Design of Information System in

Disaster-robust Zero Energy Vehicle

Hyoga Tajima
Graduate School of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering
Kogakuin University
1-24-2 Nishi-shinjuku, Shinjuku,
Tokyo,
163-8677 Japan
cm19032@ns.kogakuin.ac.jp
Yusuke Nakajima Osamu Mizuno
Department of Urban Development, Graduate School of Electrical and
Faculty of Architecture Electronics Engineering
Kogakuin University Kogakuin University
1-24-2 Nishi-shinjuku, Shinjuku, 1-24-2 Nishi-shinjuku, Shinjuku,
Tokyo, Tokyo,
163-8677 Japan 163-8677 Japan
yusuke@cc.kogakuin.ac.jp omizuno@cc.kogakuin.ac.jp

Abstract—In Japan, some experts forecast that

earthquakes directly under the Tokyo Metropolitan area
will happen. Large-scale earthquakes will destroy that
city functions and lifelines. It will take much time to start
public aid, such as the Self-Defense Forces after a
disaster. Therefore, it is essential to provide quick and
flexible support to victims until public aid begins.
Provisioning information, electric power, and emergency
relief are necessary for many victims. Consequently, we
are developing a system called D-ZEV and D-ZEV mini to
provide information, power supply, and a first-aid space
Fig. 1 Configuration of D-ZEV and D-ZEV mini
unit. D-ZEV consists of two light commercial vans to start
supporting operation in a short time. D-ZEV mini is a
lifelines of the capital. To provide information, electric
bicycle and collects regional damage information. In this
paper, we design two systems for D-ZEV and D-ZEV
power supply, and emergency relief space in the earlier
mini: (1) Information provision system for providing time of disaster are necessary for many victims [4]. It is
information from D-ZEV to victims and (2) Information essential to put them in the disaster area in a short time
sharing system for efficient information sharing between to support the victim quickly and flexibly. Therefore, we
D-ZEV minis. Trial manufacture and experiment show are developing a system called D-ZEV that provides
the effectiveness of the proposed systems. information, power supply, and the emergency relief
space [5-7]. Also, we are developing D-ZEV mini that
Keywords—Information distribution system, collects and delivers local damage information. Figure 1
Communications system, Delay-Tolerant Networking, shows the configuration of D-ZEV and D-ZEV mini. D-
Epidemic Routing, Disaster mitigation ZEV is a light commercial van, and it can start support
operation in a short time after the disaster. D-ZEV has
I. INTRODUCTION the power supply with solar photovoltaic and lithium-
Japan is known as a country with a high rate of ion rechargeable batteries and communication
earthquakes, and the proportion of earthquakes equipment. They can supply electric power and provide
exceeding magnitude 6 accounts for 20% of the world information even if power and telecommunication
[1]. The Great East Japan Earthquake that occurred on infrastructures are not available. A first-aid space unit,
March 11, 2011, was the biggest earthquake in Japan's which made from honeycomb structure cardboard, is
history, and the fourth largest earthquake in the world onboard the vehicle so that victims can get first aid early.
[2]. In the Great East Japan Earthquake, D-ZEV mini is an electric-assist bicycle that can travel
telecommunication and power infrastructure got on roads where D-ZEV cannot go. D-ZEV mini has
severely damaged, and it was hard to provide communication equipment and obtains/delivers damage
information and supply power to the victims. Many information on buildings and roads in the area.
people got critical damage because of the delay in the
In this paper, we discuss two proposals; (1)
initial treatment due to the less capable of medical
Information provision system for providing information
facilities. Among the large-scale earthquakes that are
from D-ZEV to victims and (2) Information sharing
forecasted to occur shortly, there are earthquakes
system for efficient information sharing between D-
directly under the Tokyo metropolitan area [3]. The
ZEV minis. Chapter 2 discusses problems with existing
earthquake will occur harder damage than the Great East
information collection and distribution systems. Chapter
Japan Earthquake, especially, and the city functions and

XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X/XX/$XX.00 ©20XX IEEE

978-1-7281-4920-2/19/$31.00 € 2019 IEEE

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3 describes the overview of D-ZEV and D-ZEV mini.
Chapter 4 and 5 show D-ZEV's information provision
system and its evaluations, respectively. Chapter 6 and
7 discuss the information sharing system of D-ZEV mini
and its evaluation experiment, respectively. Chapter 8 is
conclusions and future issues

II. ✁✂✄☎✆✝✞ ✟✠✡☛ ✆☞✠✞✡✠✌✍ ✠✌✎✂✁✝✏✡✠✂✌ ✑✂☎☎✆✑✡✠✂✌ ✏✌✒

✒✠✞✡✁✠✄✓✡✠✂✌ ✞✔✞✡✆✝✞
Existing information provision and collection
systems use the SNS such as Twitter and Facebook, and
requires the Internet. If network infrastructures are
Fig. 2 D-ZEV
damaged, victims cannot use them. In this case,
radio/TV broadcastings will be the next choice, but it is
difficult to treat information in a narrow area less than
5000-meter square. Or, it is necessary to collect and
dispatch information on foot if communication tools are
not available. These methods require many people and
take time to communicate information to the victims.
Therefore, D-ZEV and D-ZEV mini that does not
depend on the existing network infrastructure will be
efficient information collection and distribution.
III. OVERVIEW OF D-ZEV AND D-ZEV MINI
Fig. 3 D-ZEV mini
A. Overview of D-ZEV
Figure 2 shows an overview of D-ZEV. The D-ZEV
consists of two vans as a set. These cars have different
equipment, and the first unit has an electric power unit
and communication equipment. The other unit
equipped with IEEE 802.11j/n wireless LAN, a TV
tuner for terrestrial digital broadcasting, two digital
signages.
When a disaster occurs, D-ZEV moves to an
evacuation spot. After that, using the communication
equipment with IEEE 802.11j, D-ZEV gathers the
information from the regional disaster response Fig. 4 D-ZEV mini’s Wireless LAN access point
headquarters. Also, D-ZEV provides such information that implements the DTN function
to victims at the evacuation spot using IEEE 802.11n
wireless LAN and digital signages. The electric power outside of the D-ZEV communication range, many
unit supplies to whole equipment mounted on the D- victims can send their situation and receive disaster
ZEV. It also provides power to the disaster victim’s information using the wireless LAN access point on D-
devices, i.e., smartphones and tablet/laptop personal ZEV mini. The laptop computer stores information
computers. The first-aid space unit may treat the victim from victims and share them with other D-ZEV minis
early in a clean environment with an air conditioner. In using the DTN function during moving. D-ZEV minis
principle, D-ZEV vehicles do not run their equipment. can collect information efficiently by sharing
information. D-ZEV minis send collected information
B. Overview of D-ZEV mini to D-ZEV at the evacuation spot. After that, D-ZEV
Figure 3 shows an overview of D-ZEV mini. D- sends the collected information to the disaster response
ZEV mini is an electric-assist bicycle. D-ZEV can carry headquarters.
three D-ZEV minis at a time. As a communication
system, D-ZEV mini has a wireless LAN access point C. Information handled by D-ZEV and D-ZEV mini
with Delay-Tolerant Networking (DTN) [8] function The information provided by D-ZEV is
[9]. Figure 4 shows an overview of a wireless LAN “Occurrence disaster information,” “Railway
access point. It includes an IEEE 802.11n wireless LAN operation,” “Medical institution,” “Evacuation
access point, a laptop computer, a portable power facilities,” and “Hazard map.” The information
supply, and a Power over Ethernet (PoE) injector. collected by D-ZEV mini is “road damage,” “building
damage,” and “injured person.” Details of the
When a disaster occurs, D-ZEV mini moves from
D-ZEV and collects local disaster situations. Even

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information handled by D-ZEV and D-ZEV mini are as
below. D-ZEV Disaster response headquarters
Directional Omnidirectional
⑨
TV antenna
Occurrence disaster information: It displays antenna Wireless communication antenna

details and warnings of the disaster like the TV tuner

Wireless LAN Wireless LAN
device device
epicenter and depth of the earthquake, tsunami
warning, heavy rain warning, storm warning, and PC Wi-Fi router Database server Web server

flood warning. Distribution / change of information

Digital signage
⑨
Provision of information
Railway operation information: It indicates TV broadcast and
via Wi-Fi connection
Legend
information display
information on the route to/from a terminal Coaxial cable
Ethernet cable
station (for example, Shinjuku Station in Tokyo) HDMI cable

in three states: “operating,” “suspended,” and Smartphone Tablet terminal Laptop USB cable

“confirming.” Fig. 5 System configuration of the

information provision system
⑨ Medical institution information: It indicates the
name, location, facility information, and
acceptance status of medical facilities around the
Shinjuku Station.
⑨ Evacuation facility information: It indicates the
name of the evacuation facility around the
Shinjuku Station, reception status, facilities
including electricity, water, telecommunication,
and toilets.
This screen indicates that “There are
⑨ Hazard map: It shows the damaged area, earthquake damages”, “Stay here as
evacuation routes, evacuation spots. much as you can”, “Here is Kogakuin
University, Shinjuku Campus” and the
⑨ Damage information of roads: It shows the train operation information from/to This screen indicates
damage status of roads around the Shinjuku Shinjuku Station such as “Yamanote same information as
Line JY is operating” and so on. (a).
Station. Depending on the damage situation, the
damage level indicates as “high,” “medium,” and (a) Laptop PC screen (b) Smartphone screen
“low.” A high road damage level means that
vehicles cannot pass, and pedestrians cannot pass Fig. 6 Screenshot of the provided information for
safely. A medium road damage level means that mobile devices
vehicles are impossible to pass, but pedestrians
can pass safely. A low road damage level means
that vehicle traffic is possible.
⑨ Damage information of buildings: It indicates
damage to buildings around Shinjuku Station.
Depending on the damage situation, the damage
level indicates as “high,” “medium,” and “low.”
A high building damage level means that damage
is so severe to reuse after repair. A medium
building damage level means that it is difficult to
use without large-scale repairs of pillars. A low
building damage level means that damage is This screen indicates that “There are weather disasters. Stay
significant but can be re-used if repaired. here as much as you can.
Take appropriate action. Here is Kogakuin University Shinjuku
⑨ Injured person information: It indicates Campus” and QR code for smartphones to access more
information.
information on injured persons staying at
evacuation facilities around Shinjuku Station. Fig. 7 Information providing function screen for
Depending on the damage situation, the damage
digital signage
level indicates as “high,” “medium,” and “low.”
A high injured person damage level means that
self-help is impossible, and people need help IV. INFORMATION PROVISION SYSTEM FOR D-ZEV
from the public rescue agency. A medium
A. System configuration for the information provision
injured person damage level means that self-help
system
is impossible, and people need local residents’
help. A low injured person damage level means We design the information provision system aimed
that self-help is possible. at providing information from D-ZEV to victims where
telecommunication and electric power infrastructure are

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down. The information provision system provides
information to mobile terminals such as smartphones TABLE I. Questionnaire survey environment
and laptop computers possessed by disaster victims. It Experiment period November 13-21, 2018
also provides information on digital signages even when
Around Shinjuku Station,
the mobile terminals of the victim are damaged or runs Experiment place
Tokyo
out of battery. Figure 5 shows the system configuration
Number of Student 34 people
in D-ZEV. The database servers at the disaster response
participants Society 50 people
headquarters and D-ZEV use to manage enormous
disaster information. A web server connected to the
database server. A Web server connected D-ZEV with
IEEE 802.11j wireless LAN so that it can provide
information to mobile terminals and digital signages.
However, when providing information to mobile
terminals, it is necessary to connect D-ZEV and the
terminals via Wi-fi.
B. Information provision function for personal
terminals
Figure 6 shows the screenshot of the provided
information for mobile terminals. The information (a) For mobile devices (b) For digital signage
provided is the information shown in Chapter 2 C. By Fig. 8 Evaluation results of information
using a Web browser to show information, it applies provision function
various kinds of OS and devices, which victims may
have. The user interface changes automatically
according to the screen width of the mobile terminal and
the type of Web browser.
C. ❃igital signages function
Figure 7 shows the screenshot of the provided
information on digital signage. Two digital signages are
at the rear of D-ZEV. The information displayed on one
digital signage is the same as mobile terminals but
optimized for the screen width for digital signage. Also,
information on the screen transit automatically to
update information. There is a QR code to link Web Fig. 9 Evaluation result of information provision
page for a mobile terminal. The other digital signage system
shows disaster-related TV program. Evaluations scores in 5 to 1; 5 is “very good,” 4 is
“good,” 3 is “moderately,” 2 is “bad,” and 1 is “very bad.”
V. EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATIONS FOR
INFORMATION PROVISION SYSTEM ✂✎ D-ZEV B. Questionnaire results
A. Outline of experiments Figure 8 shows the evaluation results of the
information provision function for mobile terminals and
We conducted a questionnaire survey to evaluate the digital signage. More than 50% of participants answered
effectiveness of the information provision system. Table that information for both the mobile terminals digital
1 shows an overview of the questionnaire survey signage is useful for determining behavior. In the free
environment. In the experiment, the participants operate description column, there were some opinions. For
the information provision system and answer the example, “Menu” on the screen was hard to understand,
evaluation score of the effectiveness for both mobile and some participants could not move pages other than
terminals and the digital signages. The questionnaire the Top page. From this opinion, it is necessary to re-
items are as below; design the display and the Menu button. There was an
⑨ “Do you think that the provided information for opinion that information could not watch enough
mobile devices would be useful for determining because the transition interval of the screen differed
behavior in the case of disaster?” depending on the page. For the train operation
information, there was an opinion that it is hard to
⑨ “Do you think that the provided information for understand. They wanted to know that some trains
the digital signages would be useful for would be operating in a part of the line or not. From
determining behavior in the case of disaster?” these opinions, screen transition speed to the next screen
⑨ “Is the information provision system seeming adjusted. We added “Partial operation” state into the
useful?” railway operation information.

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 Figure 9 shows the evaluation results of the entire
D-ZEV mini A D-ZEV mini B
information provision system. About 90% of the
Start processing Start processing
participants evaluated the information provision system Connection request
as useful. From this result, the combination of the Connection permission
information provision function for mobile terminals and
digital signages increases that usefulness. Create Summary
Vector
Create Summary
Vector
Summary Vector transmission
VI. THE INFORMATION-SHARING SYSTEM FOR D-ZEV Summary Vector transmission

MINI Compare SV and

request data that
you don't have
A. Issues with D-ZEV mini Request data

Transmission
Since D-ZEV mini has a wireless LAN access point requested data in
that implements the DTN function, it currently order of importance
Transmission data
transmits information based on Epidemic Routing [10]. Compare SV and
In Epidemic Routing, when a node that holds data request data that
you don't have
Request data
communicates with other nodes, a Summary Vector
Transmission
that is a list of data held by each node is exchanged. requested data in
After that, by comparing the Summary Vector of a Transmission data
order of importance

sender and a receiver, they decide to send a request for Disconnect request
data exchange. The node that receives the request sends Disconnect permission
a copy of the requested data to the other node.
D-ZEV minis communicate with each other even Disconnect Disconnect

while they are running on a road. We call this situation Fig. 10 Information sharing method operation
“the passing communication.” The communication
time of the passing communication is short. Therefore, TABLE II. Preliminary experiment environment
if D-ZEV mini tries to send a large amount of data, it is Experiment date July 26, 2019
not always success sending. If communication is
Experiment place Hachioji, Tokyo
interrupted during data transmission, the transmitting
data may invalid. It is a difficult point of the passing Experiment range 100.0 [m] × 10.0 [m]
communication to share information between D-ZEV Number of participants 5 people
minis. 1.0 [MB]
Transmission data size
(=1,048,576 [Byte])
B. Information sharing system in D-ZEV mini
Number of transmitted data 50
We propose an information-sharing system aiming
to share information via D-ZEV minis. In the Number of measurements 10 times
information sharing system, it needs to tune the amount Wireless LAN standard IEEE 802.11n
of data that two D-ZEV minis transmit at one time.
Figure 10 shows the sequence chat of the information-
sharing system. As shown above, D-ZEV minis 12.0
exchange the summary vector and decide to send the 11.0
10.0
data request.
Received data volume [MB]

9.0
8.0
At this time, since transmitting data has limited size, 7.0 ✁

it is necessary to control the order of the transmitting 6.0

data. Since D-ZEV mini manages information in three
stages according to the magnitude of damage, D-ZEV
mini decides the order of data transmission according
to data generation time, and damage grade.
In the information-sharing system, the amount of
data transmitted at one time is important. If the amount
of data is so large, only one D-ZEV mini can send data.
Then, data might be lost in case of communication
interruption. On the other hand, if the amount of data
size is small, it takes a long time to establish
communication that and the total amount of transmitted
data might be less than the other case. Therefore, it is
necessary to decide the appropriate data size for
transmission.
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
Fig. 11 Preliminary experiment results
C. An Experiment for data size decision
To decide the amount of data suitable for
transmitting data size for the information-sharing
system, we perform a passing communication
experiment between two D-ZEV minis (D-ZEV mini A
and B). Table 2 shows the experimental parameters. In
the experiment between two D-ZEV minis, D-ZEV
mini A holds fifty 1.0 [MB] binary data. Measurements
repeat ten times. The experimental system is that the D-

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ZEV mini runs 100.0 [m]. Currently, D-ZEV mini B
runs in the opposite direction from 100.0 [m] ahead and TABLE III Experiment result environment
passes D-ZEV mini A. When passing each other, they
Experiment date July 26, 2019
leave 5.0 [m], so that they will not collide. When D-
ZEV mini B enters the communication range of D-ZEV Experiment place Hachioji, Tokyo
mini A, D-ZEV mini A sends data as much as possible. Experiment range 100.0 [m] × 10.0 [m]
We measure the total amount of data received by D-
Number of participants 5 people
ZEV mini B. We estimate that the measured value as
the maximum data size that can share in one passing 1.0 [MB]
Transmission size of one data
(=1,048,576 [Byte])
communication. By setting half of the maximum data
Number of transmitted data 50
size, two D-ZEV minis will exchange the same size data.
Number of measurements 10 times
Figure 11 shows the experimental results. From the
Wireless LAN standard IEEE 802.11n
results, one passing communication can transmit about
10.0 [MB] of data. Based on this result, the amount of 12.0
data for the information-sharing system set 5.0 [MB]. 11.0 High Normal Low
10.0

Received data volume [MB]

VII. EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION FOR INFORMATION
SHARING SYSTEM OF D-ZEV MINI
A. Outline of experiments
To evaluate the effectiveness of the information
sharing system, we perform a passing communication
experiment between two D-ZEV minis. Table 3 shows
the experimental environment. The experiment site is
Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo. Each D-ZEV
mini has fifteen 1.0 [MB] data, a total of 15.0 [MB].
Data categorize three levels; "damage levels: high,"
"damage levels: medium,” and "damage levels: low.”
There are five data for each level. The number of
measurements is ten times. The evaluation index is the
amount of data and the level of data that two D-ZEV
minis have successfully received. The experimental
system is that D-ZEV mini A runs 100.0 [m]. Currently,
D-ZEV mini B runs in the opposite direction from
100.0 [m] ahead and passes D-ZEV mini A. When D-
ZEV mini B enters the communication range of D-ZEV
mini A, D-ZEV mini A sends the data in order from
“damage level: high.” When total data size reaches 5.0
[MB], D-ZEV mini A stops sending and receives data
from D-ZEV mini B. Data transmission direction
switches in every 5.0 [MB].
B. Experimental results
Figure 12 shows the results of data received by two
D-ZEV minis in the information-sharing system. From
Figure 11, the total data that can be shared by two D-
ZEV minis is about 11.0 [MB]. At this time, D-ZEV
mini A received 6.0 [MB], and D-ZEV mini B received
5.0 [MB]. As a result, since almost the same amount of
data can be received, the transmission control by the
information-sharing system was working correctly. The
total data received by the two D-ZEV minis are almost
the same, but D-ZEV mini A received about 20.0 %
data more than D-ZEV mini B. In this case, D-ZEV
mini A sent data to D-ZEV mini B first; after that, D-
ZEV mini B receives data. Then, the link has been cut
off during data transmission from D-ZEV mini B. They
sent almost all “damage level: high” data successfully.
The first D-ZEV mini received 5.0 [MB] of “damage
level: high data” and received all “damage level: high
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
D-ZEV mini A to D-ZEV mini B D-ZEV mini B to D-ZEV mini A
Fig. 12 Experimental result
data” held by the second D-ZEV mini. It shows that the
transmission order control in the information-sharing
system is operating normally. Transmitted data sizes
were 6.0 [MB] and 5.0 [MB] for each direction, and the
total amount of data was 11.0 [MB]. It is almost the
same as the estimated data size for one passing
communication, 10.0 [MB]. From these results, it is
possible to share data equivalent to the amount of data
transmitted by one D-ZEV mini by using the
information-sharing system.
VIII. CONCLUSION
In large-scale urban disasters, there are concerns
that severe damage will occur to the lifeline, and
information distribution, power supply, and emergency
relief are necessary for victims. Therefore, we have
developed D-ZEV and D-ZEV mini that provides
electric power and emergency relief for many victims.
In this paper, we proposed an information distribution
system for distributing information from D-ZEV to the
victims and an information-sharing system for efficient
information sharing between D-ZEV mini. We also
implemented these systems and conducted
questionnaire surveys and experiments. In the D-ZEV
information distribution system, we conducted a
questionnaire survey and confirmed that it is useful
from about 90 % of respondents. In the information
distribution system of D-ZEV mini, experiment results
show about 10.0 [MB] of data can share by one passing
communication.
In the future, we will improve D-ZEV to feedback
from respondents of the questionnaire survey to the
system. Moreover, we will evaluate the effectiveness of

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D-ZEV and D-ZEV mini with emergency drills around
Shinjuku Station and other places in Tokyo. Also, the
proposed system will be evaluated using a simulator. In
the simulation, we will evaluation is performed under
various communication conditions in Shinjuku, Tokyo,
where D-ZEV and D-ZEV mini operate.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research was supported by the 2016 Private
University Research Branding Project of the Ministry of
Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology.
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