. Average food intake by the selected elderly male and female
(n = 600)
Food groups Balanced Balanced Male Female Z

(gm) diet for diet for (n =280 ) (n = 320 ) value
men women
Cereals 350 225 229.15+77.67 210.11+78.18 2.98*
Pulses 50 40 29.48+14.33 26.02+13.62 3.03*
Green leafy 50 50 16.25+25.15 NS
Vegetables 18.45+30.36
Roots and tubers 100 100 36.91+34.61 33.6+32.98 NS
Other vegetables 200 150 18.88+30.09 18.82+29.62 NS
Fruits 200 200 27.86+36.76 27.90+34.07 NS
Fats and oil 25 20 10.31+5.68 10.98+4.98 NS
Milk & milk 300 300 2.12*
products 63.53+61.53 53.46+53.29
Sugar & jiggery 20 20 16.75+8.09 15.60+7.71 NS
34
4.20 Average food intake by the selected elderly subjects from different
age groups
Table 20 and fig 11 shows average food intake by selected elderly
subjects from different age groups. Intake of cereals, pulses, green leafy
vegetables, roots and tubers, other vegetables, fruits, fats and oil, milk and milk
products, sugar and jaggery by elderly of 60-70 years age group was
231.37±77.29, 28.54±14.31, 17.94±28.38, 35.31±33.90, 19.20±30.10,
28.65±36.14, 10.92±5.35, 54.05±54.62 and 16.20±7.89 gm. respectively. While
respective values for the selected elderly aged above 70 years where
176.62±66.89, 24.62±12.89, 15.25±25.54, 33.25±33.23, 17.33±28.30,
25.75±33.59, 9.69±5.14, 68.74±63.73 and 15.93±8.11 gm. Significantly more
intake of cereals, pulses and fats and oils by elderly of 60 to 70 years was found as
compared to elderly above 70 years of age. While, only milk and milk products
was consumed significantly more by elderly above age 70 years. It can be
concluded from the table that, statistically significant difference was noted for
cereals, pulses, fats and oil and milk and milk products. However, intake of other
foods were non significant among two groups.
Table 20. Average food intake by the selected elderly subjects from different
age groups (n = 600)
Food groups 60 to 70 yrs >70yrs Z value

(gm) (n= 450) (n= 150)
Cereals 231.37+77.29 176.62+66.89 8.34**
Pulses 24.62+12.89 3.16**
28.54+14.31
Green leafy 15.25+25.54 NS
Vegetables 17.94+28.38
Roots and tubers 33.25+33.23 NS
35.31+33.90
Other vegetables 19.20+30.10 17.33+28.30 NS
Fruits 28.65+36.14 25.75+33.59 NS
Fats and oil 10.92+5.35 9.69+5.14 2.61*
Milk and milk 2.53*
products 54.05+54.62 68.74+63.73
Sugar and jaggery NS
16.20+7.89 15.93+8.11
35
income groups
Table 21 and fig 12 indicates the average intake of food by the

selected elderly subjects from different income groups. Intake of cereals by
selected elderly from Rs. >10,000/- income group was 262.31±71.13. while, it was
224.81±79.06 by elderly having income of Rs. 5000 to 10000/- and 172.04±55.89
by elderly having monthly income Rs. <5000/-. Difference was highly significant
among three income groups. Intake of pulses by the elderly who have monthly
income Rs. <5000/- and elderly having monthly income Rs. >10,000/- was exactly
the same (29.09±14.38 and 29.10±14.03 gm.) While significantly low
consumption of pulses (21.65±11.54 gm.) was observed by the elderly having
monthly income Rs. 5000 to 10,000/-. Average intake of green leafy vegetables
(27.68±32.58 gm.), roots and tubers (48.01±35.30 gm.), other vegetables
(32.18±35.08 gm.), fats and oil (13.84±5.92 gm.) and milk products (103.12±52.04
gm.) were significantly more by the elderly of high income group (ie. Rs.
>10,000/- per month) than that of other two income groups. Whereas, intake of
fruits was observed more by the elderly of middle income group (i. e. Rs 5000/- to
10,000/-) than others two groups. Intake of sugar was found at par level by the
elderly of Rs. <5000/- income and elderly of Rs. >10,000/- income. Except Sugar,
all other food groups consumptions was observed significantly low by the elderly
having monthly income Rs. <5000/- as compared to other two income groups.
4. 22 Average food intake by the selected elderly subjects from different

food habits
Table 22 and fig 13 illustrate the average food intake by selected

vegetarian and non-vegetarian elderly subjects. Selected vegetarian elderly
subjects were consuming significantly more cereals (230.88±81.50 gm.) than non-
vegetarian elderly subjects (198.25±68.29 gm.). Vegetarian elderly were
36
consuming 20.50±29.20 gm. green leafy vegetables, 38.10±33.38 gm. roots and
tubers, 23.68±32.12 gm. other vegetables, 29.21±36.37 gm. fruits, 11.67±5.68 gm.
fats and oil and 72.93±60.16 gm. milk and milk products which was significantly
more than that of non-vegetarian elderly subjects. Whereas, pulses (28.80±13.80
gm.) and sugar and jaggery (17.71±7.41 gm.) was found to be consumed more by
non-vegetarian elderly subjects than vegetarian (26.95±14.15 and 15.21±8.04 gm.
respectively). Overall it can be stated that, except pulses and fruits statistically
significant difference was noted among consumption of different food stuffs.
occupation
Consumption pattern of food groups by selected elderly subjects from

different occupations is shown in Table 23 and fig 14. Selected elderly who were
retired government employee were consuming 281.13±69.43 gm. cereals,
32.33±15.32 gm. pulses, 35.66±39.83 gm. green leafy vegetables, 36.51±37.80
gm. other vegetables, 14.62±5.96 gm. fats and oil, 115.15±53.86 gm. milk and
milk products which was significantly high than the intake by housewife, farmers,
and elderly who were doing private service. Whereas, intake of roots and tubers
(49.22±28.54 gm.) and fruits (33.31±40.65) was more by elderly who were doing
private service. In case of intake of sugar and jiggery, there was no remarkable
different in all four groups. It was also noted that, intake of all food groups by
elderly farmers was comparatively low than other elderly subjects. In nutshell, it
can be concluded from table that statistically non significant difference was noted
among two groups i.e. house wife and private service elderly and government
service and private service elderly for consumption of all type of food stuffs.
37
Table 21. Average food intake by selected elderly subjects from different income groups
(n = 600)
Food groups (gm) <5000/- 5000 to 10,000/- >10,000/- Z value

(n= 197) (n= 162) (n = 241) a Vs b a Vs c b Vs c
a B c
Cereals 172.04+55.89 224.81+79.06 262.31+71.13 7.16** 14.89** 4.86**
Pulses 29.09+14.38 21.65+11.54 29.10+14.03 5.47** NS 5.86**
Green leafy Vegetables 5.88+14.96 19.32+28.04 27.68+32.58 5.50** 9.27** 2.75*
Roots and tubers 19.41+28.14 40.70+27.37 48.01+35.30 7.26** 9.47** 2.34*
Other vegetables 4.91+15.74 19.99+27.06 32.18+35.08 6.28** 10.86** 3.93**
Fruits 21.72+31.51 32.84+34.06 31.64+38.45 3.18** 2.97** NS
Fats and oil 7.50+2.76 10.68+3.92 13.84+5.92 9.35** 15.46** 6.72**
Milk and milk products 14.72+27.62 54.52+39.92 103.12+52.04 10.75** 22.78** 10.61**
Sugar and jiggery 16.58+8.12 14.82+7.84 16.25+7.68 2.12* NS NS

38
Table 22. Average food intake by the selected elderly subjects from different
food habits (n = 600)
Food groups (gm) Vegetarian Non Z value

vegetarian
(n=375) (n= 225)
Cereals 230.88+81.50 198.25+68.29 5.27**
Pulses 26.95+14.15 28.80+13.80 NS
Green leafy Vegetables 20.50+29.20 11.67+23.91 4.03**
Roots and tubers 38.10+33.38 29.90+33.86 2.89**
Other vegetables 23.68+32.12 10.48+23.11 5.84**
Fruits 29.21+36.37 25.48+33.37 NS
Fats and oil 11.67+5.68 8.94+4.11 7.18**
Milk and milk products 72.93+60.16 32.55+41.61 9.70**
Sugar and jiggery 15.21+8.04 17.71+7.41 3.9**
**- Significant at 1%, NS- Non significant
39
Table 23. Average food intake by the selected elderly subjects from different occupation
(n = 600)
Food groups (gm) Housewife Farmer Government Private Z value

service service
(n=142) (n=334) (n=66) (n= 58) a vs b a vs c a vs d b vs c b vs d c vs d
a b C d
Cereals 233.64± 79.21 191.91± 67.22 281.13± 69.43 267.06± 74.8 5.49** 4.38** 2.82** 9.59** 7.17** NS
Pulses 27.77± 14.21 26.71± 13.93 32.33± 15.32 27.24± 11.8 NS 2.05* NS 2.76** NS 2.09*
Green leafy Vegetables 19.73± 24.63 11.14± 23.75 35.66± 39.83 25.36± 27.38 3.53** 3.00** NS 4.83** 3.72** NS
Roots and tubers 43.37± 35.77 27.28± 31.55 44.31± 34.55 49.22± 28.54 4.65** NS NS 3.71** 5.32** NS
Other vegetables 28.9± 32.85 9.34± 21.61 36.51± 37.80 28.62± 32.58 6.54** NS NS 5.67** 4.35** NS
Fruits 28.10± 33.83 26.18± 34.99 30.84± 35.17 33.31± 40.65 NS NS NS NS NS NS
Fats and oil 12.59± 5.67 8.55± 3.75 14.62± 5.96 13.60± 5.76 8.08** 2.36* NS 8.09** 6.47** NS
Milk and milk products 83.73± 54.8 30.14± 42.04 115.15± 53.86 91.03± 50.29 10.42** 3.89* NS 12.12** 8.71** 2.57**
Sugar and jiggery 15.21± 7.45 16.52± 8.04 15.83± 8.52 16.44± 7.41 NS NS NS NS NS NS
40
4.24 Percent adequacy of food intake by selected elderly from different
socio economic status
Percent adequacy of food intake by the selected elderly from different socio
economic status is presented in Table 24.
It is evident from the table that, calculated percent adequacy of cereals,

pulses, green leafy vegetables, roots and tubers, other vegetables, fruits, fats and oil,
milk and milk products and sugar and jagerry was 97.88, 74.84, 54.85, 48.05, 20.08,
15.39, 62.96, 34.79 and 83.3 percent respectively. Except fruits and sugar and
jagerry, percent adequacy of all other food groups was found more among urban
elderly. While lower percent adequacy was noted among tribal elderly as compared
to other two areas i.e. urban and rural. Whereas, percent adequacy of various food
stuffs by elderly male ranged from 12.46 (other vegetables) to 93.21 (cereals) and
by elderly female ranged from 9.51 (other vegetable) to 78.04 (sugar and jagerry).
Age wise percent adequacy of various food stuffs noted that, percent adequacy of all
food stuffs was more among elderly of 60 to 70 years with range of 11.47 (other
vegetable) to 86.39 (cereals). While the range was 9.87 (other vegetable) to 78.94
(sugar and jagerry) among elderly of > 70 years. As per food habits, when percent
adequacy was studied, it was observed that, except pulses and sugar and jagerry all
other food stuffs was found to be consumed more by vegetarian elderly than non
vegetarian elderly. Further it is observed from the table that, income of the family
influences on the percent adequacy of various food intake. Except pulses and sugar
and jagerry, percent adequacy of all other food stuffs was noted more among elderly
of high income group. Percent adequacy of cereals (95.34 %), green leafy
vegetables (54.07 %), roots and tubers (18.33 %), other vegetables (47.09 %), fats
and oil (69.2 %), milk and milk products (61.77 %) was found more among elderly
of high income group. While percent adequacy of pulses (68.34 %) and sugar and
41
jagerry (82.28 %) was more among elderly of low income group. Only percent
adequacy of fruits (16.73 %) was found more among elderly of middle income
group. However, occupation of elderly also affected on percent adequacy of food
intake. Intake of cereals, green leafy vegetables, milk and milk products were found
to be more by elderly who were retired government employee. While, percent
adequacy of roots and tubers and fruits were reported maximum by elderly doing
private job. Contrary, except sugar and jagerry, percent adequacy for all other food
stuffs was found to be less by elderly doing farmers.
4.25 Percent adequacy of food intake by the selected elderly subjects from
urban, rural and tribal areas
The percent adequacy of food intake in rural, urban and tribal elderly is
depicted in Table 25 and fig 15. In all the three groups the adequacy was found
maximum for cereals (60.06 to 97.88%) and minimum for other vegetables (2.31 to
20.08%). As compared to urban and tribal, among rural elderly higher adequacy was
noted for fruits. Vice versa, lower adequacy was recorded for pulses and sugar and
jagerry (40.99 and 73.12%). Whereas, among three areas, tribal recorded highest
percent adequacy for sugar and jagerry and percent adequacy for other foods was
found to be lowest when compared with urban and rural area. On the contrary, urban
elderly recorded highest percent adequacy for cereals (97.88%), pulses (74.84%),
green leafy vegetables (54.85%), roots and tubers (48.05%), other vegetables
(20.08%), fats and oil (62.96%) and milk (34.79%) when compared with other two
groups like rural and tribal elderly.
42
Table 24. Percent adequacy of food intake by the selected elderly from different socio economic status
Socio Food groups

economic Cereals Pulses Green Roots and Other Milk and milk Sugar and
Fruits Fats
factors leafy tubers vegetables products jaggery
&oil
Vegetables
Area
Urban (200) 97.88 74.84 54.85 48.05 20.08 15.39 62.96 34.79 83.3
Rural(200) 83.16 40.99 40.84 44.8 10.85 17.52 49.34 21.27 73.12
Tribal(200) 60.06 70.91 7.83 12.41 2.31 8.84 33.30 1.99 85.57
Age
60 – 70 yrs(450) 86.39 65.03 35.54 35.47 11.47 14.31 50.18 18.03 81.22
>70 yrs(150) 61.79 53.65 31.29 33.89 9.87 12.69 43.45 23.42 78.94
Sex
Male (279) 93.21 65.11 37.09 36.74 12.46 13.99 54.89 21.08 83.64
Female(321) 65.78 58.99 32.22 33.63 9.51 13.83 41.32 17.82 78.04
Food habits
Vegetarian(375) 86.54 61.50 40.91 14.04 38.04 14.59 24.24 53.57 76.0
Non vegetarian 69.71 63.56 23.34 5.95 29.90 12.74 10.85 39.84 88.55
(225)
Income
Rs.<5000/-(197) 61.42 68.34 10.19 2.37 15.19 9.26 32.97 33.37 82.29
Rs.5000 – 77.49 47.90 30.04 8.96 40.09 16.73 50.16 43.51 77.71
10000/-(162)
Rs.>10000/- 95.34 64.48 54.07 18.33 47.09 15.97 69.2 61.77 80.85
(241)
Occupation
House wife(142) 102.68 68.92 39.47 43.37 19.15 14.05 62.66 27.91 76.09
Farmers(334) 68.40 59.29 22.29 27.28 5.26 13.09 38.46 10.04 82.63
Government 89.09 67.62 71.33 44.31 19.43 15.42 61.65 38.38 79.16
service(66)
Private 84.74 56.83 50.72 49.22 15.35 16.65 57.01 30.34 82.24
service(58)
43
4.26 Percent adequacy of food intake by the selected elderly male and
female
Table 26 and fig 16 revealed the percent adequacy of food intake by the
selected elderly male and female. Gender wise data interpreted that, the percent
adequacy of all food stuffs was found higher in elderly male than female. However,
when seen critically, it was observed that more than 80 percent adequacy was noted
for cereals (93.21%) and sugar and jagerry (83.64%) followed by pulses (65.11%)
and fats and oil (54.89%) among male elderly. Whereas, < 10 to 20 percent
adequacy was noted for other vegetables and milk and milk products among female
elderly.
4.27 Percent adequacy of food intake by selected elderly subjects from

different age groups
The percent adequacy of food intake as per age of elderly is presented in

Table 27 and fig 17. It is observed from the table that, percent adequacy was found
more in elderly belonging to age group 60 to 70 years than age group of >70 years.
The percent adequacy for all foods ranged from 11.47 to 86.39 percent in age group
of 60 to 70 years. While, the range of adequacy for all foods in age group of > 70
years was noted from 9.87 to 78.94 percent. When seen keenly, it is inferred from
the table that marginal difference was noted among two groups for percent adequacy
of green leafy vegetables, roots and tubers, other vegetables and fruits. However,
around 80 percent adequacy was noted for cereals (60 to 70 years age) and sugar
and jagerry for both age groups followed by 54 to 65 percent adequacy was noted
for pulses.
44
Table 25. Percent adequacy of food intake by the selected elderly subjects from
urban, rural and tribal area (n = 600)
Food groups (gm) Urban Rural Tribal

(n=200) (n=200) (n=200)
Cereals 97.88 83.16 60.06
Pulses 74.84 40.99 70.91
Green leafy Vegetables 54.85 40.84 7.83
Roots and tubers 48.05 44.8 12.41
Other vegetables 20.08 10.85 2.31
Fruits 15.39 17.52 8.84
Fats and oil 62.96 49.34 33.30
Milk and milk products 34.79 21.27 1.99
Sugar and jiggery 83.3 73.12 85.57
Table 26. Percent adequacy of food intake by the selected elderly male and female
(n = 600)
Male Female
Food groups (gm)
(n= 280) (n= 320)
Cereals 93.21 65.78
Pulses 65.11 58.99
Green leafy Vegetables 37.09 32.22
Roots and tubers 36.74 33.63
Other vegetables 12.46 9.51
Fruits 13.99 13.83
Fats and oil 54.89 41.32
Milk and milk products 21.08 17.82
Sugar and jaggery 83.64 78.04
45
different income groups
Table 28 and fig 18 explains the percent adequacy of food intake by the
selected elderly subjects categorized into different income groups. Irrespective of
income, highest adequacy was noted for sugar and jaggery and least adequacy was
noted for roots and tubers. Except pulses and sugar and jaggery consumption the
percent adequacy was increased as income level increased. The percent
consumption of cereals (95.34%), fats and oil (69.2%), milk and milk product
(61.77%), green leafy vegetables (54.07%), other vegetables (47.09%) and roots and
tubers (18.33%) was higher in income group of Rs. >10,000/-. While, adequacy of
sugar and jaggery (82.29%) and pulses (68.34%) was more in income group of Rs.
<5000/- . Only adequacy of fruits (16.73%) was found more in income group of Rs.
5000/- to 10000/- but difference was negligible. More than 60 percent adequacy was
noted for pulses consumption among low and high income group. Whereas, more
than 75 to 82 percent adequacy was noted for sugar and jaggary. Except low income
group, percent adequacy for cereals was 95.34 percent among high income group
and 77.49 percent for middle income group.
4.29 Percent adequacy of food intake by the selected elderly from

different food habits
The percent adequacy of food intake as influenced by food habits is depicted

in Table 29. The percent adequacy ranged from 14.04 percent (roots and tubers) to
86.54 percent (cereals) for vegetarian and 5.95 percent (roots and tubers) to 88.55
percent (sugar and jaggery) for non-vegetarian elderly subjects. In vegetarian,
highest adequacy was recorded for cereals while in non-vegetarians it was recorded
for sugar and jaggery. Whereas, least adequacy was recorded for consumption of
roots and tubers in both groups. Whereas, 60 to 87 percent adequacy was noted for
cereals and pulses among vegetarian and non vegetarian elderly. However, highest
percent adequacy was noted for sugar and jaggery in both groups.
46
Table 27. Percent adequacy of food intake by selected elderly subjects from
different age groups (n = 600)
Food groups (gm) 60 to 70 yrs >70 yrs

(n= 450) (n= 150)
Cereals 86.39 61.79
Pulses 65.03 53.65
Fruits 14.31 12.69
Sugar and jiggery 81.22 78.94
Table 28. Percent adequacy of food intake by the selected elderly subjects
from different income groups (n = 600)
Food groups (gm) <5000/- 5000 to 10,000/- >10,000/-

(n= 197) (n= 162) (n= 241)
Cereals 61.42 77.49 95.34

Pulses 68.34 47.90 64.48
Green leafy Vegetables 10.19 30.04 54.07
Roots and tubers 2.37 8.96 18.33
Other vegetables 15.19 40.09 47.09
Fruits 9.26 16.73 15.97
Fats and oil 32.97 50.16 69.2
Milk and milk products 33.37 43.51 61.77
Sugar and jaggery 82.29 77.71 80.85
47
Table 29. Percent adequacy of food intake by the selected elderly from different food
habits (n=600)
Food groups (gm) Vegetarian Non vegetarian

(n= 375) (n= 225)
Cereals 86.54 69.71
Pulses 61.50 63.56
Fruits 14.59 12.74
Sugar and jaggery 76.0 88.55
Table 30. Percent adequacy of food intake by the selected elderly subjects from
different Occupation (n = 600)
Food groups (gm) Housewife Farmer Government Private

service service
(n= 142) (n= 334) (n= 66) (n= 58)
Cereals 102.68 68.40 89.09 84.74
Pulses 68.92 59.29 67.62 56.83
Green leafy Vegetables 39.47 22.29 71.33 50.72
Roots and tubers 43.37 27.28 44.31 49.22
Other vegetables 19.15 5.26 19.43 15.35
Fruits 14.05 13.09 15.42 16.65
Fats and oil 62.66 38.46 61.65 57.01
Milk and milk products 27.91 10.04 38.38 30.34
Sugar and jiggery 76.09 82.63 79.16 82.24
48
different occupation
Table 30 illustrate the information regarding percent adequacy of food intake

by the selected elderly subjects from different occupation. Percent adequacy for
different food stuffs ranged from 14.05 (fruits) to 102.68 (cereals), 5.26 (other
vegetables) to 82.63 (sugar and jaggery), 15.42 (fruits) to 89.09 (cereals) and 15.35
(other vegetables) to 84.74 (cereals) percent in house wife, farmers, government
service and private service elderly subjects respectively. It was found that, highest
adequacy was noted in case of cereals consumption (102.68%) by house wife.
While, lowest adequacy was noted for other vegetables consumption by farmers
(5.26%). Except sugar and jaggery, all other food group adequacy was noted lowest
in farmer group as compared to other groups. Irrespective of occupation, percent
adequacy was noted maximum for cereals, sugar and jaggery and pulses. Whereas,
in case of fruits consumption, negligible difference was noted when compared
occupation wise.
Factors influencing on food consumption pattern of elderly subjects
Irrespective of socio economic status, the consumption of cereals was

maximum followed by milk and milk products, roots and tubers and pulses (Table
17). Consumption of staple foods like jawar, wheat, rice and their products was
commonly observed. The adequacy of consumption of other vegetables and fruits
was found to be lowest with range of 2.31 to 47.09 and 8.84 to 17.52 percent
respectively. As the vegetables and fruits which are major source of minor nutrients
are shown lowest consumed by elderly in the study. Elderly subjects in present
study reported low family income, various occupation and educational status and the
study was conducted in rural, urban and tribal areas which directly affects the
availability of food stuffs, awareness, importance of nutritious diet and purchasing
power of the elderly. The low intake of fruits and vegetables by elderly in Kerala is
well documented by Jose S. (2011) and Arlappa et.al. (2016 NNMB report). The
49
consumption of fruits was found to be lowest in tribal area (8.84%) and low income
i.e. Rs. <5000/- group (9.26%). Further in the study, reported that the consumption
of all food group was lowest by elderly female. Similarly elderly of aged >70 years
also reported lowest consumption of foods as compared to elderly of aged 60 to 70
years. Similar findings was reported in other parts of India (Sheen N. 2011 and
Sreedevi A. 2009). It shows similar trend in all over India. As age increased
physical activities decreased and various health problems occurs which directly
affects on food consumption. Generally the food consumption pattern and
requirements trend in India is low for female, the same results are found In present
study.
Consumption of pulses, fruits, sugar and jaggery was almost same in high
and low income group with marginal difference in middle income group. It may be
because majority of elderly belonging to all income groups were having minimum
half to one acer farm and growing of pulses and cereals is common practice in
Marathwada region. So, they are available throughout the year without spending
money over it. The pulses like red gram dal, green gram dal and Bengal gram dal
were the essential part of any diet in the form of dal, varan, amti and sambar. Such
preparations are very common irrespective of area of living in all elderly families.
Hence, pulses consumption was found to be equal. However, in case of fruits, they
were available in weekly bazaar day and throughout the year also. Whereas,
consumption of sugar and jaggery also noticed same in all groups might be because
of common habit to having a tea and milk two to three times in a day. It is not only
about the income group but all socio economic factors i.e. area, sex, income, age,
food habit and occupation.
Percent adequacy of various foods was ranged from 14.04 to 86.54 in

vegetarian and 5.95 to 88.55 in non-vegetarian. Non-vegetarian elderly consumed
non-vegetarian foods rarely and followed vegetarian diet. Hence the contradictory
result may be noticed.
50
Highest percent adequacy was noted for elderly belonging to retired
government servant category and lowest by farmers. This could be due to the
difference in educational background, economic status, knowledge about nutritional
need and availability of various foods also.
Considering the reduced physical activity of elderly subjects only 10 to 11

percent of energy is expected to reduce in their diet. Accordingly balanced diet for
elderly are workout based on Recommended Dietary Allowances for Indian Adults.
Where the requirement of cereals recommended maximum in diet of elderly male
(350gm) and female (225gm) in daily diet (Pasricha and Thimmayamma, 1992)
followed by requirement of milk and milk products (300gm, 300gm), fruits
(200gm,200gm) and vegetables (200gm and 150gm) to fulfill other nutritional
requirements. In present study, though the food habits are changed slightly with
change in socio economic factors, the cereals are major food consumed by elderly.
Pawar C. (2014) also expressed similarly.
4.31 Average nutrient intake of selected elderly from different

socioeconomic status
Average nutrient intake of selected elderly from different socio economic

categories is described in Table 31. It is evident from the table that, average intake
of protein, carbohydrate, fat, energy, iron, calcium, phosphorus and vitamin c was
more by elderly residing in urban area (i.e. 42.21±9.74 gm, 252.94±57.15 gm,
28.51±7.94 gm, 1455.26±314.80 kcal, 15.20±6.30 mg, 440.88±152.65 mg,
964.22±265.40 mg, and 37.65±27.96 mg respectively.) followed by rural
(31.54±10.49 gm, 207.82±59.85 gm, 20.40±8.34 gm, 1151.72±341.46 kcal,
12.21±6.42 mg, 309.55±136.63 mg, 735.23±278.73 mg, and 25.96±21.93 mg
respectively). While average intake of all nutrients was found to be very low by
elderly residing in tribal area. When compared among male and female elderly,
average intake of all nutrients was found to be more by elderly male than female,
which ranged from 12.35±6.12 mg (iron) to 1197.12±378.79 kcal (energy) in male
51
Table 31. Average nutrient intake of selected elderly from different socio economic status (n=600)
Socio economic Nutrients ( Mean ±SD)
factors Protein(gm) CHO (gm) Fat (gm) Energy(kcal) Iron(mg) Calcium(mg) Phosphorus(mg) Vitamin C (mg)
Area
Urban (200) 42.21 ± 9.74 252.94 ± 57.15 28.51 ± 7.94 1455.26 ± 314.80 15.20 ± 6.30 440.88 ± 152.65 964.22 ± 265.40 37.65 ± 27.96
Rural(200) 31.54 ± 10.49 207.82 ± 59.85 20.40 ± 8.34 1151.72 ± 341.46 12.21 ± 6.42 309.55 ± 136.63 735.23 ± 278.73 25.96 ± 21.93
Tribal(200) 25.40 ± 6.86 159.97 ± 38.32 11.50 ± 3.26 845.96 ± 198.74 8.31 ± 2.72 120.08 ± 49.03 519.69 ± 167.38 8.04 ± 6.07
Age
60 – 70 yrs(450) 34.70 ± 11.13 217.50 ± 63.44 20.49 ± 9.80 1202.25 ± 376.78 12.79 ± 6.19 289.94 ± 176.75 778.00 ± 299.77 24.10 ± 23.72
>70 yrs(150) 28.02 ± 11.16 174.58 ± 58.34 19.06 ± 9.76 994.34 ± 360.72 9.24 ± 5.03 289.42 ± 186.73 623.45 ± 282.24 23.18 ± 25.30
Sex
Male (279) 34.69 ± 11.23 216.19 ± 63.42 20.29 ± 10.15 1197.12 ± 378.79 12.35 ± 6.12 308.09 ± 187.14 778.45 ± 301.64 25.25 ± 27.31
Female(321) 31.62 ± 11.54 198.83 ± 65.10 20.01 ± 9.48 1110.88 ± 382.87 11.52 ± 6.08 274.6 ± 170.76 706.04 ± 299.69 22.70 ± 20.86
Food habits
Vegetarian(375) 35.11 ± 11.97 217.46 ± 67.43 22.70 ± 10.18 1227.23 ± 397.35 12.82 ± 6.49 336.10 ± 182.61 794.38 ± 312.28 28.47 ± 26.13
Non vegetarian 29.74 ± 9.95 189.63 ± 56.39 16.01 ± 7.66 1026.97 ± 324.08 10.43 ± 5.10 215.55 ± 145.91 651.73 ± 265.19 16.59 ± 18.50
(225)
Income
Rs.<5000/-(197) 25.18 ± 7.00 159.22 ± 39.69 11.68 ± 3.83 844.32 ± 210.55 8.25 ± 2.85 128.41 ± 66.12 520.59 ± 177.97 9.06 ± 8.81
Rs.5000 – 10000/- 30.97 ± 9.86 204.20 ± 60.20 18.69 ± 6.25 1117.79 ± 322.78 12.00 ± 6.17 271.65 ± 123.33 705.85 ± 259.12 20.70 ± 16.91
(162)
Rs.>10000/-(241) 40.87 ± 10.44 247.70 ± 56.89 28.02 ± 8.87 1423.96 ± 327.76 14.83 ± 6.44 434.85 ± 153.75 941.59 ± 276.39 38.14 ± 28.32
Occupation
House wife(142) 36.04± 12.10 221.95± 66.51 24.83± 9.97 1269.27± 391.37 13.27± 6.62 357.25± 163.79 819.75± 306.77 29.72± 23.46
Farmers(334) 28.20± 8.78 182.67± 54.96 15.05± 6.52 984.19± 302.94 9.92± 4.71 202.39± 135.84 611.06± 232.53 15.13± 15.77
Government 45.09± 8.88 261.71± 49.71 30.02± 8.09 1517.37± 281.67 16.72± 6.80 498.79± 162.66 1050.61± 44.90± 33.18
service(66) 257.49
Private service(58) 39.95± 10.44 247.26± 60.46 26.73± 8.69 1404.92± 343.28 14.57± 6.29 394.05± 124.00 930.87± 274.61 36.06± 28.86
52
and 11.52±6.08 mg (iron) to 1110.88±382.87 kcal (energy) in female respectively.
Further when seen age wise consumption of various nutrients, except calcium, all
other nutrients was consumed more by elderly aged between 60 to 70 years. The
average intake of protein, carbohydrates, fat and energy were 34.70±11.13 gm,
217.50±63.44 gm, 20.49±9.80 gm and 1202.25±376.78 kcal respectively and intake
of iron, calcium, phosphorus and vitamin c were 12.79±6.19 mg, 289.94±176.75
mg, 778.00±299.77 mg and 24.10±23.72 mg respectively by elderly of 60 to 70
years of age. Almost equal intake of calcium (289.94±176.75 mg and
289.42±186.73 mg) was noted in both age groups. However when compared as per
food habit, it was observed that, all nutrients intake was found to be more by
vegetarian elderly than non vegetarian elderly. ssFurther it was observed that,
income of the family influences on consumption of nutrients. As income of family
increases intake of nutrients also increases. When observed critically, elderly
belonging to high income group had more intake of all nutrients i.e. protein
(40.87±10.44 gm), carbohydrate (247.70±56.89 gm), fat (28.02±8.87 gm), energy
(1423.96±327.76 kcal), iron (14.83±6.44 mg), calcium (434.85±153.75 mg),
phosphorus (941.59±276.39 mg), and vitamin c (38.14±28.32 mg) followed by
middle income group (30.97±9.86 gm, 204.20±60.20 gm, 18.69±6.25 gm,
1117.79±322.78 kcal, 12.00±6.17 mg, 271.65±123.33 mg, 705.85±259.12 mg, and
20.70±16.91 mg respectively). While very low intake of all nutrients was noted
among elderly of low income group. However, occupation of the elderly also
affected on average nutrients intake. Average consumption of all nutrients by
elderly retired as government servant was found more as compared to other
criterion. Whereas, intake of all nutrients was noted very low by elderly who were
belonging to farming community.
53
4.32 Average nutrient intake of the selected elderly Subjects from urban,
rural and tribal area
Table 32 illustrates the average daily nutrient intake of selected elderly

subjects from different residential areas.
It is evident from the table that, average intake of nutrients of selected

elderly subjects residing in urban area were protein (42.21±9.74 gm.), carbohydrate
(252.94±57.15 gm.), fat (28.51±7.94 gm.), energy (1455.26±314.80 kcal), iron
(15.20±6.30 mg.), calcium (440.88±152.65 mg.), phosphorus (946.22±265.40 mg.),
and Vitamin C (37.65±27.96 mg.) which was significantly more than the intake
among rural and tribal elderly. Lowest intake of all nutrients was noted by tribal
elderly. On the whole, statistically significant difference was noted among elderly
from urban Vs rural, urban Vs tribal and rural Vs tribal.
4. 33 Average nutrient intake of the selected elderly male and female
Average nutrient intake by selected elderly male and female is given in Table
33.
When compared with RDA, mean nutrient intake of all nutrients was found
to be very low. It is further observed from the table that, daily nutrient intake of
selected elderly male was protein (34.69±11.23 gm), carbohydrate (216.19±63.42
gm.), fat (20.29±10.15 gm.), energy (1197.12±378.79 kcal), iron (12.35±6.12 mg.),
calcium (308.09±187.14 mg), phosphorus (778.45±301.64 mg.), and vitamin C
(25.25±27.31 mg). While respective values for elderly female were 31.62±11.54
gm., 198.83±65.10 gm., 20.01±9.48 gm., 1110.88±382.87 kcal., 11.52±6.08 mg.,
274.6±170.76 mg., 706.04±299.69 mg., and 22.70±20.86 mg. When compared
among men and women, statistically significant difference was noted for almost all
nutrients except iron, fat and vitamin c.
54
Table 32. Average nutrient intake of the selected elderly subjects from urban, rural and tribal area
(n=600)
Nutrient Urban Rural Tribal Z values

(Mean ±SD) (Mean ±SD) (Mean ±SD)
(n=200) (n=200) (n=200) a Vs b b Vs c a Vs c
a b c
Protein (gm) 42.21 ± 9.74 31.54 ± 10.49 25.40 ± 6.86 10.67** 6.97** 20.25**
Carbohydrate 252.94 ± 57.15 207.82 ± 59.85 159.97 ± 38.32 7.71** 9.53** 19.12**
(gm)
Fat (gm) 28.51 ± 7.94 20.40 ± 8.34 11.50 ± 3.26 10.13** 14.35** 28.35**
Energy (Kcal) 1455.26 ± 314.80 1151.72 ± 341.46 845.96 ± 198.74 9.24** 10.94** 23.14**
Iron (mg) 15.20 ± 6.30 12.21 ± 6.42 8.31 ± 2.72 4.82** 8.29** 14.97**
Calcium (mg) 440.88 ± 152.65 309.55 ± 136.63 120.08 ± 49.03 9.06** 18.46** 28.31**
Phosphorus (mg) 964.22 ± 265.40 735.23 ± 278.73 519.69 ± 167.38 8.41** 9.37** 20.04**
Vitamin C (mg) 37.65 ± 27.96 25.96 ± 21.93 8.04 ± 6.07 4.67** 11.2** 14.73**
**- Significant at 1%
55
4.34 Average nutrient intake of the selected elderly subject from
different age groups
Nutrient intake by selected elderly from different age groups is

reported in Table 34.
The average nutrient intake of elderly of 60 to 70 years and > 70 years was
34.70±11.13 and 28.02±11.16 gm. protein, 217.50±63.44 and 174.58±58.34 gm
carbohydrate, 20.49±9.80 and 19.06±9.76 gm fat, 1202.25 ±376.78 and
994.34±360.72 k.cal energy, 12.79 ± 6.19 and 9.24±5.03 mg. iron, 289.94±176.75
and 289.42±186.73 mg calcium, 778.00±299.77 and 623.45±282.24 mg.
phosphorus, 24.10±23.72 and 23.18±25.30 mg vitamin c respectively. When
compared among two groups, it was noted that intake was more among 60 to 70
years elderly. Statistically significant difference was noted except for fat, calcium
and vitamin c.
4.35 Average nutrient intake of the selected elderly subjects from

different income groups
Average nutrient intake of the selected elderly subjects having different income
status is shown in Table 35
It is observed from the table that, intake of different nutrients by elderly from
high income group (>10.000/-Rs.) were 40.87±10.44 gm protein, 247.70±56.89 gm
carbohydrate, 28.02±8.87 gm fat and 1423.96 ± 327.76 Kcal energy. Whereas,
intake of iron, calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin C were 14.83±6.44 mg,
434.85±153.75 mg, 941.59±276.39 mg, and 38.14±28.32 mg. respectively. The
values of intake of nutrients reported by middle income group was lower than high
income group but subsequently more than low income group. When seen critically,
statistically significant difference was noted among three income groups.
56
Table 33. Average nutrient intake of the selected elderly men and women
(n=600)
Nutrient RDA Nutrient intake Z values
(Mean ±SD)
Men Women Men Women
(n= 279) (n= 321)
Protein (gm) 60 50 34.69 ± 11.23 31.62 ± 11.54 3.33**
Carbohydrate 424 328 216.19 ± 63.42 198.83 ± 65.10 3.30**

(gm)
Fat (gm) 20 20 20.29 ± 10.15 20.01 ± 9.48 NS
Energy (Kcal) 1976 1784 1197.12 ± 378.79 1110.88 ± 382.87 2.76**
Iron (mg) 28 30 12.35 ± 6.12 11.52 ± 6.08 NS
Calcium (mg) 800 800 308.09 ± 187.14 274.6 ± 170.76 2.27*
Phosphorus (mg) 800 800 778.45 ± 301.64 706.04 ± 299.69 2.94**

Vitamin C (mg) 40 40 25.25 ± 27.31 22.70 ± 20.86 NS
Table 34. Average nutrient intake of the selected elderly subjects from different age
groups (n = 600)
Nutrient 60 to 70 yrs. >70 yrs. Z value

Mean ±SD Mean ±SD
(n= 450) (n= 150)
Protein (gm) 34.70 ± 11.13 28.02 ± 11.16 6.42**
Carbohydrate (gm) 217.50 ± 63.44 174.58 ± 58.34 7.63**
Fat (gm) 20.49 ± 9.80 19.06 ± 9.76 NS
Energy (Kcal) 1202.25 ± 376.78 994.34 ± 360.72 6.04**
Iron (mg) 12.79 ± 6.19 9.24 ± 5.03 7.39**
Calcium (mg) 289.94 ± 176.75 289.42 ± 186.73 NS
Phosphorus (mg) 778.00 ± 299.77 623.45 ± 282.24 5.71**
Vitamin C (mg) 24.10 ± 23.72 23.18 ± 25.30 NS
**- Significant at 1%, NS- Non significant
57
58
Table 35. Average nutrient intake of the selected elderly subjects from different income groups
(n = 600)
Nutrient <5000/- 5000 to 10,000/- >10,000/- Z value

(Mean ±SD) (Mean ±SD) (Mean ±SD)
(n= 197) (n= 162) (n= 241)
A b C a Vs b a Vs c b Vs c
Protein (gm) 25.18 ± 7.00 30.97 ± 9.86 40.87 ± 10.44 6.36** 18.9** 9.7**
Carbohydrate (gm) 159.22 ± 39.69 204.20 ± 60.20 247.70 ± 56.89 8.17** 19.15** 7.27**
Fat (gm) 11.68 ± 3.83 18.69 ± 6.25 28.02 ± 8.87 12.98** 26.35** 12.6**
Energy (Kcal) 844.32 ± 210.55 1117.79 ± 322.78 1423.96 ± 327.76 9.28** 22.38** 9.28**
Iron (mg) 8.25 ± 2.85 12.00 ± 6.17 14.83 ± 6.44 7.35** 14.62** 4.49**
Calcium (mg) 128.41 ± 66.12 271.65 ± 123.33 434.85 ± 153.75 13.29** 27.95** 11.78**
Phosphorus (mg) 520.59 ± 177.97 705.85 ± 259.12 941.59 ± 276.39 7.72** 19.26** 8.71**
Vitamin C (mg) 9.06 ± 8.81 20.70 ± 16.91 38.14 ± 28.32 8.03** 15.14** 7.75**
59
4.36 Average nutrient intake of the selected elderly of different food
habits
Table 36 illustrates the nutrient intake of elderly of different food habits. It is

inferred from the table that, intake of different nutrients was found to be more
among vegetarian elderly i.e. protein (35.11±11.97 gm.), carbohydrate
(217.46±67.43 gm.), fat (22.70±10.18 gm.), energy (1227.23±397.35 kcal.), iron
(12.82±6.49 mg.), calcium (336.10±182.61 mg.), Phosphorus (794.38±312.28 mg.),
and vitamin C (28.47±26.13 mg.) than elderly belonging to non vegetarian food
habits. The corresponding values for all nutrient intake by elderly of non vegetarian
group were 29.74±9.95 gm., 189.63±56.39 gm., 16.01±7.66 gm., 1026.97±327.08
kcal., 10.43±5.10 mg., 215.55±154.91 mg., 651.73±265.19 mg., 16.59±18.50 mg.
respectively.
Table 36. Average nutrient intake of the selected elderly from different food habits
(n=600)
Nutrient Vegetarian Non vegetarian Z value

(Mean ±SD) (Mean ±SD)
(n= 375) (n= 225)
Protein (gm) 35.11 ± 11.97 29.74 ± 9.95 5.96**
Carbohydrate (gm) 217.46 ± 67.43 189.63 ± 56.39 5.43**
Fat (gm) 22.70 ± 10.18 16.01 ± 7.66 9.29**
Energy (Kcal) 1227.23 ± 397.35 1026.97 ± 324.08 6.72**
Iron (mg) 12.82 ± 6.49 10.43 ± 5.10 5.19**
Calcium (mg) 336.10 ± 182.61 215.55 ± 145.91 8.90**
Phosphorus (mg) 794.38 ± 312.28 651.73 ± 265.19 5.96**
Vitamin C (mg) 28.47 ± 26.13 16.59 ± 18.50 6.52**

60
4.37 Average nutrient intake of the selected elderly subjects from
different occupation
Occupation wise nutrient intake by selected elderly subjects is given in Table

no 37.
Table revealed that, nutrient intake was found to be more among retired
government officials followed by private job holders, house wife and farmers
respectively. Protein, carbohydrate, fat and energy intake was ranged from
45.09±8.88 gm to 28.20±8.78 gm, 261.71±49.71 gm. to 182.67±54.96 gm,
30.02±8.09 gm. to 15.05±6.52 gm, and 1517.35±281.67 Kcal to 984.19±302.94
kcal. respectively. However, iron, calcium, phosphorus and vitamin c intake was
also found to retired government officials line i.e. 16.72±6.80 mg to 9.92±4.71 mg,
498.79±162.66 mg to 202.39±135.84 mg, 1050.61±257.49 mg to 611.06±232.53 mg
and 44.90±33.18 mg to 15.13±15.77 mg respectively. It is evident from the table
that, influence of occupations on nutrient intake was statistically significant. When
compared between two occupations, statistically significant difference was noted for
all nutrients i.e. house wife and farmers, house wife and retired government
officials, farmers and retired government officials and farmers and private job
holders. However, house wife when compared with private job holders and retired
government officials and private job holders shows non significant difference for
some nutrients i.e. iron, calcium and vitamin c.
4.38 Percent adequacy of nutrient intake by the selected elderly subjects

from different socio economic status
Percent adequacy of nutrient intake of selected elderly from different socio

economic categories is described in Table 38. It is evident from the table that,
percent adequacy of intake of protein, carbohydrate, fat, energy, iron, calcium,
phosphorus and vitamin c was found to be more among elderly residing in urban
61
area (i.e. 77.57, 142.52, 68.61, 77.71, 52.41, 55.11, 120.52 and 64.90 percent
respectively). Followed by rural elderly i.e. 57.95, 102.02, 56.39, 61.53, 42.16,
38.69, 91.90 and 64.90 % respectively. Lowest percent adequacy of nutrient intake
was noted among tribal elderly. When compared among elderly of two age groups,
elderly of 60 to 70 years of age recorded 36.23 percent (calcium) to 102.38 percent
(fat) adequacy. However, when compared between two genders, percent adequacy
of fat (101.47 %), phosphorus (99.27 %), vitamin c (63.24 %), iron (44.10 %) and
calcium (38.49 %), was more among elderly male. While, percent adequacy for
protein (63.17 %), energy (62.19 %) and carbohydrate (60.53 %), was more among
elderly female. However, as per food habits, percent adequacy for all nutrient intake
was found to be more among vegetarian elderly than non vegetarian elderly. As
income of family increased, percent adequacy of various nutrient intake also
increased. When observed critically, elderly belonging to high income group had
more percent adequacy of all nutrients i.e. fat (136.77 %), phosphorus (115.01 %),
vitamin c (91.67 %), energy (74.80 %), protein (73.55 %), carbohydrate (66.25 %),
calcium (52.71 %) and iron (50.47 %) followed by middle income group i.e. 88.30,
85.98, 57.53, 54.72, 53.41, 48.60, 40.36 and 32.18 percent respectively. While very
low percent adequacy was noted among elderly of low income group. However,
occupation of elderly also affected on percent adequacy of nutrient intake. Percent
adequacy for protein, fat, energy, iron, calcium, phosphorus and vitamin c was
found more among elderly retired as government servant as compared to other
criterion. Whereas, percent adequacy for all nutrient was noted very low by elderly
who were belonging to farming community.
62
Table 37. Average nutrient intake by the selected elderly subjects from different occupation
(n = 600)
Food groups Housewife Farmer Government Private service

(gm) (n=142) (n= 334) service (n=58) Z values
(n= 66)
A b C d a vs b a vs c a vs d b vs c b vs d c vs d
Protein (gm) 36.04± 12.10 28.20± 8.78 45.09± 8.88 39.95± 10.44 7** 6.11** 2.3* 14.19** 8.15** 2.95**
Carbohydrate 221.95± 66.51 182.67± 54.96 261.71± 49.71 247.26± 60.46 3.43** 4.80** 2.60** 11.60** 7.61** NS
(gm)
Fat (gm) 24.83± 9.97 15.05± 6.52 30.02± 8.09 26.73± 8.69 10.86** 3.99** NS 14.25** 9.81** 2.17*
Energy (Kcal) 1269.27± 391.37 984.19± 302.94 1517.37± 281.67 1404.92± 343.28 7.75** 5.19** 2.43* 15.43** 8.76** 1.97*
Iron (mg) 13.27± 6.62 9.92± 4.71 16.72± 6.80 14.57± 6.29 5.58** 3.45** NS 7.81** 5.40** NS
Calcium (mg) 357.25± 163.79 202.39± 135.84 498.79± 162.66 394.05± 124.00 9.91** 5.82** NS 13.88** 10.71** 4.05**
Phosphorus 819.75± 306.77 611.06± 232.53 1050.61± 257.49 930.87± 274.61 7.26** 5.65** 2.93** 12.87** 8.36** 2.49*
(mg)
Vitamin C 29.72± 23.46 15.13± 15.77 44.90± 33.18 36.06± 28.86 6.81** 3.55** NS 7.13** 5.39** NS
(mg)
63
Table 38. Percent adequacy of nutrient intake by the selected elderly subjects from different socio economic background
(n=600)
Socio economic Protein Carbohydrate Fat (gm) Energy Iron (mg) Calcium Phosphorus Vitamin C
factors (gm) (gm) (Kcal) (mg) (mg) (mg)
Area
Urban (n= 200) 77.57 142.59 68.61 77.71 52.41 55.11 120.52 94.14
Rural (n= 200) 57.95 102.02 56.39 61.53 42.16 38.69 91.90 64.90
Tribal (n= 200) 46.65 57.53 43.41 45.21 28.65 15.01 64.96 20.11
Age (yrs)
60 to 70 (n= 450) 64.06 59.43 102.38 64.36 43.86 36.23 97.02 60.25
>70 (n= 150) 50.30 45.88 95.65 52.50 32.30 36.35 78.17 58.21
Sex
Male (n= 279) 57.87 51.06 101.47 60.62 44.10 38.49 99.27 63.24
Female (n= 321) 63.17 60.53 99.90 62.19 38.38 34.25 88.15 56.60
Food habits
Vegetarian(n=375) 64.83 59.54 112.84 65.60 43.86 41.63 98.76 70.48
Non vegetarian 53.61 50.24 79.68 54.32 36.22 26.95 81.47 41.01
(n=225)
Income (Rs.)
<5000/- (n=197) 46.76 43.84 58.60 45.51 28.48 16.05 65.30 22.47
5000 to 10,000/- 54.72 53.41 88.30 57.53 40.36 32.18 85.98 48.60
(n=162)
>10,000/- (n=241) 73.55 66.25 136.77 74.80 50.47 52.71 115.01 91.67
Occupation
House wife (n=142) 71.72 67.19 124.15 70.94 44.32 44.65 102.46 74.31
Farmers (n=334) 51.16 48.70 75.27 52.20 34.38 25.29 76.38 37.84
Govt. Service (n=66) 78.13 65.16 150.10 78.38 58.96 62.34 131.32 112.26
Private service 69.04 61.62 133.67 72.54 51.29 49.25 116.35 90.17
(n=58)
64
4.39 Percent adequacy of nutrients intake by the selected elderly subjects
from urban, rural and tribal area
Percent adequacy of nutrient intake by the selected elderly subjects as per
their residential areas is presented in Table 39 and fig 19. It was evident from the
table that, percent adequacy for all nutrients was found to be higher among elderly
of urban area followed by rural and tribal area. Percent adequacy for protein,
carbohydrate, fat and energy among urban elderly was 77.57, 68.61, 142.59 and
77.71 percent. While percent adequacy for iron, calcium, phosphorus and vitamin c
was 52.41, 55.11, 120.52 and 94.14 percent respectively. However, it was also
evident from the table that, among rural, percent adequacy ranged from 38.69
(calcium) to 102.02 (fat), 15.01 to 64.96 percent in tribal and 52.41 to 142.59
percent in urban. Further, highest percent adequacy was found among urban elderly
for fat (142.59%) and phosphorus (120.52%) followed by fat (102.02%) and
phosphorus (91.90%) among rural elderly. While lowest adequacy was found for
calcium (15.01%), vitamin c (20.11%) and iron (28.65%) among tribal elderly.
Overall, it is concluded that, urban elderly reported good percent adequacy for all
nutrients than rural and tribal. When seen critically it was also noted that, among
urban, almost all nutrients reported percent adequacy more than 55 to 142.59
percent. Whereas, 40 to 100 percent among rural and 15 to 65 percent adequacy for
different nutrients was observed among tribal elderly.
4.40 Percent adequacy of nutrient intake by the selected elderly male and
female
Table 40 and fig 20 illustrate the data on percent adequacy of nutrient intake
by selected male and female elderly. It is inferred from the table that, percent
adequacy of nutrient intake ranged from 38.49 (calcium) to 101.47 percent (fat)
among male elderly and 34.25 (calcium) to 99.90 percent (fat) among female
elderly. Percent adequacy for protein, carbohydrate, fat and energy among elderly
male was 57.87, 51.06, 101.47 and 60.62 percent. While respective values for the
65
same nutrients among elderly female were 63.17, 60.57, 99.90 and 62.19 percent
respectively. Further it was also noted that, percent adequacy of iron, calcium,
phosphorus and vitamin c was 44.10, 38.49, 99.27 and 63.24 percent and 38.38,
34.25, 88.15 and 56.60 percent was recorded for elderly male and female
respectively. However, among male and female highest percent adequacy was noted
for fat and phosphorus. Other nutrients reported 40 to 63 percent among male and
34 to 63 percent among female.
Table 39. Percent adequacy of nutrient intake by the selected elderly

subjects from urban, rural and tribal area
(n=600)
Nutrient Percentages
Urban Rural Tribal
(n=200) (n=200) (n=200)
Protein (gm) 77.57 57.95 46.65
Carbohydrate (gm) 142.59 102.02 57.53
Fat (gm) 68.61 56.39 43.41
Energy (Kcal) 77.71 61.53 45.21
Iron (mg) 52.41 42.16 28.65
Calcium (mg) 55.11 38.69 15.01
Phosphorus (mg) 120.52 91.90 64.96
Vitamin C (mg) 94.14 64.90 20.11
66
Table 40. Percent adequacy of nutrient intake by the selected elderly male and
female (n = 600)
Nutrient Male Female

(n= 279) (n= 321)
Protein (gm) 57.87 63.17
Carbohydrate (gm) 51.06 60.53
Fat (gm) 101.47 99.90
Energy (Kcal) 60.62 62.19
Iron (mg) 44.10 38.38
Calcium (mg) 38.49 34.25
Phosphorus (mg) 99.27 88.15
Vitamin C (mg) 63.24 56.60
4.41 Percent adequacy of nutrients intake of the selected elderly subjects

from different age groups
Percent adequacy of intake of different nutrients as per age of selected

elderly subjects is presented in Table 41 and fig 21. It is revealed from the table that,
except calcium, percent adequacy for all nutrients decreased with increased age.
Range of the percent adequacy of nutrients in age groups of 60-70 years was 36.23
to 102.38 percent. While, it was 32.30 to 95.65 percent in age groups >70 years.
Highest adequacy was noted for intake of fat (102.38%) by elderly of 60-70 years.
While, lowest adequacy was observed in case of iron intake (32.30%) by elderly of
>70 years. However, percent adequacy of energy, protein, phosphorus and vitamin c
was found to be more than 50 percent among both age groups.
67
Table 41. Percent adequacy of nutrient intake of the selected elderly subjects from
different age groups (n = 600)
Nutrient 60 to 70 yrs >70 yrs
(n= 450) (n= 150)
Protein (gm) 64.06 50.30
Fat (gm) 102.38 95.65
Iron (mg) 43.86 32.30
Calcium (mg) 36.23 36.35
Vitamin C (mg) 60.25 58.21
4.42 Percent adequacy of nutrient intake by the selected elderly from different
income groups
Table 42 and fig 22 depicted the influence of family income on percent

adequacy of nutrient intake by selected elderly subjects. It is evident from the table
that, as the income of the family increased, percent adequacy of all nutrients also
increased. Percent adequacy for protein, carbohydrate, fat and energy among elderly
of high income group were 73.55, 66.25, 136.77 and 74.80 percent respectively.
While respective values among elderly of middle income group were 54.72, 53.41,
88.30 and 57.53 and 46.76, 43.84, 58.60 and 45.51 percent were for elderly among
low income group. However, percent adequacy for iron, calcium, phosphorus and
vitamin c was 50.47, 52.71, 115.01 and 91.67 percent respectively among high
income group followed by middle income and low income group. Highest percent
adequacy was found in case of fat (136.77%) from high income group and lowest
adequacy was recorded for calcium intake (16.05%) from low income group.
68
Overall, when noted, adequacy was found to be lowest in all three income groups
for iron and calcium.
Table 42. Percent adequacy of nutrients intake by the selected elderly subjects
from different income groups (n = 600)
Nutrient <5000/- 5000 to 10,000/- >10,000/-

(n=197) (n=162) (n=241)
Protein (gm) 46.76 54.72 73.55
Carbohydrate (gm) 43.84 53.41 66.25
Fat (gm) 58.60 88.30 136.77
Energy (Kcal) 45.51 57.53 74.80
Iron (mg) 28.48 40.36 50.47
Calcium (mg) 16.05 32.18 52.71
Phosphorus (mg) 65.30 85.98 115.01
Vitamin C (mg) 22.47 48.60 91.67
4.43 Percent adequacy of nutrient intake of the selected elderly from

different food habits
Percent adequacy of different nutrient as per food habits of elderly subjects is

given in Table 43 and fig 23. It is indicated in the table that, percent adequacy of all
the nutrients was found to be lowest in non vegetarian elderly subjects as compared
to vegetarian elderly. Percent adequacy of protein, carbohydrate, fat and energy
among vegetarian elderly was 64.83, 59.54, 112.84 and 65.60 percent. While
percent adequacy of iron, calcium, phosphorus and vitamin c were 43.86, 41.63,
98.76 and 70.48 percent respectively. However, highest percent adequacy was noted
among vegetarian elderly for fat (112.84%) and lowest percent adequacy was noted
among non vegetarian elderly for calcium (26.95%).
69
Table 43. Percent adequacy of nutrient intake of the selected elderly from different
food habits (n = 600)
Nutrient Vegetarian Non vegetarian

(n=375) (n=225)
Protein (gm) 64.83 53.61
Fat (gm) 112.84 79.68
Iron (mg) 43.86 36.22
Calcium (mg) 41.63 26.95
Vitamin C(mg) 70.48 41.01
4.44 Percent adequacy of nutrient intake of the selected elderly as per

occupation
Percent adequacy of nutrient intake of the selected elderly as per their

occupation is presented in Table 44 and fig 24. It is evident from table that, except
carbohydrate, the percent adequacy of all other nutrients was noted higher in elderly
who were retired government servant as compared to other mentioned occupational
group. Percent adequacy of all nutrients ranged from 25.29 to 150.10 percent i.e.
calcium intake among farmer and fat intake among retired government servant
group. Highest adequacy was recorded for fat intake (150.10%) followed by
phosphorus (131.32%) in retired government servant, private service (133.67 and
116.35%) and housewife (124.15 and 102.46%). Percent adequacy of intake of
energy and protein was more than 70 percent in all groups except farmers. But
difference was negligible. It was around more than 40 percent incase of iron and
70
calcium. Intake of iron and calcium was noted higher in retired government servant
elderly followed by elderly from private job.
Table 44. Percent adequacy of nutrients intake by the selected elderly as per
occupation (n = 600)
Nutrient House wife Farmers Govt. Service Private service

(n=142) (n=334) (n=66) (n=58)
Protein (gm) 71.72 51.16 78.13 69.04
Carbohydrate (gm) 67.19 48.70 65.16 61.62
Fat (gm) 124.15 75.27 150.10 133.67
Energy (Kcal) 70.94 52.20 78.38 72.54
Iron (mg) 44.32 34.38 58.96 51.29
Calcium (mg) 44.65 25.29 62.34 49.25
Phosphorus (mg) 102.46 76.38 131.32 116.35
Vitamin C(mg) 74.31 37.84 112.26 90.17
Factors influencing on nutrients intake and its percent adequacy in

different socio economic factors
The table 31 to 44 revealed data on nutrient intake and percent adequacy of

nutrient intake among elderly. The nutrients and percent adequacy of nutrients was
higher in urban elderly subjects as compared to rural and tribal elderly. Majority of
the elderly were also belonging to high income group which was directly affected
nutrient intake and percent adequacy of nutrient. As income increased, nutrients
intake and adequacy increased. As found earlier (Yadav et al, 2012) area of
residence affects on nutritional status of elderly. In the present study, the urban
elderly were having availability of various nutritious foods and also they are aware
about healthy diet. Which reflects better nutritional adequacy than rural and tribal
elderly. In case of tribal elderly subjects, nutrients intake and adequacy was lower.
71
Which could be due to unavailability of food, low income level and unawareness.
Overall nutrients intake by elderly was found to be lower than recommended dietary
allowances. With increased age, the physical activity lowered and hence nutrient
requirement is also lower. In case of energy requirements, it reduces 10-11 percent
than adult with little difference in other nutrients (Pasricha and Thimmayamma,
1992.). In present investigation also, nutrient intake and adequacy was found to be
lower in age group >70 years. Arlappa et.al (2016) when studied the diet and
nutritional status of elder adults in rural India, reported that the nutrients intake was
significantly decreased with increment in age. Further it was found that,
consumption of almost all nutrient were more in elderly male as compared to
female. Same result was noted in study of khole and Soletti (2017) which was
conducted in Pune city and study of Desai and Kamble (2013) which was conducted
in Kolhapur city. However, food habits and occupation of elderly also affected on
nutrient intake and adequacy. It was noted that elderly who were retired government
servant were recorded good nutrient intake than others. It may be due to more
knowledge about nutritious diet and also good purchasing power. Whereas, due to
unawareness and unavailability of nutritious foods, farmers were reported low
nutrient intake.
4.45 Serum calcium Content of selected elderly subjects from different

Data on serum calcium content of the selected elderly subjects from different
socio economic status is presented in Table 45 and fig 25. The urban elderly
exhibited significantly higher serum calcium content (9.45±0.83) as compared to
rural elderly (8.79±0.40). More serum calcium content was exhibited by elderly of
60 to 70 years (9.07±0.79) as compared to elderly above age 70 years (8.63±0.83)
with statistically non significant difference. The serum calcium content of elderly
male (9.05±0.77) and female (8.89±0.86) was almost same. The values reported for
serum calcium content of elderly of various occupations shows marginal difference.
72
Which was in range of 8.66 to 9.45 for different occupation. The recorded values for
elderly belonging to high income group i. e.> 10,000/- was 9.04±0.84. Which was
comparatively more than elderly belonging to low (Rs. <5000/-) and middle income
(Rs. 5000/- 10,000/- Rs.) group. However, significant difference was noted for
comparison of two income groups i.e. income Rs <5000/- and >10,000/-. Further it
was noted that, vegetarian and non vegetarian elderly recorded serum calcium i.e.
8.88±0.73 and 9.28±1.02 with statistically non significant difference.
4.46 Serum phosphorus content of selected elderly subjects from different

Table 46 and fig 26 presents the data on serum phosphorus content of

selected elderly subjects. For this estimation, 10 percent each elderly were selected
from urban (20) and rural (20) area only.
It is evident from the table that, the serum phosphorus level of urban elderly
(3.64±0.69) was found to be more as compared to rural elderly (2.78±0.39) elderly.
When compared between area, statistically significantly difference was noted.
Further the phosphorus content of elderly of two age group was considered,
significant difference was observed with more phosphorus among the elderly of 60
to 70 years (3.33±0.70) than elderly of > 70 years (2.80±0.56). the phosphorus
content of male elderly was found to be more (3.45±0.67) as compared to female
elderly (2.99±0.67). the values shows statistically significant difference. Contrary,
when occupation of elderly was considered, though the difference was noted for
phosphorus values but statistically non significant difference was noted. Except for
the values compared between house wife and government job and farmers and
government job. Further it is also reported from the table that, the income of the
family shows impact on phosphorus values. The values reported in low and middle
income shows difference but it is non significant. However, the values of
phosphorus reported by low (< 5000/-), middle (5000/- to 10000/-) and high (>
10000/-) income also shows statistically significant difference. Non vegetarian
73
elderly shows more values of phosphorus content than vegetarian elderly, but
statistically non significant difference was noted.
Table 45. Serum calcium of selected elderly subjects from different socio
economic status (n=40)
Socio economic Serum calcium ‘t’ values
factors (mean ± SD)
Area
a. Rural 8.49 ± 0.40 5.64**
b. Urban 9.45 ± 0.83
Age
a. 60 – 70 yrs 9.07 ± 0.79 NS
b. >70 yrs 8.63 ± 0.83
Sex
a. Male 9.05 ± 0.77 NS
b. Female 8.89 ± 0.86
Food habits
a. Vegetarian 8.88 ± 0.73 NS
b. Non vegetarian 9.28 ± 1.02
Income
a. <5000/- 8.6 ± 0.0 NS (a vs b)
b. 5000 – 10,000/- 8.77 ± 0.76 3.14** (a vs c)
c. <10,000/- 9.04 ± 0.84 NS (b vs c)
Occupation
a. House wife 8.90 ±0.90 NS (a vs b)
b. Farmer 8.66±0.32 NS (a vs c)
c. Government job 9.01± 0.88 NS (a vs d)
d. Private job 9.45 ± 0.74 NS (b vs c)
3.29** (b vs d)
NS (c vs d)
74
Table 46. Serum Phosphorus content of selected elderly subjects from different
socio economic status (n=40)
Socio economic factors Serum phosphorus ‘t’ values
(mean+ SD)
Area
a. Rural 2.78 ± 0.39 6.14**
b. Urban 3.64 ± 0.69
Age
a. 60 – 70 yrs 3.33 ± 0.70 2.65*
b. >70 yrs 2.80 ± 0.56
Sex
a. Male 3.45 ± 0.67 2.3*
b. Female 2.99 ± 0.67
Food habits
a. Vegetarian 3.14 ± 0.68 NS
b. Non vegetarian 3.45 ± 0.77
Income
a. <5000/- 2.9 ± 0.0 NS (a vs b)
b. 5000 – 10,000/- 2.83 ± 0.44 4.3** (a vs c)
c. <10,000/- 3.33 ± 0.74 2.94** (b vs c)
Occupation
a. House wife 3.04 ± 0.72 NS (a vs b)
c. Government job 3.70 ± 0.90 NS (a vs d)
d. Private job 3.31 ± 0.46 NS (b vs c)
NS (b vs d)
NS (c vs d)
75
4.47 Hemoglobin content of selected elderly subjects from different socio
economic status
Table 47 and fig 27 presents the data on haemoglobin content of blood

among selected elderly subjects. For this estimation of blood haemoglobin, 10
percent each elderly were selected from urban (20) and rural (20) area only.
It is evident from the table that, haemoglobin content of elderly from urban and
rural was 9.09±1.07 and 8.81±1.05. though the difference was noted among two
areas it was found to be non significant. Further, the haemoglobin content of elderly
of two age groups was noted, non significant difference was observed with more
haemoglobin content among elderly of 60 to 70 years (9.04±1.07) than elderly of >
70 years (8.43±1.01). The haemoglobin content of elderly male (9.86±0.62) was
found to be more than elderly female (8.12±0.58) with statistically significant
difference. Contrary, when occupation of elderly was considered, though the
difference was noted for haemoglobin values among all occupations, but values
were non significant. Further it is reported from the table that, income of the family
shows impact on haemoglobin values. Comparatively, elderly from low income
group shows significantly low haemoglobin content (7.90±00) than elderly from
high income group (9.08±0.96). vegetarian elderly shows more haemoglobin values
(8.99±1.02) than non vegetarian elderly (8.82±1.23) but difference was non
significant.
Factors influencing biochemical estimations of selected elderly subjects
Table 45 to 47 reveals the information regarding serum calcium, phosphorus

and blood hemoglobin content among selected elderly subjects.
In the present study, mean serum calcium and phosphorus level of elderly
subjects ranged between 8.49+0.40 to 9.45+0.83 and 2.78+0.39 to 3.70+0.90
respectively. While mean hemoglobin content was in between 7.9+0.0 to 9.86+0.62.
The serum calcium, phosphorus and hemoglobin content of selected elderly was
76
influenced by different socio-economic factors. The levels decreased with
advancing age. However, in both age groups values are less than expected
standards. In case of serum calcium and phosphorus, result of the study conducted
by Bhosale B. (2005) and Revanwar M. (2002) also revealed the same decreased
level with advancing age.
Bharti (2014) studied age related changes in serum calcium and phosphorus
level in osteopenic and osteoporotic urban women and result clearly demonstrated
the reduction in the mean values of both parameters indicating more of bone
resorption due to lowering of bone formation markers of serum calcium and
phosphorus resulting in imbalance in bone remodeling process which may affect the
restoration of bone mass in the later years.
Income level of the elderly directly affected on serum calcium,

phosphorus and hemoglobin content in present study. Elderly who belonged to low
income (Rs <5000/-) group exhibited significantly lower value of serum calcium
(8.6+00), serum phosphorus (2.9+00) and hemoglobin (7.9+00). Also all three value
in elderly having different food habits exhibited negligible different.
While observed area wise, serum calcium and phosphorus content of

elderly exhibited significant difference. Significantly lower serum calcium
(8.49+0.40) and phosphorus (2.78+0.39) content was observed in elderly belonged
to rural area than urban elderly subjects. This could be due to difference between
availability of food, food, income level and awareness about nutritious diet in both
areas. While in case of hemoglobin level very slight difference was noted in both
area of residence.
77
Table 47. Haemoglobin content of blood among selected elderly subjects from
different socio economic status (n=40)
Socio economic factors Hemoglobin ‘t’ values

(mean ± SD)
Area
a. Rural 8.81±1.05 NS
b. Urban 9.09±1.07
Age(yrs)
a. 60 – 70 9.04±1.07 NS
b. >70 8.43±1.01
Sex
a. Male 9.86±0.62 10.23**
b. Female 8.12±0.58
Food habits
a. Vegetarian 8.99±1.02 NS
b. Non vegetarian 8.82±1.23
Income (Rs.)
a. <5000/- 7.9 ±00 NS (a vs b)
b. 5000 – 10,000/- 8.64±1.33 6.94** (a vs c)
c. <10,000/- 9.08±0.96 NS (b vs c)
Occupation
a. House wife 8.17±0.64 NS (a vs b)
c. Government job 9.73±2.53 NS (a vs d)
d. Private job 9.11±2.07 NS (b vs c)
NS (b vs d)
NS (c vs d)
78
4.48 Prevalence of aneamia in selected elderly subjects belonging to
different socio economic groups
Prevalence of aneamia in selected elderly subjects belonging to different
socio economic groups is presented in Table 48. Thus 40 elderly each from urban
(20) and rural (20) area (10 %) were selected for the screening of aneamia on the
basis of heamoglobin content of blood. Further they were categorized under
different grades of aneamia. It is evident from table that, the equal percent of urban
(22.50 %) and rural (25 %) elderly were suffering with mild and moderate grade of
aneamia. Maximum elderly of 60 to 70 years of age group were suffering mild (35
%) and moderate (37.5 %) grade of aneamia. However, 37.50 percent elderly male
were suffering with mild grade of aneamia. While 42.50 percent female suffering
with moderate grade of aneamia. Surprisingly it was also noted that, majority of
elderly belonging to high income group was suffering with mild and moderate grade
of aneamia (32.50 to 37.50 %). Further it was also noted from the table that,
majority of housewife were found to be suffering with moderate grade of aneamia
followed by the elderly belonging to private service holders. In the nutshell, it can
be concluded from table that, elderly female followed by vegetarian elderly of 60 to
70 years of age groups and those who were belonging to high income group were
found to be suffering with moderate grade of aneamia. Very few (only 2) elderly
were observed as normal. However, none of the elderly were in the category of
sever grade of aneamia.
Factors influencing on aneamia among elderly subjects

Table no 48 reveals the data on prevalence of aneamia among selected
elderly subjects. It can be inferred from the table that, area, age, food habits, income
and occupation are not enfluencing on severity of aneamia. As in previous table
(Table 47), it was also shown that, except sex wise other parameter shows non
significant difference among the group. As elderly are considered as in the group of
such people where already they were suffering with one or other health problems
(Table 50) they were psychologically, emotionally weaken (Table 52). It was also
observed that, very few of them were engaged themselves in recreational activities
79
(Table 54). Many of them have lost their spouse. That feeling of loneliness was also
(Table 53) commonly observed. Very rarely and very few of them were doing their
regular health checkup and biochemical investigations unless and until they were
not suffering with major health problems and this was not due to income and
occupational level (Table 1) and availability of resources. The elderly are highly
neglected segment of family and society.
Table 48. Prevalence of anemia in selected elderly subjects belonging to different socio
economic status n=40
Particulars Normal Mild Moderate Sever
>11.0 8.9-10.9 6.6-8.8 <6.5
Area
Urban 2(5.00) 9 (22.50) 9 (22.50) 00
Rural 00 10 (25.00) 10 (25.00) 00
Age (years)
60 – 70 2(5.00) 14 (35.00) 15 (37.5) 00
>70 00 5 (12.5) 4 (10.00) 00
Sex
Male 2(5.00) 15 (37.50) 2(5.00) 00
Female 00 4 (10.00) 17 (42.50) 00
Food habits
Vegetarian 1 (2.50) 17 (42.50) 13 (32.50) 00
Non vegetarian 1 (2.50) 2(5.00) 6 (15.00) 00
Income (Rs.)
<5000/- 00 2(5.00) 2(5.00) 00
5000 – 10000/- 00 2(5.00) 4 (10.00) 00
>10000/- 2(5.00) 15 (37.50) 13 (32.50) 00
Occupation
House wife 00 2(5.00) 10 (25.00) 00
Farmers 00 5 (12.50) 4 (10.00) 00
Government 1 (2.50) 5 (12.50) 4 (10.00) 00
service
Private service 1 (2.50) 7 (17.50) 1 (2.50) 00
80
4.49 Screening of nutritional inadequacy in health check up camp
Health checkup camp was organized at urban and rural area to screen the 100
each selected elderly from both areas. They were screened for nutritional
inadequacy in the camp. Physicians were screened the elderly to find out the
nutritional inadequacy. Health checkup was done in camp and result is summarized
below (Table 49).
Randomly selected 100 urban and 100 rural elderly shows that, almost 50
percent were having protein and calories inadequacy with symptoms of underweight
and decreased activity level. While 61 percent rural and 53 percent urban elderly
were suffered with calories inadequacy with decreased subcutaneous tissue.
However, 60 percent of rural and 36 percent of urban elderly subjects shows hair
problems like ease of pluck ability, lack of curl, dull and altered texture. Doctors
also identified decreased muscle mass among 48 percent rural and 31 percent urban,
teeth caries with stained teeth among 42 percent rural and 22 percent urban elderly
subjects. However, 41 percent rural and 23 percent urban elderly were suffering
with vitamin A deficiency due to which dry conjunctiva and bitot’s spot of eyes was
noticed. It was also found that, 37 percent rural and 32 percent urban elderly were
reported vitamin A, protein and zinc inadequacy resulting in xerosis, edema and
dermatitis of skin. Elderly were also have inadequacy of riboflavin, iron, and B
complex vitamins. On the whole, due to inadequacy of various nutrients elderly
were suffering with one or other health problems.
81
Table 49. Identification of nutritional inadequacy by doctor among selected elderly
subject from rural and urban area (n=200)
Area of Nutritional Findings Rural Urban
examination inadequacy (n=100)% (n=100)%
General Calories Underweight, 56 55
Protein Decreased (56.00) (55.00)
activity level
Hair Protein Ease of pluck 60 36
ability, lack of (60.00) (36.00)
curl, dull, altered
texture
Skin Vitamin A Xerosis 37 32
( general ) Protein Edema (37.00) (32.00)
Zink General
dermatitis
Skin Riboflavin Seborrheic 26 10
( face ) Protein dermatitis in (26.00) (10.00)
naasobial fold
Moon face,
diffuse
depigmentation
Subcutaneous Calories Decreased, 61 53
tissue Increased (61.00) (53.00)
Nails Iron Spoon shaped 5 0 (0)
(5.00)
Eyes Vitamin A Dry conjunctiva, 41 23
bitot’s spot (41.00) (23.00)
Lips Riboflavin Angular 9 9
Iron stomatitis (9.00) (9.00)
B complex Cheilosis
Vitamin
Gums Vitamin c Swollen, 14 7
bleeding (14.00) (7.00)
Reddened
gingival
Teeth Fluoride Caries 42 22
Iron Stained teeth (42.00) (22.00)
Muscles Protein Decreased 48 31
Calories muscle mass (48.00) (31.00)
82
Factors influencing nutritional inadequacy identified by doctors among
elderly subjects
Table 49 stated the nutritional inadequacy identified by doctors among

elderly subjects. From the results, it is clear that, 60 percent of selected elderly from
rural area were suffering more from protein inadequacy followed by calorie (56%)
due to which elderly were found to be underweight and decreased activity level.
Morley J. (2012) stated that, under nutrition can be considered to be either protein
energy wasting or due to individual nutrient deficiencies. Further in the present
study, rural elderly were also more prevalent to teeth carries (42%) decreased
muscle mass (48%), eye related problems (41%) and skin problems (37%). Dange p
(2002) and Bhosale B (2005) also reported that, elderly were more prevalent for
vitamin A, energy, protein, and iron deficiency diseases. This could be attributed to
less food intake (table - 18) and nutrient intake (table - 31 ) by elderly of rural area
than urban area.
4.50 Commonly observed health problems in the selected elderly subjects

from different socio economic status
Commonly observed health problems among selected elderly subjects as per socio
economic status is presented in Table 50.
It is evident from the table that, majority of the elderly residing in tribal area
were suffering from leg pain (84.5%), eye problems (78.5%), headache (72%),
anorexia (62%), sleeplessness (60.5%), as compared to elderly residing in rural and
urban area. As compared to rural (13%) and urban (11.5%) elderly subjects tribal
elderly were suffered more (29.5%) from weakness. Stomach pain, constipation,
spondilities, indigestion, dry skin, urine problems, kidney stone was also commonly
observed health problems. Data on gender wise health problems indicated that, leg
pain (61.68%), eye problem (52.02%), headache (43.30%), anorexia (29.90%), and
weakness (25.54%) were higher in elderly female than elderly male. Whereas,
prevalence of stomach pain spondilities and impairment in hearing, were found to
83
be almost same in both genders. Health problems like eye problem (63.33%), leg
pain (62%), sleeplessness (54%), weakness (50.66%), impairment in hearing
(49.33%), loss of teeth (38.66%) and dry skin (35.33%) were more common among
elderly above age 70 years than elderly aged 60-70 years. whereas, headache
(40%), spondilities (19.55%) was more among elderly of 60-70 years.
Income of elderly subjects was also affected on the health problems. Prevalence of
headache (68.52%), leg pain (86.80), eye problem (75.12%), sleeplessness
(59.89%), anorexia (57.36), loss of teeth (52.79%), dry skin (52.28%), heart burn
(38.57%), weakness (30.45%), spondilities (28.42%) observed more among elderly
belonging to low income group than middle and high income group.
Further it is also noted that, leg pain (66.66%), eye problems (62.66%),
headache (45.33%), sleeplessness (43.55%), anorexia (36.44%) and weakness
(23.55%) was more prevalent in non vegetarian elderly subjects. While, constipation
(9.86%) was more in vegetarian elderly subjects. Most of the health problems were
found to be more among farming community as compared to house wife, retired
government employee and private service holders. While, very less health problems
were observed in elderly subjects who were retired government personnel.
Factors influencing the health problems of elderly subjects
Prevalence of different health problems among selected elderly subjects from

various socio economics condition (Table 50) revealed that, majority of the elderly
were suffering from leg pain, headache, eye problem, anorexia, sleeplessness, dry
skin, and general weakness. Among different areas, majority of tribal elderly were
suffering with different health problems like leg pain (84.5%), eye problem
(78.5%), headache (72%), anorexia (62%) and sleeplessness (60.5%) followed by
rural and urban elderly subjects. Studies conducted on elderly Population in this
region reported that, more than 50 percent of the elderly were suffering from various
health problems (Bhosle, 2005, Dange, 2000). However, Manikanta, 2013 when
conducted study in tribal area of Andrapradesh also observed that 48 percent of the
tribal elderly were having serious illness and 29 percent elderly having minor
84
illness. While 84.3 percent of elderly from different age groups were suffering with
different types of ailments.
Comparison of two sex groups with regards to prevalence of health

problems among elderly subjects indicated that higher percent of elderly female
were suffering with leg pain (61.68%), eye problem (52.02%), headache (43.30%),
anorexia (29.9%) and weakness (25.54%). Pawar (2015) carried out study on health
status of elderly in Parbhani, Maharastra also revealed in her result that female were
suffering more from health problems as compared to males. Intake of food and
nutrient directly affected on the health status. In present study, intake of nutrients
and food was found very low by elderly female than male (Table 19 and 32).
Incidence of health problems increased with age. Revanwar (2002) also found
the same result when studied the health status of elderly in Marathwada region. It
could be due to the changes in biological functions of body with advancement of
age due to which capacity of body reduced and easily susceptible to various health
problems. As income increased, percent of health problems decreased. In present
study most of the health problems decreased with increased income level. The
present result is in line with the result of Revanwar (2002) and Pawar (2015).
Incidence of health problems like leg pain (66.66%) , eye problem

(62.66%), headache (45.33%), sleeplessness (43.55%), anorexia (36.44%), dry skin
(36%), weakness (23.55%) were found to be more among non-vegetarian elderly.
This may be due to the unavailability of non-vegetarian diet or rarely consumption
of non vegetarian foods.
Occupation wise incidence of health problems were also indicated that,

elderly who were done government service were less prevalent to health problems
while, elderly who were working as farmer or farm labour were suffering more with
various health problems. This could be due to the unawareness of the health
problems, workload and lack of money also. Farmers or farm labours work hard as
compared to other elderly. Also their dietary pattern effect on the health (Table 23).
85
Table 50. Commonly observed health problems among selected elderly subjects from different socio economic status
(n=600)
Socio Headach Leg Eye Anorexia Sleepless Stomach Constipat Spondili Indigest Dry skin Impairm Urine Kidney Weaknes
economic pain problem ness pain ion tis ion ent of probl stone s
status hearing em
Area
Rural 52 111 94 18 53 74 9 8 6 32 37 11 8 26
(200) (26.00) (55.50) (47.00) (9.00) (26.50) (37.00) (4.50) (4.00) (3.00) (16.00) (18.50) (5.50) (4.00) (13.00)
Urban 29 74 41 11 39 30 7 28 9 15 31 3 11 23
(200) (14.5) (37.00) (20.50) (5.50) (19.50) (15.00) (3.50) (14.00) (4.50) (7.50) (15.50) (1.50) (5.50) (11.50)
Tribal 144 169 157 124 121 41 30 67 44 112 43 0 (0) 1 59
(200) (72.00) (84.50) (78.50) (62.00) (60.50) (20.50) (15.00) (33.50) (22.00) (56.00) (21.50) (0.50) (29.50)
Age yrs
60-70 180 262 198 111 133 107 36 88 48 107 37 12 16 72
(450) (40.00) (58.22) (44.00) (24.66) (29.55) (23.77) (8.00) (19.55) (10.66) (23.77) (8.22) (2.66) (3.55) (16.00)
>70 (150) 45 93 95 43 81 38 10 15 11 53 74 2 4 76
(30.00) (62) (63.33) (28.66) (54.00) (25.33) (6.66) (10.00) (7.33) (35.33) (49.33) (1.33) (2.66) (50.66)
Sex
Male (279) 88 157 126 58 99 81 16 46 23 80 49 5 9 26
(31.54) (56.27) (45.16) (20.78) (35.48) (29.03) (5.73) (16.48) (8.24) (28.67) (17.56) (1.79) (3.22) (9.31)
Female 139 198 167 96 113 64 30 57 36 80 62 9 10 82
(321) (43.30) (61.68) (52.02) (29.90) (35.20) (19.93) (9.34) (17.75) (11.21) (24.92) (19.31) (2.80) (3.11) (25.54)
Income
<5000/- 135 171 148 113 118 42 30 56 43 103 43 3 0 60
(197) (68.52) (86.80) (75.12) (57.36) (59.89) (21.31) (15.22) (28.42) (21.82) (52.28) (21.82) (1.52) (0) (30.45)
5000 to 49 83 79 23 46 54 10 17 4 32 32 6 6 25
10000/- (30.24) (51.23) (48.76) (14.19) (28.39) (33.33) (6.17) (10.49) (2.46) (19.75) (19.75) (3.70) (3.70) (15.43)
(162)
>10000/- 41 100 65 17 49 49 6 30 12 24 36 5 14 23
(241) (17.01) (41.49) (26.97) (7.05) (20.33) (20.33) (2.48) (12.44) (4.97) (9.95) (14.93) (2.07) (5.80) (9.54)
Contd…….
86
Socio Headac Leg Eye Anorexia Sleepless Stomach Constipat Spondili Indigest Dry skin Impairm Urine Kidney Weaknes
economic h pain problem ness pain ion tis ion ent of probl stone s
status hearing em
Food habits
Vegetarian 124 206 150 72 118 89 37 59 38 78 70 10 14 54
(375) (33.06) (54.93) (40.00) (19.20) (31.46) (23.73) (9.86) (15.73) (10.13) (20.80) (18.66) (2.66) (3.73) (14.40)
Non 102 150 141 82 98 54 8 45 20 81 42 3 6 53
vegetarian (45.33) (66.66) (62.66) (36.44) (43.55) (24.00) (3.55) (20.00) (8.88) (36.00) (18.66) (1.33) (2.66) (23.55)
(225)
Occupation
House wife 32 75 54 18 42 26 7 16 7 17 30 6 8 23
(142) (22.53) (52.81) (38.02) (12.67) (29.57) (18.30) (4.92) (11.26) (4.92) (11.97) (21.12) (4.22) (5.63) (16.19)
Farmer 172 237 213 127 147 90 34 73 46 128 63 7 5 72
(334) (51.49) (70.95) (63.77) (38.02) (44.01) (26.94) (10.17) (21.85) (13.77) (38.32) (18.86) (2.09) (1.49) (21.55)
Government 11 20 16 3 12 12 2 9 5 10 9 1 3 5
job (16.66) (30.30) (24.24) (4.54) (18.18) (18.18) (3.03) (13.63) (7.57) (15.15) (13.63) (1.51) (4.54) (7.57)
Private job 10 22 9 5 12 17 3 5 1 4 9 0 4 8
(17.24) (37.93) (15.51) (8.62) (20.68) (29.31) (5.17) (8.62) (1.72) (6.89) (15.51) (0) (6.89) (13.79)
87
The aged in the unorganized sector like agriculture workers, casual workers
and landless laborers are having economically family responsibilities and
unharmonious relations are the major problems needs of the family and their
personal requirements they have to work as long as they live. Moreover, the
problems become more complicated when their children start neglecting them and
elderly people face psycho – social problems coupled with economic and health
problems (Balamurugan, J., 2012).
4.51 Commonly observed bone problems among selected elderly subjects
Table 51 explain the commonly observed bone related problems among

selected elderly. Prevalence of bone problems was observed more in tribal elderly as
compared to urban and rural elderly. Joint pain (92.5%), backache (91%), knee pain
(76%) and leg pain (70%) was more prevalent among tribal elderly. While
respective values for rural and urban elderly were: 42.5 and 26.5, 63 and 37, 59 and
49, 61.5 and 35.5 percent. Other bone problems like arthritis and fracture were also
found more in elderly of tribal area. Age also influenced on the prevalence of bone
problems. The problems like knee pain (70%), leg pain (66%) and edema of joints
(18.66%) were found more in elderly aged above 70 years. While backache
(65.11%), joint pain (54.88%), arthritis (28.66%), and fracture (10.66%) were more
prevalent in elderly age of 60 to 70 years of age. Further it is also observed from the
table that most of the bone problems were found more in elderly female than male.
Monthly income of elderly subject affected very strongly on prevalence of bone
problems. All bone problems were found more in elderly subjects who were
belonging to low income group (Rs. <5000/- month) as compared to other two
income groups (Rs.5000/- to 10,000/- and Rs> 10,000/-). Whereas, elderly having
monthly income of Rs >10,000/- were noticed less prevalent to the bone problems.
It is also evident from the table that working pattern of the elderly affected on the
occurrence of bone problems. Farmers were suffering more from joint pain
88
(70.65%), knee pain (68.86%), backache (67.36%), leg pain (65.26%), arthritis
(35.62%), and fracture (15.56%) as compared to elderly who were retired
government employee, private service holders and house wife.
Factors influencing prevalence of various bone problems among selected

elderly subjects
Prevalence of various bone problems among elderly subjects is given in

Table 51.
Prevalence of backache, joint pain, knee pain, leg pain were more common
among selected elderly subjects. When observed area wise, higher percent of tribal
elderly subjects were suffering with bone problems followed by rural and urban
elderly subjects. Intake of calcium observed comparatively lower by tribal elderly
subjects in present study (Table 31). Lower calcium intake cause weakness of bones
which leads various bone related problems. Also age related changes in muscular
skeletal system aggravated the bone problems in elderly (Revanwar M., 2002). In
present study bone problems like knee pain (70%), loss of teeth (38.66%), edema of
joints (18.66%) were more common in elderly of aged >70 years. As it is observed
that bone problems increased as age increased.
It is depicted from the result that, in case of bone problems remarkable difference
was noticed among both genders. Female were more prevalent for backache
(70.40%), knee pain (69.47%), joint pain (55.45%), arthritis (23.33%) and edema of
joints (18.66%). While male were found less susceptible to bone problems as
compared to female. Same result was reported by Bhosle (2000) and Pawar (2014)
while studying about elderly from Parbhani Maharashtra. This could be due to the
high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and low calcium intake in daily diet as
compared to elderly male and RDA (Table 32).
It is clear from the result that, as income level increased, the

incidence of bone problems decreased. The elderly belonged to low income group
89
were more prevalent to bone problems. Income affects the availability of food and
health care facility also. Consumption of calcium in daily diet is observed more in
high income group in present study (Table 34). Which directly affected on bone
problems.
It was observed that dietary habit does not exhibited any effect on prevalence
of problems of elderly subjects. This could be due to very rare consumption of non-
vegetarian food by elderly subjects. Prevalence of bone problems was observed
higher among elderly who were either farmer or farm labour followed by house wife
and private service. Lower nutritional status and heavy drudgery work affect
directly on the bones of elderly. In present study, farmers suffered more with bone
problems whose working pattern is hard and also getting low nutritional diet (Table
36). Due to which their bone health affected more.
4.52 Prevalence for psychological problems among selected elderly

subjects from different socio economic status
Elderly subjects from different socio economic status suffering with various
psychological problems is presented in Table 52.
It is evident from the table that, area of living affected the percent prevalence
of psychological problems among elderly subjects. Almost all psychological
problems were more prevalent in tribal elderly subjects than rural and urban elderly
subjects. Except boredom (15.5%) and frustration (6%) all other psychological
problems like burst of anger (79%), irritation (74%), nervousness (51%), loneliness
(49%) were found more in tribal elderly. When compared between two age groups,
it was found that, 33.30 percent elderly above age 70 years were suffering with loss
of memory, 23.33 percent with boredom, and 32 percent with loneliness which were
more than elderly aged between 60-70 years. While, nervousness (38.22%), burst of
anger (38.66%), irritability (33.11%), and frustration (6.66%) were prevalent more
in elderly aged between 60-70 years. Gender wise prevalence of psychological
problems clearly indicated that loss of memory (31.77%), nervousness (39.87%),
90
loneliness (32.33%), boredom (22.42%), and irritability (31.46%) were more
prevalent among female elderly than male. while burst of anger (36.20%), and
frustration (7.88%) were found more in elderly male. Income level of elderly
subjects strongly affected on psychological condition. Most of the elderly who were
belonging to the low income group (Rs.<5000/-) were suffering more with
psychological problems like burst of anger (79.69%), irritability (71.06%), loss of
memory (64.46%), nervousness (55.83%) and loneliness (50.76%) as compared to
other two income groups (Rs. 5000/- to 10,000 and > 10,000). While, very less
elderly from high income group suffering with these problems. As food habits of
elderly subject is concern, few of the psychological problems like burst of anger,
irritability, nervousness, loss of memory, loneliness were found more in elderly
having non vegetarian diet pattern as compared to vegetarian.
Further it was noted that, psychological problems like burst of anger,

irritability, nervousness, loss of memory, loneliness, were more common in farming
community as compared to house wives, retired government employee and private
job holders. While very few elderly who were doing government or private service
were facing these problems.
4. 53 Reasons express by elderly population for psychological problems
Table 53 reported the reasons for various psychological problems. Out of

total elderly subjects, elderly who were suffering with various psychological
problems, 146 (24.33%) were given the reason of family problems and 111 (18.5 %)
were given the reason of ageing. Very few were expressed the reasons for
psychological problems like health problems (75), living alone (36) and economical
problems (8). In old age, many times they were not aware what exactly happens.
Elderly become emotional and feeling helpless also. Many time they feel neglected
and unwanted in family which gives stress to them and nervousness also. Which
directly converted in to irritability and frustration.
91
Table 51. Commonly observed bone problems among selected elderly subjects
(n=600)
Socio economic Backache Joint pain Knee pain Fracture Arthritis Edema of joint
status
Area
Rural (200) 126 (63.00) 85 (42.50) 118 (59.00) 8 (4.00) 23(11.50) 32 (16.00)
Urban (200) 74(37.00) 53 (26.50) 98 (49.00) 5 (2.50) 31 (15.50) 28 (14.00)
Tribal (200) 182(91.00) 185 (92.50) 152 (76.00) 46 (23.00) 110 (55.00) 32 (16.00)
Age yrs
60-70 (450) 293(65.11) 247 (54.88) 266 (59.11) 48 (10.66) 129 (28.66) 65 (14.44)
>70 (150) 89 (59.33) 76 (50.66) 105 (70.00) 11 (7.33) 35 (23.33) 28 (18.66)
Sex
Male (279) 155 (55.55) 145 (51.97) 147 (52.68) 31 (10.75) 70 (25.08) 34 (12.18)
Female (321) 226 (70.40) 178 (55.45) 223 (69.47) 28 (8.72) 94 (29.28) 59 (18.38)
Income (Rs.)
<5000/-(197) 178 (90.35) 176 (89.34) 148 (75.12) 44 (22.33) 103 (52.28) 32 (16.24)
5000 to 10000/- 98 (60.49) 85 (52.46) 104 (64.19) 8 (4.93) 23 (14.19) 23 (14.19)
(162)
>10000/-(241) 105 (43.56) 62 (25.72) 118 (48.96) 7 (2.90) 38 (15.76) 38 (15.76)
Food habits
Vegetarian(375) 217 (57.86) 172 (45.86) 226 (60.26) 35 (9.33) 88 (23.46) 63 (16.8)
Non 164 (72.88) 151 (67.11) 145 (64.44) 24 (10.66) 77 (34.22) 31 (13.77)
vegetarian(225)
Occupation
House wife(142) 79 (55.63) 57 (40.14) 90 (60.38) 3 (2.11) 26 (18.30) 23 (16.19)
Farmer(334) 225 (67.36) 236 (70.65) 230 (68.86) 52 (15.56) 119 (35.62) 54 (16.16)
Government 23 (34.84) 17 (25.75) 23 (34.84) 3 (4.54) 9 (13.63) 11 (16.66)
job(66)
Private job(58) 24 (41.37) 13 (22.41) 27 (46.55) 1 (1.72) 10 (17.24) 5 (8.62)
92
Table 52. Commonly observed psychological problems among selected elderly subjects
(n=600)
Socio economic Loss of Nervousness Boredom Burst of anger Irritability Frustration Loneliness
status memory
Area
Rural (200) 20 (10.00) 72 (36.00) 53 (26.50) 42 (21.00) 25 (12.50) 18 (9.00) 39 (19.50)
Urban (200) 21 (10.50) 50 (25.00) 36 (18) 11 (5.50) 14 (7.00) 8 (4.00) 30 (15.00)
Tribal (200) 137 (68.50) 102 (51.00) 31 (15.50) 158 (79.00) 148 (74.00) 12 (6.00) 98 (49.00)
Age yrs
60-70 (450) 129 (28.66) 172 (38.22) 86 (19.11) 174 (38.66) 149 (33.11) 30 (6.66) 120 (26.66)
>70 (150) 50 (33.33) 53 (35.33) 35 (23.33) 37 (24.66) 38 (25.33) 8 (5.33) 48 (32.00)
Sex
Male (279) 76 (27.24) 96 (34.40) 48 (17.20) 101 (36.20) 86 (30.82) 22 (7.88) 63 (22.58)
Female (321) 102 (31.77) 128 (39.87) 72 (22.42) 110 (34.26) 101 (31.46) 16 (4.98) 104 (32.39)
Income
<5000/-(197) 127 (64.46) 110 (55.83) 37 (18.78) 157 (79.69) 140 (71.06) 16 (8.12) 100 (50.76)
5000 to 10000/- 31 (19.13) 55 (33.95) 38 (23.45) 27 (16.66) 26 (16.04) 10 (6.17) 36 (22.22)
(162)
>10000/-(241) 20 (8.29) 59 (24.48) 45 (18.67) 27 (11.20) 21 (8.71) 12 (4.97) 31 (12.86)
Food habits
Vegetarian(375) 90 (24.00) 127 (33.86) 87 (23.20) 100 (26.66) 84 (22.4) 30 (8.00) 91 (24.26)
Non 87 (38.66) 97 (43.11) 34 (15.11) 111 (49.33) 103 (45.77) 8 (3.55) 76 (33.77)
vegetarian(225)
Occupation
House wife(142) 23 (16.19) 44 (30.98) 33 (23.23) 20 (14.08) 20 (14.08) 4 (2.81) 32 (22.53)
Farmer (334) 141 (42.21) 146 (43.71) 61 (18.26) 174 (52.09) 154 (46.10) 26 (7.78) 116 (34.73)
Government 8 (12.12) 17 (25.25) 14 (21.21) 7 (10.60) 7 (10.60) 5 (7.57) 10 (15.15)
job(66)
Private job (58) 6 (10.34) 17 (29.31) 12 (20.68) 10 (17.24) 6 (10.34) 3 (5.17) 7 (12.06)
93
Table 53. Reasons expressed by elderly population for psychological problems
(n=600)
Reasons expressed Percent population

Ageing 111 (18.50)
Family problems 146 (24.33)
Diseases/health problems 75(12.5)
Living alone 36(6.00)
Economical problems 8(1.33)
4.54 Commonly observed recreational activities among selected elderly
Commonly observed recreational activities among selected elderly is presented in

Table 54. Out of total studied samples 34.83 percent were reported regarding regular
walking followed by 19.16 percent reported that, they were attending bhajan and
kirtan (devotional songs). However, almost 14 percent were reported that, they were
enjoying singing and watching movies followed by 12 percent were reported about
watching T.V and gardening and 8.5 percent elderly were enjoying reading.
However, 4 to 5 percent elderly were doing yoga regularly and enjoying
chitchatting. Less percent (0.66%) were reported as a writing hobby and playing the
games (2.5%). Further, it is observed from the table that, 30 to 40 percent elderly
reported one or other as a recreational activity. However, almost 60 percent elderly
were reported neither they were having any hobby nor they are interested in any
recreational activity. They prefer sitting ideally at home. This may be due to the
some physical problem, lack of access, lack of facilities or lack of company.
94
Table 54. Commonly observed recreational activities among selected elderly
population (n=600)
Recreational activities Percent prevalence

Reading 51(8.50)
Writing 4 (0.66)
Singing 84(14.00)
Chitchatting 25(4.16)
Playing 15(2.5)
Watching TV 72(12.00)
Bhajan 115(19.16)
Movies 86(14.33)
Garden 72(12.00)
Exercise
Yoga 27(4.50)
Walking 209(34.83)
Factors influencing psychological problems, reasons of psychological

problems and recreational activities among elderly subjects
Prevalence of psychological problems, reasons of psychological problems

and recreational activities among selected elderly subjects is given in Table 52 to
54. In present study it was found that, selected elderly subjects were suffering
various psychological problems like loss of memory, nervousness, boredom, and
burst of anger, irritability, frustration, loneliness and anger. While observed area
wise, percent of elderly belonged to tribal area were more prevalent to various
psychological problems followed by rural and urban elderly subjects. Most common
problem in tribal elderly were loss of memory (68.5%),burst of anger (79%),
nervousness (51%), and loneliness (49%).It could be due to the more health
95
problems, low income and unfavorable conditions in their home. Psychological
problem is most common among elderly. Loneliness in old age is a common
problem found in many of the developed and developing countries. Some old
persons who are practically alone because they remained single after death of
spouse and do not have any son or a daughter. But children are also thinking that,
the aged parents are a burden to them and treated as unwanted one (Thirumalraja ;
2013). Feeling of isolation, loss of respect from family members, no income and
illness in elderly causes various psychological problems. Sinha, et.al (2013) while
studying in Kancheepuram, Tamilnadu reported that, prevalence of psychological
problems like depression was more common in elderly women than men. This may
be due to unfavorable attitude towords life, less attention of family members, no
income and family problems. Pawar C. (2014) while conducted study in Parbhani,
Maharashtraalso reported that elderly belonging to low income were having more
percent of nervous system related problems like loss of memory, nervousness and
insomnia.
Farmers and farm labour who faced more hard work and getting very low
income were suffering more with psychological problems than housewife, elderly
who were done government service. Dahiya et.al (2011) also reported the reasons of
unfavorable attitude towards life or psychological problems like poverty, loneliness,
illness, loss of spouse and liabilities.
Many times elderly not preferred to go out either because of unavailability of

resources or economic problems. This may be the common among tribal and rural
area. Basic needs were not fulfilled, so question of entertainment and recreation is
not arise. It is already observed in previous table in psychological problems (Table
50) loneliness is common problem observed among old age in urban area and rural
area. Aloneness may arise because of death of spouse and children settled in other
cities.
96
4.55 Commonly observed health diseases among selected elderly subjects
Commonly observed health diseases among selected elderly subjects of

different socio economic status is given in Table 55.
Total 600 elderly were administered the questionnaire regarding health

diseases. The responses given by elderly had presented in table. It is evident from
the table that, elderly residing in urban area, were more prevalent with diabetics
mellitus (18%) and hyper tension (18%) than elderly residing in rural (12% and
6.5%) and tribal area (4% and 4% respectively). While one or other type of cancer
was found in 2.5 percent rural elderly and liver problem was more prevalent in tribal
elderly (2%). Further when observed among genders it was seen that, hyper tension
(12.90%), heart disease (6.45%) was more common among elderly male and
diabetis mellitus was slightly more in elderly female (11.52%).
However, it is also noticed that diabetes mellitus (18.25%), hyper tension (16.18%)
was increased as monthly family income increased up to Rs. >10,000/-. Except liver
problem, all other diseases were found more in elderly belonging to high income
group (Rs.>10,000/-).
Whereas, 14.66 percent vegetarian and 5.77 percent non vegetarian reported
diabetes mellitus followed by hyper tension. Other diseases were prevalent in
vegetarian and non vegetarian elderly in low percent. It is also reported in table that,
diabetes mellitus was more prevalent among elderly who were retired as
government officials (25.75%) followed by housewife (17.60%) and private service
holders (15.51%). Hyper tension was next most prevalent diseases among elderly
from various occupations. Contrary, farmer elderly were less prevalent for all
diseases as compared to the elderly of other occupation.
97
98
Table 55. Commonly observed health diseases among selected elderly subjects
(n=600)
Socio economic status Diabetes Heart diseases Hyper tension Cancer Liver problem
mellitus
Area
Rural (200) 24(12.00) 6(3.00) 13(6.50) 5(2.50) 1(0.50)
Urban (200) 36(18.00) 9(4.50) 36(18.00) 3(1.50) 3(1.50)
Tribal (200) 8(4.00) 7(3.50) 8(4.00) 0 (0) 4(2.00)
Age yrs
60-70 (450) 51(11.33) 15(3.33) 43(9.55) 6(1.33) 6(1.33)
>70 (150) 17(11.33) 7(4.66) 14(9.33) 2(1.33) 2(1.33)
Sex
Male (279) 30(10.75) 18(6.45) 36(12.90) 5(1.79) 6(2.15)
Female (321) 37(11.52) 4(1.24) 22(6.85) 3(0.93) 2(0.62)
Income
<5000/-(197) 10(5.07) 6(3.04) 9(4.56) 2(1.01) 0 (0)
5000 to 10000/-(162) 14(8.64) 4(2.46) 9(5.55) 1(0.61) 5(3.08)
>10000/-(241) 44(18.25) 12(4.97) 39(16.18) 5(2.07) 3(1.24)
Food habits
Vegetarian(375) 55 (14.66) 12 (3.20) 42 (11.20) 8 (2.13) 4 (1.06)
Non vegetarian(225) 13 (5.77) 10 (4.44) 15 (6.66) 0(0) 4 (1.77)
Occupation
House wife(142) 25(17.60) 0 (0) 12(8.45) 1(0.70) 1(0.70)
Farmer (334) 17(5.08) 16(4.79) 18(5.38) 3(0.89) 6(1.79)
Government job(66) 17(25.75) 2(3.03) 15(22.72) 2(3.03) 1(1.51)
Private job (58) 9(15.51) 4(6.89) 12(20.68) 2(3.44) 0 (0)
99
Factors influencing on percent of elderly subjects suffering with various
diseases from different socio economic status.
In present study prevalence of various diseases among selected elderly

is reported (Table 55). It was found that, percent of elderly suffering with diabetes
mellitus ranged from 4 to 18 percent followed by hypertension (4 to 18%), heart
diseases (3 to 4.5%), cancer (0 to 2.5%) and liver problems (0.5 to 2%) in different
living areas. Percent prevalence for diabetes, heart disease and hypertension was
more in elderly of urban areas. Kulkarni and Rao (2014) while studied in Dharwad,
Karnataka also reported the same. Majority of urban elderly had complaints of
major ailments. None of the rural subjects were diagnosed for cardiovascular
problems which might be attributed to lack of healthcare facilities, poverty,
ignorance and improved diagnosis. Gender wise comparison show that, more
percent of more elderly male were suffering with heart diseases than female. While
diabetes mellitus was found more in female. Opposite results was found in
international study conducted by Park (2014) in Korea. In his study he reported
more percent of elderly women were suffering with these diseases.
Further, diabetes followed by hypertension, heart diseases and cancer were

more prevalent in high income group. Exactly same result was given by Pawar C.
(2014) while studied in Parbhani, Maharashtra. Elderly who were retired
government servant were suffering more with diabetes and hypertension. It could be
due to the change in life style and other habits which changes with profession.
Sedentary life style may associated with it. Genetic characters may affect on onset
of some diseases. Lack of exercise, recreational activities, faulty food habits and
unawareness regarding health may be the associated ingredients for such diseases.
Elderly are vulnerable to long term diseases of insidious onset such as
cardiovascular illness, CVA, cancers, diabetes, musculo skeletal and mental illness.
They have multiple systems due to decline in the functioning of various body
functions (Kamble et.al; 2012).
100

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CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Socio economic background of the selected elderly subjects

Data on socio economic background of the selected elderly subjects residing

Factors influencing socio economic background of the selected elderly

In the present investigation, half of the selected elderly (55.66 %) were

Figures in parenthesis indicates percentages

Table 2. Mean and range of anthropometric measurements of the selected elderly

Measurement Mean ±SD Range

Body Weight (kg) 52.67 ± 11.315 28 - 87

Body Height (cm) 155.96 ± 12.07 122 - 182

Body Mass Index(Kg/m2) 21.22 ± 3.43 13.88 – 34.63

West Circumference (cm) 78.85 ± 11.20 43 - 111

Hip Circumference (cm) 85.29 ± 11.75 51 - 118

West Hip Ratio 0.92 ± 0.04 0.75 – 1.08

The anthropometric measurement of elderly subjects from different socio

Socio economic Anthropometric measurements (Mean ±SD)

Private service(58) 160.84 ± 21.48 59.43 ± 10.70 22.04 ± 3.37

Socio economic Anthropometric measurments (Mean ±SD)

An anthropometric measurement of elderly male and female from different

**-Significant at 1%, NS- Non significant

Anthropometric measurements of selected elderly subjects with different age

Weight (kg) 60.5±8.31 58.6±12.02 NS 53.76±9.40 49.58±10.31 2.59** 46.12±8.66 42.47±12.71 NS

Waist 86.1±7.64 82.96±8.01 2.59** 82.87±8.87 80.73±10.51 NS 70.34±8.48 63.5±9.15 4.17**

The anthropometric measurements of selected elderly subjects with respect to

Anthropometric Urban Rural Tribal

Weight (kg) 59.69±9.18 60.75±10.91 NS 52.67±10.31 52.59±8.47 NS 44.53±8.57 46.06±9.68 NS

BMI(kg/m2) 23.14±2.88 22.57±5.41 NS 21.15±3.48 20.98±3.16 NS 19.40±2.64 19.56±2.49 NS

Waist 84.78±7.29 86.46±9.56 NS 82.40±9.91 82.05±7.85 NS 69.65±10.03 69.11±8.35 NS

In rural situation, height (158.61±7.14), weight (54.81±10.07), waist

Among tribal elderly subjects, height (156.1±9.32) and weight (50.04±9.61),

4.9 Anthropometric measurements of selected elderly as per different

Anthropometric measurements of selected elderly as per their occupation and

Influence of area and occupation on anthropometric measurements of elderly

In rural area, range of height was noted 152.24±23.21 (house wife) to

Height, weight and BMI of tribal elderly ranged from 145.1±6.20 to

In nutshell, it can be inferred from above findings that, irrespective of area,

Effects of area and different socio economic factors on anthropometric

Influence of area and age on anthropometric measurement of elderly subjects

Further the anthropometric measurements of elderly subjects as influenced by

The influence of area combined with food habits on anthropometric

4.10 Prevalence of under nutrition among selected elderly from different

Prevalence of under nutrition in selected elderly based on body mass

4.11 Prevalence of undernutrition among selected elderly on the basis of

4.12 Prevalence of undernutrition among selected elderly male and

Socio economic BMI

Figures in parenthesis indicates percentages

BMI Urban (%) Rural(%) Tribal(%)

BMI Men(%) Women(%)

Normal (18.5 – 25) 187 (67.02) 182 (56.69)

Overweight (>25) 33 (11.82) 52 (16.19)

4.13 Prevalence of undernutrition among selected elderly of different age

Table 13 revealed the prevalence of undernutrition among selected elderly

BMI 60 - 70 yrs (%) 60 >70 yrs(%)

Normal (18.5 – 25) 284 (63.11) 85 (56.66)

Overweight (>25) 81 (18.00) 4 (2.66)

Figures in parenthesis indicates percentages

4.14 Prevalence of undernutrition among selected elderly on the basis of

Prevalence of undernutrition among selected elderly on the basis of

4. 15 Prevalence of under nutrition among selected elderly on the basis of

Table 15 revealed the data on prevalence of under nutrition among

BMI <5000/-(%) 5000 – 10,000/-(%) >10,000/-(%)

Normal (18.5 – 25) 107 (54.31) 106 (65.43) 158 (65.56)

Waist 86.1±7.64 82.96±8.01 2.59 82.87±8.87 80.73±10.51 NS 70.34±8.48 63.5±9.15 4.17

Green leafy 27.42+32.15 20.42+29.54 3.91+10.36 2.27* 7.47 9.87

Other vegetables 33.82+34.72 18.71+29.30 3.93+12.63 4.70 6.56 11.49**

Pulses 29.09+14.38 21.65+11.54 29.10+14.03 5.47 NS 5.86

Green leafy Vegetables 5.88+14.96 19.32+28.04 27.68+32.58 5.50 9.27 2.75*

Roots and tubers 19.41+28.14 40.70+27.37 48.01+35.30 7.26 9.47 2.34*

Other vegetables 4.91+15.74 19.99+27.06 32.18+35.08 6.28 10.86 3.93**

Fruits 21.72+31.51 32.84+34.06 31.64+38.45 3.18 2.97 NS

Fats and oil 7.50+2.76 10.68+3.92 13.84+5.92 9.35 15.46 6.72**