Electronics and Communications in Japan, Part 1, Vol. 76, No.
9, 1993
Translated from Denshi Joho Tsushin Gakkai Ronbunshi. Vol. 75-B-II. No. 6, June 1992, pp. 370-378
Characteristics of Space-Diversity Branch Using Parallel
Dipole Antennas in Mobile Radio Communications
Tokio Taga, Member
NTT Radio Communication Systems Laboratories, Yokosuka, Japan 238-03
SUMMARY
The configuration of two parallel half-wave dipoles
is the basic spacediversity branch for spacediversity
reception in mobile radio communications.
This paper presents theoretical and experimental
study on the antenna diversity branch connected to a 50-
ohm receiver. Postdetection selection diversity is applied
to determine the relation of the mean effective gain
(MEG) and the correlation coefficient with the variation
of angle of antenna inclination from the vertical direction,
cross-polarization power ratio (XPR) of the propagation
path, and the distribution of the incident wave.
First, it is clarified theoretically that, if antenna
spacing is made less than 0.2 wavelength, then efficiency
is reduced due to the coupling between the antenna ele-
ments and MEG is greatly deteriorated. Moreover, mini-
mum antenna spacing for better MEG characteristics is
in the range of 0.3 to 0.4 wavelengths.
Next, it is clarified that the correlation coefficient
is less than 0.1 for variation of antenna inclination, XPR,
and the distribution of incident wave when the antenna
spacing ranges from 0.2 to 0.3 wavelengths. Thus, an
optimum antenna spacing exists in the forementioned
spacediversity branch, which theoretically is found to be
about 0.3 wavelength. The validity of the theoretical
results is confirmed by 900-MHz band indoor experi-
ments.
55
Key words: Mobile communication; space diversi-
ty; dipoleantenna; mean effective gain; correlation coeffi-
cient.
1. Introduction
With the development of mobile communications
such as the car telephone, etc., the demand for such
personal mobile communication as portable telephones,
etc., has increased greatly in the recent years and the
practical realization of the portable telephone systems is
strongly desired. One of the methods to reduce fading in
portable telephone terminal equipment (below, it will be
called portable equipment) is antenna diversity reception.
Here, great improvement in fading can be obtained by a
relatively simple construction. This type of reception is
being used in practice as post-detection selection diversity
reception [l] for 8OO-MHz band large-capacity mobile
communicationsystems. Moreover, in the portable equip-
ment of digital mobile communication systems, the diver-
sity reception technique with the antenna selection [2,3],
have also been applied.
In the diversity reception technique with the antenna
selection, a sudden phase variation in the received signal
is produced at the time of antenna exchange. This in turn
introduces coding error; hence, the antenna exchange
should be performed with the burst signal. Therefore, the
improvement effect is not applied to the fading variation
produced inside the burst and with the increase in the
fading frequency, the diversity gain is deteriorated [3].
ISSN8756-662 1/93/0009-0055
@ 1994 Scripta Technica, Inc.

On the other hand, in the postdetection selection
diversity reception technique, since thedetected output has
the same phase and the coding error is not introduced [4]
even if branch exchange is performed inside the burst,
bighdiversity gain can be obtained [ 5 ] regardless of the
increase in the fading frequency.
Now, in a comparatively simple antenna diversity
branch, the signal from two antennas separated by a
distance is either selected or combined and thus space-
diversity reception is very commonly used.
Correlation characteristics of the spacediversity
branch have already been studied by many researchers and
various analysis results have been reported. They include
the analysis when antennas have an isotropic pattern [6],
the experimental study when the antennas are placed
inside the metallic enclosures of portable radio equipment
[7], and theoretical results considering the influence of
metallic enclosures and the coupling between the antennas
[81.
In particular, when the distance between the anten-
nas is small, the coupling between the antennas is con-
sidered. Also, the results have been reported for the
diversity branch which has small correlation due to cou-
pling although the distance between the antennas is of the
order of 0.1 wavelength. The performance of the antenna-
diversity branch is not only dependent on the correlation
characteristics but also on the effective gain of each
antenna for various wave propagation paths. Thus, it is
necessary to study both aspects simultaneously; but, to
date, such a thorough study of the effective gain has not
been performed.
Since the antennas in the portable radio equipment
are used in a random orientation, the directivity of the
antenna (polarization characteristics) is changed and, as
a result, the effective gain and correlation characteristics
are greatly varied. Moreover, these characteristics also
vary with the local variation of incident wave due to
multipath propagation. Thus, it is necessary to discuss the
effect of antenna inclination from the vertical direction
and the variation of incident wave on the effective gain
and correlation characteristics of the antenna diversity
branch of portable equipment. However, such a study has
not been performed in previous reports.
To analyze the foregoing characteristics, the statisti-
cal model of the incident wave has been used where the
vertical and horizontal components are taken to be uni-
form in the azimuth direction and Gauss distribution is
assumed in the direction of elevation angle [9, 101. In this
56
Z
A n
l/&;"it
r ,',
I ,
Y
X
Fig. 1. Spherical coordinates in mobile radio
environments.
way, a detailed analysis has been performed for the mean
effective gain (MEG) of the half-wave dipole antenna for
multipath propagation and the correlation characteristics
of the polarization diversity branch of the crossdipole
antenna.
In this paper, these methods are applied to the
spacediversity branch constructed by two parallel half-
wave dipole antennas and theoretical was well as experi-
mental study of the MEG and correlation characteristics
is performed for the postdetection selection diversity
reception. Then the variation of these characteristics with
antenna inclination and incident wave is clarified.
Section 2 describes the theoretical equations to
calculate MEG and correlation coefficient and the incident
wave model used in the analysis. Then the radiation and
MEG characteristics as well as thecorrelation characteris-
tics of the parallel dipoles are described theoretically
taking into account the mutual coupling between antennas
and an optimum value of antenna spacing is shown. In
section 3, the experimental results of the indoor multipath
propagation are given, the comparison with the theoretical
value is performed, and the validity of the theoretical
results is confirmed.
2. Theoretical Analysis
2.1. Theoretical equation and the incident
wave model
The theoretical equation of MEG for an antenna
moving in the multiple-wave propagation path is deter-
mined by [5]; and, assuming the moving antenna at the
origin of spherical coordinate system (Fig. l), we can
obtain
(1)
Here P represents the coordinate point (8, 4) of the
spherical coordinate system, and we have
Moreover, Ge(0) and G+(P) are the 8 and 4 compo-
nents of the power gain of the antenna, respectively.
Similarly, Pe(P) and P+(O) are the angular density
functions of the 8 and 4 components, respectively, of the
incident wave to antenna. They satisfy the following
equations:
(4)
XPR as defined in [111 is known as the mean cross-polar-
ization power ratio.
Similarly, the correlation coefficient pc for the
complex envelope of the received voltage for two antennas
separated by a distance d is given in [ 101and can be given
as follows:
where E& and E& are the complex envelopes of the 8
and 4 components of the electric field of the antenna
element k (k = 1.2). respectively; p is the wave number;
x is the phase difference of the waves incident on two
antennas; and * represents the complex conjugate.
When MEG and the correlation coefficient are
determined from Eqs. (1) and (5), the modeling of angular
57
Average Power
Distribution
A
Distribution
1
0" "v mti 90"
Elevation Angle
Fig. 2. Statistical model of incident wave.
density functions Pe(P) and P,(P) is required. However,
in this paper, the statistical model similar to that in [9, 101
has been applied (Fig. 2) where all the components of the
incident wave have uniform distribution in the azimuth
direction and Gauss distribution in the direction of the
elevation angle. The angular density function of the
incident wave for all the components can be obtained as
follows:
Here A0 and A+ are the proportionality constants
determined by Eq. (4); m y and tnH are the average angle
of elevation for the 8 and 4 components, respectively;
and oy and uH are the standard deviations of the 8 and
4 components, respectively. The subscripts Vand ff have
been used because when the moving antenna moves in the
XY-plane of the coordinate system shown in Fig. 1, the
8 and @ components of the incident wave correspond to
the vertically polarized component (Vj and horizontally
polarized components (H), respectively.
2.2. Power gain of parallel dipole antennas
Consider the parallel dipole antenna configuration
shown in Fig. 3. Here, two antennas are separated by a
distanced and are inclined at an angle a from the perpen-
dicular direction with the Y-axis as the center of rotation.
Moreover, both antennas are connected to the receivers
of 5Odu11 input impedance and a 73-0/50-0 impedance
transformer by a balun has been inserted between the
receiver and the antenna.
At this time, the electric fields of the antenna ele-
ments 1 and 2, taking into account the mutual coupling
between the antennas, can be obtained as follows [9, 121:
(8)

Here,

Ere=ET(cosOcos4 sincr-sin0 cosa) cos( 7r[/Z)

1-p
a ' I
(10)

and E, is the proportionality constant. Moreover, is

the mutual impedance between the antennas, Z,, is the
self-impedance of the antenna, and & is the load imped-
ance of the antenna; e" represents the phase due to the
L distance between the antennas and p is the wave number.

Fig. 3. Parallel dipole antenna configuration and For antenna element 1, x = d sin 8 sin 4, and for
its coordinate system. the antenna element 2, x = -d sin 8 sin $. Moreover,

2 2
f t

? Element1
2
t
2
t 1
X
Y Y

X
J
Gmax = 3.6d8i
XJ
Gmar = 3.3 dEI
X
J
1 d-1.0 A
Gmax= 3.1 d8I

Fig. 4. Power gain patterns of dipole antenna element 1 at antenna inclination angle a of 0"
(G-: maximum value of power gain pattern).

58

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Antenna Spacing d I A
Fig. 5. MEG characteristics at antenna inclination
angle a of 0".
[ = sin 0 cos 0 sin a + cos 0 cos a. The power gains
Ge(Q) and G,(Q) which satisfy Eq. (3) can be deter-
mined by using Eqs. (8) to (1 1). Three-dimensional power
gain patterns of antenna element 1 for a = 0", calculated
by Eqs. (8) to (11) and where one of the antennas is
terminated with a load &, = 73 P are shown in Fig. 4.
In the figure, G , is the maximum value of the power
gain and this value is in the XY-plane for all the cases.
With the decrease in antenna spacing, the pattern
becomes unidirectional due to mutual coupling and a large
difference from the pattern of the other antenna element
is observed. Moreover, when the antenna spacing is made
less than 0.21, the entire pattern becomes smaller and the
power gain of the antenna is reduced. The decrease in the
power gain occurs because, when the coupling between
the elements is strong, the power consumed in the load
of the other antenna is increased and, as a result, the
radiation efficiency is reduced.
2.3. MEG characteristics
The calculated values of MEG characteristics for
two vertical antennas placed in parallel (a = 0") are
shown in Fig. 5, and Fig. 6 shows the cases when the two
antennas are horizontal and parallel (a = 90"). In all the
cases, MEG has the largest value when the antenna spac-
ing is in the range 0.31 to 0.41. Further, when the
antenna spacing is less than 0.21, the sudden reduction
in the gain is observed which means that the reduction of
59
3 1 ' I ' I ' I ' I ' I ' 1
L 1
XPR=-6d B
.-C
a
u -3
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Antenna Spacing d I A
Fig. 6. MEG characteristics at antenna inclination
angle a of 90".
radiation efficiency due to the coupling between the
elements is quite large. Therefore, the diversity branch
in which antenna spacing ranges from 0.3X to 0.41 may
be considered to have excellent effective gain.
The next excellent value of antenna spacing is'found
to be near 0.91. The calculated values of MEG character-
istics for the antenna spacing of 0.31 are shown in Fig.
7. When XPR is -1.8 dB, MEG becomes -2.8 dBi
(constant) regardless of antenna inclination. However,
when XPR is greater than -1.8 dB, MEG decreases with
the increase in antenna inclination from the perpen-
dicular direction. For XPR = 6 dB. MEG varies from 0.1
dBi to -6.1 dBi, i.e., a variation of about 6 dB can
be seen. Conversely, when XPR is less than -1.8 dB,
then MEG increases with the increase in antenna inclina-
tion.
For XPR = -6 dB, MEG varies from -5.9 dBi to
-1.9 dBi, i.e., a variation of 4 dB can be seen. More-
over, when the inclination angle of the antenna is 53",
then regardless of the XPR a constant value (-2.8 dBi)
of MEG can be obtained.
Since antenna inclination varies arbitrarily in the
portable radio system and MEG has a wide-range varia-
tion, a large variation in the diversity reception capability
is expected. Thus, there is a demand for a circuit design
which will give a large variation margin to the moving
antenna.
 0 1.0. ' I 7 I ' I ' I ' I '
Q
rnH=0'
h

5 0
U,=lO' -
E XPR=GdB .
-
.-C
d
d,
-3
-
.->
c
0
d,
-6 -
u1 mV=45' , aV=60'
C

=2
1 . 1 . 3

-9
8 = u ,=30'
-12 . ' I " ' ' '
0 30 60 90 Fig. 8. Correlation characteristics at antenna inclin-
Inclination Angle P (deg) ation angle a of 0".

Fig. 7. MEG characteristics vs. inclination angle

a at antenna spacing of 0.3 wavelength.
If the XPR characteristics of the propagation path
c811 be set near -1.8 dB, then the effective gain variation
margin can be made smaller. However, to check whether
or not the characteristics for this XPR are useful, a com-
parison of characteristics at the time of diversity recep-
tion is required (this point will be investigated in the
future).
As explained later in the experimental results of
section 3.1, the XPR characteristics can easily be varied
by the polarizing characteristics of the receiver antenna.
Thus, in a microcell system such as the indoor mobile
communication system, desired XPR characteristics can
easily be obtained by considering the polarization charac-
teristics of the base station antenna.
2.4. Correlation characteristics
The calculated values of the correlation characteris-
tics between two vertical antennas placed in parallel (a =
0")are shown in Fig. 8. It can be seen that the correlation
coefficient is less than 0.4 even when the antenna spacing
is 0.1 wavelength; and, when antenna spacing is greater
than 0.3 wavelength, its value is almost zero in all the
cases. This is due to the phase multiplication effect pro-
duced by the phase difference of tbe radiation pattern
caused by antenna coupling and the phase difference
caused by antenna spacing.
Considering its relation with the mean angle of
inclination for V polarization m y and the standard devia-
tion av,a small increase in the correlation is found when
the antenna spacing is small. However, if the antenna
spacing is greater than 0.2 wavelength, then regardless
of the values of my and av, the correlation coefficient
was less than 0.1. Characteristics of this type are not
found in the incident wave distribution for XPR and H
polarization because, when the antennas are vertical and
parallel. ideally no H-polarized component is radiated.
However, when the antenna is inclined from the vertical
direction, the H-polarized component of the radiated wave
becomes greater and the correlation coefficientvaries with
the XPR, V- and H-polarization of the incident wave.
Figure 9 shows the correlation characteristics for the
horizontal antennas placed in parallel (a!= 90").When the
antenna spacing is less than 0.4 wavelength, then the
correlation coefficient does not change greatly even with
the change in antenna inclination. However, when the
antenna spacing is close to 0.6 wavelength, then a sudden
increase in the correlation coefficient is observed. The
reason for this is that, at the antenna spacing of 0.6 wave-
length, maximum combination of the radiation patterns
of the two antennas in the XY plane is obtained and the
increase in the correlation at this time is large when
standard deviation a y is small in V polarization (Fig.
9(b)) or uH is small in H-polarization (Fig. 9(c)).
When antenna spacing is in the range 0.21 to 0.31
or the antenna spacing is near 0.91. then regardless of
the value of the antenna inclination XPR, a and uH, the
value of the correlation coefficient becomes extremely

60
 Transmitting point
- 1 . O - ' I * I ' I ' I ' 1 '
Q m,=m,=O'
a,=lO' -
. 2.2m 1 8.4m
- 1 7

1
-
XPR=--GdB
-

1
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
1 Rotatoi
positioi
14.3m

Antenna Spacing d I A

(a)
0 J
0 1.0
Q
c Measurement circle ( R = 1.5m )
C
.-Q) 0.8

'
.-
0
w-
0.6
0
0
c 0.4 Outer wall of building
.-
c
0
m
-
0.2 Fig. 10. Floor plan of test site.
L
0
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Antenna Spacing d I A may be constructed which has good MEG characteristics
(b) and low correlation coefficient regardless of such external
factors as the antenna inclination XPR, u y and aH.
* 1 .o ' I ' I ' I ' I ~ I
Q
c rn, = mH= 0'
a,-1 0'
.- 0.8 3. Indoor Experiment Results
.-0 XPR-OdB
L-

% 0.6
0 3.1. Outline of experiment and the measured
0
C 0.4 parameters of incident wave
.-
c
0
m
-
2 0.2 The experiments were performed in the indoor
L
0
propagation environment as shown in Fig. 10. The size
0.0 of the experiment room was about 14 m x 8 m, and the
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 distance from floor to ceiling was 3 m. Point Tin the
Antenna Spacing d I A figure represents the position of the transmitter antenna
and point R gives the position of the rotator which rotates
(c)
the receiving antenna. The wall surface is made from the
metal panels and is supported by steel pillars, and the
Fig. 9. Correlation characteristics at antenna floor has free access with the metal surface. The transmit-
inclination angle Q of 90". ting and measurement antennas can be placed out of sight
with the help of the wall surface.

The distance between the transmitting and measure-

small. Consideringthe optimum antenna spacing for MEG ment antennas was about 10 m and the height of each
characteristics of section 2.3, the optimum antenna spac- antenna was 1.5 m. A CW with a frequency of about 920
ing for the spacediversity branch constructed by parallel MHz was used in the experiment. The measurement
dipoles is found to be 0.3L In this way a diversity branch antenna was rotated in a radius of 1.5 m, and the line

61
 Table 1. Measured results of the incident wave parameters

Transmitting Mean Cross-

antenna angle polarization Standard Standard
of inclination power ratio deviation deviation
XPR (dB) (deg) OH (deg)
Q T (deg)

0 1.6 28.2 69.9

45 - 2.4 13.3 47.6
90 - 7.7 17.3 32.5

joining the two antennas (Y-axis in Fig. 3) was rotated to

0", 90°, +45", and -45" with respect to the radius vector
of rotation circle (normal direction), and the correlation
and MEG characteristics were determined by measuring
the received envelope simultaneously at the two branches
for each rotation.

v-
0) x x x 90' The method of MEG measurement was the same as
.c
UI -9- Q,=O' +45' - that used in [9].Moreover, the incident wave parameters
-45'

f
aa 0
Q =0* average . (XPR, standard deviations u y and uH)of the propagation
environment were measured by the method described in
[13]. The measured results of incident wave parameters
when the transmitting antenna inclination is varied is
shown in Table 1. XPR varies from 1.6 dB to -7.7 dB
with the inclination angle @TOfthe transmitting antenna,
and a,, has greater value compared to u,,.

.-
m 3.2. MEG characteristics
x x x 90' 0 0 0 -45'
.-t -3 average
To observe the variations with XPR, measurements
were made at transmitting antenna inclination angle @ T
of 0" and 90".Moreover, the measurements were made
at the diversity antenna with the inclination angle a = 0"
and a = 90". The measured results for aT = 0" and 90"
5 are shown in Figs. 11 and 12, respectively; 0, X A, and
P)
0 are the measured values when the antenna bearing is
=-I2 - O", 90", +45", and -45", respectively, and 0 is the
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
average value of all bearings. The solid curve is for the
Antenna Spacing d I A calculated values which are determined by using the result
(b) of Table 1.

Fig. 11. Comparison of theoretical MEG The variation of measured values with the antenna
curve with measurement value at transmitting bearing in the figure can be explained similarly to [9]
antenna inclination angle 9, of 0":(a) a = where the incident wave distribution is nonuniform in the
0",(b) a = 90". azimuth direction.

62
 average
1 .o
0.8

0.6
3
1 4 A 4
0 0 0
t45'
-45'
average
a, calculaled
0 0.4

-
-calculaled
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Antenna Spacing d I A Antenna Spacing d I A
(a) (a)
m 1.0
9
c
c 0.8
.-a,
0 0 0 0 -45'
L 0.6
c average
0)
a,
.1
c
-6 -calculaled - 0.4 calculaled
0 0 0 0 0' C
a, x x x go-
c
- ."m
CI o.21\,
-9 - @,=go' t45' -
5 0 0 0 - 4 5' E 0.0 0 d 0
a =go' average
L

1 -12 ' 1 ' 1 " " ' 1 '

0
-0.2
A

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Antenna Spacing d I A Antenna Spacing d I A .
(b) (b)

Fig. 12. Comparison of theoretical MEG Fig. 13. Comparisonof theoretical correlation
curve with measurement value at transmitting curve with measurement value at transmitting
antenna inclination angle aTof 90":(a) a = antenna inclination angle OTof 0":(a) a = 0".
0",(b) a = 90". (b) a = 90'.

3.3. Correlation characteristics

For a = 0", theoretical values have good agreement
with the average of measured values denoted by 0 regard-
less of XPR.Moreover, it is confirmed that the maximum
value of MEG occurs when the antenna spacing is about
0.4 wavelength and MEG deteriorates rapidly when the
antenna spacing is less than 0.2 wavelength.
For a = go", measured values are somewhat lower
than the theoretical values but similar variation is seen.
The difference between the measured and theoretical
values is due to the fact that the antenna support was
placed under the antenna at the time of actual measure-
ment which lifted the radiation pattern upward and the
gain in the horizontal plane was lowered.
To observe the variations with XPR,measurements
were made at antenna inclination angle QT of 0" and 90°,
similar to section 3.2 and the diversity antenna inclination
angle was set at a = 0" and a = 90". The measured
results for aT = 0" and 90" are shown in Figs. 13 and
14, respectively; 0, X , A, and 0 are the measured
values for the antenna bearings of 0", 90". +45", and
-45", respectively, and 0 is the average value of all
bearings. Moreover, the solid curve represents the calcu-
lated values determined by using the results of Table 1.
For a = O", it is confirmed experimentally that the
correlation is very small for antenna spacing of less than

63
 1.0 ' I ' I . 1 . 1 . I .
theoretically. Particularly, both branches are connected
4 0 0 0 0' to the 5O-ohm input impedance receivers and postdetec-
c
x x x 90' -
C
a, t45'
tion selection diversity reception is performed. Here a
.-
.-0 0 0 0 -45' - statistical model is used where the incident wave is as-
c
L-

a,
average sumed to have uniform distribution in the azimuth direc-
0 -calculated - tion and Gauss distribution in the direction of elevation
0
angle.
C
.-0 -
a
Y

-a A The relationship of the MEG and correlation charac-

?!L!
0
a : teristics with the antenna inclinationand the incident wave
0 -0.2 . I '
0
*
0
I ' I * q 1 parameters is clarified. Moreover, the validity of the
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 theoretical results is confirmed by a 900-MHz band indoor
Antenna Spacing d I A experiment. The results obtained by theoretical analysis
are as follows.
(a)

4
m 1.0 * i I . I
0 0 0
I
a'
' I 1 (1) The minimum antenna spacing for better mean
effective gain (MEG) in a multiwave environment is from
0.3 wavelength to 0.4 wavelength.
average
-calculated - (2) When antenna spacing was made less than 0.2
wavelength, the MEG decreases rapidly because of the
C
0
.-
reduction in the radiation efficiency due to mutual cou-
pling.
L
0 0
0 (3) When the antenna spacing is from 0.2 wave-
"-0.2' ' I
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
' I ' ' I . ' '
1.2 length to 0.3 wavelength, the correlation coefficient
becomes less than 0.1 regardless of the value of antenna
Antenna Spacing d I A
inclination, XPR of the propagation path, and the incident
(b) wave distribution. Hence, a lowcorrelation diversity
branch can be obtained.
Fig. 14. Comparison of theoretical correlation
curve with measurement value at transmitting (4) When antenna spacing is about 0.6 wavelength,
antenna inclination angle QT of 90': (a) a = the correlation coefficient increases with the increase in
O", (b) a = 90". the antenna inclination. This increase in the correlation
is as great as the incident wave distribution concentrates
in the horizontal plane.

0.2 wavelength and theoretical values have good agree- ( 5 ) From the results in items (2) and (3), the opti-
mum antenna spacing is about 0.3 wavelength for the
ment with the measured values.
spacediversity branch constructed by parallel dipole
For a = 90°, especially when SPR is -7.7 dB (4T antennas.
is 90°), it is confirmed that the correlation coefficient
shows an increase at the antenna spacing of 0.6 wave- (6) When the antenna spacing is 0.3 wavelength and
length. In both cases, the experimental results have good XPR of the path is -1.8 dB, MEG becomes constant
agreement with the theoretical results and the validity of (-2.88 dBi) regardless of the antenna inclination.
the analysis is confirmed.
Finally, the optimum as well as the smallest antenna
spacing has been obtained for the spacediversity branch
4. Conclusions constructed by parallel half-wave dipole antennas when
this branch is applied to postdetection selection diversity
Characteristics of a spacediversity branch coastnrct- reception. These data are very useful in constructing a
ed by two parallel half-wavelength dipoles is analyzed spacediversity branch having favorable characteristics.

64
Moreover, the basic data will be provided for understand-
ing the antenna characteristics when the spacediversity
branch is fixed in the portable equipment and the influence
of metal enclosure may be studied.
The result given in item (6) in the foregoing and the
diversity reception characteristics where XPR of the
propagation path are used will be investigated in the
future. In addition, the case when the antenna is inclined
about the X-axis of Fig. 3 and when it is fixed in the
portable equipment will be studied in the future.
Acknowledgement. This research was conducted
at ATR Optical Communication Research Laboratories.
The author wishes to thank Mr. Furuhama for useful
guidance in the research. He also is indebted to Mr.
Imakutsu, a researcher at ATR Optical Communication
Research Laboratories, for his cooperation in performing
the experiments.
REFERENCES
Tobu et al. Largecapacity mobile communication
portable equipment. 1989 Spring Nat’l Conv.
I.E.I.C.E., Japan, B-816.
Y. Yamao et al. Designing digital mobile commu-
nication portable equipment. 1991 Spring Nat’l
Conv. I.E.I.C.E., Japan, B-356.
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 AUTHOR

Tokio Taga received a B.E. and an M.E. in Electrical Engineering from Osaka University in 1976 and 1978,
respectively. Then hejoined Yokomrka Electrical CommunicationResearch Laboratories of NipponTelephoneand Telegraph
Corporation 0. He has been involved in research and development of small antennas for mobile communication and
personal equipment for car telephone systems. In March 1987, he was transferred to ATR Optical Communication Research
Laboratories. His research on the a n a l y t d methodshas been to find the characteristicsof antennas in multiwavepropagation
paths and to eliminate the distortions, etc. In 1990, he returned to the N?T Radio Communication Systems Laboratories
where he is currently eagaged in research on personal mobile communication antennas. He is a member of IEEE.

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