Final Ielts Reading Low Intermediate

ACADEMIC
READING
(LOW INTERMEDIATE)
2019 Edition
Advanced Course Department
1
ABOUT THE BOOK
This book is a compilation of researched techniques and activities that serve as a guide for
students to learn not only the basics in academic reading but also acquire and develop the
necessary skills needed in answering the given tasks in IELTS.
2
Table of Contents
IELTS Band Score Description
Academic Reading Marking Schemes
CHAPTER 1
How to increase score

Types of Reading
Objectives in Reading
READING TASK 1: Visual Art Education: A Frill or a Necessity?.................................................3-6

READING TASK 2: A Song on The Brain………………………………………………………………7-10
READING TASK 3: Sinking Cities……………………………………………………………………….11-14
READING TASK 4: Taking the tablets…………………………………………………………………15-18
READING TASK 5: Abuzz About Bee Genomics……………………………………………………19-22
READING TASK 6: Sustainable Architecture lesson from the ant……………………………….23-26
READING TASK 7:………………………………………………………………………………………....27-30
READING TASK 8: Plant Scents…………………………………………………………………………31-34
READING TASK 9: The Lost City………………………………………………………………………...35-37
READING TASK 10: The Wild side of town……………………………………………………………38-40
READING TASK 11: Improving Patient’s Safety……………………………………………………..41-44
READING TASK 12: Seas Beneath the sands………………………………………………………..45-47
READING TASK 13: Pollution in the Bay………………………………………………………………48-50
READING TASK 14: What happiness is?......................................................................................51-54
READING TASK 15: Global Warming in New Zealand…………………………………………….55-58
PRACTICE TEST 1………………………………………………………………………………………….59-67
PRACTICE TEST 2………………………………………………………………………………………….68-77
PRACTICE TEST 3………………………………………………………………………………………….76-87
PRACTICE TEST 4………………………………………………………………………………………….88-97
PRACTICE TEST 5………………………………………………………………………………………….98-106
PRACTICE TEST 6………………………………………………………………………………………….107-117
PRACTICE TEST 7………………………………………………………………………………………….118-128
PRACTICE TEST 8………………………………………………………………………………………….129-139
REFEREENCES ………………………………………………………………………………………….140
3
THE IELTS BAND SCORE
» 9 Expert user
Has fully operational command of the language: appropriate, accurate and fluent with complete understanding.
» 8 Very good user

Has fully operational command of the language with only occasional unsystematic inaccuracies and inappropriacies.
Misunderstandings may occur in unfamiliar situations. Handles complex detailed argumentation well.
» 7 Good user
Has operational command of the language, though with occasional inaccuracies, inappropriacies and
misunderstandings in some situations. Generally handles complex language well and understands detailed reasoning.
» 6 Competent user
Has generally effective command of the language despite some inaccuracies, in appropriacies and
misunderstandings. Can use and understand complex language, particularly in familiar situations.
» 5 Modest user
Has partial command of the language, coping with overall meaning in most situations, though is likely to make
many mistakes. Should be able to handle basic communication in own field.
» 4 Limited user
Basic competence is limited to familiar situations. Has frequent problems in understanding and expression and is not
able to use complex language.
» 3 Extremely limited user

Conveys and understands only general meaning in very familiar situations. Frequent breakdowns in communication
occur.
» 2 Intermittent user
No real communication is possible except for the most basic information using isolated words or short formulae in
familiar situations and to meet immediate needs. Has great difficulty understanding spoken and written English.
» 1 Non user
Essentially has no ability to use the language beyond possibly a few isolated words.
» 0 Did not attempt the test

No assessable information provided.
ACADEMIC READING MARKING SCHEMES
SCORE BAND SCORE

39 – 40 9.0
37 – 38 8.5
4
35 – 36 8.0
33 – 34 7.5
30 – 32 7.0
27 – 29 6.5
23 – 26 6.0
19 – 22 5.5
15 – 18 5.0
19 – 22 4.5
15 – 18 5.0
12 – 14 4.5
9 – 11 4.0
5–8 3.0
LISTENING
(30 minutes plus 10 minutes to transfer answer
to the answer sheet)
Four recorded monologues and
conversations
READING (60 minutes)

Three long reading passages with tasks
 Texts range from descriptive and factual to
the discursive and analytical
 Includes non-verbal material such as
diagrams, graphs or illustrations.
 Texts are authentic (e.g. taken from journals
and newspapers)
WRITING (60 minutes)

 Writing task of at least 150 words where the
candidate must summarise, describe or
explain a table, graph, chart or diagram.
THE IELTS TEST FORMAT  Short essay task of at least 250 words
SPEAKING
ACADEMIC GENERAL
Face-to-face interview
IELTS Academic measures English language
proficiency needed for an academic, higher learning Includes short questions, speaking at length
environment. about a familiar topic and a structured
discussion
5
IELTS General Training measures English language
proficiency in a practical, everyday context. The
tasks and tests reflect both workplace and social
situations.
LISTENING
(30 minutes plus 10 minutes to transfer answer
to the answer sheet)
Four recorded monologues and conversations
READING (60 minutes)

Three reading passages with tasks
 SECTION 1 contains two or three short
factual texts
 SECTION 2 contains two short, work-
related factual texts
 SECTION 3 contains one longer text on a
topic of general interest
 Texts are authentic (e.g. taken from
company handbooks, official documents,
books and newspapers)
WRITING (60 minutes)

 Letter writing task of at least 150 words
 Short essay task of at least 250 words
SPEAKING
Face-to-face interview
Includes short questions, speaking at length
about a familiar topic and a structured
discussion
6
CHAPTER1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on the Reading Passage below.
Visual Art Education: A Frill or a Necessity?

Willemina Foeken
The following essay was originally written for a postgraduate unit, Art in Education 6, Curtin University,
1990. It was later published in the Artist’s Chronicle issue 18, 1992, and has been adapted slightly to suit
the present day.
Art education fluctuates in popularity and presently seems to have sunk into an all- time low, with large
numbers of art teachers retraining in other directions or joining Centrelink queues. Many parents believe
that art education is a waste of time, and with the problems of unemployment faced by those with Visual
Arts degrees, this view is reinforced. In times of economic stability, schools are typically expected to
develop individuals and prepare them for life as intelligent, well-adjusted and thinking people. However,
at times of economic stress, education is suddenly expected to change to job preparation. As there’s little
money to be gained by studying art, many people reason, there is no point in doing it. What is more, those
students who wish to continue university will find themselves severely handicapped if they choose to do
TEE Art, as their examination results will automatically be scaled down, resulting in lower aggregates
than those of students studying mathematics and sciences. Where university entry levels are important,
this becomes a major factor in steering students away from art.
Elliot Eisner called the arts a ‘fundamental part of the human language system’ and went on to say
that ‘ a school system that deprives children of the dorms of literacy that art education makes possible,
will graduate from its schools less than semi- literate children’ (Lowenfeld and Brittain, 1987,11).
7
Lowenfeld considered the arts to be ‘more basic to the thinking process than the traditional school
subjects’. He emphasized that all drawings, whether made by a small child or adolescent, demanded ‘a
great deal of intellectual involvements’ (Lowenfeld and Brittain, 1987, p53).
The two above educators have probably influenced art education, in America and elsewhere, more
than anyone else during the twentieth century. Where they totally one- eyed and misguided, or are we in
fact seriously depriving our children?
Goulding considered that part of our problem was that art was generally grouped with practical
subjects such as Home Economics and Manual Arts. This is due to a very old misconception that artists
have been trying to put right for a long time. Even Leonardo da Vinci had a lifelong battle trying to
convince people that art was not made with the hands but with the mind! Bramly (1992, pp261-2) stated
that da Vinci considered painting, long thought of as a craft, as the greatest of all the arts and that it
should be elevated to the level of the seven liberal arts. He considered it a qualitative science and the
highest intellectual activity in which people could engage. Goulding quoted Ross as saying that not
enough attention has been given to symbolism and meaning in the arts (Goulding, 1982, p326).
Powerful support for the arts in education can be found in numerous experiments carried out with
underprivileged children in NY in the 1960s and 1970s. As a result of these programmes, it is now no
longer a mere theory that a good art education can alter the attitudes and intellectual performances of
underprivileged children. It is worthwhile to take a brief look at some of these programmes.
Joseph Deley and Stewart Kranz (1970, p65) reported on two such studies. The first one involved
thirty normal teenagers who took part in a ‘divergently oriented’ art programme along with the usual
objects. Thirty others received no art education. They formed the control group. At the end of two and a
half years it was found that the thirty children studying art were, in fact, now superior in every other area
to those children who had received no art education! It was considered that the development of sensitivity
and originality in the art programme was instrumental in producing greater achievements in other areas.
The second study concerned an early childhood compensatory programme in Harlem. This
programme was skills-oriented and designed to help inner city children to ‘catch up’ with their more
privileged peers. The goals were to develop language skills, perception, conceptual abilities, and a healthy
self-image. The programme featured a range of games and art-related activities. All tests have shown that
these children ultimately performed much better in all areas, especially in language, than the control
group.
The case studies above should be sufficient reason for increasing art education at least in the
lower and middle primary grades. However, there are more reasons for teaching art than provided by the
above studies alone.
Goulding (1982) listed Bloom and Remer’s reasons for including arts (including visual arts) in
education. These have been summarized as follows:
A. The arts provide a medium for personal expression.
B. The arts focus attention on observation and self-awareness.
C. The arts are a universal means of communication.
D. The arts involve the elements of sound, movement, colour, mass, energy, space, line, shape and
language.
E. The arts are part of cultural heritage.
F. The arts reflect our perceptions of the world.
G. The arts offer a wide range of career choices.
H. The arts can contribute substantially to special education.
I. The arts provide us with pleasure and mental stimulation.
J. The arts are a useful tool for everyday living.
To deprive children and adolescents of a good art education is to deprive them of the chance to develop
fully- mentally and emotionally. The world is full of emotional cripples. We can prevent much of that by
doing all we can to teach the whole child. When we start teaching people rather than subjects, our
emphasis also shifts from job training to education for a better quality of life. Ultimately, isn’t that what
we want for our children.
QUESTIONS 1-5
Match each person with the opinion attributed to them.
Write the correct letter A-E in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
1. Art is the most important pastime of the mind.

2. It is impossible to achieve proper literacy levels without exposure to art.
3. People should pay more attention to what art represents.
4. Art is more fundamental than such subjects as maths or science.
5. Art is often miscategorised.
A. Elliot Eisner
B. Lowenfeld
C. Goulding
D. Ross
E. Leonardo da Vinci
QUESTIONS 6-8
Which three of these are listed as reasons to have art education in schools?
Write your answers in any order in boxes 6-8 on your answer sheet.
9
A. Creating art can improve people’s motor skills.
B. Art is a way of getting across a message.
C. Students may one day find employment in that field.
D. Art may aid those with mental health problems.
E. Students can utilize art in their daily lives.
QUESTIONS 9-11
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage?
In boxes 9-11 on your answer sheet, write:
YES if the statement agrees with the views given

NO if the statement contradicts the views given
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this.
9. During a recession, education is expected to be more vocationally focused.

10. TEE Art should be valued equally with mathematics and science.
11. Educators need to take a holistic view of teaching children.
QUESTIONS 12-13
Do any of the following statements match the information given in the text?
TRUE if the statement matches the information given

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information given
NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the text
12. Two important studies on art in schools were carried out in New York by Deley and Kranz.
13. The study in Harlem involved thirty underprivileged children.
A Song On The Brain

Some songs just won't leave you alone. But this may give us clues about how our brain works
A Everyone knows the situation where you can't get a song out of your head. You hear a pop song on the
radio - or even just read the song's title - and it haunts you for hours, playing over and over in your mind
until you're heartily sick of it. The condition now even has a medical name - 'song-in-head syndrome'.
В But why does the mind annoy us like this? No one knows for sure, but it's probably because the brain is
better at holding onto information than it is at knowing what information is important. Roger Chaffin, a
psychologist at the University of Connecticut says, 'It's a manifestation of an aspect of memory which is
normally an asset to us, but in this instance it can be a nuisance.'
С This eager acquisitiveness of the brain may have helped our ancestors remember important information
in the past. Today, students use it to learn new material, and musicians rely on it to memorise complicated
pieces. But when this useful function goes awry it can get you stuck on a tune. Unfortunately, superficial,
repetitive pop tunes are, by their very nature, more likely to stick than something more inventive.
D The annoying playback probably originates in the auditory cortex. Located at the front of the brain, this
region handles both listening and playback of music and other sounds. Neuroscientist Robert Zatorre of
McGill University in Montreal proved this some years ago when he asked volunteers to replay the theme
from the TV show Dallas in their heads. Brain imaging studies showed that this activated the same region
of the auditory cortex as when the people actually heard the song.
E Not every stored musical memory emerges into consciousness, however. The frontal lobe of the brain
gets to decide which thoughts become conscious and which ones are simply stored away. But it can
become fatigued or depressed, which is when people most commonly suffer from song-in-head syndrome
and other intrusive thoughts, says Susan Ball, a clinical psychologist at Indiana University School of
Medicine in Indianapolis. And once the unwanted song surfaces, it's hard to stuff it back down into the
subconscious. 'The more you try to suppress a thought, the more you get it,' says Ball. 'We call this the
pink elephant phenomenon. Tell the brain not to think about pink elephants, and it's guaranteed to do so,'
she says.
F For those not severely afflicted, simply avoiding certain kinds of music can help. 'I know certain pieces
that are kind of "sticky" to me, so I will not play them in the early morning for fear that they will run
around in my head all day,' says Steven Brown, who trained as a classical pianist but is now a
neuroscientist at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. He says he always has a
song in his head and, even more annoying, his mind never seems to make it all the way through. 'It tends
to involve short fragments between, say, 5 or 15 seconds. They seem to get looped, for hours sometimes,'
he says.
G Brown's experience of repeated musical loops may represent a phenomenon called 'chunking', in which
people remember musical phrases as a single unit of memory, says Caroline Palmer, a psychologist at
Ohio State University in Columbus. Most listeners have little choice about what chunks they remember.
Particular chunks may be especially 'sticky' if you hear them often or if they follow certain predictable
patterns, such as the chord progression of rock 'n' roll music. Palmer's research shows that the more a
piece of music conforms to these patterns, the easier it is to remember. That's why you're more likely to
be haunted by the tunes of pop music than by those of a classical composer such as J. S. Bach.
H But this ability can be used for good as well as annoyance. Teachers can tap into memory
reinforcement by setting their lessons to music. For example, in one experiment students who heard a
history text set as the lyrics to a catchy song remembered the words better than those who simply read
them, says Sandra Calvert, a psychologist at Georgetown University in Washington DC.
I This sort of memory enhancement may even explain the origin of music. Before the written word could
be used to record history, people memorised it in songs, says Leon James, a psychologist at the University
11
of Hawaii. And music may have had an even more important role. ‘All music has a message.' he says.
‘This message functions to unite society and to standardise the thought processes of people in society.’
Questions 1-3
Choose the correct answer, A,B, C or D
Write your answers in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.
1. The writer says that song-in-head syndrome' may occur because the brain
A. confuses two different types of memory.
B. cannot decide what information it needs to retain.
C. has been damaged by harmful input.
D. cannot hold onto all the information it processes.
2. A tune is more likely to stay in your head if

A. it is simple and unoriginal.
B. you have musical training
C. it is part of your culture.
D. you have a good memory.
3. Robert Zatorre found that a part of the auditory cortex was activated when volunteers
A. listened to certain types of music.
B. learned to play a tune on an instrument.
C. replayed a piece of music after several years.
D. remembered a tune they had heard previously.
Questions 4-7
Look at the following theories (Questions 4-7) and the list of people below.
Match each theory with the person it is credited to.
Write the correct letter A-F on your answer sheet.
4. The memorable nature of some tunes can help other learning processes.
5. Music may not always be stored in the memory in the form of separate notes.
6. People may have started to make music because of their need to remember things.
7. Having a song going around your head may happen to you more often when one part of the brain is
tired.
List of people
A. Roger Chaffin

B. Susan Ball
C. Steven Brown
D. Caroline Palmer
E. Sandra Calvert
F. Leon James
Questions 8-13
The reading passage has nine paragraphs labelled A-l.

Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-l on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
8. a claim that music strengthens social bonds

9. two reasons why some bits of music tend to stick in your mind more than others
10. an example of how the brain may respond in opposition to your wishes
11. the name of the part of the brain where song-in-head syndrome begins
12. examples of two everyday events that can set off song-in head syndrome
13.a description of what one person does to prevent song-in head syndrome
13
Sinking Cities
Looking across the Bund towards Pudong across the Huangpu River in Shanghai, you will see an array of
modern world-beating skyscrapers. In contrast, behind you are the magnificent buildings from the
nineteenth century. Standing on the high tourist promenade that runs the length of the waterfront, you
may also notice that the level of the river is quite a bit higher than that of the buildings on the Bund. It
isn’t because the river has risen than usual due to rainfall; no – Shanghai is sinking. It is an unfortunate
problem that Shanghai shares with several major financial and industrial centres, and it is caused by
factors most of the cities have in common. Included in the list are New York, Bangkok, Houston, and
Mexico City, all either built on shaky foundations or low-lying land that is now threatened by rising sea
levels.
New York and Bangkok are victims of bad luck. The effect of global warming on the sea levels means
that these cities may drown in the ocean that brought them such importance and prosperity. Scientists
believe that sea levels in the New York are expected to rise about twice as quickly as in the rest of the
world. The position of the city – situated where the Hudson River flows into the Atlantic Ocean – already
puts America’s most densely populated city at a higher risk of flooding. But the impact of tropical storms
and rising tides poses more dangers than just flooding. Beaches in the area will be swept away, followed
by the surrounding wetlands eventually becoming part of the sea; surrounding river estuaries will see an
increase in the salt level in the fresh water. All of this will affect the ecosystem in New York’s immediate
area and damage developments along the coast. Bangkok too will fall victim to rising sea levels. Also
situated on swamplands next to a river, the Chao Phraya, the city is about 50 kilometers north of the Gulf
of Thailand. The city is likely to face increasingly severe tropical storms crossing from the bay as well as
threats from coastal erosion and shifting clay soil. It seems unlikely that Bangkok will save itself from
drowning under the waters of the Pacific, which are predicted to rise by between 19 and 29cm by 2050.
Other cities are sinking due to bad planning rather than bad luck. The fourth largest city in America is
Houston – but it has been built on shaky foundations. Houston was literally built on a foundation of sand
up to several kilometers deep and loosely packed clay from river deposits formed from the erosion of the
Rocky Mountains. In addition to poor foundation materials, Houston has an estimated 300 fault lines
running through it. Using GPS data from 24 measuring points throughout the country between 1995 and
2005, a research team were able to monitor the area of subsidence and found an area of Houston
measuring 30 kilometres squared was sinking very fast – up to 5 centimetres per year. The reason for the
subsidence is quite straightforward: the withdrawal of water from deep beneath the surface. Areas of
Houston where water extraction has been stopped have stopped sinking. Similarly, parts of Mexico City
are subsiding rapidly due to poor foundations – some areas of the city are sinking up to 20 centimetres a
year. The city is built on dry lake bed in the valley of Mexico, and the council has condemned 50
structures since 2006 because of leaning, and approximately 5,000 homes and buildings are unstable.
Some of the heaviest buildings, like the Palace of Fine Arts, have sunk more than 3 metres over the past
one hundred years and its original ground floors is now the basement. Again, the reason is depletion of
the water reserve lying under the city. But in this case, there is a complicating factor: a vast complex of
drains was built under the city to protect it from flooding by water running from the surrounding
mountains. As the city sinks, so do the drains, and the wastewater they were supposed to carry away is
finding its way back to the city. And it’s not only water mains and drains have been affected; as the city
sinks, the subway network is subsiding with it.
Back in Shanghai, the same problem is causing the city of 13 million people and ultra-modern skyline to
sink beneath the waterline of the Huangpu River. Originally, a small fishing village built on swamplands
surrounding the mouth of the Yangtze River, Shanghai’s population has swollen to around 13 million
people. The expansion has been sustained by taking water from wells drilled into the aquifer under the
city and by constructing massive skyscrapers. According to China Central Television Shanghai has sunk
up to 3 metres since the early 1990’s mainly due to depletion of underground water but also because of
the weight of high-rise buildings situated on areas with soft soil. As a partial solution to the problem,
Shanghai is trying to reverse the sinking by pumping 5.2 billion gallons of water a year into the water
table with some success – so far, the city has risen by almost 11.5 cm.
Questions 1-13
Complete the table below
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
15
Write your answers in spaces 1-4.
Cities Situated Causes of sinking Effects
where the Hudson River the effect of increased chance of

New York meets the Atlantic Ocean 1._____________ 2. ______________
and rising tides
on swamps near the Gulf increasingly damaging a rise in the level of the
Bangkok of Thailand storms 3. ___________ Pacific of up to
and moving soil 4.______________
by 2050.
on a 5.__________ that using up the wastewater drains and

Mexico City has dried out 6. _____________ subway affected
beneath the city
on wetlands around the 7. wells drilled into aquifer sunk up to 3 metres

Shanghai ___________ of the and building
Yangtze River 8. ____________
Questions 9-13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
9. The thing that may strike you when you are standing on Shanghai’s tourist promenade is
A. the contrasting styles of the buildings.

B. its height.
C. that the river is higher than the buildings behind the promenade.
D. that it runs the length of the waterfront.
10. Which of the following is NOT a predicted effect on New York?
A. wetlands becoming part of the ocean

B. beaches being lost
C. developments along the coastline
D. the increasing saltiness of river mouths
11. Houston has been built on
A. shallow sand.
B. material from the Rocky Mountains.
C. volcanic fault lines.
D. accurate GPS measurements.
12. The sinking in Houston
A. affects the whole city equally.

B. is due to water use and the weight of the buildings.
C. has completely stopped.
D. was measured using historical data.
13. Which of the following is NOT true of Mexico City’s drains?
A. They were built to defend the city from flooding.

B. They run back to the surrounding mountains.
C. They are sinking with the city.
D. They are carrying wastewater back to the city instead of away from it.
Keep taking the tablets

The history of aspirin is a product of a rollercoaster ride through time, of accidental discoveries, intuitive
reasoning and intense corporate rivalry.
17
In the opening pages of Aspirin: The Remarkable Story of a Wonder Drug , Diarmuid Jeffreys describes
this little white pill as ‘one of the most amazing creations in medical history, a drug so astonishingly
versatile that it can relieve headache, ease your aching limbs, lower your temperature and treat some of
the deadliest human diseases’.
Its properties have been known for thousands of years. Ancient Egyptian physicians used extracts from
the willow tree as an analgesic, or pain killer. Centuries later the Greek physician Hippocrates
recommended the bark of the willow tree as a remedy for the pains of childbirth and as a fever reducer.
But it wasn't until the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that salicylates - the chemical found in the
willow tree -became the subject of serious scientific investigation. The race was on to identify the active
ingredient and to replicate it synthetically. At the end of the nineteenth century a German company,
Friedrich Bayer & Co., succeeded in creating a relatively safe and very effective chemical compound,
acetylsalicylic acid, which was renamed aspirin.
The late nineteenth century was a fertile period for experimentation, partly because of the hunger among
scientists to answer some of the great scientific questions, but also because those questions were within
their means to answer. One scientist in a laboratory with some chemicals and a test tube could make
significant breakthroughs - whereas today, in order to map the human genome for instance, one needs ‘an
army of researchers, a bank of computers and millions and millions of dollars’.
But an understanding of the nature of science and scientific inquiry is not enough on its own to explain
how society innovates. In the nineteenth century, scientific advance was closely linked to the industrial
revolution. This was a period when people frequently had the means, motive and determination to take an
idea and turn it into reality. In the case of aspirin that happened piecemeal - a series of minor, often
unrelated advances, fertilised by the century’s broader economic, medical and scientific developments,
that led to one big final breakthrough.
The link between big money and pharmaceutical innovation is also a significant one. Aspirin’s continued
shelf life was ensured because for the first 70 years of its life, huge amounts of money were put into
promoting it as an ordinary everyday analgesic. In the 1070s other analgesics, such as ibuprofen and
paracetamol, were entering the market, and the pharmaceutical companies then focused on publicising
these new drugs. But just at the same time, discoveries were made regarding the beneficial role of aspirin
in preventing heart attacks, strokes and other afflictions. Had it not been for these findings, this
pharmaceutical marvel may well have disappeared.
So the relationship between big money and drugs is an odd one. Commercial markets are necessary for
developing new products and ensuring that they remain around long enough for scientists to carry out
research on them. But the commercial markets are just as likely to kill off' certain products when
something more attractive comes along. In the case of aspirin, a potential ‘wonder drug’ was around for
over 70 years without anybody investigating the way in which it achieved its effects, because they were
making more than enough money out of it as it was. If ibuprofen or paracetamol had entered the market
just a decade earlier, aspirin might then not be here today. It would be just another forgotten drug that
people hadn't bothered to explore.
None of the recent discoveries of aspirin's benefits was made by the big pharmaceutical companies; they
were made by scientists working in the public sector. 'The reason for that is very simple and
straightforward,' Jeffreys says in his book. 'Drug companies will only pursue research that is going to
deliver financial benefits. There's no profit in aspirin anymore. It is incredibly inexpensive with tiny profit
margins and it has no patent anymore, so anyone can produce it.' In fact, there's almost a disincentive for
drug companies to further boost the drug, he argues, as it could possibly put them out of business by
stopping them from selling their more expensive brands.
So what is the solution to a lack of commercial interest in further exploring the therapeutic benefits of
aspirin? More public money going into clinical trials, says Jeffreys. ‘If I were the Department of Health. I
would say “this is a very inexpensive drug. There may be a lot of other things we could do with it." We
should put a lot more money into trying to find out.'
Jeffreys' book - which not only tells the tale of a 'wonder drug' but also explores the nature of innovation
and the role of big business, public money and regulation -reminds us why such research is so important.
Questions1-6
Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-H from the box below.
Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
1. Ancient Egyptian and Greek doctors were aware of

2. Frederick Bayer & Co were able to reproduce
3. The development of aspirin was partly due to the effects of
4. The creation of a market for aspirin as a painkiller was achieved through
5. Aspirin might have become unavailable without
6. The way in which aspirin actually worked was not investigated b
A. the discovery of new medical applications.

B. the negative effects of publicity.
C. the large pharmaceutical companies.
D. the industrial revolution.
E. the medical uses of a particular tree
F. the limited availability of new drugs.
G. the chemical found in the willow tree.
H. commercial advertising campaigns.
19
Questions 7-11
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the Reading Passage?
Write:
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
7. For nineteenth-century scientists, small-scale research was enough to make important discoveries.
8. The nineteenth-century industrial revolution caused a change in the focus of scientific research.
9. The development of aspirin in the nineteenth century followed a structured pattern of development.
10. In the 1970s sales of new analgesic drugs overtook sales of aspirin.
11. Commercial companies may have both good and bad effects on the availability of pharmaceutical
products.
Questions 12-14
Complete the summary below using the list of words A-I below.
Write the correct letter A-I in your answer sheet
Research into aspirin
Jeffreys argues that the reason why 12____________ did not find about new uses of aspirin is that aspirin
is no longer a 13 ______________ drug. He therefore suggests that there should be 14 ______________
support for the further research into the possible applications of the drug.
A useful B cheap C state D international E major drug companies
F profitable G commercial H public sector scientists I health officials

Abuzz About Bee Genomics

Graeme O’Neil
Prof. Robert Page, founding director of the School of Life Sciences at Arizona State University, has spent
20 years investigating bee behaviour and its genetic underpinnings. He was intrigued that honeybee
“sisters”, who share, live and work together, exhibit such contrasting but complementary behaviours late
into their lives.
Page, a plenary speaker at the 2006 Lorne, Genome Conference, says the division of labour is a hallmark
of complex social systems, along with altruism- worker bees, which are all female, cede their
reproductive privileges to their mother, the queen, will lay down their lives to protect their sisters. He has
been interested in how the division of labour during foraging evolved-and what light it can throw on the
evolution of the honeybee social system.
Page says bees exhibit temporal polyethism - they change behaviours and specialisations as they age. The
final transition involves a move from performing specialized tasks within the hive to foraging outside the
hive. It’s a very dramatic transition, involving lots of physiological changes, and requiring many genes to
be upregulated or downregulated, he says. Once they initiate foraging, they then tend to specialize either
in collecting nectar or pollen. So, first, they had to establish a division of labour between foraging and
non-foraging bees, followed by a division of labour in the type of foraging.
“To a lesser extent, I’m interested in the evolution of the worker castle itself, because the females stay
home to work for mother,” Page says. “It’s a black-box feature of complex insect societies-instead of
going through a normal pattern of adult development, where they leave the nest, fly around and disperse,
they stay home and engage in maternal behaviour.”
What has emerged from his research, says Page, is that bees that begin foraging slightly earlier in life
specialize in pollen, while late starters tend to forage for nectar. Pollen foragers are more responsive to
low sugar concentrations than nectar-foragers, and are also more responsive to light. “If certain QTLS are
common to different sets of traits, something very fundamental must be going on,” Pages says. “If the
same genes are affecting whole sets of traits, why are they linked?”
21
Page says he remembered his first course in insect physiology, where he learned about the gonotrophic
cycle in the female mosquito, involving major changes in foraging behaviour. ‘She goes from foraging for
nectar to foraging for blood meals high in protein. Her behaviour is related to the state of her ovaries. As
the ovaries change, and begin to produce eggs, her behaviour changes too. When she has a blood meal,
she tunes into a different set of stimuli – she seeks body heat, avoids contact with the ground and seeks
out low, dark places where she just sits while her eggs mature. Now her behaviour changes again – she
seeks out water vapour, and lays her eggs on the water.’
Page says he wondered if bees had co-opted the ancient gonotrophic cycle into a system featuring
specialized behaviours and division of labour. ‘We looked at genes associated with the reproductive state,
and knocked some out using RNA – induced silencing, and we were able to predict the resulting
behavioural changes,’ he says. ‘For example, we found we could predict behavioural changes due to the
gene knockouts, and we showed that the preference for pollen or nectar is related to the ancient
gonotrophic cycle. So is the age of onset of foraging – bees performing different tasks get locked into
them.’
By the time of the Lorne Genome Conference, Page and his colleagues will have published their latest
findings in Nature.
‘Going back to the solitary insect mode, we think what is happening is that the insect emerges from the
cell without its ovaries activated, flies around and then disperses and mates,’ he says.
‘The ovaries are then activated by a hormonal signal involving ecdysone and juvenile hormone, and the
ovaries become vitellogenic – they are ready to receive proteins produced from specialized fat-body cells
and convert them into eggs.’
Page says this normally occurs after winters diapause, or a period of reproductive latency. The mosquito
and bee have contrasting life histories – honeybees have pre-reproductive ovary activation, mosquito’s
exhibit post-reproductive activation. ‘In the honeybee, the hormonal signal to activate the ovaries occurs
in the pupal stage, not in adulthood,’ Page says. ‘So when the honeybee emerges from its cell into the
nest, it’s not tuned for dispersing and mating. It has already undergone the equivalent of winter diapause
or reproductive latency, and it’s already in a maternal behaviour pattern.’
‘In the maternal nest it’s already responding to stimuli that would cause it to exhibit maternal behaviours
– it has cells to clean, food to process, larvae to feed,’ Page says. ‘It’s all fundamental reproductive
behaviour, but with the timing of the activation signal changed. ‘In honeybees, it denies the worker the
opportunity to have all those pre-maternal behaviours we see in the mosquito and other insects that lead
solitary lives.
The gene that switches for these reproductive behaviours have not yet been coined and studied in bees.
Page says some likely candidate genes produce insulin-like signaling molecules similar to those found in
humans. ‘Now we have the complete genome sequenced from the honeybee, we can begin to identify
candidate genes,’ he says. He says natural selection has co-opted ancient patterns of behaviour in solitary
insects and shaped them into unique patterns of social behaviour in bees.
Questions 1-4
Answer the following questions using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text.
Write your answers in boxes 1-4 of your answer sheet.
1. As well as the division of labour, what is a key characteristic of complex social systems?
2. Who do female worker bees sacrifice their reproductive privileges for?
3. What term describes the way in which bees alter the way they behave as they get older?
4. What two substances do bees harvest?
QUESTIONS 5-8
Complete the following flow chart using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text.
Write your answers in boxes 5-9 of your answer sheet.
Gonotrophic Cycle of Female Mosquito
________________________________________
Forges for 5. ___________________________
Production of 6. ___________ = requires 7. ___________ rich meals
Eggs mature = look for 8. __________ ___________ places
Looks for water and 9. _______________ eggs
QUESTIONS 10-13
Do the following statements match the following information given in the text?
In boxes 10-13 of your answer sheet, write:
TRUE if they match the information given in the text

FALSE if they contradict the information given in the text.
NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the text.
10. Page is primarily interested in why bees exhibit altruism.

11. Nectar-foraging bees respond more to lights than pollen-foragers.
23
12. At the time of writing, Page’s research had not yet been published.
13. Honeybees and mosquitos have similar reproductive timing.
14. The genes that control reproduction in mosquitoes have been cloned and studied.
Sustainable Architecture - Lessons from the Ant
Termite mounds were the inspiration for an innovative design in sustainable living
Africa owes its termite mounds a lot. Trees and shrubs take root in them. Prospectors mine them, looking
for specks of gold carried up by termites from hundreds of metres below. And of course, they are a
special treat to aardvarks and other insectivores.
Now, Africa is paying an offbeat tribute to these towers of mud. The extraordinary Eastgate Building in
Harare, Zimbabwe’s capital city, is said to be the only one in the world to use the same cooling and
heating principles as the termite mound.
Termites in Zimbabwe build gigantic mounds inside which they farm a fungus that is their primary food
source. This must be kept at exactly 30.5°C, while the temperatures on the African yield outside can
range from 1.5°C at night - only just above freezing - to a baking hot 40°C during the day. The termites
achieve this remarkable feat by building a system of vents in the mound. Those at the base lead down into
chambers cooled by wet mud carried up from water tables far below, and others lead up through a flue to
the peak of the mound. By constantly opening and closing these heating and cooling vents over the course
of the day the termites succeed in keeping the temperature constant in spite of the wide fluctuations
outside.
Architect Mick Pearce used precisely the same strategy when designing the Eastgate Building, which has
no air conditioning and virtually no heating. The building - the country's largest commercial and shopping
complex - uses less than I0% of the energy of a conventional building’s size. These efficiencies translated
directly to the bottom line: the Eastgate’s owners saved $3.5 million on a $36 million building because an
air- conditioning plant didn't have to be imported. These savings were also passed on to tenants: rents are
20% lower than in a new building next door.
The complex is actually two buildings linked by bridges across a shady, glass-roofed atrium open to the
breezes. Fans suck fresh air in from the atrium, blow it upstairs through hollow spaces under the floors
and from there into each office through baseboard vents. As it rises and warms, it is drawn out via ceiling
vents and finally exits through forty- eight brick chimneys.
To keep the harsh, high yield sun from heating the interior, no more than 25% of the outside is glass, and
all the windows are screened by cement arches that just out more than a metre.
During summer’s cool nights, big fans flush air through the building seven times an hour to chill the
hollow floors. By day, smaller fans blow two changes of air an hour through the building, to circulate the
air which has been in contact with the cool floors. For winter days, there are small heaters in the vents.
This is all possible only because Harare is 1600 feet above sea level, has cloudless skies, little humidity
and rapid temperature swings - days as warm as 3l°C commonly drop to 14°C at night. ‘You couldn’t do
this in New York, with its fantastically hot summers and fantastically cold winters,’ Pearce said. But then
his eyes lit up at the challenge.' Perhaps you could store the summer's heat in water somehow.
The engineering firm of Ove Arup & Partners, which worked with him on the design, monitors daily
temperatures outside, under the floors and at knee, desk and ceiling level. Ove Arup's graphs show that
the temperature of the building has generally stayed between 23 0C and 25°C. with the exception of the
annual hot spell just before the summer rains in October, and three days in November, when a janitor
accidentally switched off the fans at night. The atrium, which funnels the winds through, can be much
cooler. And the air is fresh - far more so than in air-conditioned buildings, where up to 30% of the air is
recycled.
Pearce, disdaining smooth glass skins as ‘igloos in the Sahara’, calls his building, with its exposed girders
and pipes, ‘spiky’. The design of the entrances is based on the porcupine-quill headdresses of the local
Shona tribe. Elevators are designed to look like the mineshaft cages used in Zimbabwe's diamond mines.
The shape of the fan covers, and the stone used in their construction, are echoes of Great Zimbabwe, the
ruins that give the country its name.
25
Standing on a roof catwalk, peering down inside at people as small as termites below. Pearce said he
hoped plants would grow wild in the atrium and pigeons and bats would move into it, like that termite
fungus, further extending the whole 'organic machine’ metaphor. The architecture, he says, is a
regionalised style that responds to the biosphere, to the ancient traditional stone architecture of
Zimbabwe's past, and to local human resources.
Questions 1-5
Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D.

1. Why do termite mounds have a system of vents?
A. to allow the termites to escape from predators

B. to enable the termites to produce food
C. to allow the termites to work efficiently
D. to enable the termites to survive at night
2. Why was Eastgate cheaper to build than a conventional building?
A. Very few materials were imported.

B. Its energy consumption was so low.
C. Its tenants contributed to the costs.
D. No air conditioners were needed.
3. Why would a building like Eastgate not work efficiently in New York?
A. Temperature change occurs seasonally rather than daily.

B. Pollution affects the storage of heat in the atmosphere.
C. Summer and winter temperatures are too extreme.
D. Levels of humidity affect cloud coverage.
4. What does Ove Arup’s data suggest about Eastgate’s temperature control system?
A. It allows a relatively wide range of temperatures.
B. The only problems are due to human error.
C. It functions well for most of the year.
D. The temperature in the atrium may fall too low.
5. Pearce believes that his building would be improved by

A. becoming more of a habitat for wildlife.
B. even closer links with the history of Zimbabwe.
C. giving people more space to interact with nature.
D. better protection from harmful organisms.
Questions 6-10
Complete the sentences below with words taken from Reading Passage.
Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
Write your answers on your answer sheet.
6. Warm air leaves the offices through ______________.

7. The warm air leaves the building through ______________.
8. Heat from the sun is prevented from reaching the windows by _______________.
9. When the outside temperature drops, ______________ bring air in from outside.
10. On cold days, ____________ raise the temperature in the offices.
Questions 11-13
Answer the question below, using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each
answer.
Which three parts of the Eastgate Building reflect important features of Zimbabwe’s history and culture?
11.
12.
13.
A. entrances
B. quill
C. cages
27
D. elevators
E. fan covers
F. stone
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1 - 13, which are based on the Reading Passage below.
Questions 1- 5
The Reading Passage has six paragraphs, A - F.
Choose the correct headings for paragraphs B - F from the list of headings below.
List of Headings
i. The collapse of the Neanderthal population
ii. The origin of modern humans
iii. Humanity’s prehistoric mother
iv. Routes out of Africa
v. Attributes of modern humans and Neanderthals
vi. The modern human migration
vii. What did Neanderthals look like?
viii. The diversity of African populations
ix. Tracing back our DNA
Example Answer
Paragraph A ii
1. Paragraph B
2. Paragraph C
3. Paragraph D
4. Paragraph E
5. Paragraph F
A Among prehistoric archeologists, Ksar Aqil has an almost mythical status, but the site is little
known outside professional circles. The migration of modern humans out of Africa and the Near East's
position as a bridge between continents and cultures, as well as nearly a century of scientific research, are
all woven into the story of Ksar Aqil. Current perspectives on human evolution and mankind's
colonization of the globe are based upon fossil evidence, as well as excavated artifacts and biogenetic
data. These lines of inquiry indicate a relatively recent evolution of modern humans, Homo sapiens
sapiens, in Africa about 200,000 years ago.
B The latest, and arguably most powerful, analytical tool available to those investigating human
origins comes from molecular biology. Geneticists have found that examination of the DNA from tiny
structures inside the cell, called mitochondria, provided a means to measure human biogenetic
relationships on a time scale spanning hundreds of thousands of years. Mitochondria, also known as the
powerhouse of the cell because they generate chemical energy, possess their own genome, and
mitochondria! DNA (mtDNA) is inherited exclusively from the mother. Dramatic results released in 1987
by researchers at the University of California at Berkley indicated that all mtDNA present in people today
stems from a single female who lived about 200,000 years ago in Africa. This woman was called
"Mitochondria! Eve," the genetic mother of all of earth's present-day population.
C Tens of thousands of years before Beirut became a meeting place of East and West, the Levantine
coastal strip and the Arabian Peninsula to the south were corridors through which our common ancestors
moved out of Africa and into Asia, Europe, Australia and, lastly, the Americas. The region also has the
distinction of being a place where Neanderthals (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) and our immediate
ancestors co-existed and indeed interbred. Although the evolutionary split between Neanderthals and the
ancestors of modern humans occurred sometime between 440,000 and 270,000 years ago, according to
research, a little Neanderthal DNA, between one and four per cent, exists in all peoples alive today,
except for those in Africa. It is probable that our Neanderthal heritage resulted from interbreeding that
happened in the Near East sometime between 80,000 and 45,000 years ago.
D According to proponents of the "out of Africa" theory, the exodus of anatomically modem
humans probably occurred in waves. One early migration into the Near East occurred prior to 130,000
years ago, and an examination of a modern map of the Horn of Africa and adjacent parts of Arabia shows
there are two obvious routes this migration could have taken. One involves crossing from northern Egypt
into the Sinai Peninsula, the other crosses the Bab el-Mandab strait to reach modern-day Yemen, perhaps
by watercraft. It is likely that both these routes were taken at different times, as they were navigable,
presented no significant hazards and were frequented by the animals our early ancestors tracked and
hunted. Given the geographic position of the Near East as a bridge between Europe and Asia, this region
formed the trunk through which our family tree branched out from its African roots, both geographically
and genetically. When modern humans entered the area over 130,000 years ago, the Neanderthals were in
residence, and it seems they curtailed the extent of the newcomers' settlement for a while. When another
wave of modern humans began migrating from Africa about 50,000 years ago, perhaps due to population
pressure on resources and territory, our ancestors ultimately became the sole inhabitants of places like
Ksar Aqil.
E If this contest had been based on physical strength alone, the Neanderthals would have won hands
down. Modern humans, however, had developed cognitive, physical and cultural abilities that provided an
advantage, ultimately leading to the Neanderthals being relegated to geographically marginalized
29
refugees. Neanderthals differed from modern humans in a number of ways, perhaps most noticeably in
their skull anatomy, which featured a sloped forehead, a large projection at the back of the skull called an
occipital bun, pronounced eyebrow ridges, and no chin. Physically robust and more powerfully built than
our ancestors, their massive but relatively short stature was more efficient in cold climates like Europe's.
In common with modern humans, they possessed a gene essential for language development, and some
paleoanthropologists believe they were capable of complex speech patterns. The Neanderthals apparently
were not suited to activities like long-distance running. The energy cost of locomotion was apparently 32
per cent higher in Neanderthals, resulting in a daily dietary requirement between 100 and 350 calories
greater than that of modern humans living in similar environmental settings. Our ancestors may,
therefore, have had a competitive edge simply by being more fuel-efficient.
F What exactly happened to the Neanderthals no one knows. Modern peoples migrating into
Southwest Asia and on to Europe may have displaced them. Undoubtedly, contact led to a variety of
interactions, some clearly resulting in opportunities for interbreeding, others involving physical conflict
and competition for resources. The Neanderthals' demise may also have been linked to rapid climatic
swings between 50,000 and 30,000 years ago, which created further pressure on their already divided and
isolated populations.
Questions 6 - 12
Write the correct letters, A, B, or C, next to Questions 6-12.
Classify the following as typical of
A. Neanderthals
B. modern humans
C. both
6. the ability to develop language

7. the absence of one particular facial feature
8. the ability to run long distances
9. needing to consume lots of calories
10. greater physical strength
11. being small height
12. making up at least 98% of our genes
Question 13
What is the best title for the Reading Passage?
Choose the correct letter, A, B, or C.
A. The decline of Neanderthal man
B. The site where modern humans and Neanderthals met and mixed
C. The migration of modern humans into Europe
Plant Scents
A. Everyone is familiar with scented flowers, and many people have heard that floral odors help the
plant attract pollinators. This common notion is mostly correct, but it is surprising how little scientific
proof of it exists. Of course, not all flowers are pollinated by biological agents – for example, many
grasses are wind-pollinated – but the flowers of the grasses may still emit volatiles. In fact, plants emit
organic molecules all the time, although they may not be obvious to the human nose. As for flower scents
that we can detect with our noses, bouquets that attract moths and butterflies generally smell “sweet,” and
those that attract certain flies seem “rotten” to us.
31
B. The release of volatiles from vegetative parts of the plant is familiar, although until recently the
physiological functions of these chemicals were less clear and had received much less attention from
scientists. When the trunk of a pine tree is injured – for example, when a beetle tries to burrow into it – it
exudes a very smelly resin. This resin consists mostly of terpenes – hydrocarbons with a backbone of 10,
15 or 20 carbons that may also contain atoms of oxygen. The heavier C20 terpenes, called diterpenes, are
glue-like and can cover and immobilize insects as they plug the hole. This defense mechanism is as
ancient as it is effective: Many samples of fossilized resin, or amber, contain the remains of insects
trapped inside. Many other plants emit volatiles when injured, and in some cases the emitted signal helps
defend the plant. For example, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, which is known as a “green leaf volatile” because it
is emitted by many plants upon injury, deters females of the moth Heliothis virescens from laying eggs on
injured tobacco plants. Interestingly, the profile of emitted tobacco volatiles is different at night than
during the day, and it is the nocturnal blend, rich in several (Z)-3-hexen-1-olesters, that is most effective
in repelling the night-active H. virescens moths.
C. Herbivore induced volatiles often serve as indirect defenses. These bulwarks exist in a variety of
plant species, including corn, beans, and the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants not only
emit volatiles acutely, at the site where caterpillars, mites, aphids or similar insects are eating them but
also generally from non-damaged parts of the plant. These signals attract a variety of predatory insects
that prey on the plant-eaters. For example, some parasitic wasps can detect the volatile signature of a
damaged plant and will lay their eggs inside the offending caterpillar; eventually, the wasp eggs hatch,
and the emerging larvae feed on the caterpillar from the inside hatch, and the emerging larvae feed on the
caterpillar from the inside out. The growth of infected caterpillars is retarded considerably, to the benefit
of the plant. Similarly, volatiles released by plants in response to herbivore egg laying can attract
parasites of the eggs, thereby preventing them from hatching and avoiding the onslaught of hungry
herbivores that would have emerged. Plant volatiles can also be used as a kind of currency in some very
indirect defensive schemes. In the rainforest understory tree Leonardoxa Africana, ants of the species
Petalomyrmex phylax patrol young leaves and attack any herbivorous insects that they encounter. The
young leaves emit high levels of the volatile compound methyl salicylate, a compound that the ants use
either as a pheromone or as an antiseptic in their nests. It appears that methyl salicylate is both an
attractant and a reward offered by the tree to get the ants to perform this valuable deterrent role.
D. Floral scent has a strong impact on the economic success of many agricultural crops that rely on
insect pollinators, including fruit trees such as the bee-pollinated cherry, apple, apricot and peach, as well
as vegetables and tropical plants such as papaya. Pollination not only affects crop yield, but also the
quality and efficiency of crop production. Many crops require most, if not all, ovules to be fertilized for
optimum fruit size and shape. A decrease in fragrance emission reduces the ability of flowers to attract
pollinators and results in considerable losses for growers, particularly for introduced species that had a
specialized pollinator in their place of origin. This problem has been exacerbated by recent disease
epidemics that have killed many honeybees, the major insect pollinators in the United States.
E. One means by which plant breeders circumvent the pollination problem is by breeding self-
compatible, or apomictic, varieties that do not require fertilization. Although this solution is adequate, its
drawbacks include near genetic uniformity and consequent susceptibility to pathogens. Some growers
have attempted to enhance honeybee foraging by spraying scent compounds on orchard trees, but this
approach was costly, had to be repeated, had potentially toxic effects on the soil or local biota, and, in the
end, proved to be inefficient. The poor effectiveness of this strategy probably reflects inherent limitations
of the artificial, topically applied compounds, which clearly fail to convey the appropriate message to the
bees. For example, general spraying of the volatile mixture cannot tell the insects where exactly the
blossoms are. Clearly, a more refined strategy is needed. The ability to enhance existing floral scent,
which could all be accomplished by genetic engineering, would allow us to manipulate the types of insect
pollinators and the frequency of their visits. Moreover, the metabolic engineering of fragrance could
increase crop protection against pathogens and pests.
F. Genetic manipulation of the scent will also benefit the floriculture industry. Ornamentals,
including cut flowers, foliage and potted plants, play an important aesthetic role in human life.
Unfortunately, traditional breeding has often produced cultivars with improved vase life, shipping
characteristics, color and shape while sacrificing desirable perfumes. The loss of scent among
ornamentals, which have a worldwide value of more than $30 billion, makes them important targets for
the genetic manipulation of flower fragrance. Some work has already begun in this area, as several groups
have created petunia and carnation plants that express the linalool synthase gene from C. Breweri. These
experiments are still preliminary: For technical reasons, the gene was expressed everywhere in the plant,
and although the transgenic plants did create small amounts of linalool, the level was below the threshold
of detection for the human nose. Similar experiments in tobacco used genes for other monoterpene
synthases, such as the one that produces limonene, but gave similar results.
G. The next generation of experiments, already in progress, includes sophisticated schemes that
target the expression of scent genes specifically to flowers or other organs – such as special glands that
can store antimicrobial or herbivore-repellent compounds.
Questions 1 – 4
The reading passage has seven paragraphs A-G.
Write the correct letter A-G, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
1. Substance released to help plants themselves.

2. Scent helps plant’s pollination.
3. Practice on genetic experiment of fragrance.
4. Plant’s scent attracts herbivore’s enemy for protection.
Questions 5-8
In boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the statement is not given in the passage
5. We have few evidences to support the idea that scent attracts pollinators.
6. Heliothis virescens won’t eat those tobacco leaves on which they laid eggs.
7. Certain ants are attracted by volatiles to guard plants in rainforest.
8. Pollination only affects fruit trees’ production rather than other crop trees.
Question 9-13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
33
9. How do wasps protect plants when they are attracted by scents according to the passage?
A. plants induce wasps to prey herbivore

B. wasps lay eggs into caterpillars
C. wasps laid eggs on plants to expel herbivore.
D. offending caterpillars and wasp eggs coexist well.
10. What reason caused number of honeybees decline in the United States?
A. pollination process
B. spread illness
C. crop trees are poisonous
D. grower’s overlook
11. Which of the following drawbacks about artificial fragrance is NOT mentioned in the passage?
A. it’s very expensive

B. it can’t tell correct information to pollinators
C. it needs massive manual labour
D. it poisons local environment
12. The number of $30 billion quoted in the passage is to illustrate the fact that:
A. favorable perfumes are made from ornamental flowers

B. traditional floriculture industry needs reform.
C. genetic operation on scent can make a vast profit.
D. scent plays a significant role in Ornamental industry.
13. What is the weakness of genetic experiments on fragrance?
A. Linalool level is too low to be smelt by nose

B. no progress made in linalool emission.
C. experiment on tobacco has a better result
D. transgenic plants produce intense scent
The Lost City

Thanks to modern remote-sensing techniques, a ruined city in Turkey is slowly revealing itself as one of
the greatest and most mysterious cities of the ancient world. Sally Palmer uncovers more.
A. The low granite mountain, known as Kerkenes Dag, juts from the northern edge of the
Cappadocian plain in Turkey. Sprawled over the mountainside are the ruins of an enormous city,
contained by crumbling defensive walls seven kilometers long. Many respected archaeologists believe
these are the remains of the fabled city of Pteria, the sixth-century BC stronghold of the Medes that the
Greek historian Herodotus described in his famous work The Histories. The short-lived city came under
Median control and only fifty years later was sacked, burned and its strong stone walls destroyed.
B. British archeologist Dr Geoffrey Summers has spent ten years studying the site. Excavating the
ruins is a challenge because of the vast area they cover. The 7 km perimeter walls run around a site
covering 271 hectares. Dr Summers quickly realized it would take far too long to excavate the site using
traditional techniques alone. So, he decided to use modern technology as well to map the entire site, both
above and beneath the surface, to locate the most interesting areas and priorities to start digging.
C. In 1993, Dr Summers hired a special hand-held balloon with a remote-controlled camera

attached. He walked over the entire site holding the balloon and taking photos. Then one afternoon, he
rented a hot-air balloon and floated over the site, taking yet more pictures. By the end of the 1994 season,
Dr Summers and his team had a jigsaw of aerial photographs of the whole site. The next stage was to use
remote sensing, which would let them work out what lay below the intriguing outlines and ruined walls.
“Archaeology is a discipline that lends itself very well to remote sensing because it revolves around
space,” says Scott Branting, an associated director of the project. He started working with Dr Summers in
1995.
D. The project used two main remote-sensing techniques. The first is magnetometry, which works
on the principle that magnetic fields at the surface of the Earth are influenced by what is buried beneath.
It measures localised variations in the direction and intensity of this magnetic field. “The Earth’s
magnetic field can vary from place to place, depending on what happened there in the past,” says
Branting. “if something containing iron oxide was heavily burnt, by natural or human actions, the iron
particles in it can be permanently reoriented, like a compass needle, to align with the Earth’s magnetic
field present at that point in time and space.’ The magnetometer detects differences in the orientations and
intensities of these iron particles from the present-day magnetic field and uses them to produce an image
of what lies below ground.
E. Kerkenes Dag lends itself particularly well to magnetometry because it was all burnt once in a
savage fire. In places, the heat was sufficient to turn sandstone to glass and to melt granite. The fire was
so hot that there were strong magnetic signatures set to the Earth’s magnetic field from the time around
547 BC- resulting in extremely clear pictures. Furthermore, the city was never rebuilt. “If you have
35
multiple layers, it can confuse pictures, because you have different walls from different periods giving
signatures that all go in different directions,” says Branting. “We only have one going down about 1.5
metres, so we can get a good picture of this fairly short-lived city.”
F. The other main sub-surface mapping technique, which is still being used at the site, is resistivity.
This technique measures the way electrical pulses are conducted through sub-surface soil. It’s done by
shooting pulses into the ground through a thin metal probe. Different materials have different electrical
conductivity. For example, stone and mudbrick are poor conductors, but looser, damp soil conducts very
well. By walking around the site and taking about four readings per metre, it is possible to get a detailed
idea of what is where beneath the surface. The teams then build up pictures of walls, hearths and other
remains. “It helps a lot if it has rained, because the electrical pulse can get through more easily,” says
Branting. “Then if something is more resistant, it really shows up.” This is one of the reasons that the
project has a spring season, when most of the resistivity work is done. Unfortunately, testing resistivity is
a lot slower than magnetometry. “If we did resistivity over the whole site, it would take about 100 years,”
says Branting. Consequently, the team is concentrating on areas where they want to clarify pictures from
the magnetometry.
G. Remote sensing does not reveal everything about Kerkenes Dag, but it shows the most interesting
sub-surface areas of the site. The archaeologists can then excavate these using traditional techniques. One
surprise came when they dug out one of the fates in the defensive walls. “Our observations in early
seasons led us to assume that we were looking at a stone base from a mudbrick city wall, such as would
be found at most other cities in the Ancient Near East,” says Dr Summers. “When we started to excavate
we were staggered to discover that the walls were made entirely from stone and that the gate would have
stood at least ten metres high. After ten years of study, Pteria is gradually giving up its secrets.”
Questions 1-4
The Reading Passage has seven paragraphs, A-G.

Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 1-13 on your answer sheet.
1. the reason for the deployment of a variety of investigative methods

2. an example of an unexpected finding
3. how the surface of the site was surveyed from the above
4. the reason why experts are interested in the site
Questions 5-12
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Exploring the ancient city of Pteria
Archaeologists began to work ten years ago. They started by taking photographs of the site from the
ground and then from a distance in a 5. ___________. They focused on what lay below the surface using
a magnetometer, which identifies variations in the magnetic field. These occur when the 6. ____________
in buried structures have changed direction as a result of great heat. They line up with the surrounding
magnetic field just as a 7. __________would do.
The other remote-sensing technique employed is resistivity. This uses a 8. __________ to fire electrical
pulses into the earth. The principle is that building materials like 9. ____and stone do not conduct
electricity well, while 10. _____________ does this much more effectively. This technique is mainly
employed during the 11. ____________, then conditions are more favorable. Resistivity is mainly being
used to 12. _______________ some images generated by the magnetometer.
Questions 13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
13. How do modern remote-sensing techniques help at the Pteria site?

A. They detect minute buried objects for the archaeologists to dig up.
B. They pinpoint key areas which would be worth investigating closely.
C. They remove the need for archaeologists to excavate any part of the site.
D. They extend the research period as they can be used at any time of the year
THE WILD SIDE OF TOWN
The countryside is no longer the place to see wildlife, according to Chris Barnes. These days you are
more likely to find impressive numbers of skylarks, dragonflies and toads in your own back garden.
The past half century has seen an interesting reversal in the fortunes of much of Britain's wildlife. Whilst
the rural countryside has become poorer and poorer, wildlife habitat in towns has burgeoned. Now, if you
want to hear a deafening dawn chorus of birds or familiarise yourself with foxes, you can head for the
urban forest.
Whilst species that depend on wide open spaces such as the hare, the eagle and the red deer may still be
restricted to remote rural landscapes, many of our wild plants and animals find the urban ecosystem ideal.
This really should be no surprise, since it is the fragmentation and agrochemical pollution in the farming
lowlands that has led to the catastrophic decline of so many species.
By contrast, most urban open spaces have escaped the worst of the pesticide revolution, and they are an
intimate mosaic of interconnected habitats. Over the years, the cutting down of hedgerows on farmland
has contributed to habitat isolation and species loss. In towns, the tangle of canals, railway embankments,
road verges and boundary hedges lace the landscape together, providing first-class ecological corridors
for species such as hedgehogs, kingfishers and dragonflies.
Urban parks and formal recreation grounds are valuable for some species, and many of them are
increasingly managed with wildlife in mind. But in many places their significance is eclipsed by the huge
legacy of post-industrial land - demolished factories, waste tips, quarries, redundant railway yards and
other so-called ‘brownfield’ sites. In Merseyside, South Yorkshire and the West Midlands, much of this
has been spectacularly colonised with birch and willow woodland, herb-rich grassland and shallow
wetlands. As a consequence, there are song birds and predators in abundance over these once-industrial
landscapes.
There are fifteen million domestic gardens in the UK and whilst some are still managed as lifeless
chemical war zones, most benefit the local wildlife, either through benign neglect or positive
encouragement. Those that do best tend to be woodland species, and the garden lawns and flower borders,
climber-covered fences, shrubberies and fruit trees are a plausible alternative. Indeed, in some respects
gardens are rather better than the real thing, especially with exotic flowers extending the nectar season.
Birdfeeders can also supplement the natural seed supply, and only the millions of domestic cats may spoil
the scene.
As Britain’s gardeners have embraced the idea of ‘gardening with nature’, wildlife’s response has been
spectacular. Between 1990 and the year 2000 the number of different bird species seen at artificial feeders
in gardens increased from 17 to an amazing 81. The BUGS project (Biodiversity in Urban Gardens in
Sheffield) calculates that there are 25,000 garden ponds and 100,000 nest boxes in that one city alone.
We are at last acknowledging that the wildlife habitat in towns provides a valuable life support system.
The canopy of the urban forest is filtering air pollution, and intercepting rainstorms, allowing the water to
drip more gradually to the ground. Sustainable urban drainage relies on ponds and wetlands to contain
storm water runoff, thus reducing the risk of flooding, whilst reed beds and other wetland wildlife
communities also help to clean up the water. We now have scientific proof that contact with wildlife close
to home can help to reduce stress and anger. Hospital patients with a view of natural green space make a
more rapid recovery and suffer less pain.
Traditionally, nature conservation in the UK has been seen as marginal and largely rural. Now we are
beginning to place it at the heart of urban environmental and economic policy. There are now dozens of
schemes to create new habitats and restore old ones in and around our big cities. Biodiversity is big in
parts of London, thanks to schemes such as the London Wetland Centre in the south west of the city.
This is a unique scheme masterminded by the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust to create a wildlife reserve
out of a redundant Victorian reservoir. Within five years of its creation the Centre has been hailed as one
of the top sites for nature in England and made a Site of Special Scientific Interest. It consists of a 105-
acre wetland site, which is made up of different wetland habitats of shallow, open water and grazing
marsh. The site attracts more than 104 species of bird, including nationally important rarities like the
bittern.
We need to remember that if we work with wildlife, then wildlife will work for us - and this is the very
essence of sustainable development.
Questions 1-6
On your answer sheet write:
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1. There is now more wildlife in UK cities than in the countryside.

2. Rural wildlife has been reduced by the use of pesticides on farms.
3. In the past, hedges on farms used to link up different habitats.
4. New urban environments are planned to provide ecological corridors for wildlife.
5. Public parks and gardens are being expanded to encourage wildlife.
6. Old industrial wastelands have damaged wildlife habitats in urban areas.
Questions 7-10
Answer the questions below, using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the
passage for each answer.
7. Which type of wildlife benefits most from urban gardens?

8. What type of garden plants can benefit birds and insects?
9. What represents a threat to wildlife in urban gardens?
10. At the last count, how many species of bird were spotted in urban gardens?
Questions 11-13
Choose THREE letters A-G.
In which THREE ways can wildlife habitats benefit people living in urban areas?
A. They can make the cities greener.

B. They can improve the climate.
C. They can promote human well-being.
D. They can extend the flowering season.
E. They can absorb excess water.
F. They can attract wildlife.
G. They can help clean the urban atmosphere.
Question 14

Write your answer on your answer sheet.
14. The writer believes that sustainable development is dependent on
A. urban economic policy.

B. large restoration schemes.
C. active nature conservation.
D. government projects.
Improving Patients Safety
Packaging
One of the most prominent design issues in pharmacy is that of drug packaging and patient information
leaflets (PILs). Many letters have appeared in The Journal's letters pages over the years from pharmacists
dismayed at the designs of packaging that are “accidents waiting to happen”.
Packaging design in the pharmaceutical industry is handled by either in-house teams or design agencies.
Designs for over-the-counter medicines, where characteristics such as attractiveness and distinguish-
ability are regarded as significant, are usually commissioned from design agencies. A marketing team will
prepare a brief and the designers will come up with perhaps six or seven designs. These are whittled down
to two or three that might be tested on a consumer group. In contrast, most designs for prescription-only
products are created in-house. In some cases, this may simply involve applying a company’s house design
(i.e., logo, colour, font, etc). The chosen design is then handed over to design engineers who work out
how the packaging will be produced.
Design considerations
The author of the recently published “Information design for patient safety,” Thea Swayne, tracked the
journey of a medicine from manufacturing plant, through distribution warehouses, pharmacies and
hospital wards, to patients’ homes. Her book highlights a multitude of design problems with current
packaging, such as look-alikes and sound-alikes, small type sizes and glare on blister foils. Situations in
which medicines are used include a parent giving a cough medicine to a child in the middle of the night
and a busy pharmacist selecting one box from hundreds. It is argued that packaging should be designed
for moments such as these. “Manufacturers are not aware of the complex situations into which products
go. As designers, we are interested in not what is supposed to happen in [hospital] wards, but what
happens in the real world,” Ms Swayne said.
Incidents where vein has been injected intrathecally instead of spine are a classic example of how poor
design can contribute to harm. Investigations following these tragedies have attributed some blame
to poor typescript.
Safety and compliance

Child protection is another area that gives designers opportunities to improve safety. According to the
Child Accident Prevention Trust, seven out of 10 children admitted to hospital with suspected
poisoning have swallowed medicines. Although child-resistant closures have reduced the number of
incidents, they are not: fully child-proof. The definition of such a closure is one that not more than 15
percent of children aged between 42 and 51 months can open within five minutes. There is scope for
improving what is currently available, according to Richard Mawle, a freelance product designer. “Many
child-resistant packs are based on strength. They do not necessarily prevent a child from access, but may
prevent people with a disability,” he told The Journal. “The legal requirements are there for a good
reason, but they are not good enough in terms of the users,” he said. “Older people, especially those with
arthritis, may have the same level of strength as a child,” he explained, and suggested that better designs
could rely on cognitive skills (eg, making the opening of a container a three-step process) or be based on
the physical size of hands.
Mr. Mawle worked with GlaxoSmithKline on a project to improve compliance through design, which
involved applying his skills to packaging and PILs. Commenting on the information presented, he
said: “There can be an awful lot of junk at the beginning of PILs. For example, why are company details
listed towards the beginning of a leaflet when what might be more important for the patient is that the
medicine should not be taken with alcohol?”.
Design principles and guidelines
Look-alike boxes present a potential for picking errors and an obvious solution would be to use colours to
highlight different strengths. However, according to Ms.Swayne, colour differentiation needs to
be approached with care. Not only should strong colour contrasts be used, but designating a colour to a
particular strength (colour coding) is not recommended because this could lead to the user not reading
the text on a box.
Design features can provide the basis for lengthy debates. For example, one argument is that if all
packaging is white with black lettering, people would have no choice but to read every box carefully. The
problem is that trials of drug packaging design are few—common studies of legibility and
comprehensibility concern road traffic signs and visual display units. Although some designers take
results from such studies into account, proving that a particular feature is beneficial can be difficult. For
example, EU legislation requires that packaging must now include the name of the medicine in Braille
but, according to Karel van der Waarde, a design consultant to the pharmaceutical industry, “it is not
known how much visually impaired patients will benefit nor how much the reading of visually able
patients will be impaired”.
More evidence might, however, soon be available. EU legislation requires PILs to reflect consultations
with target patient groups to ensure they are legible, clear and easy to use. This implies that industry
will have to start conducting tests. Dr. van der Waarde has performed readability studies on boxes and
PILs for industry. A typical study involves showing a leaflet or package to a small group and asking
them questions to test understanding. Results and comments are used to modify the material, which is
then tested on a larger group. A third group is used to show that any further changes made are an
improvement. Dr. van der Waarde is, however, sceptical about the legal requirements and says that many
regulatory authorities do not have the resources to handle packaging information properly. “They do not
look at the use of packaging in a practical context—they only see one box at a time and not several
together as pharmacists would do,” he said.
Innovations
The RCA innovation exhibition this year revealed designs for a number of innovative objects. “The
popper”, by Hugo Glover, aims to help arthritis sufferers remove tablets from blister packs, and
“pluspoint”, by James Cobb, is an adrenaline auto-injector that aims to overcome the fact that many
patients do not carry their auto-injectors due to their prohibitive size. The aim of good design, according
to Roger Coleman, professor of inclusive design at the RCA, is to try to make things more user-friendly
as well as safer. Surely, in a patient-centred health system, that can only be a good thing. “Information
design for patient safety” is not intended to be mandatory. Rather, its purpose is to create a basic design
standard and to stimulate innovation. The challenge for the pharmaceutical industry, as a whole, is to
adopt such a standard.
Questions 1-6
Look at the following statements and the list of people or organisation below.
Match each statement with the correct person or organisation, A-D.
Write the correct letter, A-D on you answer sheet.
List of Names
A. Thea Swayne
B. Children Accident Prevention Trust
C. Richard Mawle
D. Karel van der Waarde
1. Elderly people may have the same problem with children if the lids of containers require too much
strength to open.
2. Adapting packaging for the blind may disadvantage the sighted people.
3. Specially designed lids cannot eliminate the possibility of children swallowing pills accidentally.
4. Container design should consider situations, such as drug used at home.
5. Governing bodies should investigate many different container cases rather than individual ones.
6. Information on the list of a leaflet hasn’t been in the right order.
Questions 7-11
Complete the notes using the list of words, A-G.

Write the correct letter, A-G, on your answer sheet.
Packaging in pharmaceutical industry
Designs for over-the-counter medicines

First, 7. ________________________ make the proposal, then pass them to the
8. _______________. Finally, these designs will be tested by 9. _________________.
Prescription-only
First, the design is made by 10. _______________ and then subjected to 11. ______________.
A consumers B marketing teams C pharmaceutical industry
D external designers E in-house designers
F design engineers G pharmacist
Questions 12-14

Write the correct letter on your answer sheet.
12. What may cause the accident in “design container”?
A. a print error
B. style of print
C. wrong label
D. the shape of the bottle
13. What do people think about the black and white only print?
A. Consumers dislike these products.

B. People have to pay more attention to the information.
C. That makes all products looks alike.
D. Sighted people may feel it more helpful.
14. Why does the writer mention “popper” and “pluspoint”?
A. to show that container design has made some progress

B. to illustrate an example of inappropriate design which can lead to accidents
C. to show that the industry still needs to improve
D. to point out that consumers should be more informed about the information
SEAS BENEATH THE SANDS
A. Look at a map of North Africa from Egypt to Algeria. Almost everything outside the Nile Valley
and south of the coastal plain appears to be lifeless sand and gravel deserts. But peer deeper, under the
sand, and you will find water. Under the Sahara lie three major aquifers, strata of saturated sandstone and
limestone that hold water in their pores like a wet sponge. The easternmost of these, extending over two
million square kilometres, contains 375,000 cubic kilometres of water - the equivalent of 3,750 years of
Nile River flow. It is called the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, and lately it has come to the attention
of practitioners of a sub-specialty of nuclear science known as isotope hydrology.
B. Isotope hydrology, which studies the atoms of the two elements making up groundwater - oxygen
and hydrogen - and the trace elements in it, like carbon and nitrogen, is able to determine when, give or
take a couple of thousand years, today’s groundwater fell to earth as rain. In the case of the Nubian
Aquifer, some water in the system is thought to be one million years old, but most of it fell between
50,000 and 20,000 years ago. Since then, as the region has slowly turned to desert, there has been little
addition of water to the aquifer. What lies beneath the ground is called fossil water, and it will likely
never be recharged.
C. Because the Nubian Aquifer is shared among four nations, and because Libya and Egypt are now
going forwards with big water pumping projects that tap the Nubian Aquifer, the International Atomic
Energy Agency (IAEA), co-recipient of the 2005 Nobel Peace Prize, is trying to bring the countries
together in a joint effort to plan for a rational shared use of the water.
D. The stakes are certainly high. Egypt eventually hopes to use almost half a billion cubic metres of
groundwater annually - more than the volume of Lake Erie. Libya is already pumping water from the
Kufra Oasis, in its southeast corner, through a four-metre-diametre pipeline, to its thirsty coastal cities.
When fully operational, that project will pump some 3.6 million cubic metres per day. Still, at current
extraction rates, the aquifer is not likely to be depleted for a thousand years.
E. Dr Taher Muhammad Hassan of the Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA) says “One thing
that isotope studies have shown us is that there is surprisingly little aquifer recharge from the Nile. Nile
water has a younger isotopic profile, and samples from wells dug as close as five kilometres from the
river show no sign of the Nile fingerprint. In fact, some of that well water is dated at 26,000 years old.”
Hassan is confident there is little likelihood of international conflict over aquifer sharing. “We know that
the velocity of underground flow in most places is just two metres a day,” he says. “It’s like sucking a
thick milkshake through a straw - it doesn’t happen fast, and eventually, it stops completely.” Even
Libya’s big extraction plans for Kufra will probably have only a minor effect on Egypt’s East Uweinat
farming area, given the distance between the two. If Kufra’s water table drops 200 metres, the Egyptian
side might see a drop of only 10 centimetres.
F. At Al-Agouza West in Egypt, a 10-storey drilling rig, the same kind used to drill oil wells, has
reached 800 metres and is now evacuating the drilling mud and widening the bore. It has taken 20 days to
penetrate layers of shale and clay to reach the saturated sandstone - the basement of the Nubian formation
is some 1,800 metres deep here - at a cost of about $400,000. Once the well is ready for testing, the
ministry engineers check its static and dynamic levels with a sounder, a kind of fishermen’s bob at the
end of a tape measure that rises and falls with the water table.
G. Dr Khaled Abu Zeid of the Egyptian non-profit Center for Environment and Development of the
Arab Region and Europe (CEDARE) stresses the social context of water resource development and the
need to keep in mind traditional water users as well as new users. Small farmers and Bedouin who rely on
shallow wells should not be ignored in favour of the big development schemes. “They need water today,”
he says, “and will still need it tomorrow. We must not let it run dry because deeper wells are more cost-
effective. But neither should we have an absolutist conservationist approach, in which we try to keep
fossil water in some kind of ‘museum’ for their benefit.”
H. The director of the Groundwater Research Institute at the Nile Barrage, Dr Ahmed Khater, finds
it ironic that in a desert region like the Middle East, petroleum geology is much better understood than
subsurface hydrology. “But water is what makes our life possible here, and we must use it wisely,” he
says. He cites the experience of President Nasser’s New Valley Project in the 1960s, which proposed a
massive resettlement of Nile Valley farmers to the western oases. It was a failure. “These isotope studies
hold the promise of learning more about what is really our most precious asset - water, not oil,” he says.
Nasser, he notes, got the New Valley Project’s motto wrong. “He said, ‘When settlers come, then we will
find water.’ He should have said, ‘When we find water, then settlers can come.’”
Questions 1 – 4
Complete the table below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System
Extent 1. ________________ 375,000 km3 of water
Formation The majority of the 2. _________ fell between 50,000 and 20,000 years ago.
Flow Water moves only 3. ______________ a day in most places.

Depth The 4._____________ of the formation is 1,800 metres deep.
Questions 5 – 12
The reading passage has eight paragraphs, A - H.

Which paragraphs contain the following information?
Write the correct letters, A - H, next to Questions 5 - 12.
5. dating the age of the water

6. understanding underground water through studying isotopes
7. the process of water collection
8. review of the likelihood of conflict
9. the importance of water for North Saharan countries
10. layers of porous rock holding water under the desert
11. attention to the needs of the local people
12. cross-country project for the use of water
Pollution in the Bay
A. Pouring water into the sea sounds harmless enough. But in Florida Bay, a large and shallow
section of the Gulf of Mexico that lies between the southern end of the Everglades and the Florida Keys,
it is proving highly controversial. That is because researchers are divided over whether it will help or
hinder the plants and animals that live in the bay.
B. What is at risk is the future of the bay’s extensive beds of seagrasses. These grow on the bay’s
muddy floor and act as nurseries for the larvae of shrimps, lobsters and fish – many of the important sport
and commercial-fishing species. Also in danger is an impressive range of coral reefs that run the length of
the Florida Keys and form the third-largest barrier reef in the world. Since the 1980s, coral cover has
dropped by 40%, and a third of the coral species have gone. This has had a damaging effect on the
animals that depend on the reef, such as crabs, turtles and nearly 600 species of fish.
C. What is causing such ecological change is a matter of much debate. And the answer is of no small
consequence. This is because the American government is planning to devote $8 billion over the next 30
years to revitalise the Everglades. Seasonal freshwater flows into the Everglades are to be restored in
order to improve the region’s health. But they will then run off into the bay.
D. Joseph Zieman, a marine ecologist at the University of Virginia, thinks this is a good idea. He
believes that a lack of fresh water in the bay is its main problem. The blame, he says, lies with a century
of drainage in the Everglades aimed at turning the marshes into farmland and areas for development. This
has caused the flow of fresh water into Florida Bay to dwindle, making the water in the bay, overall, more
saline. This, he argues, kills the seagrasses, and as these rots, nutrients are released that feed the
microscopic plants and animals that live in the water. This, he says, is why the bay’s once crystal-clear
waters often resemble pea soup. And in a vicious circle, these turbid blooms block out sunlight, causing
more seagrasses to die and yet more turbidity.
E. Brian Lapointe, a marine scientist at the Harbour Branch Oceanographic Institution at Fort Pierce
in Florida, disagrees. He thinks seagrasses can tolerate much higher levels of salinity than the bay actually
displays. Furthermore, he notes that when freshwater flows through the Everglades were increased
experimentally in the 1990s, it led to massive plankton blooms. Freshwater running off from well-
fertilised farmlands, he says, caused a fivefold rise in nitrogen levels in the bay. This was like pouring
fuel on a fire. The result was mass mortality of seagrasses because of increased turbidity from the
plankton. Dr Lapointe adds that, because corals thrive only in waters where nutrient levels are low,
restoring freshwater rich in nitrogen will do more damage to the reef.
F. It is a plausible theory. The water flowing off crops that are grown on the750,000 acres of heavily
fertilised farmland on the northern edge of the Everglades is rich in nitrogen, half of which ends up in the
bay. But Bill Kruczynski, of America’s Environmental Protection Agency, is convinced that nitrogen
from farmlands is not the chief problem. Some coral reefs well away from any nitrogen pollution are
dying and, curiously, a few are thriving. Dr Kruczynski thinks that increased nutrients arriving from local
sewage discharges from the thousands of cesspits along the Florida Keys are part of the problem.
G. Such claims and counterclaims make the impact of the restoration plan difficult to predict. If
increased salinity is the main problem, the bay’s ecology will benefit from the Everglades restoration
project. If, however, nitrogen is the problem, increasing the flow of freshwater could mate matters much
worse.
H. If this second hypothesis proves correct, the cure is to remove nitrogen from farmland or sewage
discharges, or perhaps both. Neither will be easy. Man-made wetlands, at present, being built to reduce
phosphate runoff into the bay—also from fertilisers—would need an algal culture (a sort of contained
algal bloom) added to them to deal with discharges from farmlands. That would be costly. So too would
be the replacement of cesspits with proper sewerage—one estimate puts the cost at $650m. Either way, it
is clear that when, on December 1st, 3,000 square miles of sea around the reef are designated as a
“protective zone” by the deputy secretary of commerce, Sam Bodman, this will do nothing to protect the
reef from pollution.
I. Some argue, though, that there is a more fundamental flaw in the plans for the bay: the very idea
of returning it to a Utopian ideal before man wrought his damage. Nobody knows what Florida Bay was
like before the 1950s when engineers cut the largest canals in the Everglades and took most of the water
away. Dr Kruczynski suspects it was more like an estuary. The bay that many people wish to re-create
could have been nothing more than a changing phase in the bay’s history.
J. These arguments do not merely threaten to create ecological problems but economic ones as well.
The economy of the Florida Keys depends on tourism—the local tourist industry has an annual turnover
of $2.5 billion. People come for fishing-boat trips, for manatee watching, or for scuba diving and
snorkeling to view the exotically coloured corals. If the plan to restore the Everglades makes problems in
the bay and the reef worse, it could prove a very expensive mistake.
Questions 1-4
The Reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-J.

Write the correct letter in boxes 1 -4 on your answer sheet
1. Sea grass turned to be more resistant to the saline water level in the Bay.
2. Significance of finding a specific reason.
3. Expensive proposals raised to solve the nitrogen dilemma.
4. A statistic of ecological changes in both the coral area and species.
Questions 5-8
Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-C) with opinions or deeds below.
Write the appropriate letters A-C in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.
A. Bill Kruczynski
B. Brian Lapointe
C. Joseph Zieman
5. Drainage system in Everglades actually results in high salty water in the bay.
6. Restoring water high in nitrogen level will make more ecological side effect
7. High nitrogen levels may be caused by the nearby farmland.
8. Released sewage rather than nutrients from agricultural area increases the level of Nitrogen.
Questions 9-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?

NOT GIVEN if the statement is not given in the passage
9. Everyone agree with ‘’pouring water into sea is harmless enough” even in Florida Bay area.
10. Nitrogen was poured in from different types of crops as water flows through.
11. Everglades restoration project can be effective regardless the cause of the pollution.
12. Human has changed Florida Bay where old image before 1950s is unrecalled
13. Tourism contributes fundamentally to economy of the Florida Bay area.
Can Scientists tell us:

What happiness is?
A. Economists accept that if people describe themselves as happy, then they are happy. However,
psychologists differentiate between levels of happiness. The most immediate type involves a feeling;
pleasure or joy. But sometimes happiness is a judgment that life is satisfying, and does not imply an
emotional state. Esteemed psychologist Martin Seligman has spearheaded an effort to study the science of
happiness. The bad news is that we’re not wired to be happy. The good news is that we can do something
about it. Since its origins in a Leipzig laboratory 130 years ago, psychology has had little to say about
goodness and contentment. Mostly psychologists have concerned themselves with weakness and misery.
There are libraries full of theories about why we get sad, worried, and angry. It hasn’t been respectable
science to study what happens when lives go well. Positive experiences, such as joy, kindness, altruism
and heroism, have mainly been ignored. For every 100 psychology papers dealing with anxiety or
depression, only one concerns a positive trait.
B. A few pioneers in experimental psychology bucked the trend. Professor Alice Isen of Cornell
University and colleagues have demonstrated how positive emotions make people think faster and more
creatively. Showing how easy it is to give people an intellectual boost, Isen divided doctors making a
tricky diagnosis into three groups: one received candy, one read humanistic statements about medicine,
one was a control group. The doctors who had candy displayed the most creative thinking and worked
more efficiently. Inspired by Isen and others, Seligman got stuck in. He raised millions of dollars of
research money and funded 50 research groups involving 150 scientists across the world. Four positive
psychology centres opened, decorated in cheerful colours and furnished with sofas and baby-sitters. There
were get-togethers on Mexican beaches where psychologists would snorkel and eat fajitas, then form
“pods” to discuss subjects such as wonder and awe. A thousand therapists were coached in the new
science.
C. But critics are demanding answers to big questions. What is the point of defining levels of
haziness and classifying the virtues? Aren’t these concepts vague and impossible to pin down? Can you
justify spending funds to research positive states when there are problems such as famine, flood and
epidemic depression to be solved? Seligman knows his work can be belittled alongside trite notions such
as “the power of positive thinking”. His plan to stop the new science floating “on the waves of self-
improvement fashion” is to make sure it is anchored to positive philosophy above, and to positive biology
below.
D. And this takes us back to our evolutionary past Homo sapiens evolved during the Pleistocene era
(1.8 m to 10,000 years ago), a time of hardship and turmoil. It was the Ice Age, and our ancestors endured
long freezes as glaciers formed, then ferocious floods as the ice masses melted. We shared the planet with
terrifying creatures such as mammoths, elephant-sized ground sloths and sabre-toothed cats. But by the
end of the Pleistocene, all these animals were extinct. Humans, on the other hand, had evolved large
brains and used their intelligence to make fire and sophisticated tools, to develop talk and social rituals.
Survival in a time of adversity forged our brains into a persistent mould. Professor Seligman says:
“Because our brain evolved during a time of ice, flood and famine, we have a catastrophic brain. The way
the brain works is looking for what’s wrong. The problem is, that worked in the Pleistocene era. It
favoured you, but it doesn’t work in the modem world”.
E. Although most people rate themselves as happy, there is a wealth of evidence to show that
negative thinking is deeply ingrained in the human psyche. Experiments show that we remember failures
more vividly than success. We dwell on what went badly, not what went well. Of the six universal
emotions, four anger, fear, disgust and sadness are negative and only one, joy, is positive. (The sixth,
surprise, is neutral). According to the psychologist Daniel Nettle, author of Happiness, and one of the
Royal Institution lectures, the negative emotion each tells us “something bad has happened” and suggest a
different course of action.
F. What is it about the structure of the brain that underlies our bias towards negative thinking? And
is there a biology of joy? At Iowa University, neuroscientist studied what happens when people are shown
pleasant and unpleasant pictures. When subjects see landscapes or dolphins playing, part of the frontal
lobe of the brain becomes active. But when they are shown unpleasant images a bird covered in oil, or a
dead soldier with part of his face missing the response comes from more primitive parts of the brain. The
ability to feel negative emotions derives from an ancient danger-recognition system formed early in the
brain’s evolution. The pre-frontal cortex, which registers happiness, is the part used for higher thinking,
an area that evolved later in human history.
G. Our difficulty, according to Daniel Nettle, is that the brain systems for liking and wanting are
separate. Wanting involves two ancient regions the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens that
communicate using the chemical dopamine to form the brain’s reward system. They are involved in
anticipating the pleasure of eating and in addiction to drugs. A rat will press a bar repeatedly ， ignoring
sexually available partners, to receive electrical stimulation of the “wanting” parts of the brain. But
having received brain stimulation, the rat eats more but shows no sign of enjoying the food it craved. In
humans, a drug like nicotine produces much craving but little pleasure.
H. In essence, what the biology lesson tells us is that negative emotions are fundamental to the
human condition and it’s no wonder they are difficult to eradicate. At the same time, by a trick of nature,
our brains are designed to crave but never really achieve lasting happiness.
Questions 1-7
The reading passage has seven paragraphs A-H.
Write the correct letter A-H, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
1. An experiment involving dividing several groups one of which received positive icon
2. Review of a poorly researched psychology area
3. Contrast being made about the brains’ action as response to positive or negative stimulus
4. The skeptical attitude toward the research seemed to be a waste of fund
5. a substance that produces much wanting instead of much liking
6. a conclusion that lasting happiness are hardly obtained because of the nature of brains
7. One description that listed the human emotional categories
Questions 8-12
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of the reading passage.

Using NO MORE THAN FOUR WORDS from the reading passage for each answer.
A few pioneers in experimental psychology study what happens when lives go well. Professor Alice
divided doctors, making a tricky experiment, into three groups: besides the one control group, the other
two either are asked to read humanistic statements about drugs, or received 8……….. The latter displayed
the most creative thinking and worked more efficiently. Since critics are questioning the significance of
the 9…………for both levels of happiness and classification for their virtues. Professor Seligman
countered in an evolutional theory: survival in a time of adversity forged our brains into the way of
thinking for what’s wrong because we have a 10………….
There is bountiful of evidence to show that negative thinking is deeply built in the human psyche. Later, at
Iowa University, neuroscientists studied the active parts in brains to contrast when people are shown
pleasant and unpleasant pictures. When positive images like 11……………… are shown, part of the
frontal lobe of the brain becomes active. But when they are shown unpleasant image, the response comes
from 12…………. of the brain.
Questions 13

Write your answers in box 13 on your answer sheet.
13. According to Daniel Nettle in the last two paragraphs, what is true as the scientists can tell us about
happiness?
A. Brain systems always mix liking and wanting together.

B. Negative emotions can be easily rid of if we think positively.
C. Happiness is like nicotine we are craving for but get little pleasure.
D. The inner mechanism of human brains does not assist us to achieve durable happiness.
Global Warming in New Zealand

For many environmentalists, the world seems to be getting warmer. As the nearest country of South Polar
Region, New Zealand has maintained an upward trend in its average temperature in the past few years.
However, the temperature in New Zealand will go up 4oC in the next century while the polar region will
go up more than 6oC. The different pictures of temperature stem from its surrounding ocean which acts
like the air conditioner. Thus New Zealand is comparatively fortunate.
Scientifically speaking, this temperature phenomenon in New Zealand originated from what researchers
call “SAM” (Southern Annular Mode), which refers to the wind belt that circles the Southern Oceans
including New Zealand and Antarctica. Yet recent work has revealed that changes in SAM in New
Zealand have resulted in a weakening of moisture during the summer, and more rainfall in other seasons.
A bigger problem may turn out to be heavier droughts for agricultural activities because of more water
loss from soil, resulting in poorer harvest before winter when the rainfall arrive too late to rescue.
Among all the calamities posed be drought, moisture deficit ranks the first. Moisture deficit is the gap
between the water plants need during the growing season and the water the earth can offer. Measures of
moisture deficit were at their highest since the 1970s in New Zealand. Meanwhile, ecological analyses
clearly show moisture deficit is imposed at different growth stage of crops. If moisture deficit occurs
around a crucial growth stage, it will cause about 22% reduction in grain yield as opposed to moisture
deficit at vegetative phase.
Global warming is not only affecting agriculture production. When scientists say the country’s snow pack
and glaciers are melting at an alarming rate due to global warming, the climate is putting another strain on
the local places. For example, when the development of global warming is accompanied by the falling
snow line, the local skiing industry comes into a crisis. The snow line may move up as the temperature
goes up, and then the snow at the bottom will melt earlier. Fortunately, it is going to be favorable for the
local skiing industry to tide over tough periods since the quantities of snowfall in some areas are more
likely to increase.
What is the reaction of glacier region? The climate change can be reflected in the glacier region in
southern New Zealand or land covered by ice and snow. The reaction of a glacier to a climatic change
involves a complex chain of processes. Over time periods of years to several decades, cumulative changes
in mass balance cause volume and thickness changes, which will affect the flow of ice via altered internal
deformation and basal sliding. This dynamic reaction finally leads to glacier length changes, the advance
or retreat of glacier tongues. Undoubtedly, glacier mass balance is a more direct signal of annual
atmospheric conditions.
The latest research result of National Institute of Water and Atmospheric (NIWA) Research shows that
glaciers line keeps moving up because of the impacts of global warming. Further losses of ice can be
reflected in Mt. Cook Region. By 1996, a 14 km long sector of the glacier had melted down forming a
melt lake (Hooker Lake) with a volume. Melting of the glacier front at a rate of 40 m/yr will cause the
glacier to retreat at a rather uniform rate. Therefore, the lake will continue to grow until it reaches the
glacier bed.
A direct result of the melting glaciers is the change of high tides the serves the main factor for sea level
rise. The trend of sea level rise will bring a threat to the groundwater system for its hyper-saline
groundwater and then pose a possibility to decrease the agricultural production. Many experts believe that
the best way to counter this trend is to give a longer-term view of sea level change in New Zealand.
Indeed, the coastal boundaries need to be upgraded and redefined.
There is no doubt that global warming has affected New Zealand in many aspects. The emphasis on the
global warming should be based on the joints efforts of local people and experts who conquer the tough
period. For instance, farmers are taking a long term, multi-generational approach to adjust the breeds and
species according to the temperature. Agriculturists also find ways to tackle the problems that may bring
to the soil. In broad terms, going forward, the systemic resilience that’s been going on a long time in the
ecosystem will continue.
How about animals’ reaction? Experts have surprisingly realized that animals have unconventional
adaptation to global warming. A study has looked at sea turtles on a few northern beaches in New
Zealand and it is very interesting to find that sea turtles can become male or female according to the
temperature. Further researches will try to find out how rising temperatures would affect the ratio of sex
reversal in their growth. Clearly, the temperature of the nest plays a vital role in the sexes of the baby
turtles.
Tackling the problems of global warming is never easy in New Zealand, because records show the slow
process of global warming may have a different impact on various regions. For New Zealand, the
emission of carbon dioxide only accounts for 0.5% of the world’s total, which has met the governmental
standard. However, New Zealand’s effort counts only a tip of the iceberg. So far, global warming has
been a world issue that still hangs in an ambiguous future.
Questions 1-6
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D
1. What is the main idea of the first paragraph?
A. The temperature in the polar region will increase less than that in New Zealand in the next century.
B. The weather and climate of New Zealand is very important to its people because of its close location to
the polar region.
C. The air condition in New Zealand will maintain a high quality because of the ocean.
D. The temperature of New Zealand will increase less than that of other region in the next l00 years
because it is surrounded by sea.
2. What is one effect of the Wind belt that circles the Southern Oceans?
A. New Zealand will have more moisture in winds in summer.

B. New Zealand needs to face droughts more often in hotter months in a year.
C. Soil water will increase as a result of weakening moisture in the winds.
D. Agricultural production will be reduced as a result of more rainfall in other seasons.
3. What does "moisture deficit “mean to the grains and crops?
A. The growing condition will be very tough for crops.

B. The growing season of some plants can hardly be determined.
C. There will be a huge gap between the water plants needed and the water the earth can offer.
D. The soil of grain and crops in New Zealand reached its lowest production since 1970s.
4. What changes will happen to skiing industry due to the global warming phenomenon?
A. The skiing station may lower the altitude of skiing.

B. Part of the skiing station needs to move to the north.
C. The snowfall may increase in part of the skiing station.
D. The local skiing station may likely to make a profit because of the snowfall increase.
5. Cumulative changes over a long period of time in mass balance will lead to
A. alterations in the volume and thickness of glaciers.

B. faster changes in internal deformation and basal sliding.
C. bigger length of glaciers.
D. retreat of glacier tongues as a result of change in annual atmospheric conditions
6. Why does the writer mention NIWA in the Sixth paragraph?
A. To use a particular example to explain the effects brought by glacier melting.

B. To emphasize the severance of the further loss of ice in Mt. Cook Region.
C. To alarm the reader of melting speed of glaciers at a uniform rate.
D. To note the lake in the region will disappear when it reaches the glacier bed.
Questions 7-9
Research data shows that sea level has a close relation with the change of climate. The major reason for
the increase in sea level is connected with 7. ___________. The increase in sea level is also said to have a
threat to the underground water system, the destruction of which caused by rise of sea level will lead to a
high probability of reduction in 8. _________. In the long run, New Zealanders may have to improve the
9. __________ if they want to diminish the effect in sea levels
Questions 10-14
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in the reading passage?
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
10. Farmers are less responsive to climate change than agriculturists.

11. Agricultural sector is too conservative and resistant to deal with climate change.
12. Turtle is vulnerable to climate change.
13. The global warming is going slowly, and it may have different effects on different areas in New
Zealand.
14. New Zealand must cut carbon dioxide emission if they want to solve the problem of global warming.
CHAPTER2
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1–13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
Aphantasia: A life without mental images

Close your eyes and imagine walking along a sandy beach and then gazing over the horizon as the Sun
rises. How clear is the image that springs to mind?
Most people can readily conjure images inside their head – known as their mind’s eye. But this year
scientists have described a condition, aphantasia, in which some people are unable to visualise mental
images.
Niel Kenmuir, from Lancaster, has always had a blind mind’s eye. He knew he was different even in
childhood. “My stepfather, when I couldn’t sleep, told me to count sheep, and he explained what he
meant, I tried to do it and I couldn’t,” he says. “I couldn’t see any sheep jumping over fences, there was
nothing to count.”
Our memories are often tied up in images, think back to a wedding or first day at school. As a result, Niel
admits, some aspects of his memory are “terrible”, but he is very good at remembering facts. And, like
others with aphantasia, he struggles to recognise faces. Yet he does not see aphantasia as a disability, but
simply a different way of experiencing life.
Mind’s eye blind

Ironically, Niel now works in a bookshop, although he largely sticks to the non-fiction aisles. His
condition begs the question what is going on inside his picture-less mind. I asked him what happens when
he tries to picture his fiancée. “This is the hardest thing to describe, what happens in my head when I
think about things,” he says. “When I think about my fiancée there is no image, but I am definitely
thinking about her, I know today she has her hair up at the back, she’s brunette. But I’m not describing an
image I am looking at, I’m remembering features about her, that’s the strangest thing and maybe that is a
source of some regret.”
The response from his mates is a very sympathetic: “You’re weird.” But while Niel is very relaxed about
his inability to picture things, it is often a cause of distress for others. One person who took part in a study
into aphantasia said he had started to feel “isolated” and “alone” after discovering that other people could
see images in their heads. Being unable to reminisce about his mother years after her death led to him
being “extremely distraught”.
The super-visualiser
At the other end of the spectrum is children’s book illustrator, Lauren Beard, whose work on the Fairytale
Hairdresser series will be familiar to many six-year-olds. Her career relies on the vivid images that leap
into her mind’s eye when she reads text from her author. When I met her in her box-room studio in
Manchester, she was working on a dramatic scene in the next book. The text describes a baby perilously
climbing onto a chandelier.
“Straightaway I can visualise this grand glass chandelier in some sort of French kind of ballroom, and the
little baby just swinging off it and really heavy thick curtains,” she says. “I think I have a strong
imagination, so I can create the world and then keep adding to it so it gets sort of bigger and bigger in my
mind and the characters too they sort of evolve. I couldn’t really imagine what it’s like to not imagine, I
think it must be a bit of a shame really.”
Not many people have mental imagery as vibrant as Lauren or as blank as Niel. They are the two
extremes of visualisation. Adam Zeman, a professor of cognitive and behavioural neurology, wants to
compare the lives and experiences of people with aphantasia and its polar-opposite hyperphantasia. His
team, based at the University of Exeter, coined the term aphantasia this year in a study in the journal
Cortex.
Prof Zeman tells the BBC: “People who have contacted us say they are really delighted that this has been
recognised and has been given a name, because they have been trying to explain to people for years that
there is this oddity that they find hard to convey to others.” How we imagine is clearly very subjective –
one person’s vivid scene could be another’s grainy picture. But Prof Zeman is certain that aphantasia is
real. People often report being able to dream in pictures, and there have been reported cases of people
losing the ability to think in images after a brain injury.
He is adamant that aphantasia is “not a disorder” and says it may affect up to one in 50 people. But he
adds: “I think it makes quite an important difference to their experience of life because many of us spend
our lives with imagery hovering somewhere in the mind’s eye which we inspect from time to time, it’s a
variability of human experience.”
Questions 1–8
Do the following statements agree with the information in the IELTS reading text?

1. Aphantasia is a condition, which describes people, for whom it is hard to visualise mental images.
2. Niel Kenmuir was unable to count sheep in his head.
3. People with aphantasia struggle to remember personal traits and clothes of different people.
4. Niel regrets that he cannot portray an image of his fiancée in his mind.
5. Inability to picture things in someone’s head is often a cause of distress for a person.
6. All people with aphantasia start to feel ‘isolated’ or ‘alone’ at some point of their lives.
7. Lauren Beard’s career depends on her imagination.
8. The author met Lauren Beard when she was working on a comedy scene in her next book.
Questions 9–13
Complete the sentences below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
9. Only a small fraction of people has imagination as_________ as Lauren does.
10. Hyperphantasia is __________ to aphantasia.
11. There are a lot of subjectivity in comparing people’s imagination – somebody’s vivid scene could be
another person’s __________.
12. Prof Zeman is _________ that aphantasia is not an illness.
13. Many people spend their lives with _________ somewhere in the mind’s eye.

READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
Life lessons from villains, crooks and gangsters
A. A notorious Mexican drug baron’s audacious escape from prison in July doesn’t, at first, appear
to have much to teach corporate boards. But some in the business world suggest otherwise. Beyond the
morally reprehensible side of criminals’ work, some business gurus say organised crime syndicates,
computer hackers, pirates and others operating outside the law could teach legitimate corporations a thing
or two about how to hustle and respond to rapid change.
B. Far from encouraging illegality, these gurus argue that – in the same way big corporations
sometimes emulate start-ups – business leaders could learn from the underworld about flexibility,
innovation and the ability to pivot quickly. “There is a nimbleness to criminal organisations that legacy
corporations [with large, complex layers of management] don’t have,” said Marc Goodman, head of the
Future Crimes Institute and global cyber-crime advisor. While traditional businesses focus on rules they
have to follow, criminals look to circumvent them. “For criminals, the sky is the limit and that creates the
opportunity to think much, much bigger.”
C. Joaquin Guzman, the head of the Mexican Sinaloa drug cartel, for instance, slipped out of his
prison cell through a tiny hole in his shower that led to a mile-long tunnel fitted with lights and
ventilation. Making a break for it required creative thinking, long-term planning and perseverance –
essential skills similar to those needed to achieve success in big business.
D. While Devin Liddell, who heads brand strategy for Seattle-based design consultancy, Teague,
condemns the violence and other illegal activities he became curious as to how criminal groups endure.
Some cartels stay in business despite multiple efforts by law enforcement on both sides of the US border
and millions of dollars from international agencies to shut them down. Liddell genuinely believes there’s
a lesson in longevity here. One strategy he underlined was how the bad guys respond to change. In order
to bypass the border between Mexico and the US, for example, the Sinaloa cartel went to great lengths. It
built a vast underground tunnel, hired family members as border agents and even used a catapult to
circumvent a high-tech fence.
E. By contrast, many legitimate businesses fail because they hesitate to adapt quickly to changing
market winds. One high-profile example is movie and game rental company Blockbuster, which didn’t
keep up with the market and lost business to mail order video rentals and streaming technologies. The
brand has all but faded from view. Liddell argues the difference between the two groups is that criminal
organisations often have improvisation encoded into their daily behaviour, while larger companies think
of innovation as a set process. “This is a leadership challenge,” said Liddell. “How well companies
innovate and organise is a reflection of leadership.”
Left-field thinking
F. Cash-strapped start-ups also use unorthodox strategies to problem solve and build their
businesses up from scratch. This creativity and innovation is often borne out of necessity, such as tight
budgets. Both criminals and start-up founders “question authority, act outside the system and see new and
clever ways of doing things,” said Goodman. “Either they become Elon Musk or El Chapo.” And, some
entrepreneurs aren’t even afraid to operate in legal grey areas in their effort to disrupt the marketplace.
The co-founders of music streaming service Napster, for example, knowingly broke music copyright rules
with their first online file sharing service, but their technology paved the way for legal innovation as
regulators caught up.
G. Goodman and others believe thinking hard about problem solving before worrying about
restrictions could prevent established companies falling victim to rivals less constrained by tradition. In
their book The Misfit Economy, Alexa Clay and Kyra Maya Phillips examine how individuals can apply
that mindset to become more innovative and entrepreneurial within corporate structures. They studied not
just violent criminals like Somali pirates, but others who break the rules in order to find creative solutions
to their business problems, such as people living in the slums of Mumbai or computer hackers. They
picked out five common traits among this group: the ability to hustle, pivot, provoke, hack and copycat.
H. Clay gives a Saudi entrepreneur named Walid Abdul-Wahab as a prime example. Abdul-Wahab
worked with Amish farmers to bring camel milk to American consumers even before US regulators
approved it. Through perseverance, he eventually found a network of Amish camel milk farmers and
started selling the product via social media. Now his company, Desert Farms, sells to giant mainstream
retailers like Whole Foods Market. Those on the fringe don’t always have the option of traditional,
corporate jobs and that forces them to think more creatively about how to make a living, Clay said. They
must develop grit and resilience in order to last outside the cushy confines of cubicle life. “In many cases
scarcity is the mother of invention,” Clay said.
Questions 14-21
Reading Passage 2 has eight paragraphs A-H. Match the headings below with the paragraphs. Write the
correct letter, A-H, in boxes 14-21 on your answer sheet.
14. Jailbreak with creative thinking ____________
15. Five common traits among rule-breakers ____________
16. Comparison between criminals and traditional businessmen ___________
17. Can drug baron’s espace teach legitimate corporations? ___________
18. Great entrepreneur ___________.
19. How criminal groups deceive the law ___________.
20. The difference between legal and illegal organizations ___________.
21. Similarity between criminals and start-up founders __________.
Questions 22–25

Write ONLY ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 22–25 on your answer sheet.
22. To escape from a prison, Joaquin Guzman had to use such traits as creative thinking, long-term
planning and __________.
23. The Sinaloa cartel built a grand underground tunnel and even used a __________ to avoid the fence.
24. The main difference between two groups is that criminals, unlike large corporations, often have
_________ encoded into their daily life.
25. Due to being persuasive, Walid Abdul-Wahab found a ________ of Amish camel milk farmers.
Question 26
26. The main goal of this article is to:
A. Show different ways of illegal activity

B. Give an overview of various criminals and their gangs
C. Draw a comparison between legal and illegal business, providing examples
D. Justify criminals with creative thinking

READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.
Mysterious Dark Matter May Not Always Have Been Dark
Dark matter particles may have interacted extensively with normal matter long ago, when the universe
was very hot, a new study suggests. The nature of dark matter is currently one of the greatest mysteries in
science. The invisible substance — which is detectable via its gravitational influence on "normal" matter -
is thought to make up five-sixths of all matter in the universe.
Astronomers began suspecting the existence of dark matter when they noticed the cosmos seemed to
possess more mass than stars could account for. For example, stars circle the center of the Milky Way so
fast that they should overcome the gravitational pull of the galaxy's core and zoom into the intergalactic
void. Most scientists think dark matter provides the gravity that helps hold these stars back. Astronomers
know more about what dark matter is not than what it actually is.
Scientists have mostly ruled out all known ordinary materials as candidates for dark matter. The
consensus so far is that this missing mass is made up of new species of particles that interact only very
weakly with ordinary matter. One potential clue about the nature of dark matter has to do with the fact
that it's five times more abundant than normal matter, researchers said.
"This may seem a lot, and it is, but if dark and ordinary matter were generated in a completely
independent way, then this number is puzzling," said study co-author Pavlos Vranas, a particle physicist
at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California. "Instead of five, it could have been
a million or a billion. Why five?" The researchers suggest a possible solution to this puzzle: Dark matter
particles once interacted often with normal matter, even though they barely do so now. "This may have
happened in the early universe, when the temperature was very high — so high that both ordinary and
dark matter were 'melted' in a plasma state made up of their ingredients".
The protons and neutrons making up atomic nuclei are themselves each made up of a trio of particles
known as quarks. The researchers suggest dark matter is also made of a composite "stealth" particle,
which is composed of a quartet of component particles and is difficult to detect (like a stealth airplane).
The scientists' supercomputer simulations suggest these composite particles may have masses ranging up
to more than 200 billion electron-volts, which is about 213 times a proton's mass. Quarks each possess
fractional electrical charges of positive or negative one-third or two-thirds. In protons, these add up to a
positive charge, while in neutrons, the result is a neutral charge. Quarks are confined within protons and
neutrons by the so-called "strong interaction."
The researchers suggest that the component particles making up stealth dark matter particles each have a
fractional charge of positive or negative one-half, held together by a "dark form" of the strong interaction.
Stealth dark matter particles themselves would only have a neutral charge, leading them to interact very
weakly at best with ordinary matter, light, electric fields and magnetic fields. The researchers suggest that
at the extremely high temperatures seen in the newborn universe, the electrically charged components of
stealth dark matter particles could have interacted with ordinary matter. However, once the universe
cooled, a new, powerful and as yet unknown force might have bound these component particles together
tightly to form electrically neutral composites. Stealth dark matter particles should be stable — not
decaying over eons, if at all, much like protons. However, the researchers suggest the components making
up stealth dark matter particles can form different unstable composites that decay shortly after their
creation. "For example, one could have composite particles made out of just two component particles,"
Vranas said.
These unstable particles might have masses of about 100 billion electron-volts or more, and could be
created by particle accelerators such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) beneath the France-Switzerland
border. They could also have an electric charge and be visible to particle detectors, Vranas said.
Experiments at the LHC, or sensors designed to spot rare instances of dark matter colliding with ordinary
matter, "may soon find evidence of, or rule out, this new stealth dark matter theory," Vranas said in a
statement. If stealth dark matter exists, future research can investigate whether there are any effects it
might have on the cosmos.
"Are there any signals in the sky that telescopes may find?" Vranas said. "In order to answer these
questions, our calculations will require larger supercomputing resources. Fortunately, supercomputing
development is progressing fast towards higher computational speeds." The scientists, the Lattice Strong
Dynamics Collaboration, will detail their findings in an upcoming issue of the journal Physical Review
Letters.
Questions 27-34

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
27. One of the greatest mysteries in science is the nature of the ___________.
28. All known material have been mostly_________ as candidates for dark matter.
29. Dark matter is a lot more __________ than normal matter.
30. Due to high temperature, both ordinary and dark matter were 'melted' in a ________.
31. It is confirmed that quarks are within protons and neutrons by___________.
32. It is suggested that stealth dark matter particle would only have a____________.
33. Experiments at the LHC may soon find __________ of the new stealth dark matter theory.
34. To answer questions we require _________ resources.
Questions 35-39
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 35–39 on your answer sheet, write

35. The nature of dark matter is a mystery.
36. It is likely that dark matter consists of ordinary materials.
37. Quarks have neither positive nor negative charge.
38. Protons are not stable.
39. Dark matter has a serious impact on the cosmos.
Question 40
40. Passage 3 is:
A. a scientific article
B. a sci-fi article
C. a short sketch
D. an article from a magazine
READING PASSAGE 1
Odonata
Odonata is the order of insects that includes dragonflies and damselflies. To the human eye, their shining
colors and delicate-looking wings make them beautiful creatures to behold. In the natural world, however,
they are fearsome predators. Dragonflies and damselflies get their name from the powerful serrated jaws
they use to tear apart their prey. The word odonata means “toothed jaw.”
Dragonflies and damselflies are often confused with each other because they are very similar. Close
observation reveals the differences between them. The most obvious difference is the way they hold their
wings while at rest. Dragonflies hold their wings out to the side while damselflies fold their wings back.
Dragonflies have very large eyes that seem to cover the entire face because they are so close together that
they touch each other. Damselflies’ eyes are smaller, and there is a space between them. Dragonflies are
larger and stronger animals than damselflies and fly longer distances. Thus, they can be found in woods
and fields away from the water. Damselflies are not such strong fliers and are most often seen around the
edges of ponds and streams since they do not normally fly far from the water.
The largest odonata living today are the Hawaiian endemic dragonfly and the Central American
damselfly, each of these species having a wingspan of 19 centimeters. The smallest is the libellulid
dragonfly, native to East Asia, with a wingspan of just 20 millimeters. Fossils have been discovered that
prove that dragonflies have been inexistence for over 300 million years. The largest dragonfly fossil ever
found belongs to the now-extinct meganeura monyi, which lived 300 million years ago and had a
wingspan of 75 centimeters. This giant was a fearsome predator indeed, which feasted on small
amphibians as well as on other insects.
Dragonflies and damselflies both lay their eggs on or just below the surface of the water in a pond or
stream. Some species lay their eggs on the stem of an aquatic plant. The babies emerge from the eggs in
the form of nymphs. They live underwater, breathing through gills and preying upon water insects,
tadpoles, small fish, and even other nymphs. They hunt by hiding in the shadows at the bottom of a pond
or stream, waiting for prey animals to swim by. They have a special lip that they can extend far forward
in order to grab their prey when it comes close. Depending on the species, they live this way for several
months or even several years. As the nymph grows, it sheds its skin several times. Finally, it leaves the
water and sheds its skin one last time. The adult emerges, ready to live the next few weeks or months on
land and in the air. The adults do not live for more than four months, and many species live as adults for
only a few weeks.
The exceptional visual abilities and flying skills of dragonflies and damselflies make them very adept
hunters. Their special eyes give them a nearly 360-degree field of vision, and they can detect even the
smallest movement or flash of light caused by other flying insects. They have two sets of wings that can
move independently of each other. This gives them great maneuverability in the air, which is important to
these creatures because they catch their prey while flying. They can hover, make sharp turns, and fly
backward. Some species of dragonflies can fly 60 kilometers an hour or more. Their prey consists of
flying insects such as mosquitoes, deerflies, smaller dragonflies, and butterflies and moths. One species of
dragonfly takes spiders out of their webs.
Bloodthirsty predators that they are, dragonflies and damselflies are prey for other animals in their turn.
The nymphs are eaten by fish, frogs, toads, and other aquatic creatures. In the adult stage, they are hunted
by birds, frogs, and larger dragonflies and damselflies. They might also be caught in a spider’s web. What
goes around comes around.
Questions 1-6
Which of the facts below are true of dragonflies and which are true of damselflies according to the
information in the passage? On lines 1—6 on your answer sheet write:
A. if it is a fact about dragonflies only

B. if it is a fact about damselflies only
C. if it is a fact about both dragonflies and damselflies
1. They have jaws like saw.

2. They hold their wings on their backs while resting.
3. Their eyes have a gap between them.
4. They can be seen in fields at a distance from ponds and streams.
5. The largest species has a wingspan of 19 centimeters.
6. The largest fossil has a wingspan of 75 centimeters.
Questions 7—13
Complete the notes about the life cycle of Odonata below. Choose your answers from the box below and
write the correct letters, A—K, on lines 7—13 on your answer sheet.
The eggs are laid 7. ________________. The young dragonflies and damselflies, called
8. _______________, live underwater for a few 9. _________________. They eat small water animals,
catching their food 10. ________________. When they are almost fully grown, they leave the water. The
adults live for only a few 11. ________________. They are skillful 12. ________________and catch their
prey 13. _______________ .
A in the air B with their lips

C tadpoles D fliers
E near the water’s surface F nymphs
G at the bottom of a pond H months or years
I weeks or months J swimmers
K with their wings
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14—26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
History of Fire Fighting and Prevention
More than two thousand years ago, Roman emperor Augustus organized a group of watchmen whose job
was mainly to look out for fires and sound an alarm in the event of one. For many centuries that followed,
fire equipment was limited to buckets of water that got passed from person to person. The axe was later
found to be a useful tool both for removing fuel in large fires and for opening holes to allow smoke and
flames to escape from burning buildings. Watchmen also learned to create firebreaks with long hooked
poles and ropes in order to pull down structures that provided fuel for a fire. In 1066, in order to reduce
the risk of fire in thatched-roof houses, King William the Conqueror made a ruling: Citizens had to
extinguish their cooking fires at night. His term couvre-feu, meaning “cover fire,” is the origin of the
modern-day term curfew, which no longer carries a literal translation.
The event that had the largest influence in the history of firefighting was the Great Fire of London in
1666. The devastating blaze originated at the King’s Bakery near the London Bridge. At the onset, Lord
Mayor Bludworth showed little concern for the fire, assuming it would extinguish itself before he could
organize a group of men to attend to it. However, the summer of 1666 had been uncharacteristically hot
and dry, and the wooden houses nearby caught fire quickly. Within a short time, the wind had carried the
fire across the city, burning down over 300 houses in its path. Although the procedure of pulling down
buildings to prevent a fire from spreading was standard in Britain, the mayor grew concerned over the
cost it would involve to rebuild the city and ordered that the surrounding structures be left intact. By the
time the king ordered the destruction of buildings in the fire’s path, the fire was too large to control. It
was not until the Duke of York ordered the Paper House to be destroyed in order to create a crucial
firebreak that the London fire finally began to lose its fuel.
When it became clear that four-fifths of the city had been destroyed by the fire, drastic measures were
taken in London to create a system of organized fire prevention. At the hands of architects such as
Christopher Wren, most of London was rebuilt using stone and brick, materials that were far less
flammable than wood and straw. Because of the long history of fires in London, those who could afford
to build new homes and businesses began to seek insurance for their properties. As insurance became a
profitable business, companies soon realized the monetary benefits of hiring men to extinguish fires. In
the early years of insurance companies, all insured properties were marked with an insurance company’s
name or logo. If a fire broke out and a building did not contain the insurance mark, the fire brigades were
called away and the building was left to burn.
The British insurance companies were largely responsible for employing people to develop new
technology for extinguishing fires. The first fire engines were simple tubs on wheels that were pulled to
the location of the fire, with water being supplied by a bucket brigade. Eventually, a hand pump was
designed to push the water out of the tub into a hose with a nozzle. The pump allowed for a steady stream
of water to shoot through a hose directly at the fire source. Before long, companies began to utilize water
pipes made from hollowed tree trunks that were built under the roadway. By digging down into the road,
firemen could insert a hole into the tree-trunk pipe and access the water to feed into the pump.
Fire fighting became a competitive business, as companies fought to be the first to arrive at a scene to
access the water pipes. After a series of fires destroyed parts of London, fire-fighting companies were
forced to reconsider their intentions. By the eighteenth century, fire brigades began to join forces, and in
1833 the Sun Insurance Company along with ten other London companies created the London Fire
Engine Establishment. In 1865, the government became involved, bringing standards to both fire
prevention and fire fighting and establishing London’s Metropolitan Fire Brigade. Though the firemen
were well paid, they were constantly on duty and thus obliged to call their fire station home for both
themselves and their families.
New technology for fighting fires continued to develop in both Europe and the New World. Leather hoses
with couplings that joined the lengths together were hand-sewn in the Netherlands and used until the
latel800s, when rubber hoses became available. The technology for steam engine fire trucks was available
in Britain and America in 1829, but most brigades were hesitant to use them until the 1850s. It was the
public that eventually forced the brigades into putting the more efficient equipment to use. In the early
1900s, when the internal combustion engine was developed, the trucks became motorized. This was a
timely advancement in fire fighting history, as World War I added pressure on brigades throughout the
world.
Questions 14—20
Complete the chart below. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text for each answer.
Write your answers on lines 14—20 on your answer sheet.
Cause Effect
Men used poles and ropes to pull down buildings The fire did not have 14_______________
near a fire.
The King ordered people to 15_______________

Thatched-roof houses burn down easily. their fires nightly.
At the time of the Great Fire of London, the weather The fire spread quickly.
was 16______________________
The Mayor of London thought it would be too He told people not to pull down buildings in the
expensive to 17______________________ fire’s path.
The Great Fire destroyed most of London. People built new buildings out of
18_______________
There had been many 19_______________ in People started to buy insurance to protect their
London over time. homes.
Insurance companies did not want to pay for Insurance companies hired men to
rebuilding clients’ houses destroyed by fire. 20_______________
Questions 21-23
Choose the correct letters, A—C, and write them on lines 21—23 on your answer sheet.
21. The first fire engines
A. carried water to the site of the fire.

B. used hand pumps.
C. had very long hoses.
22. In 1865,
A. London was destroyed by a series of fires.

B. fire brigades began to join forces.
C. the Metropolitan Fire Brigade was established.
23. Firemen who worked for the Metropolitan Fire Brigade
A earned low salaries.

B lived at the fire station.
C were not allowed to marry.
Questions 24-26
Do the following statements agree with the information in the reading passage? On lines 24- 26 on your
answer sheet write:
YES if the statement agrees with the information

NO if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage
24. Leather hoses for fire fighting were made by machine.

25. Steam engine fire trucks were used until the early 1900s.
26. Fires caused a great deal of damage in London during World War I.
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27—40, which are based on Reading
Passage 3 below.
The Luddites
The term Luddite is used to refer to a person who is opposed to new technology. The word derives from
the name Ned Ludd, a man who may or may not have actually existed. The original Luddites were textile
workers in early nineteenth-century England who protested changes brought on by the industrial
revolution. These weavers made lace and stockings by hand, carrying out their craft independently in their
homes according to traditional methods. In the 1800s, automated power looms and stocking frames were
introduced, radically changing the traditional work system. Weavers’ work was moved from individual
homes to factories; individuals could not afford to buy the new machines for themselves. The new
machines were not difficult to run. They could be operated by unskilled workers and turned out an
inferior product, but they produced large quantities cheaply, which was the aim of the new factory
owners. The makers of finely crafted, handmade textiles could not compete with the new machines.
Instead of continuing their tradition as skilled, independent workers, they would have to go to work in
factories for low wages.
The industrial revolution was happening everywhere. In the textile-producing towns of England, workers
focused on the new weaving machines as the source of their troubles. The height of Luddite activity
occurred in the years 1811-1812. Groups of men, often in disguise, would arrive at a factory and make
demands for higher wages and better working conditions. If these demands were not met, the group
retaliated by smashing the factory machines. These groups often claimed that they were working under
the command of General Ned Ludd, and thus came to be called Luddites.
Who was Ned Ludd? Rumors about this mysterious person abounded. He came to be associated with that
traditional champion of the poor, Robin Hood. The original Luddite activity was centered around
Nottingham, and many said that Ned Ludd hid out in nearby Sherwood Forest, just as the legendary
Robin Hood had. According to another tradition, Ned Ludd was a weaver who had accidentally broken
two stocking frames, and from that, came to be the one blamed any time an expensive piece of weaving
equipment was damaged. Whoever Ned Ludd may or may not have been, riots protesting the new
factories were carried out in his name throughout England’s textile-producing region.
Workers’ families suffered as wages fell and food prices rose. There were food riots in several towns, and
Luddite activity spread. In the winter of 1812, the Frame-Breaking Act was passed, making the
destruction of factory equipment a crime punishable by death. The government sent thousands of troops
into areas affected by the riots. In the spring of that year, several factory owners were killed during
Luddite riots, and a number of textile workers died as well. Following one of the largest incidents, when
rioters set fire to a mill in Westhoughton, four rioters, including a young boy, were executed. In another
incident that spring, a group of over a thousand workers attacked a mill in Lancashire with sticks and
rocks. When they were beaten back by armed guards protecting the mill, they moved to the mill owner’s
house and burned it down. The wave of violence resulted in a crackdown by the government. Suspected
Luddites were arrested and imprisoned, and many of them were hanged.
By the summer of 1812, Luddite activity had begun to die down, although there continued to be sporadic
incidents over the next several years. In 1816, a bad harvest and economic downturn led to a small revival
of rioting. In June of that year, workers attacked two mills, smashing equipment and causing thousands of
dollars worth of damage. Government troops were brought in to stop the violence. In the end, six of the
rioters were executed for their participation. However, rioting never again reached the levels it had in
1811 and 1812.
The Luddites were short-lived, but they left an impressive mark. They were responsible for destroying
close to one thousand weaving machines during the height of their activity in 1811-1812, as well as
burning down several factories. Beyond the physical damage, however, they left their mark in people’s
minds. The famed English novelist Charlotte Bronte set her novel Shirley in Yorkshire at the time of the
riots. This novel is still widely read today. In our present time of rapid technological change, people who
are concerned about the pace of technological advance often call themselves Neo-Luddites. Although the
responses to it may differ, concern about the changes brought on by technology continues.
Questions 27-32
Match each cause in List A with its effect in List B. Write the correct letter, A—H on lines 27—32 on
your answer sheet. There are more effects in List B than you will need, so you will not tick them all.
List A Causes
27. The new weaving machines were expensive to buy.

28. The new weaving machines were easy to operate.
29. Workers’ demands for better pay and conditions were not met.
30. Rioting spread to many towns.
31. A law was passed against destroying factory equipment.
32. Economic conditions worsened in 1816.
List B Effects
A. Troops were sent into the area.

B. Weavers stopped working at home and went to work in factories.
C. Rioters often wore disguises.
D. Workers destroyed factory equipment.
E. Many rioters were hanged.
F. Charlotte Bronte wrote a novel about the Luddites.
G. Prices went up, and salaries went down.
H. Factory owners did not need to hire skilled weavers.
I. Luddite rioting resumed for a short while.
J. People compared Ned Ludd to Robin Hood.
Questions 33—40
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
On lines 33—40 on your answer sheet write:

33. A Luddite is a person who resists new technology.

34. Before the nineteenth century, weavers made lace by hand.
35. Factory owners as well as workers died as a result of Luddite rioting.
36. The Luddite movement did not spread beyond England.
37. Nobody knows for certain who Ned Ludd was.
38. Worker protests during the economic downturn of 1816 were nonviolent.
39. Luddite activity lasted for many years.
40. Neo-Luddites do not use computers.
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
THE SWINE FLU PANDEMIC
The swine flu pandemic has become more problematic. The White House will meet with state
representatives on the 9th of July to talk about the preparation for the autumn flu season in the US, whilst
the UK has focused their response on the H1N1 virus to cope with widespread infection.
In the meantime, the southern hemisphere is going into the middle of the winter flu season, and the swine
H1N1 virus seems to be replacing the seasonal flu viruses that have been circulating until now. This is
related to the seasonal flu vaccine which several companies are still producing. It could cause some
problems when the northern hemisphere flu season comes at the end of this year.
The flu pandemics of 1918, 1957 and 1968 showed a high level of seasonal change and also released mild
form of the H1N1 virus which circulates through the existing flu virus, H3N2. So, nobody knows how the
H1N1 virus is going to behave. If it is not exchanged with the seasonal virus – the milder H1N1 and
H3N2 – the world is facing the prospect of catching all three viruses at once. It would be a complicated
scenario, as both seasonal and pandemic vaccines would be wanted and patients from different age groups
would be affected. Although based on what is happening in the southern hemisphere, it does not seem that
this will be the case.
In the northern hemisphere, swine flu has spread to the extent that over 98% of flu cases genotyped in the
US towards the end of June were caused by the pandemic virus. This is to be expected. Whilst the
seasonal flu viruses generally die out during the summer season, the pandemic virus can be more
powerful as fewer people have built up immunity to it.
The state of Victoria in Australia reported this week that the H1N1 virus is now considered for 99% of all
flu cases. There are reports of a similar situation in South America. In Chile, the H1N1 virus is also much
stronger than other seasonal viruses. “98% of the flu cases we now take are caused by H1N1,” Jeanette
Vega, Chile’s undersecretary of public health, said last week about a pandemic peak in Cancun, Mexico.
“The seasonal vaccine is not used.”
In the Argentine capital Buenos Aires, Juan Manzur, the health minister, reported last week about the
emergency situation in that 90% of the flu is a result of the H1N1 virus.
During this winter in the northern hemisphere, it is an important matter. “If the pandemic virus greatly
attacks the seasonal viruses in a regular flu season, the seasonal viruses are likely to be exchanged by the
new virus, like in the 1968 pandemic,” says Ab Osterhaus in the University of Rotterdam in the
Netherlands.
In previous pandemics, the virus has changed, producing negative side effects. So far for H1N1, there
have only been a few ominous signs.
The mutation of the virus’s polymerase enzyme has been replicated efficiently from a sample taken in
Shanghai. Ron Fouchier at the University of Rotterdam says that this could spread if it makes the virus
more contagious, but the virus may also improve pathogenicity.
Also last week, two cases of the H1N1 virus with resistance to the main antiviral drug, Tamiflu, were
found in people using the drug. Another was found in a girl who had never taken the drug, suggesting
Tamiflu – resistant to the H1N1 virus might already be in circulation.
Questions 1-9
There is currently a severe problem of 1…………………………… in the world, especially both the US
and the UK are making strenuous efforts to solve the problem.
In the meantime, during the middle of winter flu season, 2……………………………. is likely to
substitute the seasonal flu viruses in the southern hemisphere. Also, over 98 per cent out of flu cases
genotyped in the US were generated by 3………………………. Whilst seasonal flu viruses usually fade
out in 4………………………., the pandemic virus has the advantage that few people have immunity to
it.
There are reports that the H1N1 virus accounts for more than 90 per cent of all flu cases in countries, such
as 5…………………………., 6…………………………… and 7……………………………
According to Ab Osterhaus, 8…………………………… in a regular flu season can be replaced by the

pandemic viruses. A new virus was found to be resistant to the antiviral drug, 9………………………….
Questions 10-13
Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?
YES if the statement reflects the opinion of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the opinion of the writer
10. The UK and the US had discussed and worked together on the swine flu pandemic in the past.
11. Over 98 per cent of flu cases in the US was motivated by the pandemic virus.
12. In Argentina, 60 per cent of the flu virus in circulation is the H1N1 virus.
13. Tamiflu is the crucial antiviral medicine which is resistant to the H1N1 virus.
READING PASSAGE 2
Questions 14-20
Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs, A-I.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-I from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i The scientific value of the rocks
ii The craters of the moon
iii The mission to collect material on the moon
iv The impact of the rocks discovered
v The surprising evidence about the moon
vi The history of the early solar system
vii The unknown questions left for future
viii NASA’s lunar rock collection
ix Study of lunar history
Example Answer
Paragraph A iii
14. Paragraph B
15. Paragraph C
16. Paragraph E
17. Paragraph F
18. Paragraph G
19. Paragraph H
20. Paragraph I
Mission to Collect Materials on the Moon

A
Whilst the world watched in excitement as Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the moon,
planetary scientists were focused on something else. For them, the value of the mission was is the cargo
they brought back to earth. By the time Armstrong and Aldrin climbed into the lunar module for the last
time, they had gathered 22 kilograms of moon rocks, completely filling a small suitcase. Over five Apollo
crews brought back a total collection of 382 kilograms of material containing 2,200 samples.
The rocks were known at the time as a scientific treasure and they did not disappoint. Paul Spudis, a
geologist of the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston, Texas, said, “Our ideas about planetary
formation and evolution must be rewritten after the discoveries made by the Apollo crews.” Harold Urey,
a Nobel prizewinner, and one of the advocates of lunar exploration had predicted that the moon was
composed of primitive meteoritic material. But his conclusion was wrong. Some of the rocks looked just
like the rocks on earth.
Many clues that the lunar rocks contained have taken a couple of years to effectively analyse. Also, some
of the conclusions are still debated. A big surprise was the evidence that the early moon was covered by a
lot of molten rock. The moon’s mountainous regions are made of anorthosite, a rare rock on earth that
forms when light, aluminum-rich minerals float to the top of lava.
Nowadays, the smart money is on the idea that the moon was created as a result of something that
occurred around 50 million years after the solar system was created when the Earth was in its infancy.
From his hypothesis, the earliest Earth ran into a planet that was a similar size to Mars and debris from
the collision went into orbit around the Earth which rapidly came together to form the moon.
The “giant impact” scenario led to a radical re-evaluation of the history of the early solar system. Before
Apollo, planetary scientists watched the collection of objects orbiting the sun like a clockwork
mechanism in which collisions were rare and trivial. Now, it is accepted as being a far more active
environment, shuffling, colliding or ejecting. This history of all the inner planets has been shaped by
collisions and nowhere is that history more visible than the moon.
Another surprise was the rocks from the moon’s largest impact craters indicate that all craters are roughly
the same age, between 3.8 and 4 billion years old. It never coincided. The moon and, by extension, the
Earth must have been caused by a devastating barrage half a billion years after the solar system formed.
To cause this process, something big must have been going back to the outer solar system, but what?
Surprisingly, this episode in the history of the solar system has come to be known as the last heavy
bombardment, and ended at roughly the same time as the first signs of life on earth.
G
These key discoveries about our planet’s history may never have been made without the samples taken
from the moon for chemical analysis and isotopic dating. So, do the Apollo rocks hide any more secrets?
All 2,200 samples have been researched, and Randy Korotev, a lunar geochemist at Washington
University in St Louis, Missouri, says that it is unlikely that there will be anything groundbreaking left to
find from them. However, they may yet keep some more delicate secrets. Korotev says, “We are steadily
developing better tools and asking better questions.” Especially, the instruments for dating mineral
samples have been more delicate, enabling researchers to study the age of ever smaller samples, like tiny
mineral grains within a rock.
These techniques have stimulated a rethink of some key dates in lunar history in the past two years. A
team at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology dated the formation of the moon’s magma oceans.
Also, by inference, the creation of the moon itself is estimated to have happened between 20 and 30
million years later than we originally thought, at approximately 4.5 billion years ago. Alexander Nemchin
with five colleagues in the Cutin University of Technology in Perth, Western Australia also estimated that
a lunar zircon was around 4.417 billion years old when the last of the magma oceans solidified.
The Apollo rock samples are not finished answering some of the bigger picture questions. What will we
discover on the opposite side of the moon’s surface that we are unable to see from the Earth? Can we put
together a detailed history of the lava flows that formed the basalts of the lunar seas? Can we discover any
samples from deep inside the moon? These are all seen as very good reasons for coming back to the
moon. The big picture needs more samples, more data and more contexts. According to Gary Lofgren, a
curator of NASA’s lunar rock collection at Johnson Space Centre in Houston, “There’s no lack of target
and scientific questions. It’s not just about the moon but about the solar system’s history. This is the
lesson that we have learned from Apollo.”
Questions 21-23

Write the correct letter in boxes 21-23 on your answer sheet.
21. The scenario “giant impact” is mainly concerned with
A. ways of finding the history of the early solar system.

B. the history of the early solar craters.
C. the origin of the earth.
D. ways of learning about orbiting the sun.
22. The samples were taken from the moon help
A. planetary scientists to make tools for dating mineral.

B. geochemists to study some craters.
C. planetary scientists to make key discoveries about the earth’s history.
D. geologists to predict the moon’s primitive material.
23. Gary Lofgren’s quote says that when we try to remember things,
A. the remaining big-picture questions will never come true.

B. the history of the lava flows will be returned.
C. plenty of targets and scientific questions will be collected.
D. the earth’s development will be the milestone in the solar system’s history
Questions 24-28

24. The rocks which Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin collected were more valuable than those of
Russian astronauts.
25. The lunar rocks taken are critical to beginning to understand history.
26. All craters on the moon are of a similar age, up to 5 billion years old.
27. The main clues for discovering the earthquake are given by the samples taken from the moon.
28. The half of the moon’s surface that we can never see is related to the solar system’s history.
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 29-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following
pages.
Organism’s Appearance
As Darwin discovered his evolution theory, the earliest known fossils were left in rocks which he called
the Silurian age. Older rocks seemed to contain no fossils. The apparently sudden appearance of subtle
animals like trilobites was not inconsistent with Darwin’s thoughts of gradual evolution. “If my theory
will be true, it is unquestionable that before the lowest Silurian stratum was deposited … the world
swarmed with living creatures. To the question of why we do not find records of these vast primordial
periods, I can give no satisfactory answer,” Darwin wrote in the first edition of On the Origin of Species.
His puzzle is known as Darwin’s dilemma.
Of course, we have discovered a lot of fossils from the earliest periods. Rocks of 3.8 billion years old
have signs of life, and the first recognizable bacteria come out in rocks of 3.5 billion years old. During the
Ediacaran, approximately one billion years ago, multi-cellular plants with red and green algae appeared
and approximately 575 million years ago was found in the first multi-cellular animals.
Even so, there are many perplexing questions. Why did animals evolve so late in the day? And why did
the ancestors of modern animals apparently evolve in a geological blink of an eye during the early
Cambrian period between 542 and 520 million years ago? Recently, a series of discoveries could help to
explain these long-lasting mysteries. These discoveries suggest that the earliest animals evolved much
earlier than we thought, perhaps over 850 million years ago. However, the really extraordinary part is that
these early animals may have completely changed the planet, paving the way for the larger and more
complex animals to follow them.
Several aspects of the biggest discoveries have come from an ancient seabed in China, called the
Doushantuo Formation, where unusual conditions conserved some extraordinary fossils. During the last
part of the Ediacaran period, layers between 550 and 580 million years old include tiny spheres made of
from one to dozens of different cells – just like animals’ first embryos. A couple of things have suggested
that they are the property of giant bacteria, but a series of studies over the past decade have left little
doubt that they are really animal embryos.
Leiming Yin, a researcher at the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology in China, reported
discovering embryos encased inside hard, spiky shells unlike anything produced by bacteria in 2007.
Furthermore, evidence of shells that apart from the deficiency of conserved embryos on the inside are
identical can be seen in rocks as old as 632 million years – the appearance of the Ediacaran period –
suggesting that the animal embryos themselves go back this far.
Other more tentative discoveries push the appearance of animals back even further. Roger Summons, a
researcher in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and his colleague Gordon Love studied
brownish, oily sandstone cores drilled from 4 kilometres below the desert of Oman. The oily remains of
dead organisms drifted down to the depths of ancient oceans, where they decomposed slowly because of
the lack of oxygen. No visible fossils are present but within that oil are molecular fossils – chemicals
taken from the ancient organisms. In layers that are 635 to 713 million years old, Summons and Love
discovered 24-isopropylcholestane (24-IPC), a stable form of a kind of cholesterol that these days are
only discovered in the cell membranes of certain sponges. “The sponge biomass must have been so
substantial,” says Love, now at the University of California, Riverside. “They were ecologically
outstanding.”
Fuel of Life
With the oceans changed, the stage was finally set for the evolution of more complicated body forms. The
idea that increasing oxygen levels played a major role in the explosion of life during the Cambrian period
is far from new, but most of the researchers attribute the increase in oceanic oxygen to the increase in the
atmosphere. If Butterfield is right, it was basically because of animals taking over from bacteria. “These
geochemical signatures [of oxygenation] are not causing the evolution of animals,” he insists. “They’re
consequences of the dawn of animals.”
“He is right,” says Brasier. In fact, he thinks the link between complex life and the transformation of the
planet runs even deeper. In Darwin’s Lost World, a book published earlier this year, Brasier suggests that
the improved burial of carbon resulting from the rising of large cells and groups of cells – perhaps with
plants like seaweed – sucked carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere, setting off the series of ice ages that
aided the first animals to wrestle for control of the oceans with bacteria. “Rather than being the cause of
animal evolution, the ice ages may well have been the response to it,” he says.
Questions 29-33
Look at the following statements and the list of researchers below.
Match each statement with the correct researcher(s), A-E.
Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 29-33 on your answer sheet.
29. studied brownish, oily sandstone cores.
30. announced embryos on the inside surrounded by hard, spiky shells.

31. claimed that the expended burial of carbon resulted in the series of ice ages.
32. wrote in the first edition of On the Origin of Species.
33. discovered 24-isopropylcholestane.
List of Researchers
A Darwin
B Leiming Yin
C Summons and Love
D Elizabeth Turner
E Brasier
Questions 34-36
Answer the questions below.
34. What is an ancient seabed in China, conserving some weird fossils?
35. What made organisms decompose in the depths of ancient oceans?
36. What was written by Brasier to swell burial of carbon resulting from the rise of large cells and
groups of cells?
Questions 37-40
Choose NO MORE THAN FOUR WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Fuel of Life
From the oceans fluctuated, 37………………………. of increasing levels played a vital part in the
increase of oceanic oxygen in the atmosphere. Actually, Brasier considers the connection of
38……………………… and 39………………………… goes deeper. According to Darwin’s Lost
World, he claims that carbon burial was getting more inhaled 40…………………………. outside of the
atmosphere, caused the series of ice ages that was supported with the first organism generated from
bacteria.
READING PASSAGE 1
The Green Revolution in China
A couple of weeks ago, China’s highest government body published their conclusions from the second
research session on continental climate change over a period of twelve months. Due to China’s new
global role and the number of unprecedented environmental issues in China, the Chinese prime minister
was very keen to raise climate change as an important issue at the upcoming G8 summit in Hokkaido,
Japan.
It should be highlighted that the Chinese central government also had a similar meeting and that China is
a rapidly industrializing country with new coal-fueled power plants opening every week. China is like a
terrifying carbon-guzzling monster. As a result of thirty years of industrialization, China now has the
highest level of carbon dioxide emissions in the world. Carbon dioxide emissions are increasing up to
eight per cent a year. The EU achieved a twenty per cent reduction, but China’s emission rate was twice
as much approaching the 2010 IPCC deadline for carbon dioxide emissions reduction.
However, it could be misleading to put too much emphasis on these statistics. A non-governmental
organization (Climate Group) newspaper report presents a slightly different picture. According to the
Clean Revolution in China, China is a nation that is more than aware of its environmental issues but also
has the potential to achieve a second miracle in 30 years.
The environmental price of the first “miracle” was that Chinese people always saw their daily lives.
That’s why most of the policies are related to energy efficiency, energy-saving and other alternative
energy sources. Those policies have already been met with some concern.
Whilst the personal sectors are so strong and developing, they are able to aid the central government to
introduce laws, like the National Renewable Energy Law in 2006. This has set hard targets, including
increasing the amount of energy made from new renewable sources from eight per cent to fifteen per cent
until 2020. Also, it has guaranteed at least three per cent of renewable energy sources, such as biomass,
solar and wind.
Both wind and solar power are so successful, but their origins are very different. With 6 gigawatts of
energy made from wind turbines, surprisingly China is now ranked behind Germany, the US, Spain and
India. Also, some believe China will reach 100 GW by 2020.
Wind power successfully shows that with central government aid China is ready for new policies,
subsidies and advanced technology. This situation also has a role in the domestic market. The amount of
electricity produced by wind farms can be a burden to fund.
Even though western countries invented an open marketplace set to dominate in China, there were few
domestic incentives for solar power. In the global solar photovoltaic cell market, it is second only to
Japan and growing fast. In China, the solar market has been a small business, because the cells are so
expensive. This puts pressure on the government to rapidly follow up on their policies, for example, the
role of the Climate Group is important in developing domestic markets.
However, the image of new coal-fueled power stations still looms large as they are opening every week. It
is hard to imagine that China has achieved a 10.5 per cent of growth rate without such stations in the last
quarter. However, how many people actually know that China has been closing its small power stations
over the last couple of years? Step by step China is reducing its small power stations, first the 50-
megawatt ones then the 100-megawatt ones and next will be the 300-megawatt power stations.
This policy is operated by the Chinese central government and backs up the new generation of coal
station using the most advanced technologies with supercritical and ultra-supercritical improved clean
coal. Capture functions and plants of carbon are researched and developed, but advanced thinking for the
future is based on the technology of Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) that turn coal
materials into synthetic gas to make power.
These days, Chinese consumers demand better homes and vehicles. Public awareness of energy-saving is
on the rise. The Chinese government introduced a standard fuel economy for vehicles in 2004 of 15.6
kilometers per litre. This is higher than the US, Canada and Australia but behind Europe and Japan. In the
meantime, in spite of a high 20 per cent tax on SUVs (Sport Utility Vehicles), the sale of these sorts of
cars continues to increase.
Up to now, China has been the kingdom of the bicycle, importing the electric bike at 1,500 yuan ($220)
per vehicle. Some of these vehicles have adopted an intelligent recovery system similar to that of hybrid
cars. In 2007, the sale of electric bikes increased considerably and China is estimated to make up three-
quarters of the world electric vehicle market.
China, already, is doing a lot on the bottom line. So, could it do more? The answer is yes, China should
learn and open its mind through international communities. According to the Climate Group, they report
the world should refine their image of China, just not fear it and, constructively, work in unison. At the
same time, China’s government should develop a clean revolution and maintain internal pressure for
improvements.

Questions 1-7

1. The Central Government of China concluded the second research scheme of climate change in one
year.
2. The main topic of the G8 Meeting in Japan was to discuss greenhouse gas emissions.
3. The Chinese Government must compensate the European Union for loss of climate change.
4. NGO’s group reported about the truth of problems of a climate change in China.
5. Solar energy has increased the amount of energy.
6. With different launching, both wind and solar power are inefficient.
7. The high cost of cells causes less activity in the solar market in China.
Questions 8-13
Complete the sentences.

8. China is emitting ………………………… of the so outstanding rates in the world.

9. Statistics that can be misleading have been corrected by a …………………………
10. In 2006, ………………………. has set a hard target, waxing the amount of renewable sources.
11. What including the amount of sources which are renewable is like …………………
12. Wind energy is based on subsidies, policies and the equitable ……………………….
13. ……………………. should support to develop the domestic market in China facing financial
problems.
READING PASSAGE 2
The Efficacy of Hypnotherapy
In the 1840s Scottish neurosurgeon, James Braid coined ‘Hypnotherapy’. At that time, in India, British
surgeon, James Esdaile, practiced hundreds of scrotal and abdominal operations, adopting hypnosis as the
only anaesthetic. It was unfortunate timing that he reported his research dissertation on hypnosis to
London Royal Society just as chemical anaesthetics were discovered. The technique was not agreed on by
the medical establishment.
These days, whilst an increasing number of people are asking about private practitioners, the level of
studies within the hypnotherapy field is meaningful enough that it remains on the fringes of medicine. In
a report on alternative and complementary medicine in 2000, the Science and Technology Committee of
the UK’s House of Lords has given hypnosis a bad reputation by putting it in the “poor
research/regulation” category. In other words, the therapies were unlikely to enter mainstream medicine
without substantial changes.
If you research the PubMed database using the term “hypnotherapy,” you find 11,518 hit-words, so there
are plenty of studies out there. However, most of the researchers are not satisfied with the gold standard
of a Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT) instead of taking the frame of reviews or case studies. Only 91
relevant RCTs conducted in the world have worked in the past four years. The researchers propose that
hypnotherapy can be an effective treatment for pain control, irritable bowel syndrome, anxiety disorders
and smoking cessation.
There is clear evidence that hypnosis has psychological and physiological effects. That’s why Peter
Whorwell at the University of Manchester has researched the efficacy of IBS (irritable bowel syndrome)
surgery for gastrointestinal modulation with hypnotherapy and possible immune function support. But
even though IBS is one of the best-covered areas, the action with mechanism is not clear and the
Cochrane Collaboration from assessing clinical trials has criticised the size and quality of the studies.
In spite of the evidence that hypnotherapy reduces pain, anxiety and stress, there are a couple of reasons
why few trials have been done. From these stages, hypnosis’s usage doesn’t aid its image. Also, it has the
same problems as other “talking” therapies. Alternative funding should be built up, as the drug companies
do not benefit from funding expensive studies.
But, one of the biggest obstacles to hypnosis being considered on a more scientific basis is the therapists
themselves. Its effects are a result of a unique interaction between the practitioner and the patient. The
expectation is similar to that of a drug and therefore should follow the same trial testing criteria.
However, this argument is not helpful.
I strongly believe that whilst meeting with a living, breathing person, it is hard to decrease the process of
clinical hypnosis and to receive YES or NO responses that are able to be reliably repeated in other
conditions. However, for hypnosis to be considered medical, it should be measurable, replicable and
vigorous. Actually, we need to model a body of clinical evidence in order to adapt to the medical
profession.
With standardising protocol used, we demand quantitative measures of the effects on the patient, so
studies can be compared. Ideally, researchers would have access to state-of-the-art brain scanning
equipment. In reality, we are able to get simple biochemical markets of hypnosis and after-effects under
suitable usage.
Coming out of such studies in England, Ursula James founded the Medical School Hypnosis Association
with her colleagues. According to Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, she explains schemes to
bring medical professors and students together with hypnotherapists to operate coordinated national trials
and build up a large body of evidence from research replicated at multiple locations. Most of all, one of
the first questions is whether clinical hypnosis is able to decrease stress. That is an important component
potentially in an illness. We work towards using standardised questionnaires to calculate lifestyle, stress
and depression and to measure various stress hormone levels in saliva samples taken from case
applicants.
If we are able to present that there is a decrease in stress, we hope that hypnosis will be supplied to
patients to treat their condition. With a wide range of usages, it could open up study into other areas
including decreasing the thoughts of pain and improving recovery times.
Questions 14-16
Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 14-16 on your answer sheet.
14. According to information in the text, hypnotherapy
A. was created by British surgeon James Esdaile in 1840.

B. has already been used during an operation by James Braid.
C. originated from the work of Scottish neurosurgeon James Braid in the 1840s.
D. was created by James Esdaile and James Braid in the 1840s.
15. According to information in the text, the recent perception on hypnotherapy among private
practitioners
A. maintains plenty of research within alternative medicine.

B. is on the fringes of mainstream medicine because there hasn’t been enough research.
C. means there is a neutral attitude within alternative medicine.
D. demands non-practical, but has potential.
16. According to a randomised controlled trial (RCT), hypnotherapy
A. works in a variety of cases.

B. supplied research and development in advance.
C. works in cold.
D. was found to be an antidote against irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
Questions 17-21
Complete the summary.

Choose ONE OR TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
To show evidence of hypnosis, researchers have proved physiological and 17………………………. as

well. They discovered that hypnotherapy presumes to assist modulate gastrointestinal and immune
function whilst operated 18………………………. The mechanism of action is not justified, also, what
assesses clinical trials, the 19 ………………………. has underestimated the value and scale of studies.
Despite having several effects, drug companies deny the therapy due to 20……………………… it should
be demanded as a substitute investment. However, an outstanding barrier is 21…………………………
Questions 22-23

Write your answers in boxes 22 and 23 on your answer sheet.
22. How many relevant RCTs were there in the past four years?
23. Who reported that hypnotherapy aids gastrointestinal modulation and supports immune function?
Questions 24-27
Look at the following people and the list of statements below.

Match each name with the correct statement.
24. James Braid

25. James Esdaile
26. Peter Whorwell
27. Ursula James
List of Statements
A founded the Medical School Hypnosis Association.
B discovered hypnotherapy supposed to aid gastrointestinal modulation and support immune function.
C created a new term, hypnotherapy, in the 1840s.
D implemented over several hundred abdominal and scrotal operations.
E criticised the quality and size of hypnotherapy.

Question 28
Choose the appropriate letter A-D and write it in box 28 on your answer sheet.
Which of the following statements best describes the writer’s main purpose in Reading Passage 2?
A. to inform the reader relative not to mimic during operating of hypnotherapy
B. to encourage the reader to act against misinformation regarding hypnotherapy
C. to make the reader spread the right perception of hypnotherapy
D. to make readers encourage a randomised controlled trial (RCT)

READING PASSAGE 3
List of Headings
i A29-34
Questions lot of proof of non-well-being
ii Recent perceptional change of the environment
iii Passage
Reading Reviving timeten
3 has forparagraphs,
private timeA-J.
iv Understanding of being valuable B-G from the list of headings below.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs
v The absurdity of our lives from the
Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes feature
29-34 of the
on your economy
answer sheet. benefit
vi Right attitude for constant comfort and human ingenuity
vii People and governments that continue to disagree
viii Aspiring to the material civilisation

Example Answer
Paragraph A ii
29. Paragraph B
30. Paragraph C
31. Paragraph D
32. Paragraph E
33. Paragraph F
34. Paragraph G
The Well-being Life
A. Going back to the 1970s, few people listened to scientists’ warnings of global warming. It got
worse as nobody was interested in curbing economic growth to protect the environment. Nowadays, we
are more cautious. We are hearing about the conflict between living on the earth and expanding the
demands of the global market.
B. However, Tim Jackson reports that people and governments claim the growth agenda to ensure
our future and are still in denial of the conflict. A reason for this is the presumption that support for the
green campaigners will ultimately make our lives worse.
C. All representations of a pleasant and easy life which aspire to come from advertising do not help.
Also, our happiness is dependent on consuming more and more “material.” We have never listened to
ways of escaping stress, noise, congestion, and the ill-health that comes from our “high” standard of
living.
D. Actually, there is plenty of evidence to suggest that a workaholic mentality and an affluent
lifestyle does not give us a pleasant life and that switching to a more sustainable community to work
could make us happier. For instance, rates of depression and occupational illness have been indicated to
be relative to the number of hours we are working. Once a certain income level is reached, more wealth is
not linked with growing happiness.
E. The unreasonableness of our situation can be explained by the way in which our economy tries to
sell us happiness. For example, leisure and tourism companies sell customers “a good quality time,”
catering services offer us “home cooking,” dating agencies sell relationships; the sports centre sells health
and as a result of modern car culture it can be unsafe to walk outside. With the economy steadily
expanding, consumer culture is becoming more and more reliant on our desire to adopt this lifestyle.
F. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that there is more to life than work and
money. Troubled by the effects of a stressful life, people are starting to make their lives simpler and
rethinking their values and desires. If people were to switch to a less work-intensive economy, it would
decrease the rate of people, products and information delivered, reducing carbon emissions and the use of
resources.
G. There are a number of advantages to making sacrifices to our lifestyles. We would be able to have
more time for ourselves and our families. We would commute less and enjoy healthier ways of travelling
such as walking, cycling, and riding a boat. Large supermarket chains would be replaced by local family
businesses resulting in the creation of more communal town centres. Our local areas would become more
tranquil and give us more chance to reflect on things. These changed ideas for a “good life” might also
motivate less developed countries to reconsider their goals, enabling them to avoid some of the less
attractive aspects of the current system.
H. Of course, we must sacrifice some conveniences and pleasure such as regular steaks, hot tubs,
luxury cosmetics and easy foreign travel. But constant comfort can blunt as well as satisfy our desires.
And human ingenuity will invent a wide range of eco-friendly excitement.
I. Moving into a safe-state economy is an intimidating prospect. However, Herman Daly explains it
is unrealistic to continue with current rates of development in production, work and material consumption
over the next decades, let alone into the next century.
J. Under the financial disorders and broad cynicism over government commitments to global
warming, more honesty would win cooperation and esteem from the voter, especially if politicians
emphasise the advantages of the sustainable society.

Questions 35-40

35. Most people have concentrated on global warming since 1970.

36. Tim Jackson discusses a conflict of opinions between people and governments.
37. Work and material are relative to pleasant and favorable lives recently.
38. Level of income is vital for building up substantial happiness.
39. With a less work-intensive economy, it would decrease only the rate of carbon emissions.
40. Herman Daly indicates current rates of natural resources are enlarged for a sustainable society.
READING PASSAGE 1
Scientists Are Mapping the World's Largest Volcano
A. After 36 days of battling sharks that kept biting their equipment, scientists have returned from the
remote Pacific Ocean with a new way of looking at the world’s largest - and possibly most mysterious -
volcano, Tamu Massif.
B. The team has begun making 3-D maps that offer the clearest look yet at the underwater mountain,
which covers an area the size of New Mexico. In the coming months, the maps will be refined and the
data analyzed, with the ultimate goal of figuring out how the mountain was formed.
C. It's possible that the western edge of Tamu Massif is actually a separate mountain that formed at a
different time, says William Sager, a geologist at the University of Houston who led the expedition. That
would explain some differences between the western part of the mountain and the main body.
D. The team also found that the massif (as such a massive mountain is known) is highly pockmarked
with craters and cliffs. Magnetic analysis provides some insight into the mountain’s genesis, suggesting
that part of it formed through steady releases of lava along the intersection of three mid-ocean ridges,
while part of it is harder to explain. A working theory is that a large plume of hot mantle rock may have
contributed additional heat and material, a fairly novel idea.
E. Tamu Massif lies about 1,000 miles (1,600 kilometers) east of Japan. It is a rounded dome, or
shield volcano, measuring 280 by 400 miles (450 by 650 kilometers). Its top lies more than a mile (about
2,000 meters) below the ocean surface and is 50 times larger than the biggest active volcano on Earth,
Hawaii’s Mauna Loa. Sager published a paper in 2013 that said the main rise of Tamu Massif is most
likely a single volcano, instead of a complex of multiple volcanoes that smashed together. But he couldn’t
explain how something so big formed.
F. The team used sonar and magnetometers (which measure magnetic fields) to map more than a
million square kilometers of the ocean floor in great detail. Sager and students teamed up with Masao
Nakanishi of Japan’s Chiba University, with Sager receiving funding support from the National
Geographic Society and the Schmidt Ocean Institute.
G. Since sharks are attracted to magnetic fields, the toothy fish “were all over our magnetometer, and it
got pretty chomped up,” says Sager. When the team replaced the device with a spare, that unit was nearly
ripped off by more sharks. The magnetic field research suggests the mountain formed relatively quickly,
sometime around 145 million years ago. Part of the volcano sports magnetic "stripes," or bands with
different magnetic properties, suggesting that lava flowed out evenly from the mid-ocean ridges over time
and changed in polarity each time Earth's magnetic field reversed direction. The central part of the peak is
more jumbled, so it may have formed more quickly or through a different process.
H. Sager isn’t sure what caused the magnetic anomalies yet, but suspects more complex forces were
at work than simply eruptions from the ridges. It’s possible a deep plume of hot rock from the mantle also
contributed to the volcano’s formation, he says. Sager hopes the analysis will also help explain about a
dozen other similar features on the ocean floor, as well as add to the overall understanding of plate
tectonics.
Questions 1-8
Reading Passage 1 has eight paragraphs, A-H. What paragraph has the following information? Write the
correct letter, A-H, in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet.
1. Possible explanation of the differences between parts of the mountain

2. Size data
3. A new way of looking
4. Problem with sharks
5. Uncertainty of the anomalies
6. Equipment which measures magnetic fields
7. The start of making maps
8. A working theory
Questions 9-12
Complete the sentences using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage. Write your answers
in boxes 9–12 on your answer sheet.
9. A big plume of _____________ rock may have contributed extra heat and material.
10. Tamu Massif is a ____________, or shield volcano.
11. Replacing the device with a ___________ didn't help, as that unit was nearly ripped off by more
sharks.
12. Sager believes that the magnetic anomalies were caused by something more than _____________
from the ridges
READING PASSAGE 2
We know the city where HIV first emerged
It is easy to see why AIDS seemed so mysterious and frightening when US medics first encountered it 35
years ago. The condition robbed young, healthy people of their strong immune system, leaving them
weak and vulnerable. And it seemed to come out of nowhere. Today we know much more how and why
HIV – the virus that leads to AIDS – has become a global pandemic. Unsurprisingly, sex workers
unwittingly played a part. But no less important were the roles of trade, the collapse of colonialism, and
20th Century sociopolitical reform. HIV did not really appear out of nowhere, of course. It probably began
as a virus affecting monkeys and apes in west central Africa.
From there it jumped species into humans on several occasions, perhaps because people ate infected
bushmeat. Some people carry a version of HIV closely related to that seen in sooty mangabey monkeys,
for instance. But HIV that came from monkeys has not become a global problem. We are more closely
related to apes, like gorillas and chimpanzees, than we are to monkeys. But even when HIV has passed
into human populations from these apes, it has not necessarily turned into a widespread health issue. HIV
originating from apes typically belongs to a type of virus called HIV-1. One is called HIV-1 group O, and
human cases are largely confined to west Africa.
In fact, only one form of HIV has spread far and wide after jumping to humans. This version, which
probably originated from chimpanzees, is called HIV-1 group M (for "major"). More than 90% of HIV
infections belong in group M. Which raises an obvious question: what's so special about HIV-1 group M?
A study published in 2014 suggests a surprising answer: there might be nothing particularly special about
group M. It is not especially infectious, as you might expect. Instead, it seems that this form of HIV
simply took advantage of events. "Ecological rather than evolutionary factors drove its rapid spread," says
Nuno Faria at the University of Oxford in the UK. Faria and his colleagues built a family tree of HIV, by
looking at a diverse array of HIV genomes collected from about 800 infected people from central Africa.
Genomes pick up new mutations at a fairly steady rate, so by comparing two genome sequences and
counting the differences they could work out when the two last shared a common ancestor. This technique
is widely used, for example to establish that our common ancestor with chimpanzees lived at least 7
million years ago. "RNA viruses such as HIV evolve approximately 1 million times faster than human
DNA," says Faria. This means the HIV "molecular clock" ticks very fast indeed. It ticks so fast, Faria and
his colleagues found that the HIV genomes all shared a common ancestor that existed no more than 100
years ago. The HIV-1 group M pandemic probably first began in the 1920s.
Then the team went further. Because they knew where each of the HIV samples had been collected, they
could place the origin of the pandemic in a specific city: Kinshasa, now the capital of the Democratic
Republic of Congo. At this point, the researchers changed tack. They turned to historical records to work
out why HIV infections in an African city in the 1920s could ultimately spark a pandemic. A likely
sequence of events quickly became obvious. In the 1920s, DR Congo was a Belgian colony and Kinshasa
– then known as Leopoldville – had just been made the capital. The city became a very attractive
destination for young working men seeking their fortunes, and for sex workers only too willing to help
them spend their earnings. The virus spread quickly through the population.
It did not remain confined to the city. The researchers discovered that the capital of the Belgian Congo
was, in the 1920s, one of the best connected cities in Africa. Taking full advantage of an extensive rail
network used by hundreds of thousands of people each year, the virus spread to cities 900 miles (1500km)
away in just 20 years. Everything was in place for an explosion in infection rates in the 1960s.The
beginning of that decade brought another change. Belgian Congo gained its independence, and became an
attractive source of employment to French speakers elsewhere in the world, including Haiti. When these
young Haitians returned home a few years later they took a particular form of HIV-1 group M, called
"subtype B", to the western side of the Atlantic.
It arrived in the US in the 1970s, just as sexual liberation and homophobic attitudes were leading to
concentrations of gay men in cosmopolitan cities like New York and San Francisco. Once more, HIV
took advantage of the sociopolitical situation to spread quickly through the US and Europe. "There is no
reason to believe that other subtypes would not have spread as quickly as subtype B, given similar
ecological circumstances," says Faria. The story of the spread of HIV is not over yet. For instance, in
2015 there was an outbreak in the US state of Indiana, associated with drug injecting.
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has been analyzing the HIV genome sequences and
data about location and time of infection, says Yonatan Grad at the Harvard School of Public Health in
Boston, Massachusetts. "These data help to understand the extent of the outbreak, and will further help to
understand when public health interventions have worked." This approach can work for other pathogens.
In 2014, Grad and his colleague Marc Lipsitch published an investigation into the spread of drug-resistant
gonorrhoea across the US.
"Because we had representative sequences from individuals in different cities at different times and with
different sexual orientations, we could show the spread was from the west of the country to the east," says
Lipsitch. What's more, they could confirm that the drug-resistant form of gonorrhoea appeared to have
circulated predominantly in men who have sex with men. That could prompt increased screening in these
at-risk populations, in an effort to reduce further spread. In other words, there is real power to studying
pathogens like HIV and gonorrhoea through the prism of human society.
Questions 13-20

13. AIDS were first encountered 35 years ago.

14. The most important role in developing AIDS as a pandemia was played by sex workers.
15. It is believed that HIV appeared out of nowhere.
16. Humans are not closely related to monkey.
17. HIV-1 group O originated in 1920s.
18. HIV-1 group M has something special.
19. Human DNA evolves approximately 1 million times slower than HIV.
20. Scientists believe that HIV already existed in 1920s.
Questions 21-28
Complete the sentences below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each
answer. Write your answers in boxes 21-28 on your answer sheet.
21. Scientists can place the origin of ___________ in a specific city.

22. Kinshasa was a very ___________ for young working men and many others willing to spend their
money.
23. In just 20 years virus managed to ___________ to cities 900 miles away.
24. Belgian Congo became an attractive source of employment to French speakers when it gained
__________.
25. HIV has spread quickly through the US and Europe because of the ___________.
26. It is said that outbreak in Indiana was associated with ___________.
27. The same approach as for HIV can work for ___________.
28. The form of gonorrhoea that is drug-resistant appeared to have ___________ in men who have sex
with men.
READING PASSAGE 3
Penguins' anti-ice trick revealed
Scientists studying penguins’ feathers have revealed how the birds stay ice free when hopping in and out
of below zero waters in the Antarctic. A combination of nano-sized pores and an extra water repelling
preening oil the birds secrete is thought to give Antarctic penguins’ feathers superhydrophobic properties.
Researchers in the US made the discovery using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to study penguin
feathers in extreme detail. Antarctic penguins live in one of Earth’s most extreme environments, facing
temperatures that drop to -40C, winds with speeds of 40 metres per second and water that stays around -
2.2C. But even in these sub-zero conditions, the birds manage to prevent ice from coating their feathers.
“They are an amazing species, living in extreme conditions, and great swimmers. Basically, they are
living engineering marvels,” says research team member Dr Pirouz Kavehpour, professor of Mechanical
and Aerospace Engineering at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Birds’ feathers are
known to have hydrophobic, or non-wetting, properties. But scientists from UCLA, University of
Massachusetts Amherst and SeaWorld, wanted to know what makes Antarctic penguins’ feathers extra
ice repelling.
“What we learn here is how penguins combine oil and nano-structures on the feathers to produce this
effect to perfection,” explains Kavehpour. By analysing feathers from different penguin species, the
researchers discovered Antarctic species the gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) was more
superhydrophobic compared with a species found in warmer climes – the Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus
magellanicus) – whose breeding sites include Argentinian desert.
Gentoo penguins’ feathers contained tiny pores which trapped air, making the surface hydrophobic. And
they were smothered with a special preening oil, produced by a gland near the base of the tail, with which
the birds cover themselves. Together, these properties mean that in the wild, droplets of water on
Antarctic penguins’ superhydrophobic feathers bead up on the surface like spheres – formations that,
according to the team, could provide geometry that delays ice formation, since heat cannot easily flow out
of the water if the droplet only has minimal contact with the surface of the feather.
“The shape of the droplet on the surface dictates the delay in freezing,” explains Kavehpour. The water
droplets roll off the penguin's feathers before they have time to freeze, the researchers propose. Penguins
living in the Antarctic are highly evolved to cope with harsh conditions: their short outer feathers overlap
to make a thick protective layer over fluffier feathers which keep them warm. Under their skin, a thick
layer of fat keeps them insulated. The flightless birds spend a lot of time in the sea and are extremely
agile and graceful swimmers, appearing much more awkward on land.
Kavehpour was inspired to study Antarctic penguins’ feathers after watching the birds in a nature
documentary: “I saw these birds moving in and out of water, splashing everywhere. Yet there is no single
drop of frozen ice sticking to them,” he tells BBC Earth. His team now hopes its work could aid design of
better man-made surfaces which minimise frost formation.
“I would love to see biomimicking of these surfaces for important applications, for example, de-icing of
aircrafts,” says Kavehpour. Currently, airlines spend a lot of time and money using chemical de-icers on
aeroplanes, as ice can alter the vehicles’ aerodynamic properties and can even cause them to crash.
Questions 29-33
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write the correct letter in boxes 29-33 on your answer sheet.
29. Penguins stay ice free due to
A. combination of nano-sized pores

B. An extra water repelling preening oil
C. combination of nano-sized pores and an extra water repelling preening oil
D. A combination of various factors
30. Antarctic penguins experience extreme weather conditions, including:
A. Low temperature, that can drop to -40

B. Severe wind, up to 40 metres per second
C. Below zero water temperature
D. All of the above
31. In paragraph 2, the words engineering marvels mean:
A. That penguins are very intelligent

B. That penguins are good swimmers
C. That penguins are well prepared to living in severe conditions
D. Both B and C
32. Penguins feather has everything, EXCEPT:
A. Hydrophobic properties
B. Extra ice repelling
C. Soft structures
D. Oil structures
33. The gentoo penguin:

A. Is less superhydrophobic compared to the Magellanic penguin
B. Has feathers that contain tiny pores
C. Can't swim
D. Lives in Argentinian desert
Questions 34-40
Write ONLY ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.
34. Formations like ___________ could provide geometry that delays ice formation.
35. The delay in freezing is dictated by the ___________ of the droplet.
36. Penguins in Antarctic are highly evolved to be able to cope with __________ conditions.
37. Penguins are insulated by a __________ layer of fat.
38. On the land, penguins appear much more __________ than in the sea.
39. The inspiration came to Kavehpour after watching a ___________ about penguins.
40. Kavehpour would like to see __________ surfaces which minimise frost formation.
READING PASSAGE 1
The Extraordinary Watkin Tench

At the end of 18th century, life for the average British citizen was changing. The population grew as
health and industrialisation took hold of the country. However, land and resources were limited. Families
could not guarantee jobs for all of their children. People who were poor or destitute had little option. To
make things worse, the rate of people who turned to crime to make a living increased. In Britain, the
prisons were no longer large enough to hold the convicted people of this growing criminal class. Many
towns and governments were at a loss as to what to do. However, another phenomenon that was
happening in the 18th century was an exploration of other continents. There were many ships looking for
crew members who would risk a month-long voyage across a vast ocean. This job was risky and
dangerous, so few would willingly choose it. However, with so many citizens without jobs or with
criminal convictions, they had little choice. One such member of this new lower class of British citizens
was Watkin Tench. Between 1788 and 1868, approximately 161,700 convicts were transported to the
Australian colonies of New South Wales, Van Diemen’s land and Western Australia. Tench was one of
these unlucky convicts to sign onto a dangerous journey. When his ship set out in 1788, he signed a three
years’ service to the First Fleet.
Apart from his years in Australia, people knew little about his life back in Britain. It was said he was born
on 6 October 1758 at Chester in the county of Cheshire in England. He came from a decent background.
Tench was a son of Fisher Tench, a dancing master who ran a boarding school in the town and Margaritta
Tarleton of the Liverpool Tarletons. He grew up around a finer class of British citizens, and his family
helped instruct the children of the wealthy in formal dance lessons. Though we don’t know for sure how
Tench was educated in this small British town, we do know that he was well educated. His diaries from
his travels to Australia are written in excellent English, a skill that not everyone was lucky to possess in
the 18th century. Aside from this, we know little of Tench’s beginnings. We don’t know how he ended up
convicted of a crime. But after he started his voyage, his life changed dramatically.
During the voyage, which was harsh and took many months, Tench described landscape of different
places. While sailing to Australia, Tench saw landscapes that were unfamiliar and new to him. Arriving in
Australia, the entire crew was uncertain of what was to come in their new life. When they arrived in
Australia, they established a British colony. Governor Philip was vested with complete authority over the
inhabitants of the colony. Though still a young man, Philip was enlightened for his age. From stories of
other British colonies, Philip learnt that conflict with the original peoples of the land was often a source of
strife and difficulties. To avoid this, Philip’s personal intent was to establish harmonious relations with
local Aboriginal people. But Philip’s job was even more difficult considering his crew. Other colonies
were established with middle-class merchants and craftsmen. His crew were convicts, who had few other
skills outside of their criminal histories. Along with making peace with the Aboriginal people, Philip also
had to try to reform as well as discipline the convicts of the colony.
From the beginning, Tench stood out as different from the other convicts. During his initial time in
Australia, he quickly rose in his rank, and was given extra power and responsibility over the convicted
crew members. However, he was also still very different from the upper-class rulers who came to rule
over the crew. He showed humanity towards the convicted workers. He didn’t want to treat them as
common criminals, but as trained military men. Under Tench’s authority, he released the convicts’ chains
which were used to control them during the voyage. Tench also showed mercy towards the Aboriginal
people. Governor Philip often pursued violent solutions to conflicts with the Aboriginal peoples. Tench
disagreed strongly with this method. At one point, he was unable to follow the order given by the
Governor Philip to punish the ten Aboriginals.
When they first arrived, Tench was fearful and contemptuous towards the Aboriginals, because the two
cultures did not understand each other. However, gradually he got to know them individually and became
close friends with them. Tench knew that the Aboriginal people would not cause them conflict if they
looked for a peaceful solution. Though there continued to be conflict and violence, Tench’s efforts helped
establish a more peaceful negotiation between the two groups when they settled territory and land-use
issues.
Meanwhile, many changes were made to the new colony. The Hawkesbury River was named by
Governor Philip in June 1789. Many native bird species to the river were hunted by travelling colonists.
The colonists were having a great impact on the land and natural resources. Though the colonists had
made a lot of progress in the untamed lands of Australia, there were still limits. The convicts were
notoriously ill-informed about Australian geography, as was evident in the attempt by twenty absconders
to walk from Sydney to China in 1791, believing: “China might be easily reached, being not more than a
hundred miles distant, and separated only by a river.” In reality, miles of ocean separated the two.
Much of Australia was unexplored by the convicts. Even Tench had little understanding of what existed
beyond the established lines of their colony. Slowly, but surely, the colonists expanded into the
surrounding area. A few days after arrival at Botany Bay, their original location, the fleet moved to the
more suitable Port Jackson where a settlement was established at Sydney Cove on 26 January 1788. This
second location was strange and unfamiliar, and the fleet was on alert for any kind of suspicious
behaviors. Though Tench had made friends in Botany Bay with Aboriginal peoples, he could not be sure
this new land would be uninhabited. He recalled the first time he stepped into this unfamiliar ground with
a boy who helped Tench navigate. In these new lands, he met an old Aboriginal.
Questions 1-6

FALSE if the statement contradicts with the information
1. There was a great deal of information available about the life of Tench before he arrived in Australia.
2. Tench drew pictures to illustrate different places during the voyage.
3. Military personnel in New South Wales treated convicts kindly.
4. Tench’s view towards the Aboriginals remained unchanged during his time in Australia.
5. An Aboriginal gave him gifts of food at the first time they met.
6. The convicts had a good knowledge of Australian geography.
Questions 7-13
7. What could be a concrete proof of Tench’s good education?

8. How many years did Tench sign the contract to the First Fleet?
9. What was used to control convicts during the voyage?
10. Who gave the order to punish the Aboriginals?
11. When did the name of Hawkesbury River come into being?
12. Where did the escaped convicts plan to go?
13. Where did Tench first meet an old Aboriginal?
READING PASSAGE 2
Questions 14-19
Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i Unsuccessful deceit
ii Biological basis between liars and artists
iii How to lie in artistic way
iv Confabulations and the exemplifiers
v The distinction between artists and common liars
vi The fine line between liars and artists
vii The definition of confabulation
viii Creativity when people lie

14 Paragraph A
15 Paragraph B
16 Paragraph C
17 Paragraph D
18 Paragraph E
19 Paragraph F
Are Artists Liars?
A
Shortly before his death, Marlon Brando was working on a series of instructional videos about acting; to
be called "Lying for a Living”. On the surviving footage, Brando can he seen dispensing gnomic advice
on his craft to a group of enthusiastic, if somewhat bemused, Hollywood stars, including Leonardo Di
Caprio and Sean Penn. Brando also recruited random people from the Los Angeles street and persuaded
them to improvise (the footage is said to include a memorable scene featuring two dwarves and a giant
Samoan). "If you can lie, you can act." Brando told Jod Kaftan, a writer for Rolling Stone and one of the
few people to have viewed the footage. “Are you good at lying?” asked Kaftan. "Jesus." said Brando, “I'm
fabulous at it".
B
Brando was not the first person to note that the line between an artist and a liar is a fine one. If art is a
kind of lying, then lying is a form of art, albeit of a lower order - as Oscar Wilde and Mark Twain have
observed. Indeed, lying and artistic storytelling spring from a common neurological root - one that is
exposed in the cases of psychiatric patients who suffer from a particular kind of impairment. Both liars
and artists refuse to accept the tyranny of reality. Both carefully craft stories that are worthy of belief - a
skill requiring intellectual sophistication, emotional sensitivity and physical self-control (liars are writers
and performers of their own work). Such parallels are hardly coincidental, as I discovered while
researching my book on lying.
C
A case study published in 1985 by Antonio Damasio, a neurologist, tells the story of a middle-aged
woman with brain damage caused by a series of strokes. She retained cognitive abilities, including
coherent speech, but what she actually said was rather unpredictable. Checking her knowledge of
contemporary events, Damasio asked her about the Falklands War. In the language of psychiatry, this
woman was “confabulating”. Chronic confabulation is a rare type of memory problem that affects a small
proportion of brain damaged people. In the literature it is defined as "the production of fabricated,
distorted or misinterpreted memories about oneself or the world, without the conscious intention
to deceive”. Whereas amnesiacs make errors of omission - there are gaps in their recollections they find
impossible to fill - confabulators make errors of commission: they make things up. Rather than forgetting,
they are inventing. Confabulating patients are nearly always oblivious to their own condition, and will
earnestly give absurdly implausible explanations of why they're in hospital, or talking to a doctor. One
patient, asked about his surgical scar, explained that during the Second World War he surprised a teenage
girl who shot him three times in the head, killing him, only for surgery to bring him back to life. The
same patient, when asked about his family, described how at various times they had died in his arms, or
had been killed before his eyes. Others tell yet more fantastical tales, about trips to the moon, fighting
alongside Alexander in India or seeing Jesus on the Cross. Confabulators aren’t out to deceive. They
engage in what Morris Moscovitch, a neuropsychologist, calls “honest lying". Uncertain, and obscurely
distressed by their uncertainty, they are seized by a “compulsion to narrate": a deep-seated need to shape,
order and explain what they do not understand. Chronic confabulators are often highly inventive at the
verbal level, jamming together words in nonsensical but suggestive ways: one patient, when asked what
happened to Queen Marie Antoinette of France, answered that she had been “suicided" by her family. In a
sense, these patients are like novelists, as described by Henry James: people on whom "nothing is
wasted". Unlike writers, however, they have little or no control over their own material.
D
The wider significance of this condition is what it tells us about ourselves. Evidently, there is a gushing
river of verbal creativity in the normal human mind, from which both artistic invention and lying are
drawn. We are born storytellers, spinning, narrative out of our experience and imagination, straining
against the leash that keeps us tethered to reality. This is a wonderful thing; it is what gives us out ability
to conceive of alternative futures and different worlds. And it helps us to understand our own lives
through the entertaining stories of others. But it can lead us into trouble, particularly when we try to
persuade others that our inventions are real. Most of the time, as our stories bubble up to consciousness,
we exercise our cerebral censors, controlling which stories we tell, and to whom. Yet people lie for
all sorts of reasons, including the fact that confabulating can be dangerously fun.
E
During a now-famous libel case in 1996, Jonathan Aitken, a former cabinet minister, recounted a tale to
illustrate the horrors he endured after a national newspaper tainted his name. The case, which stretched on
for more than two years, involved a series of claims made by the Guardian about Aitken's relationships
with Saudi arms dealers, including meetings he allegedly held with them on a trip to Paris while he was a
government minister. What amazed many in hindsight was the sheer superfluity of the lies Aitken told
during his testimony. Aitken’s case collapsed in June 1997, when the defence finally found
indisputable evidence about his Paris trip. Until then, Aitken's charm, fluency and flair for theatrical
displays of sincerity looked as if they might bring him victory, they revealed that not only was Aitken’s
daughter not with him that day (when he was indeed door stepped), but also that the minister had simply
got into his car and drove off, with no vehicle in pursuit.
F
Of course, unlike Aitken, actors, playwrights and novelists are not literally attempting to deceive
us, because the rules are laid out in advance: come to the theatre, or open this book, and we'll lie to you.
Perhaps this is why we felt it necessary to invent art in the first place: as a safe space into which our lies
can be corralled, and channeled into something socially useful. Given the universal compulsion to tell
stories, art is the best way to refine and enjoy the particularly outlandish or insightful ones. But that is not
the whole story. The key way in which artistic “lies" differ from normal lies, and from the "honest lying”
of chronic confabulators, is that they have a meaning and resonance beyond their creator. The liar lies on
behalf of himself; the artist tells lies on behalf of everyone. If writers have a compulsion to narrate, they
compel themselves to find insights about the human condition. Mario Vargas Llosa has written that
novels “express a curious truth that can only be expressed in a furtive and veiled fashion, masquerading
as what it is not.” Art is a lie whose secret ingredient is truth.
Questions 20-21
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Write the correct letters in boxes 20-21 on your answer sheet.
Which TWO of the following statements about people suffering from confabulation are true?
A They have lost cognitive abilities.

B They do not deliberately tell a lie.
C They are normally aware of their condition.
D They do not have the impetus to explain what they do not understand.
E They try to make up stories.
Questions 22-23
Which TWO of the following statements about playwrights and novelists are true?
A They give more meaning to the stories.

B They tell lies for the benefit of themselves.
C They have nothing to do with the truth out there.
D We can be misled by them if not careful.
E We know there are lies in the content.
Questions 24-26

A 24 _____________accused Jonathan Aitken, a former cabinet minister, who was selling and
buying with 25 _______________. Aitken’s case collapsed in June 1997, when the defence finally
found indisputable evidence about his Paris trip. He was deemed to have his 26 ____________They
revealed that not only was Aitken’s daughter not with him that day, but also that the minister had
simply got into his car and drove off, with no vehicle in pursuit.
READING PASSAGE 3
Theory or Practice?
—What is the point of research carried out by biz schools?
Students go to universities and other academic institutions to prepare for their future. We pay tuition and
struggle through classes in the hopes that we can find a fulfilling and exciting career. But the choice of
your university has a large influence on your future. How can you know which university will prepare
you the best for your future? Like other academic institutions, business schools are judged by the quality
of the research carried out by their faculties. Professors must both teach students and also produce
original research in their own field. The quality of this research is assessed by academic publications. At
the same time, universities have another responsibility to equip their students for the real world, however
that is defined. Most students learning from professors will not go into academics themselves—so how do
academics best prepare them for their future careers, whatever that may be? Whether academic research
actually produces anything that is useful to the practice of business, or even whether it is its job to do so,
are questions that can provoke vigorous arguments on campus.
The debate, which first flared during the 1950s, was reignited in August, when AACSB International, the
most widely recognised global accrediting agency for business schools, announced it would consider
changing the way it evaluates research. The news followed rather damning criticism in 2002 from Jeffrey
Pfeffer, a Stanford professor, and Christina Fong of Washington University, which questioned whether
business education in its current guise was sustainable. The study found that traditional modes of
academia were not adequately preparing students for the kind of careers they faced in current times. The
most controversial recommendation in AACSB’s draft report (which was sent round to administrators for
their comment) is that the schools should be required to demonstrate the value of their faculties’ research
not simply by listing its citations in journals, but by demonstrating the impact it has in the professional
world. New qualifiers, such as average incomes, student placement in top firms and business
collaborations would now be considered just as important as academic publications.
AACSB justifies its stance by saying that it wants schools and faculty to play to their strengths, whether
they be in pedagogy, in the research of practical applications, or in scholarly endeavor. Traditionally,
universities operate in a pyramid structure. Everyone enters and stays in an attempt to be successful in
their academic field. A psychology professor must publish competitive research in the top neuroscience
journals. A Cultural Studies professor must send graduate students on new field research expeditions to
be taken seriously. This research is the core of a university’s output. And research of any kind is
expensive—AACSB points out that business schools in America alone spend more than $320m a year on
it. So, it seems legitimate to ask for, ‘what purpose it is undertaken?
If a school chose to specialise in professional outputs rather than academic outputs, it could use such a
large sum of money and redirect it into more fruitful programs. For example, if a business school wanted
a larger presence of employees at top financial firms, this money may be better spent on a career center
which focuses on building the skills of students, rather than paying for more high-level research to be
done through the effort of faculty. A change in evaluation could also open the door to inviting more
professionals from different fields to teach as adjuncts. Students could take accredited courses from
people who are currently working in their dream field. The AACSB insists that universities answer the
question as to why research is the most critical component of traditional education.
On one level, the question is simple to answer. Research in business schools, as anywhere else, is about
expanding the boundaries of knowledge; it thrives on answering unasked questions. Surely this pursuit of
knowledge is still important to the university system. Our society progresses because we learn how to do
things in new ways, a process which depends heavily on research and academics. But one cannot ignore
the other obvious practical uses of research publications. Research is also about cementing schools’ - and
professors' - reputations. Schools gain kudos from their faculties’ record of publication: which journals
publish them, and how often. In some cases, such as with government-funded schools in Britain, it can
affect how much money they receive. For professors, the mantra is often "publish or perish”. Their
careers depend on being seen in the right journals.
But at a certain point, one has to wonder whether this research is being done for the benefit of the
university or for the students the university aims to teach. Greater publications will attract greater
funding, which will in turn be spent on better publications. Students seeking to enter pro fessions out of
academia find this cycle frustrating, and often see their professors as being part of the "Ivory Tower” of
academia, operating in a self-contained community that has little influence on the outside world.
The research is almost universally unread by real-world managers. Part of the trouble is that the journals
labour under a similar ethos. They publish more than 20,000 articles each year. Most of the research is
highly quantitative, hypothesis-driven and esoteric. As a result, it is almost universally unread by real-
world managers. Much of the research criticises other published researches. A paper in a 2006 issue of
Strategy & Leadership commented that "research is not designed with managers’ needs in mind, nor is it
communicated in the journals they read. For the most part, it has become a self-referential closed system
irrelevant to corporate performance." The AACSB demands that this segregation must change for the
future of higher education. If students must invest thousands of dollars for an education as part of their
career path, the academics which serve the students should be more fully incorporated into the
professional world. This means that universities must focus on other strengths outside of research, such as
professional networks, technology skills, and connections with top business firms around the world.
Though many universities resisted the report, today’s world continues to change. The universities which
prepare students for our changing future have little choice but to change with new trends and new
standards.
Questions 27-29
27. In the second paragraph, the recommendation given by AACSB is
A. to focus on listing research paper’s citation only.

B. to consider the quantity of academic publications.
C. to evaluate how the paper influences the field
D. to maintain the traditional modes of academia.
28. Why does AACSB put forward the recommendation?
A. to give full play to the faculties’ advantage.

B. to reinforce the play to the pyramid structure of universities.
C. to push professors to publish competitive papers.
E. to reduce costs of research in universities.
29. Why does the author mention the Journal Strategy & Leadership?
A. to characterise research as irrelevant to company performance

B. to suggest that managers don’t read research papers.
C. to describe students’ expectation for universities.
D. to exemplify high-quality research papers.
Questions 30-31
Which TWO choices are in line with Jeffrey Pfeffer and Christina Fong’s idea?
A Students should pay less to attend universities.
B Business education is not doing their job well.
C Professors should not focus on writing papers.
D Students are ill-prepared for their career from universities.
E Recognized accrediting agency can evaluate research well.
Questions 32-36
In boxes 32-36 on you answer sheet, write:

32. The debate about the usefulness of academic research for business practices is a recent one.
33. AACSB’s draft report was not reviewed externally.
34. Business schools in the US spend more than 320 million dollars yearly on research.
35. Many universities pursue professional outputs.
36. Greater publications benefit professors and students as well.
Questions 37-40
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-E, below.

37. Most professors support academic research because

38. Schools support academic research because
39. Our society needs academic research because
40. Universities resisting the AACSB should change because
A it progresses as we learn innovative ways of doing things.
B the trends and standards are changing.
C their jobs depend on it.
D they care about their school rankings and government funds.
E it helps students to go into top business firms.
READING PASSAGE 1
Extraterrestrial National Park
The message to visitors at many beauty spots is “TAKE only pictures, leave only footprints.” Although
you won’t see the actual place, Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin took their giant
leap for mankind on the moon. It will be the first extraterrestrial national park.
It may still be some years off, but the imminent reality of space tourism is already stimulating some
archaeologists to begin to plan how to protect historic sites in space. With further moon missions planned,
the fear is that the principal sites like Apollo 11’s landing place may be in danger. According to Beth
O’Leary, a researcher in New Mexico State University in Las Cruces, “Technologically, probably the
most important event in human history was to land to another celestial body,” “It’s like the discovery of
fire or the first stone tools. They should be protected and conserved.”
In September 1959 since the Soviet Union’s Luna 2 crashed into the moon, a total of 40 expeditions have
touched down on the moon’s surface. 22 of them were launched by the US with the six crewed Apollo
missions launching between 1969 and 1972. The Apollo missions alone left behind 23 large artefacts
including the descent and ascent stages of the lunar module landing equipment, the stage there Saturn
rockets used to fly them there, and the lunar rovers or “moon buggies” the astronauts used to explore
when they arrived.
As well as these, there are also smaller artefacts and personal items scattered around, such as Neil
Armstrong’s boots and portable life-support system, scientific instruments and their power generators. Of
course, the iconic US flag planted in the moon’s surface is there too. There are also the footprints and
rover tread paths. In spite of the passing of the years, these remains are carved into the dust, since the
moon has no wind or rain to wash them away.
P.J. Capelotti, an anthropologist at Penn State University in Abington, has mapped out five “lunar parks.”
These are the areas where the majority of the artefacts are concentrated and will be used as a basis for
future preservation efforts. “Although nobody’s saying that the whole moon has to be off-limits, people
are starting to make plans for tourism and mineral extraction, or for putting a base there, needing to be
aware of them and work around them.”
More technological developments are also on their way. NASA’s LCROSS mission plans to crash an
SUV-sized rocket into one of the moon’s poles later this year with the hope of finding water there. At the
same time, teams competing for the Google Lunar X Prize for the first privately funded robot to reach the
moon have been offered a $5 million bonus if they take a picture of artefacts like the Apollo 11 landing
equipment. Already, a question to be reported is how national governments and private companies should
cooperate to ensure that artefacts are protected. There is some evidence that the US government is
interested in working alongside other governments.
A space-flight company called TransOrbital, based in Palo Alto, California presented its plans for sending
a commercial mission to the moon by the end of the 1990s. these plans include making detailed maps of
the moon and landing a capsule containing personal items, like business cards and cremated ashes. The
US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration stipulated that TransOrbital’s rockets must crash
well away from any historic US artefacts when its flight was over. Although ultimately TransOrbital was
unable to fund the mission, it might try again in the near future.
According to Phil Stooke, a planetary cartographer of the University of Western Ontario in London, he
agrees Luna 2 also has great significance. “It crashed, but that impact site is every bit as historic as Apollo
11.” Another one is Luna 9, the first spacecraft to land sending back pictures. “They must be preserved.”
On the remaining Apollo sites, Stooke is searching how electronics, metal and paints have degraded after
years of exposure to solar radiation and extremes of temperature. Also, he suggests that another Apollo
site could be turned into a biological research centre, analysing the DNA and bacteria left behind from
astronauts’ life-support packs.
Once a consensus has been reached as to which sites are worthy of conservation, and guidelines have
been built up to protect them from being damaged by future missions, the next question will be how
future space tourists should be allowed to interact with them. Capelotti says, “Looking at grey dust is
going to hold its attraction for only so long,” “People are going to make pilgrimages to these sites.”
There is a suggestion to build domes over historic sites, or perhaps even hotels, with the artefacts
displayed in the “lobby.” Another idea is to build up a raised railway track over the sites, so visitors could
look at them without touching them. Capelotti says, “If Walt Disney was developing it, he would put a
monorail around all five ‘lunar parks,’ so you could do the entire Apollo tour.”
Questions 1-7

1. Archaeologists have established links between space tourism and Apollo 11.
2. Of the 40 expeditions that landed on the lunar surface, the US embarked on more than half of them.
3. Between 1969 and 1972, there were not remarkable issues in the Apollo missions.
4. Neil Armstrong made up his mind to exploit the natural resources of the moon.
5. Astronauts’ traces marked on the surface of the moon remain unchanged due to the lack of wind and
rain.
6. Commercial space-flight companies planned to place both business cards and ashes on the moon.
7. In spite of financial problems, TransOrbital plan to launch their mission again in the foreseeable
future.
Questions 8-13
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-H, below.

Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.
8. Archaeologists
9. The Apollo missions
10. Anthropologist P.J. Capelotti
11. SUV-sized rocket into the moon’s people
12. TransOrbital
13. The impact site of Luna 2
A left various artefacts on the moon’s surface.

B discovered water supported by NASA’s LCROSS mission scheme.
C aimed to launch a project to preserve relic sites in space.
D funded a robot to reach the moon.
E promoted commercial business on the moon.
F designed the lunar parks for cultural industries and resources.
G had a similar historic impact to Apollo 11.
H made detailed maps of the moon and personal items.
READING PASSAGE 2
Asiatic black bear

Known as a moon bear, Jasper is an Asiatic black bear with a yellow crescent on his chest. The bear came
to the Animals Asia Moon Bear Rescue Centre in Chengdu, China, from a bear farm in 2000.
When Jasper arrived, rescuers had to cut Jasper out of a tiny “crush cage.” Bear bile has been used in
traditional Chinese medicine and fetches a high price. The wholesale price is approximately 4,000 yuan
(approximately $580) per kilogram with each bear producing up to 5 kilograms every year in China. But
it comes at a high price.
Jasper normally spent 15 years in a cage. Other bears spend up to 25 years without moving in cages no
bigger than their bodies. Bears are milked for bile twice a day. In China, farmers use a catheter inserted
into the gall bladder or permanently open wound. In Vietnam, farmers use long hypodermic needles.
The Animals Asia has rescued 260 bears from Chinese bear farms over the past 10 years. These bears are
lucky. The official number of reared bears in China is 7,000, but the Animals Asia fears the real figure is
close to 10,000.
In spite of the obvious cruelty, bear farming is legal in China. Whilst the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species lists Asiatic black bears as being at the highest level of endangerment,
China grants them only second-level protection, allowing them to be farmed. Although some have
reported there are 15,000 bears, its figure is not a true estimate of the remaining wild population in China.
Bear farming is also practiced in Vietnam where it is illegal but remains common due to a lack of
enforcement. There are approximately 4,000 bears on Vietnamese farms but even more in Laos,
Cambodia and Korea.
Bear farming is justified on the grounds that it satisfies the local demand for bile in China, therefore
decreasing the number of bears taken from the wild. Since 1989 farmers have been allowed to breed bears
in captivity and hunting wild bears has been illegal. In spite of this, a lot of wild bears are still poached
for their gall bladders or to restock the farms. Sometimes bears arrive at the rescue centre with missing
ribs after being caught in the wild.
Those bears that arrived at the centre have suffered from severe physical and psychological trauma.
Rescued bears can’t be set free into the wild due to the long-term damage caused by their incarceration.
They all need surgery to get rid of damaged gall bladders and many need additional surgery and long-
term medical care because of missing claws or paws, infected necrotic wounds along with broken and
missing teeth caused by biting at bars or because farmers break them to make the bears less of a hazard.
Also, many have liver cancer as a result of being continually milked for bile and suffer from a litany of
other ailments including blindness, arthritis, peritonitis, weeping ulcers and ingrown claws.
On the other hand, with the horrors of bear farming, the rehabilitation process is amazing and inspiring to
witness. It takes around a year to rehabilitate a bear. Although some have to be kept alone for the rest of
their lives, most can eventually be housed with other bears. The transition in personality from animals
which are violent and fearful to ones which are trusting, inquisitive and completely at ease with people is
truly remarkable. Robinson says, “I have visited the rescue centre and it changed my life.” That is how
powerful the bears’ stories are.
In spite of the rescue programme, bear bile extraction remains a cause of wanton and remorseless abuse.
It is difficult to change attitudes when bear bile has been used in Chinese medicine for over 3,000 years to
cope with “heat-related” ailments, such as eye conditions and liver disease. These days, it is used to treat
conditions from hangovers to haemorrhoids. There is some evidence from western medicine that a
synthetic version of the active ingredient in bear bile, ursodeoxycholic acid, is able to treat a range of
disorders including hepatitis C. But traditional Chinese medicine still insists on using natural bear bile
which is often contaminated with pus, blood, urine and faeces. Although healthy bear bile is free-flowing
and orangey-green, veterinarians describe bile leaking from the diseased gall bladders of rescued bears as
“black sludge.”
The half-moon bear rescue project raises a number of critical questions. For instance, why do bears show
large individual differences in response to persecution and variations in recovery? Rescued bears are
powerful ambassadors, but should so much time and money be invested in saving the lives of individuals
who will not make any direct contributions to saving their species? How can people from outside China
work to free bears whilst respecting their Chinese colleagues and remaining sensitive to cultural tradition?
Efforts to quit bear farming will continue. Soon after Robinson established the Animals Asia in 1998, she
negotiated an agreement with the Chinese government to work towards the eradication of bear farming.
All farmers are cruel, but the very worst are identified for closure by the government and the farmers have
their licences revoked. It is bears from these farms that come to the rescue centre. The Animals Asia
compensates the farmers so that they can begin another business or retire. More than 40 farms have so far
been closed, and China has not issued any new licences since 1994.
Questions 14-20

Write your answer in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.
In 2000 Jasper, an Asiatic black bear in China was called a moon bear due to embedding
14………………………. on the chest. Whilst bear farming is illegal, it is prevalent because of weak
15………………………. in Vietnam. Since 1989 hunting wild bears has been illegal in China, but
breeding bears in the farmland is not prohibited. At intervals, bears are delivered to the rescue centre
without 16………………………. by poachers.
Most bears that arrived at the centre have experienced 17…………………………. of both physical and
psychological problems to be continued. Besides, 18………………………… is caused by extracting the
bile from the bear’s gall. Over 3,000 years the Chinese have made use of the bile for healing illness
related to both 19…………………………. and …………………………. In 1998 the Animals Asia was
established by Robinson. She made an agreement against bear farming. Actually, she negotiated with the
Chinese government to eliminate 20……………………….
Questions 21-25
YES if the statement agrees with the opinion of the writer

NOT GIVEN If it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
21. Jasper is an Asiatic black bear and it had grown in the wild.
22. China is accustomed to using the bear bile as a traditional medicine from the old times.
23. The bile from the bear’s gall is extracted every day.
24. Even though bear bile use has spread among the Chinese, it had no effect on them.
25. In 1998 Robinson has reported the Animals Asia to the United Nations.

Questions 26-27

26. The writer reports that bear bile has been prevalent in China due to
A. working a sense of beauty for women.

B. using traditional medicine and a little expense.
C. delaying the ageing and relieving mental fatigue.
D. using traditional medicine and its price being skyrocketing.
27. Jill Robinson founded the Animals Asia in 1998 in order to
A. protect animals in Asian zoos.

B. promote the bear rescue project to the United Nations.
C. protect the bear and prohibit brutal farming in Asia.
D. support bear farms.

Question 28
From the list below, choose the most suitable title for Reading Passage 2.
Write the appropriate letter A-E in box 28 on your answer sheet.
A. Cruel bear bile business

B. Increasing the bear bile supply
C. Traditional Chinese medicine
D. Rescue project forward
E. Bear farming enforcement
READING PASSAGE 3
Questions 29-35
Reading Passage 3 has eight sections, A-H.
Choose the correct heading for sections B-H from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 29-35 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i The opposite of Adolph’s view

ii Adolph’s studies to guarantee in the book
iii The utmost limits for survival
iv Positive evidence of Adolph’s research
v A barren landscape for marching
vi Noakes’ stance on humans of drinking
vii A simple solution for developing performance
viii Misjudgment of Salazar’s thought
Example

Answer
Section A v
29 Section B
30 Section C
31 Section D
32 Section E
33 Section F
34 Section G
35 Section H
Colorado Desert
A. Particularly in the summer, California’s lower Colorado desert is a harsh place. It’s a barren
landscape of rocks and rattlesnakes that little grows in but creosote bushes and cactus. Midday
temperatures can reach 43oC and searing winds and afternoon sun combine to suck moisture from the
body. This is not the place for a midday march, but that is precisely what Edward Adolph had in mind
when, in the summer of 1942, he took a group of soldiers and researchers there. Adolph, a physiologist at
the University of Rochester in New York state, wanted to investigate how people could live and work
efficiently in the desert and how to get the best out of them.
B. He wasn’t the first to consider the effects of hot, dry conditions on the human body. The image of
the traveler lost in the desert, crawling towards a shimmering mirage, is probably as old as desert travel
itself. But earlier researchers mainly focused on survival. According to Timothy Noakes, an exercise
physiologist at the University of Cape Town and master of some of the world’s toughest ultra-marathons,
“They never looked at performance.” Adolph was the first to test the presumptions most of the people still
have about what to do if forced to make any sort of effort in unbearable heat. What he discovered most
were myths. For example, stripping to T-shirt and shorts is not the best way to treat dehydration.
Although long sleeves and long trousers may feel hotter, they’ll slow the loss of water. Nor is there any
point in rationing water when supplies are low. Postponing drinking it only makes you unhappier sooner.
Adolph wrote, “It is better to drink the water and have it inside you than to carry it.”
C. The most critical of Adolph’s discoveries was the simplest: drinking during exercise enhances
performance. Nowadays, we take this for granted, but generations of coaches and distance runners were
taught that drinking during exercise was for wimps. Some claimed it would only make you thirstier.
Others said it could even trigger a heart attack. The author of Marathon Running in 1909 advised, “Don’t
buy into the habit of drinking and eating in a marathon race,” “Some outstanding runners do, but it is not
helpful.” Adolph tested these old assumptions by splitting his soldiers into two groups. When the average
afternoon high was up to 42oC, both marched through the desert for 8 hours. The soldiers in one group
were allowed to drink as much water as they needed and the others weren’t allowed any water. The
results were obvious, the drinkers outperformed the non-drinkers, but the men in both groups backed out
once they had sweated off 7 to 10% of their body weight.
D. To Adolph, this made perfect sense. On days when the temperature is hotter than the average
person’s skin temperature – approximately 33 oC – the only way for the body to cool itself is by the
evaporation of sweat, and he could estimate how much moisture that required. A brisk walk could easily
need three-quarters of a litre or more of evaporative cooling each hour. Adolph’s research was launched
by the North Africa campaign, and he finished in 1943. But he came back to the desert every summer and
supplemented his experiments with tests in his heated lab. His discoveries stayed secret until 1947 when
he published Physiology of Man in the Desert. It went almost entirely unnoticed. In the late 1960s,
marathon runners were still advised not to drink water during races. Until 1977, runners in international
competitions were prohibited from drinking water in the first 11 kilometres and after that were allowed
water only every 5 kilometres.
E. However, there was a complete reversal of opinion. A study began to warn of the dangers of
running a marathon without enough water and suddenly runners were told they must drink during the race
– and if they didn’t feel like it, they should force themselves or risk heatstroke. In 1978, Alberto Salazar,
one of America’s great distance runners, ran a 7.1-mile race in temperatures of 29 oC. At mile six, he was
in second place. He said later, “The last thing I remember, and I was watching Bill Rodgers pull away
from me. It was dreamlike. Bill was floating away, and I wasn’t able to follow the energy to go after him.
In the next mile, I faded from second to tenth, but I do not have any memory of being passed by anyone.”
F. Salazar almost died. At the finish, his body temperature was 42 oC and he was saved only as a
result of a quick-thinking member of the medical crew promptly dumping him into a tub of iced water.
Everyone “found” what Salazar had done wrong: Salazar hadn’t drunk enough before or during the race.
He, therefore, became dehydrated and nearly killed himself. Even Salazar accepted this. “Dehydration is
insidious,” he would later say. At first glance, Adolph’s discoveries seem to support this. His notes about
his dehydrated soldiers are a litany of sorrow. “Their only desire is to stop and to rest,” he wrote of one
man, after 13.4 waterless kilometres in 40 oC heat. “He had an unsocial attitude, began to lag and finally
stopped,” he wrote of another, who managed 29.8 kilometres at 34 oC.
Both 1970s and 1980s runners and coaches assumed that collapsing athletes like Salazar were simply
extreme cases of the same thing. Dehydration and heat collapse were virtually synonymous in many
minds. “Drink early and often,” athletes were told, “and not just when thirsty.” However, as Noakes
points out, none of Adolph’s dehydrated soldiers suffered heatstroke. “They just got very angry and
stopped walking.” What’s more, they recovered quickly when allowed to rest and drink. “They were able
to walk almost immediately after drinking water,” Adolph wrote in one case. In another: “exhaustion
relieved by water.” Salazar’s brush with death wasn’t the result of drinking too little: on a very hot day he
had simply tried to run a world-class race. Under these kinds of conditions, heat is the enemy, not
dehydration.
G. Adolph had accepted this but thought it too clear to guarantee more than a few lines in his book.
He had conducted most of his tests on marches, not because he wasn’t interested in the effects of running
in the heat, but because when he made his soldiers run, even at a slow jog their body temperature soared
by 2.5oC in 30 minutes. “There is no doubt that men are limited in the physical work they can do in the
desert,” he wrote. The advocates of drinking-early-and-often had also overlooked Adolph’s discovery that
even soldiers who were able to drink what they wanted still tended to dehydrate, and only made up their
deficiencies at mealtimes. Adolph disregarded this as a “peculiarity of dehydration,” but Noakes believes
he had stumbled upon a quirk of human evolution.
H. Humans, Noakes observed, are “delayed drinkers.” He supposes that this is a consequence of
early humans hunting and chasing game for long distances under the African sun. There are good reasons
for not stopping to drink during a hunt, not least the expectation of the prey escaping. There’s also the fact
that we are not built like camels and other animals that are able to drink deeply and quickly. That makes
us better runners – and running hunters – but means we cannot drink as much as we can sweat, so we
delay our thirst until it’s comfortable to drink, says Noakes. Adolph never used the word evolution in his
book but he would have understood Noakes’s point.

Questions 36-40
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
36. Adolph found out that a critical way for improving a marathon race is……………………. during a
performance.
37. During walking, the body needs approximately………………………. of a litre of moisture per hour.
38. International competitions didn’t allow water within racing…………………………. kilometres.
39. Salazar nearly died at the end of the race as a result of………………………….
40. In the final section, Noakes indicates humans are part of the concept of……………………….
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage below.
The “Extinct” Grass in Britain
A. The British grass interrupted brome was said to be extinct, just like the Dodo. Called interrupted
brome because of its gappy seed-head, this unprepossessing grass was found nowhere else in the world,
Gardening experts from the Victorian era were first to record it. In the early 20th century, it grew far and
wide across southern England. But it quickly vanished and by 1972 was nowhere to be found. Even the
seeds stored at the Cambridge University Botanic Garden as an insurance policy were dead, having been
mistakenly kept at room temperature. Fans of the grass were devastated.
B. However, reports of its decline were not entirely correct. Interrupted brome has enjoyed a revival,
one that's not due to science. Because of the work of one gardening enthusiast, interrupted brome is
thriving as a pot plant. The relaunching into the wild of Britain's almost extinct plant has excited
conservationists everywhere.
C. Originally, Philip Smith didn’t know that he had the very unusual grass at his own home. When
he heard about the grass becoming extinct, he wanted to do something surprising. He attended a meeting
of the British Botanical Society in Manchester in 1979, and seized his opportunity. He said that it was so
disappointing to hear about the demise of the interrupted brome. "What a pity we didn’t research it
further!” he added. Then. all of a sudden, he displayed his pots with so called "extinct grass" for all to see.
D. Smith had kept the seeds from the last stronghold of the grass, Pamisford in 1963. It was then
when the grass started to disappear from the wild. Smith cultivated the grass, year after year. Ultimately,
it was his curiosity in the plant that saved it. Not scientific or technological projects that aim to conserve
plants.
E. For now, the bromes future is guaranteed. The seeds front Smith's plants have been, securely
stored in the cutting-edge facilities of Millennium Seed Bank at Wakehurst Place in Sussex. And
living plants thrive at the botanic gardens at Kew, Edinburgh and Cambridge. This year, seeds are
also saved at sites all across the country and the grass now nourishes at several public gardens too.
F. The grass will now be reintroduced to the British countryside. As a part of the Species Recovery
Project, the organisation English Nature will re-introduce interrupted brome into the
agricultural landscape, provided willing farmers are found. Alas, the grass is neither beautiful nor
practical. It is undoubtedly a weed, a weed that nobody cares for these days. The brome was probably
never widespread enough to annoy farmers and today, no one would appreciate its productivity or
nutritious qualities. As a grass, it leaves a lot to be desisted by agriculturalists.
G. Smith’s research has attempted to answer the question of where the grass came from. His
research points to mutations from other weedy grasses as the most likely source. So close is the
relationship that interrupted brome was originally deemed to be a mere variety of soft brome by the
great Victorian taxonomist Professor Hackel. A botanist from the 19th century, Druce had taken notes
on the grass and convinced his peers that the grass deserved its own status as a species. Despite
Druce growing up in poverty and his self-taught profession, he became the leading botanist of his time.
H. Where the grass came from may be clear, but the timing of its birth may be tougher to find out. A
clue lies in its penchant for growing as a weed in fields shared with a fodder crop, in particular nitrogen-
fixing legumes such as sainfoin, lucerne or clover. According to agricultural historian Joan Thirsk. the
humble sainfoin and its company were first noticed in Britain in the early 17th century. Seeds brought in
from the Continent were sown in pastures to feed horses and other livestock. However, back then, only a
few enthusiastic gentlemen were willing to use the new crops for their prized horses.
I. Not before too long though, the need to feed the parliamentary armies in Scotland, England and
Ireland was more pressing than ever. farmers were forced to produce more bread, cheese and beer. And
by 1650 the legumes were increasingly introduced into arable rotations, to serve as green nature to boost
grain yields. A bestseller of its day, Nathaniel Fiennes's Sainfoin Improved, published in 1671, helped to
spread the word. With the advent of sainfoin, clover and lucerne, Britain's very own rogue grass had
suddenly at rivet.
J. Although the credit for the discovery of interrupted brome goes to a Miss A. M. Barnard, who
collected the first specimens at Odsey, Bedfordshire, in 1849, the grass had probably lurked undetected in
the English countryside for at least a hundred years. Smith thinks the plant- the world’s version of the
Dodo probably evolved in the late 17th or early 18th century, once sainfoin became established. Due
mainly to the development of the motor car and subsequent decline of fodder crops for horses, the brome
declined rapidly over the 20th century. Today, sainfoin has almost disappeared from the countryside,
though occasionally its colourful flowers are spotted in lowland nature reserves. More recently artificial
fertilizers have made legume rotations unnecessary.
K. The close relationship with out-of-fashion crops spells trouble for those seeking to re-establish
interrupted brome in today’s countryside. Much like the once common arable weeds, such as
the corncockle, its seeds cannot survive long in the soil. Each spring, the brome relied on farmers
to resow its seeds; in the days before weed killers and advanced seed sieves, an ample supply would have
contaminated supplies of crop seed. However fragile seeds are not the brome’s only problem: this species
is also unwilling to release its seeds as they ripen. According to Smith, the grass will struggle to survive
even in optimal conditions. It would be very difficult to thrive amongst its more resilient competitors
found in today’s improved agricultural landscape.
L. Nonetheless, interrupted brome’s reluctance to thrive independently may have some benefits.
Any farmer willing to foster this unique contribution to the world's flora can rest assured that the grass
will never become an invasive pest. Restoring interrupted brome to its rightful home could bring
other benefits too, particularly if this strange species is granted recognition as a national treasure. Thanks
to British farmers, interrupted brome was given the chance to evolve in the first place.
Conservationists would like to see the grass grow once again in its natural habitat and perhaps, one day
seeing the grass become a badge of honour for a new generation of environmentally conscious farmers.
Questions 1-8
In boxes 1-8 on you answer sheet, write

NOT GIVEN If there is no information on this
1. The name of interrupted brome came from the unprepossessing grass disappeared from places in the
world for a period.
2. Interrupted brome became extinct because they were kept accidentally in room temperature.
3. Philip Smith works at University of Manchester.
4. Kew Botanic Gardens will operate English Nature.
5. Interrupted brome grew unwantedly at the sides of sainfoin.
6. Legumes were used for feeding livestock and enriching the soil.
7. The spread of seeds of interrupted brome depends on the harvesting of the farmers.
8. Only the weed killers can stop interrupted brome from becoming an invasive pest.
Questions 9-13
Look at the following opinions or deeds (Questions 9-13) and the list of people below.
Match each opinion or deed with the correct person, A-F.
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.
9. identified interrupted brome as another species of brome.
10. convinced others about the status of interrupted brome in the botanic world.
11. found interrupted brome together with saifoin.
12. helped farmers know that sainfoin is useful for enriching the soil.
13. collected the first sample of interrupted brome.
A A. M. Barnard
B Philip Smith
C George Claridge Druce
D Joan Thirsk
E Professor Hackel
F Nathaniel Fiennes
READING PASSAGE 2
Keep the Water Away
A. Last winter’s floods on the rivers of central Europe were among the worst since the Middle Ages,
and as winter storms return, the spectre of floods is returning too. Just weeks ago, the river Rhone in
south-east France burst its banks, driving 15,000 people from their homes, and worse could be on the
way. Traditionally, river engineers have gone for Plan A: get rid of the water fast, draining it off the land
and down to the sea in tall-sided rivers re-engineered as high-performance drains. But however big they
dug city drains, however wide and straight they made the rivers, and however high they built the banks,
the floods kept coming back to taunt them, from the Mississippi to the Danube. And when the floods
came, they seemed to be worse than ever. No wonder engineers are turning to Plan B: sap the water’s
destructive strength by dispersing it into fields, forgotten lakes, flood plains and aquifers.
B. Back in the days when rivers took a more tortuous path to the sea, flood waters lost impetus and
volume while meandering across flood plains and idling through wetlands and inland deltas. But today
the water tends to have an unimpeded journey to the sea. And this means that when it rains in the uplands,
the water comes down all at once. Worse, whenever we close off more flood plains, the river’s flow
farther downstream becomes more violent and uncontrollable. Dykes are only as good as their weakest
link—-and the water will unerringly find it. By trying to turn the complex hydrology of rivers into the
simple mechanics of a water pipe, engineers have often created danger where they promised safety, and
intensified the floods they meant to end. Take the Rhine, Europe’s most engineered river. For two
centuries, German engineers have erased its backwaters and cut it off from its flood plain.
C. Today, the river has lost 7 percent of its original length and runs up to a third faster. When it rains
hard in the Alps, the peak flows from several tributaries coincide in the main river, where once they
arrived separately. And with four-fifths of the lower Rhine’s flood plain barricaded off, the waters rise
ever higher. The result is more frequent flooding that does ever-greater damage to the homes, offices and
roads that sit on the flood plain. Much the same has happened in the US on the mighty Mississippi, which
drains the world’s second largest river catchment into the Gulf of Mexico.
D. The European Union is trying to improve rain forecasts and more accurately model how intense
rains swell rivers. That may help cities prepare, but it won’t stop the floods. To do that, say hydrologists,
you need a new approach to engineering not just rivers, but the whole landscape. The UK’s Environment
Agency -which has been granted an extra £150 million a year to spend in the wake of floods in 2000 that
cost the country £1 billion- puts it like this: “The focus is now on working with the forces of nature.
Towering concrete walls are out, and new wetlands are in.” To help keep London’s feet dry, the agency is
breaking the Thames’s banks upstream and reflooding 10 square kilometres of ancient flood plain at
Otmoor outside Oxford. Nearer to London it has spent £100 million creating new wetlands and a relief
channel across 16 kilometres of flood plain to protect the town of Maidenhead, as well as the ancient
playing fields of Eton College. And near the south coast, the agency is digging out channels to reconnect
old meanders on the river Cuckmere in East Sussex that were cut off by flood banks 150 years ago.
E. The same is taking place on a much grander scale in Austria, in one of Europe’s largest river
restorations to date. Engineers are regenerating flood plains along 60 kilometres of the river Drava as it
exits the Alps. They are also widening the river bed and channelling it back into abandoned meanders,
oxbow lakes and backwaters overhung with willows. The engineers calculate that the restored flood plain
can now store up to 10 million cubic metres of flood waters and slow storm surges coming out of the Alps
by more than an hour, protecting towns as far downstream as Slovenia and Croatia.
F. “Rivers have to be allowed to take more space. They have to be turned from flood-chutes into
flood-foilers,” says Nienhuis. And the Dutch, for whom preventing floods is a matter of survival, have
gone furthest. A nation built largely on drained marshes and seabed had the fright of its life in 1993 when
the Rhine almost overwhelmed it. The same happened again in 1995, when a quarter of a million people
were evacuated from the Netherlands. But a new breed of “soft engineers” wants our cities to become
porous, and Berlin is their shining example. Since reunification, the city’s massive redevelopment has
been governed by tough new rules to prevent its drains becoming overloaded after heavy rains. Harald
Kraft, an architect working in the city, says: “We now see rainwater as a resource to be kept rather than
get rid of at great cost.” A good illustration is the giant Potsdamer Platz, a huge new commercial
redevelopment by Daimler Chrysler in the heart of the city.
G. Los Angeles has spent billions of dollars digging huge drains and concreting river beds to carry
away the water from occasional intense storms. The latest plan is to spend a cool $280 million raising the
concrete walls on the Los Angeles river by another 2 metres. Yet many communities still flood regularly.
Meanwhile this desert city is shipping in water from hundreds of kilometres away in northern California
and from the Colorado river in Arizona to fill its taps and swimming pools, and irrigate its green spaces. It
all sounds like bad planning. “In LA we receive half the water we need in rainfall, and we throw it away.
Then we spend hundreds of millions to import water,” says Andy Lipkis, an LA environmentalist, along
with citizen groups like Friends of the Los Angeles River and Unpaved LA, want to beat the urban flood
hazard and fill the taps by holding onto the city’s flood water. And it’s not just a pipe dream. The
authorities this year launched a $100 million scheme to road-test the porous city in one flood-hit
community in Sun Valley. The plan is to catch the rain that falls on thousands of driveways, parking lots
and rooftops in the valley. Trees will soak up water from parking lots. Homes and public buildings will
capture roof water to irrigate gardens and parks. And road drains will empty into old gravel pits and other
leaky places that should recharge the city’s underground water reserves. Result: less flooding and more
water for the city. Plan B says every city should be porous, every river should have room to flood
naturally and every coastline should be left to build its own defences. It sounds expensive and utopian,
until you realise how much we spend trying to drain cities and protect our watery margins -and how bad
we are at it.
Questions 14-19
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.

Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.
14. a new approach carried out in the UK

15. the reason why twisty path and dykes failed
16. illustration of an alternative plan in LA which seems much unrealistic
17. traditional way of tackling flood
18. efforts made in Netherlands and Germany
19. one project on a river that benefits three nations
Questions 20-23
In boxes 20-23 on you answer sheet, write

NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
20. In the ancient times, the people in Europe made their efforts to improve the river banks, so the flood
was becoming less severe than before.
21. Flood makes river shorter than it used to be, which means faster speed and more damage to the
constructions on flood plain.
22. The new approach in the UK is better than that in Austria.
23. At least 300,000 people left from Netherlands in 1995.
Questions 24-26

24. UK’s Environment Agency carried out one innovative approach: a wetland is generated not far from
the city of ……………………… to protect it from flooding.
25. ………………………. suggested that cities should be porous, and Berlin set a good example.
26. Another city devastated by heavy storms casually is …………………………., though government
pours billions of dollars each year in order to solve the problem.
READING PASSAGE 3
What Do Babies Know?
As Daniel Haworth is settled into a high chair and wheeled behind a black screen, a sudden look of worry
furrows his 9-month-old brow. His dark blue eyes dart left and right in search of the familiar reassurance
of his mother’s face. She calls his name and makes soothing noises, but Daniel senses something unusual
is happening. He sucks his fingers for comfort, but, finding no solace, his mouth crumples, his body
stiffens, and he lets rip an almighty shriek of distress. This is the usual expression when babies are left
alone or abandoned. Mom picks him up, reassures him, and two minutes later, a chortling and alert Daniel
returns to the darkened booth behind the screen and submits himself to baby lab, a unit set up in 2005 at
the University of Manchester in northwest England to investigate how babies think.
Watching infants piece life together, seeing their senses, emotions and motor skills take shape, is a source
of mystery and endless fascination—at least to parents and developmental psychologists. We can decode
their signals of distress or read a million messages into their first smile. But how much do we really know
about what’s going on behind those wide, innocent eyes? How much of their understanding of and
response to the world comes preloaded at birth? How much is built from scratch by experience? Such are
the questions being explored at baby lab. Though the facility is just 18 months old and has tested only 100
infants, it’s already challenging current thinking on what babies know and how they come to know it.
Daniel is now engrossed in watching video clips of a red toy train on a circular track. The train disappears
into a tunnel and emerges on the other side. A hidden device above the screen is tracking Daniel’s eyes as
they follow the train and measuring the diametre of his pupils 50 times a second. As the child gets bored
—or “habituated”, as psychologists call the process— his attention level steadily drops. But it picks up a
little whenever some novelty is introduced. The train might be green, or it might be blue. And sometimes
an impossible thing happens— the train goes into the tunnel one color and comes out another.
Variations of experiments like this one, examining infant attention, have been a standard tool of
developmental psychology ever since the Swiss pioneer of the field, Jean Piaget, started experimenting on
his children in the 1920s. Piaget’s work led him to conclude that infants younger than 9 months have no
innate knowledge of how the world works or any sense of “object permanence” (that people and things
still exist even when they’re not seen). Instead, babies must gradually construct this knowledge from
experience. Piaget’s “constructivist” theories were massively influential on postwar educators and
psychologist, but over the past 20 years or so they have been largely set aside by a new generation of
“nativist” psychologists and cognitive scientists whose more sophisticated experiments led them to
theorise that infants arrive already equipped with some knowledge of the physical world and even
rudimentary programming for math and language. Baby lab director Sylvain Sirois has been putting these
smart-baby theories through a rigorous set of tests. His conclusions so far tend to be more Piagetian:
“Babies,” he says, “know nothing.”
What Sirois and his postgraduate assistant Lain Jackson are challenging is the interpretation of a variety
of classic experiments begun in the mid-1980s in which babies were shown physical events that appeared
to violate such basic concepts as gravity, solidity and contiguity. In one such experiment, by University of
Illinois psychologist Renee Baillargeon, a hinged wooden panel appeared to pass right through a box.
Baillargeon and M.I.T’s Elizabeth Spelke found that babies as young as 3 1/2 months would reliably look
longer at the impossible event than at the normal one. Their conclusion: babies have enough built-in
knowledge to recognise that something is wrong.
Sirois does not take issue with the way these experiments were conducted. “The methods are correct and
replicable,” he says, “it’s the interpretation that’s the problem.” In a critical review to be published in the
forthcoming issue of the European Journal of Developmental Psychology, he and Jackson pour cold water
over recent experiments that claim to have observed innate or precocious social cognition skills in infants.
His own experiments indicate that a baby’s fascination with physically impossible events merely reflects
a response to stimuli that are novel. Data from the eye tracker and the measurement of the pupils (which
widen in response to arousal or interest) show that impossible events involving familiar objects are no
more interesting than possible events involving novel objects. In other words, when Daniel had seen the
red train come out of the tunnel green a few times, he gets as bored as when it stays the same color. The
mistake of previous research, says Sirois, has been to leap to the conclusion that infants can understand
the concept of impossibility from the mere fact that they are able to perceive some novelty in it. “The real
explanation is boring,” he says.
So how do babies bridge the gap between knowing squat and drawing triangles—a task Daniel’s sister
Lois, 2 1/2, is happily tackling as she waits for her brother? “Babies have to learn everything, but as
Piaget was saying, they start with a few primitive reflexes that get things going,” said Sirois. For example,
hardwired in the brain is an instinct that draws a baby’s eyes to a human face. From brain imaging studies
we also know that the brain has some sort of visual buffer that continues to represent objects after they
have been removed—a lingering perception rather than conceptual understanding. So, when babies
encounter novel or unexpected events, Sirois explains, “there’s a mismatch between the buffer and the
information they’re getting at that moment. And what you do when you’ve got a mismatch is you try to
clear the buffer. And that takes attention.” So, learning, says Sirois, is essentially the laborious business of
resolving mismatches. “The thing is, you can do a lot of it with this wet sticky thing called a brain. It’s a
fantastic, statistical-learning machine”. Daniel, exams ended, picks up a plastic tiger and, chewing
thoughtfully upon its heat, smiles as if to agree.

Questions 27-32

NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
27. Baby’s behavior after being abandoned is not surprising.
28. Parents are over-estimating what babies know.
29. Only 100 experiments have been done but can prove the theories about what we know.
30. Piaget’s theory was rejected by parents in 1920s.
31. Sylvain Sirois’s conclusion on infant’s cognition is similar to Piaget’s.
32. Sylvain Sirois found serious flaws in the experimental designs by Baillargeon and Elizabeth Spelke.
Questions 33-37
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-E, below.

33. Jean Piaget thinks infants younger than 9 months won’t know something existing
34. Jean Piaget thinks babies only get the knowledge
35. Some cognitive scientists think babies have the mechanism to learn a language
36. Sylvain Sirois thinks that babies can reflect a response to stimuli that are novel
37. Sylvain Sirois thinks babies’ attention level will drop
A. before they are born.

B. before they learn from experience.
C. when they had seen the same thing for a while.
D. when facing the possible and impossible events.
E. when the previous things appear again in the lives.
Questions 38-40

38. What can we know about Daniel in the third paragraph?
A. Daniel’s attention level rose when he saw a blue train.

B. Kid’s attention fell when he was accustomed to the changes.
C. Child’s brain activity was monitored by a special equipment.
D. Size of the train changed when it came out of the tunnel.
39. What can we know from the writer in the fourth paragraph?
A. The theories about what baby knows changed over time.
B. Why the experiments that had been done before were rejected.
C. Infants have the innate knowledge to know the external environment.
D. Piaget’s “constructivist” theories were massively influential on parents.
40. What can we know from the argument of the experiment about the baby in the sixth paragraph?
A. Infants are attracted by various colours of the trains all the time.
B. Sylvain Sirois accuses misleading approaches of current experiments.
C. Sylvain Sirois indicates that only impossible events make children interested.
D. Sylvain Sirois suggests that novel things attract baby’s attention.
REFERENCES:
- Peter Travis & Loius Harrison (2013) Collins English for exams, Practice tests for IELTS,HarperCollins
Publishers
- Aucoin,B, Chawhan, L., Hiraishi, S,& Tholet, J,(2013. IELTS Reading and Writing. Oxford University
Press,Australia.
- James H. Lee (2018), IELTS Actual Test 1. Reading and Writing
WEBSITES:
https://ieltstrainingonline.com/ielts-reading-practice-test-60-with-answers/
https://mini-ielts.com/622/view-solution/reading/keep-taking-the-tablets
https://ieltsonlinetests.com/ielts-recent-actual-test-answers-vol-5-reading-practice-test-1/solution
https://www.easy-ielts.com/answers-for-the-lost-city-with-explanation/
https://mini-ielts.com/1191/view-solution/reading/global-warming-in-new-zealand
http://mini-ielts.com/612/view-solution/reading/a-song-on-the-brain
IELTS MOCK TEST 2018 – March Reading Practice Test 1, https//ieltsonlinetests.com
IELTS MOCK TEST 2018 – March Reading Practice Test 1, https//ieltsonlinetests.com
IELTS Exam.net

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ACADEMIC

How to increase score

READING TASK 1: Visual Art Education: A Frill or a Necessity?.................................................3-6

» 8 Very good user

» 3 Extremely limited user

» 0 Did not attempt the test

ACADEMIC READING MARKING SCHEMES

SCORE BAND SCORE

READING (60 minutes)

WRITING (60 minutes)

READING (60 minutes)

WRITING (60 minutes)

Visual Art Education: A Frill or a Necessity?

1. Art is the most important pastime of the mind.

In boxes 9-11 on your answer sheet, write:

YES if the statement agrees with the views given

9. During a recession, education is expected to be more vocationally focused.

In boxes 12-13 on your answer sheet, write:

TRUE if the statement matches the information given

A Song On The Brain

2. A tune is more likely to stay in your head if

A. Roger Chaffin

The reading passage has nine paragraphs labelled A-l.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

8. a claim that music strengthens social bonds

Complete the table below

Cities Situated Causes of sinking Effects

where the Hudson River the effect of increased chance of

on a 5.__________ that using up the wastewater drains and

on wetlands around the 7. wells drilled into aquifer sunk up to 3 metres

A. the contrasting styles of the buildings.

10. Which of the following is NOT a predicted effect on New York?

A. wetlands becoming part of the ocean

11. Houston has been built on

12. The sinking in Houston

A. affects the whole city equally.

13. Which of the following is NOT true of Mexico City’s drains?

A. They were built to defend the city from flooding.

Keep taking the tablets

Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.

1. Ancient Egyptian and Greek doctors were aware of

A. the discovery of new medical applications.

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

Research into aspirin

A useful B cheap C state D international E major drug companies

F profitable G commercial H public sector scientists I health officials

Abuzz About Bee Genomics

Gonotrophic Cycle of Female Mosquito

Production of 6. ___________ = requires 7. ___________ rich meals

Eggs mature = look for 8. __________ ___________ places

Looks for water and 9. _______________ eggs

TRUE if they match the information given in the text

10. Page is primarily interested in why bees exhibit altruism.

Sustainable Architecture - Lessons from the Ant

Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D.

1. Why do termite mounds have a system of vents?

A. to allow the termites to escape from predators

2. Why was Eastgate cheaper to build than a conventional building?

A. Very few materials were imported.

Production of 6. _ = requires 7. _ rich meals

Eggs mature = look for 8. _ places