NANO BATTERIES

A SEMINAR REPORT

submitted by

SREEJITH S NAIR

UKP19ME087

to

the APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University

in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Degree

of

Bachelor of Technology in

Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

UKF College of Engineering and Technology

Paripally

DECEMBER 2022
 DECLARATION

I undersigned hereby declare that the seminar report NANO BATTERIES for partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree of Master of Technology of the APJ
Abdul Kalam Technological University, Kerala is a bonafide work done by me under
supervision of Mr.Fayaz Najeeb submission represents my ideas in my own words and
where ideas or words of others have been included, I have adequately and accurately cited and
referenced the original sources. I also declare that I have adhered to ethics of academic honesty
and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated any data or idea or fact or source in my
submission. I understand that any violation of the above will be a cause for disciplinary action
by the institute and/or the University and can also evoke penal action from the sources which
have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper permission has not been obtained. This
report has not been previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma or similar
title of any other University.

Place : Paripally

Date : 06/12/2022

Signature

Name of the student : Sreejith S Nair

 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

UKF COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

PARIPALLY

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report entitled ‘NANOBATTERIES’ submitted by ‘SREEJITH

S NAIR’ to the APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical
Engineering is a bonafide record of the Seminar Presentation carried out by him under our
guidance and supervision. This report in any form has not been submitted to any other
University or Institute for any purpose.

Internal Supervisor(s)

Mr.Fayaz Najeeb

Assistant Professor

Seminar Coordinator Head of the Department

Dr.S Calwin Parthibaraj Dr.Mohammed Sajid N K

Associate Professor Professor&HOD

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am grateful to the co-operation and constant encouragement by our Head of the

Department Dr.Mohammed Sajid N K and Seminar Coordinator co-ordinator Dr. S Calwin
Parthibaraj their regular suggestions made my work easy and proficient. I would like to
express my profound gratitude to my guide Mr.Fayaz Najeeb for his invaluable support,
encouragement, supervision and useful suggestions throughout this seminar work. Their moral
support and continuous guidance enabled me to complete my work successfully.

I wish to express my appreciation to all the staff members of Mechancial Engineering

Department of my college who helped to overcome my Dr. E Gopalakrishna Sharma, UKF
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY for his constant inspiration
assistance throughout the seminar.I wish to thank my parents for their undivided support and
interest who inspired me and encouraged me to go my own way.

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 ABSTRACT

In an era of sustainable development and innovation ecosystem, a high-energy density is one

of the important requirements for the development of new energy storage modalities, including
battery technology. Research to date confirms that Nano batteries have an exceptionally
high energy density, durability, and specific power compared to conventional batteries. In
addition, they are environmentally friendly, low-cost, and lightweight. In battery construction,
fibrous materials have been shown to improve thermal stability, electronic & ionic
conductivity. This is due to their outstanding properties that include large surface area-to-
volume ratio, controllable morphology and highly porous structure . These batteries may be
nano in size or may use nanotechnology in a macro scale battery.

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 CONTENTS

Contents Page No

• ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1
• ABSTRACT 2
• LIST OF FIGURES 3
• ABBREVATIONS 4
• CHAPTER:1 INTRODUCTION 5
• CHAPTER:2 LITERATURE SURVEY 6
• 2.1Literature Survey-1 6
• 2.2 Literature Survey-2 6
• 2.3 Literature Survey-3 6
• CHAPTER:3 HISTORY OF NANO BATTERIES 7
• CHAPTER:4 NANO BATTERIES 8
• CHAPTER:5 WORKING OF NANO BATTERIES 9
• 5.1 NANO BATTERIES 9
• 5.2 NANO-STRUCTURED BATTERY 9
• CHAPTER:6 COMPONENTS OF BATTERIES 10
• CHAPTER:7 ADVANTAGES& DISADVANTAGES 11
• 7.1 Advantages 11
• 7.2 Disadvantages 11
• CHAPTER:8 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 12
• CHAPTER:9 CONCLUSION 13
• REFERENCES 14

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE No. FIGURE NAME PAGE NO

5.1 NANO BATTERIES 9

5.2 NANO-STRUCTURED BATTERY 9

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 ABBREVIATIONS

• I-V-Current Voltage
• LI-Lithium
• SEI-Solid Electrolyte Interface
• UPS-Uninterruptable Power Supply

NOTATION

• C-Carbon
• O-Oxygen
• H-Hydrogen
• LiPF6-Lithium Hexafluorophosphate
• V2O5-Vanadium Oxide

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 NANO BATTERIES

Nanobatteries are fabricated batteries employing technology at the nanoscale, particles
that measure less than 100 nanometers or 10−7 meters. These batteries may be nano in
size or may use nanotechnology in a macro scale battery. Traditional lithium-ion battery
technology uses active materials, such as cobalt-oxide or manganese oxide, with particles
that range in size between 5 and 20 micrometers (5000 and 20000 nanometers – over 100
times nanoscale). It is hoped that nano-engineering will improve many of the
shortcomings of present battery technology, such as volume expansion and power density.
A battery's ability to store charge is dependent on its energy density and power density. It
is important that charge can remain stored and that a maximum amount of charge can be
stored within a battery. Cycling and volume expansion are also important considerations
as well. The nano batteries may be of a nano or may use the nanotechnology in a normal
scale battery. Nanoscale batteries can also be combined together to operate as a macro
battery like in the nanopore battery. In lithium ion batteries the anode is almost always
graphite, so most research is being done on the cathode and electrolyte materials. By
reducing the size of the materials used in a nanobattery, higher conductivity can be
reached, leading to an increase in power, in both charge and discharge. We’re increasingly
dependent upon our batteries, so finding ways of building ones with enhanced lifetimes
would make a lot of people happy. Research on batteries has ranged from trying new
materials to changing the configuration of key components.

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 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY -1

ANALYSIS OF A LI-ION NANOBATTERY WITH GRAPHITE ANODE USING
MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS

Victor Ponce, Diego E Galvez-Aranda, Jorge M Seminario The Journal of Physical Chemistry
C. 2017 Jun 15;121(23):12959-71

Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the initial charging of a Li-ion
nanobattery with a graphite anode and lithium hexaflourphosphate (LiPF6) salt dissolved in
ethylene carbonate (CO3C2H4) solvent as the electrolyte solution. The charging was achieved
through the application of external electric fields simulating voltage sources. A variety of force
fields were combined to simulate the materials of the nanobattery, including the solid
electrolyte interphase, metal collectors, and insulator cover. Some of the force field parameters
were estimated using ab initio methods, and others were taken from the literature. We studied
the behavior of Li-ions traveling from cathode to anode through electrolyte solutions of
concentrations 1.15 and 3.36 M. Time-dependent variables such as energy, temperature,
volume, polarization, and mean square displacement are reported; a few of these variables, as
well as others such as current, resistance, current density, conductivity, and resistivity are
reported as a function of the external field and charging voltage. A solid electrolyte interphase
(SEI) layer was also added to the model to study the mechanism behind the diffusion of the Li-
ions through the SEI. As the battery is charged, the depletion of Li atoms in the cathode and
their accumulation in the anode follow a linear increase of the polarizability in the solvent, until
reaching a saturation point after which the charging of the battery stops (i.e., the energy
provided by the external source decays to very low levels). The nanobattery model containing
the most common materials of a commercial lithium-ion battery is very useful to determine
atomistic information that is difficult or too expensive to obtain experimentally; available data
shows consistency with our results.

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2.2 LITERATURE SURVEY-2

CHARACTERIZATION OF LITHIUM NANOBATTERIES AND LITHIUM

BATTERY NANOELECTRODE ARRAYS THAT BENEFIT FROM
NANOSTRUCTURE AND MOLECULAR SELF-ASSEMBLY

Fride Vullum, Dale Teeters, Anton Nytén, Josh Thomas Solid State Ionics 177 (26-32), 2833-
2838, 2006

Arrays of functioning nanobatteries were constructed by using nanoporous aluminum oxide

membranes and sol–gel technology. These battery arrays had performance benefits derived
from the nanoscale assembly and nanoscale structure of the various components. V2O5
ambigel used to make the nanobatteries was characterized by X-ray diffraction and found to be
slightly crystalline in the bulk state, but it was completely amorphous when confined in the
pores of aluminum oxide filter membranes. The gel confined in the pores served as cathodes
for individual nanobatteries. PEO wax electrolyte was also confined in the pores and then
coupled with a lithium metal anode. An a.c. impedance analysis indicated that there was little
or no unstable passivation of the lithium anode in contact with the PEO wax electrolyte. This
was attributed to a self-assembly process of a hydrocarbon layer at the surface of the wax
preventing unwanted chemical reactions of the lithium with the electrolyte. Individual
nanobatteries in the arrays were then characterized by charge/discharge tests using the
cantilever tip of an atomic force microscope to make electrical contact with the 200 nm
cathodes of the nanobatteries. Average volumetric capacities of these cells were found to be in
the range of 23–30 μA h/cm2 μm, which is higher than similar systems found in the literature
and can be attributed to the nanostructure of these systems.

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2.3 LITERATURE SURVEY-3

NANOBATTWERIES IN REDOX BASED RESISTIVE SWITCHES REQUIRE

EXTENSION OF MEMRISTOR THEORY

Ilia Valov, Eike Linn, Stefan Tappertzhofen, Sebastian Schmelzer, Jan van den Hurk, Florian
Lentz, Rainer Waser Nature communications 4 (1), 1-9, 2013

Redox-based nanoionic resistive memory cells are one of the most promising emerging
nanodevices for future information technology with applications for memory, logic and
neuromorphic computing. Recently, the serendipitous discovery of the link between redox-
based nanoionic-resistive memory cells and memristors and memristive devices has further
intensified the research in this field. Here we show on both a theoretical and an experimental
level that nanoionic-type memristive elements are inherently controlled by non-equilibrium
states resulting in a nanobattery. As a result, the memristor theory must be extended to fit the
observed non-zero-crossing I–V characteristics. The initial electromotive force of the
nanobattery depends on the chemistry and the transport properties of the materials system but
can also be introduced during redox-based nanoionic-resistive memory cell operations.

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 CHAPTER -3

HISTORY OF NANO BATTERIES

Batteries provided the primary source of electricity before the development of electric
generators and electrical grids around the end of the 19th century. Successive improvements in
battery technology facilitated major electrical advances, from early scientific studies to the rise
of telegraphs and telephones, eventually leading to portable computers, mobile phones, electric
cars, and many other electrical devices. classification for batteries is by their life cycle.
"Primary" batteries can produce current as soon as assembled, but once the active elements are
consumed, they cannot be electrically recharged. The development of the lead-acid battery and
subsequent "secondary" or "chargeable" types allowed energy to be restored to the cell,
extending the life of permanently assembled cells. Very large stationary batteries find some
applications in grid energy storage, helping to stabilize electric power distribution networks. A
battery's ability to store charge is dependent on its energy density and power density. It is
important that charge can remain stored and that a maximum amount of charge can be stored
within a battery. Cycling and volume expansion are also important considerations as well. The
nano batteries may be of a nano or may use the nanotechnology in a normal scale battery.
Nanoscale batteries can also be combined together to operate as a macro battery like in the
nanopore battery.

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 CHAPTER-4

NANOBATTERIES

The nano batteries may be of a nano or may use the nanotechnology in a normal scale battery.
Nanoscale batteries can also be combined together to operate as a macro battery like in the
nanopore battery. Nanobatteries are fabricated batteries employing technology at the
nanoscale, particles that measure less than 100 nanometers or 10−7 meters. These batteries may
be nano in size or may use nanotechnology in a macro scale battery. The self-charging process
will provide a charge for the full lifetime of any device or machine, with up to 28,000 years of
battery life. Nanoparticles can decrease the amount of strain placed on a material when the
battery undergoes cycling, as the volume expansion associated with nanoparticles is less than
the volume expansion associated with microparticles. The little volume expansion associated
with nanoparticles also improves the reversibility capability of the battery: the ability of the
battery to undergo many cycles without losing charge. Batteries are devices that store electrical
energy by converting it to chemical energy, to be released slowly at a later time. In rechargeable
batteries, this chemical process is reversible, allowing the battery to be reused many times.
Nanobatteries are generally described by three sections:

1)anode

2)cathode

3)electrolyte

In lithium ion batteries the anode is almost always graphite, so most research is being done on
the cathode and electrolyte materials. By reducing the size of the materials used in a
nanobattery, higher conductivity can be reached, leading to an increase in power, in both charge
and discharge

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 CHAPTER-5

WORKING OF NANO BATTERIES

5.1 NANO BATTERIES

The battery can convert chemical energy to electrical energy and generally it is composed
of three general parts : an Anode which is a positive electrode, a Cathode which is a negative
electrode and an Electrolyte material The anode and cathode have two diverse chemical
potentials that depend on the reactions that occur at either ends. The electrolyte material can
either be solid or liquid, which translates to a dry cell or a wet cell respectively. The border
between the electrodes and electrolyte is called the SEI (solid-electrolyte interphase). The
applied voltage across the electrodes leads to the conversion of the stored chemical energy in
the battery to be converted to electrical energy.

Fig 5.1 Nanobatteries

A basic schematic of how an ion battery works. The blue arrows indicate discharging. If both
arrows reversed direction, the battery would be charging and this battery would then be
considered a secondary (rechargeable) battery.

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5.2 NANO-STRUCTURED BATTERY
Lead-acid battery technology , conventional Li-ion technology etc. are failed to meet the
requirements like extended life, safety, remote UPS(uninterruptable power supply)
applications. And these technologies can’t tolerate the abusive conditions like short circuit ,
over recharge , exposure to extremely high or low temperature , over discharge.
ALTAIRNANO company developed battery using nanotechnology which eliminates some
drawbacks of conventional batteries. ALTAIRNANO’s Li-ion technology is different then
commonly used Li-ion technology. They replaced the graphite material which is used in
conventional batteries with nano-structured lithium titanate.

Fig 5.2 Nano-structured battery

Nanostructured materials possess improved electronic, thermal, and mechanical properties.

These properties are enabled by virtue of these materials' nanosized dimensions, which
significantly increase the electrochemical performances of Li-ion batteries and of behind
systems. The current fundamental development and understanding of nanostructured materials
demonstrate broad and excellent applications in Li-ion batteries.

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 CHAPTER-6

COMPONENTS OF BATTERIES

COMPONENTS NANO-LITHIUM TRADITIONAL

TITANATE BATTERY GRAPHITE BATTERY

Electrode collector(cathode side) Aluminium Copper

Anode LiMO LiMO

Cathode nLTO Graphite

SEI Not required Li+(OH-)

Electrode collector(anode side) Aluminium Aluminium

(SOLID ELECTROLYTE INTERFACE )

CHEMICAL REACTION IN NANO LITHIUM TITANATE BATTERY :

Li4Ti5O12 + 3Li+ + 3e- → Li7Ti5O12

(NANO LITHIUM TITANATE)

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 CHAPTER-7

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

7.1:Advantages
• Nano batteries has many advantages which include the increase of the power available
from the battery and the decrease of the time required to fully recharge the battery.
• These benefits can be achieved by coating the surface of the electrode using
nanoparticles, thus effectively increasing the surface area of the electrode by allowing
higher flow of current between the electrode and the electrolyte of the battery.
• Currently, in the available battery technologies, the electrodes and electrolyte material
interact, leading to a low level discharge. This leads to a decrease in the shelf life of the
batteryNormal lithium-ion battery technology utilizes active materials, like cobalt-
oxide or manganese oxide, which has particles that range in the size of 5 and 20
micrometers (size nearly larger100 times than nanoscale).

7.2 Disadvantages
• The low density of nanoparticles can cause a higher inter particle resistance, which can
decrease the electrical conductivity of the material.
• So in spite of the benefits and performance improvement of nano batteries, the
manufacturing associated costs is a huge factor that prevents further scaling of the
technology.
• Non stability of materials inside the battery due to increase in surface area.
• Higher interparticle resistance due to low density of nano particles which decreases
electrical conductivity and manufacturing of nanobattery is a complex process.

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 CHAPTER-8

FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

New battery technology breakthrough is happening rapidly. Advanced new batteries are
currently being developed, with some already on the market. The latest generation of grid scale
storage batteries have a higher capacity, a higher efficiency, and are longer-lasting . Today, the
near future for batteries is not that they last longer, but that they can be charged much faster.
The goal is to get hours of use from just a few minutes of charging. Fortunately, scientists are
hard at work improving battery technology, looking to increase capacity, speed up charging,
enhance endurance, boost safety, and yes, upgrade the performance in very cold temperatures.
Batteries are becoming a crucial component of the sustainable transportation of the future
because of advancements in battery technology. Furthermore, the power stored in these mobile
batteries can be utilised to both power your home and provide grid stabilisation. Annual lithium
demand is projected to reach roughly 1.5 million metric tons of lithium carbonate equivalent
by 2025 and over 3 million tons by 2030. This 2025 forecast calls for triple the demand seen
in 2021. EVs could account for about 84% of total lithium demand in 2030, up from about 55%
in 2021. With continued investment in education, innovation, access, safety, regulatory
stability, design, and more, the battery recycling industry is well on its way to meet the
recycling needs of the future

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 CHAPTER-9

CONCLUSION

In this report , Battery for future plays a key role in the future generations as it is enhanced
from the nano technology which was in vast use in the forthcoming days.Time plays a
prominent role in this busy world ,nano technology and its developments helps to perform
many other tasks a within a short period and obtain fruitful yield technologies from this. Many
of us would like to believe that, by 2040, the world will be far along the path toward a green
industrial future with renewable fuels providing the bulk of our energy supplies. The demand
of energy is growing with increase in population. To fulfil these requirements nanotechnology
is the most preferable technology because of it is green technology.

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 REFERENCES

• [1] Valov I, Linn E, Tappertzhofen S, Schmelzer S, van den Hurk J,

Lentz F, Waser R. Nanobatteries in redox-based resistive switches require
extension of memristor theory. Nature communications. 2013 Apr
23;4(1):1-9.
• [2] Ponce V, Galvez-Aranda DE, Seminario JM. Analysis of a Li-ion
nanobattery with graphite anode using molecular dynamics simulations.
The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 2017 Jun 15;121(23):12959-71.
• [3] Vullum F, Teeters D, Nytén A, Thomas J. Characterization of lithium
nanobatteries and lithium battery nanoelectrode arrays that benefit from
nanostructure and molecular self-assembly. Solid State Ionics. 2006 Oct
31;177(26-32):2833-8.
• [4] Majdi HS, Latipov ZA, Borisov V, Yuryevna NO, Kadhim MM,
Suksatan W, Khlewee IH, Kianfar E. Nano and battery anode: a review.
Nanoscale Research Letters. 2021 Dec;16(1):1-26.
• [5] Bresser D, Paillard E, Copley M, Bishop P, Winter M, Passerini S.
The importance of “going nano” for high power battery materials. Journal
of Power Sources. 2012 Dec 1;219:217-22.
• [6] Abu-Lebdeh Y, Davidson I, editors. Nanotechnology for lithium-ion
batteries. Springer Science & Business Media; 2012 Oct 17.

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