TRAFFIC SAFETY AND

ENVIRONMENT
UNIT IV TRAFFIC SAFETY AND
ENVIRONMENT
• Road accidents – Causes, effect, prevention,
and cost – street lighting – Traffic and
environment hazards – Air and Noise Pollution,
causes, health effects and abatement
measures.

2
 Introduction
• Road crashes – 10th cause for deaths all over the world.
• India ranks first in the number of road accident deaths across the
surveyed 199 countries.
• 11% of total deaths in India because of crashes all over the
world.
• In 2019, 1,51,113 fatalities and 4,51,361 injuries were reported.
• Reduction in total no of crashes by 3.86% and 0.2% of fatal
crashes in 2019 from 2018.
• Tamilnadu recorded highest number of accidents across various
states in India.

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 Road Crashes Statistics in India
Total no of Total no of Total no of
% %
crashes fatalities % change injured
change change
(in numbers) (in numbers) (in numbers)
2015 5,01,423 1,46,133 5,00,279
2016 4,80,652 -4.14 1,50,785 3.18 4,94,624 -1.13
2017 4,64,910 -3.28 1,47,913 -1.9 4,70,975 -4.78
2018 4,67,044 0.46 1,51,417 2.37 4,69,418 -0.33
2019 4,49,002 -3.86 1,51,113 -0.2 4,51,361 -3.85

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 Causes of Crashes

• Human
• Road environment
• Vehicular condition

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 Human Factors
FATALITIES BY TRAFFIC VIOLATION

– Traffic rule violation Overspeeding

19%
• Over-speeding Driving wrong
1% side
• Driving on wrong side 4% Mobile
3% phones
• Use of mobile phones 6% Drunken
67% driving
• Drunken driving Jumping
redlight
• Jumping redlight Others

• Others
– Driving without valid driving license
– Non use of safety devices
Source : Road Accidents in India – 2019 , MoRTH
6 6
 Roadway Features on Accidents
Roadway No of % Persons Persons
Feature accidents share killed % share injured % share
Straight road 2,93,992 65.5 96,624 63.9 2,98,321 66.1
Curved Road 60,888 13.6 20,141 13.3 63,954 14.2
Steep grade 5,631 1.3 2,160 1.4 5,340 1.2
Bridge 14,667 3.3 5,553 3.7 14,818 3.3
Culvert 9,376 2.1 3,641 2.4 8,682 1.9

Intersection No of % Persons Persons

type accidents share killed % share injured % share
T 43,864 10 13,219 9 41,587 9
Y 21,046 5 6,725 5 19,384 4
4 - Arm 23,490 5 6,769 5 20,631 5
Staggered 22,098 5 8,018 5 20,792 5
Round about 15,000 3 4,997 3 14,191 3

Source : Road Accidents in India – 2019 , MoRTH

01-03-2022 7
 Vehicular Factors

 Over aged vehicle

 Over loading

Source : Accident Deaths and Suicides in India, 2019, NCRB

8
 Vehicle Total All India All India
Total
State Population population (in accident percentage percentage
Fatalities
000's) in 2019 share share

23845
Tamilnadu 72147030 57,228 12.75 10,525 6.97
(31.3.17)
Madhya 10900
72626809 50669 11.29 11,249 7.44
pradesh (31.3.15)
15445
Uttar Pradesh 199812341 42572 9.48 22,655 14.99
(31.3.12)
9600
Kerala 33406061 41111 9.16 4,440 2.94
(31.3.15)
17872
Karnataka 61095297 40658 9.06 10,958 7.25
(31.3.17)

Source : Road Accidents in India – 2019 , MoRTH

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 NO OF CRASHES

0
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000

10000
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997

Source : SCRB Chennai

1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004

Total crashes
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009

Fatalities
2010
2011
2012
Crash Trend in Tamilnadu

2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
10
 Crash Trend per 100 vehicles in TN

0.6
0.56

0.5 0.514
0.492
0.44
No of crashes per 100 vehicles

0.4 0.41
0.36
0.34
0.32 0.31
0.3
0.26

0.2

0.1 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.1 0.09 0.08 0.08

0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06
0.02
0
2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018(UPTO
APRIL)
Year

Accident per 100 vehicles Fatality per 100 vehicles

Source : SCRB Chennai

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 Million Plus City – Accident statistics
Total Accidents
City In numbers Ranking
2018 2019 change in 19 %change in 19 2018 2019
Chennai 7580 6871 -709 -9.4 1 1
Delhi 6515 5610 -905 -13.891 2 2
Bengaluru 4611 4684 73 1.583171 3 3
Jaipur 2781 4271 1490 53.57785 9 4
Jabalpur 3419 3397 -22 -0.64346 6 5
8000
Mumbai- 2872 (2019)
7000 Kolkata – 2500 (2019)
• Chennai ranks 3rd in 6000
No of crashes

accident related deaths 5000

with a decrease of 0.6% 4000

3000

2000

1000

Source : Road Accidents in 0

India – 2019 , MoRTH Chennai Delhi Bengaluru Jaipur Jabalpur

01-03-202 12
 Persons Killed
Road User Persons Killed Persons Killed
Category 2018 2019
Pedestrian 15.0 17.1
Bicycles 2.4 2.8
Two-wheelers 36.5 37.1
Cars 16.6 15.8
Trucks 10.0 9.0
Buses 5.4 4.3

Source : Road Accidents in India – 2019 , MoRTH

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ACCIDENT DATA COLLECTION

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Purpose of Accident Data Collection
• Identification of location of points at which unusually high number of
accident occur.

• Detailed functional evaluation of critical accident location to identify

the causes of accidents.

• Development of procedure that allows identification of hazards

before large number of accidents occurs.

• Development of different statistical measures of various accident

related factors to give insight into general trends, common casual
factors, driver profiles, etc.

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Accident Data Collection

• Accident data collection is the first step in the accident study.

• The data collection of the accidents is primarily done by the

police. Motorist accident reports are secondary data which are
filed by motorists themselves. The data to be collected should
comprise all of these parameters:

• General - Date, time, person involved in accident, classification

of accident like fatal, serious, minor

• Location - Description and detail of location of accident

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• Details of vehicle involved - Registration number, description of
vehicle, loading detail, vehicular defects

• Nature of accident - Details of collision, damages, injury and

casualty

• Road and traffic condition - Details of road geometry, surface

characteristics, type of traffic, traffic density etc..

• Primary causes of accident - Details of various possible cases

(already mentioned) which are the main causes of accident.

• Accident cost - Financial losses incurred due to property

damage, personal injury and casualty
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RADMS

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Road Accident Data Management System

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 3
iRAD Deployment
electronic Detailed Accident Record (eDAR)
➢ Data Compliance
State ➢ Intervention Plan
➢ Implementation
Stakeholder ➢ Assess Impact

➢ National Coord
➢ NHAI Imp
➢ Blackspot
➢ Info Repository

➢ Adv Intervention ➢ Software Maint

➢ Capability Imp ➢ Helpdesk
➢ RSAudit ➢ Data Cleaning
➢ DataAnalytics ➢ Continuous Imp

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•

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•

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•

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Stick analysis

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•

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26
Accident data analysis
• The purpose is to find the possible causes of accident
related to driver, vehicle, and roadway.
• Accident analyses are made to develop information such
as:
• Driver and Pedestrian - Accident occurrence by age
groups and relationships of accidents to physical capacities
and to psychological test results.
• Vehicle - Accident occurrence related to characteristic of
vehicle, severity, location and extent of damage related to
vehicles.
• Roadway conditions - Relationships of accident occurrence
and severity to characteristics of the roadway and roadway
condition and relative values of changes related to
roadways.
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Probability of Accident Occurrence

• It is important to compute accident rate which reflect

accident involvement by type of highway.

• These rates provide a means of comparing the relative

safety of different highway and street system and traffic
controls. Another is accident involvement by the type of
drivers and vehicles associated with accidents.

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Accident Rate per Kilometer
• On this basis the total accident hazard is expressed as the
number of accidents of all types per km of each highway
and street classification.

• where,

• R = total accident rate per km for one year,

• A = total number of accident occurring in one year

• L = length of control section in kms

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Accident involvement Rate :
• It is expressed as numbers of drivers of vehicles with certain
characteristics who were involved in accidents per 100 million vehicle-
kms of travel.

• where,

• R = accident involvement per 100 million vehicle-kms of travel,

• N = total number of drivers of vehicles involved in accidents during the

period of investigation and

• V = vehicle-kms of travel on road section during the period of

investigation

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Death rate based on population
• The traffic hazard to life in a community is expressed as
the number of traffic fatalities per 100,000 populations. This
rate reflects the accident exposure for entire area.

• where,

• R = death rate per 100,000 population,

• B = total number of traffic death in one year

• P = population of area

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Death rate based on registration :
• The traffic hazard to life in a community can also be expressed as
the number of traffic fatalities per 10,000 vehicles registered. This
rate reflects the accident exposure for entire area and is similar to
death rate based on population.

• where,

• R = death rate per 10,000 vehicles registered,

• B = total number of traffic death in one year and

• M = number of motor vehicles registered in the area

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Accident Rate based on vehicle-kms of travel :
• The accident hazard is expressed as the number of accidents per 100
million vehicle km of travel. The true exposure to accident is nearly
approximated by the miles of travel of the motor vehicle than the
population or registration.

• where, R = accident rate per 100 million vehicle kms of travel,

• C = number of total accidents in one year

• V = vehicle kms of travel in one year

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Steps to be taken for Preventing Road
Accidents
• Most important method to bring down accidents is strict
enforcement of speed limits. 90 % of accidents can be avoided
by strict enforcement of speed limits.
• Heavy Penalty should be imposed on ALL those who cross
speed limits. If this is strictly implemented, nobody will dare to
go at high speed.
• Two wheeler manufacturers should be asked to design two
wheelers with a designed maximum possible speed of (say)
50/60 kmph. This limit may be decided based on the conditions
of each country.

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• New gadgets are to be developed for collision prevention and
should be fitted on all vehicle. Research organizations should be
asked to develop such gadgets on a war footing. For example,
gadgets can be developed to automatically slow down the vehicle, if
safe distance commensurate with the speed of the vehicle in front is
not maintained. Gadgets can be developed for warning the driver, if
the driver sleeps.
• Driving tests for issue of Driving license is to be made.
• Lower age limit for two wheeler and Heavy Vehicle license should
be raised to 21.
• Helmet should be made compulsory by law in all countries, OR
impose a lower speed limit for those who do not use helmet. Issue
of Helmet should be made mandatory with the sale of each two
wheeler.
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• Advertisement boards and other items that may obstruct visibility
at junctions, curvatures and other parts of the roads should be
removed immediately.
• Newspaper, Television and other media should be effectively used
for Public Safety Awareness.
• Major accidents and accident prone areas should be analysed
scientifically.
• Speed should be restricted at accident prone areas.
• License of those who make serious accidents should be cancelled
immediately.
• License of drunkard drivers and riders should be cancelled
immediately.
• Zebra crossings should be provided for pedestrians for safe road
crossings at appropriate places.
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37
Introduction
• The purpose of lighting on roadways is to provide a
comfortable level of visibility to enable motorists and
pedestrians to see objects on the roadway quickly, along
with the geometric alignment details , including obstructions

• The design of roadway lighting is a primary responsibility of

the Department/Municipality of a region, the safety of the
Public is directly impacted by any wrong design decision

• The Ultimate purpose of design of roadway lighting includes

its maintenance system should be safe and cost effective

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FACTORS AFFECTING NIGHT – TIME VISIBILITY

• Flux Intensity and distribution of Luminaire/Lamp

• Sides of Objects

• Brightness of Object

• Brightness/Glare of the background

• Roadway surface characteristics that influence the reflection of

light

• Lighting Pollution

• Surface Wetness, Rainfall and Fog

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 OBJECTIVES OF ROADWAY
LIGHTING
 Promotion of Safety , Efficiency, and comfortable visibility at night
to drivers and Pedestrians
 Improvement of Visibility of Traffic Safety aids at night so that the
driver can read the information placed outside the headlight
beams
 Provision of Illumination in Underpasses, Subways and Tunnels
 Deterring crime at night by providing good visibility for Pedestrian
and other road users
 Enhancement of Commercial activities at night by providing good
visibility and lighting on the roadside
 Developing tourism in a locality by highlighting the historic areas
or landmarks at night 40
 Specific Functions

Personal Safety to Commercial Promotion for

Visibility while Driving
Pedestrians Business Activities

Broad Categories of Functions of Roadways Lighting (EEC,2013)

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LIGHTING REQUIREMENTS
 CONTINOUS LIGHTING : The lighting that runs continuously
along a roadway segment , between intersections or interchanges
,i.e the area covered by intersections or interchanges are not
considered under this category. Continuous lighting is generally
used in urban area, but it may not be compulsory in rural areas.

 FULL LIGHTING : The lighting that covers the entire travel portion
of a roadway continuously , including the straight and curved area
, intersections , ramps and interchange areas.

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LIGHTING REQUIREMENTS
• PARTIAL LIGHTING : The lighting that is provided only in selected
areas or points of interest on roadways. For Ex, On potential
pedestrian – vehicle conflict area, hazardous locations, approaches to
an intersections/interchange, tunnels, underpasses and any isolated
traffic conflict areas such as midblock crosswalks , exit areas, merge
areas and railway level crossings

• DELINEATION LIGHTING : Special Lighting that is provided on

intersection / interchange approaches or any hazardous locations to
delineate the key components of channelization , diversion points ,
merging points, warning

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WARRANTS FOR LIGHTING
Warrants indicate the condition or circumstances that should be satisfied
to justify the installation of lighting on roadways. Roadway/Street
Lighting is commonly adopted with the following condition of warrants:

• Lighting on expressways, NH, SH, other roads/streets, interchanges,

flyovers and Bridges should be considered where the night to day
ratio of accidents is greater than 0.5 and lighting system is cost
effective.

• Lighting is provided for locations where there is high potential for

accidents to occur due to complex geometric features including
inadequate stopping sight distance, channelized islands , speed
changes lanes, truck weighing stations , toll collection booths,
intersections with significant night – time pedestrian and commercial
activity or with residential development.
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WARRANTS FOR LIGHTING
• The Deceleration and adjacent lanes at interchanges must be
illuminated unless otherwise specified. The deceleration lighting
unit should be installed for the safe stopping sight distance from
physical gore area. Only two units shall be installed at the gore
area : one in the ramp area and the other along the main line.

• The acceleration lanes beginning at the entrance gore area need

not to be illuminated.

• Lighting is required in parking area and rest areas that have

pedestrian activity.

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46
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTIONOF
APPROPRIATE LIGHTING SYSTEM
o Highway Class/Street Type
o Roadway Width
o Sidewalk Width
o Typical height of building
o Desired level of Illumination
o Mounting Height
o Type of Light Source
o Luminaire Type
o Pedestrian Movement
o Pedestrian – vehicle conflict Area
o Location: Intersection / Curve Characteristics
o Number , Placement and types of trees

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Control of Traffic Noise

• Changes in design of vehicles

• Changes in tyre/road surfaces

• Elimination of noisier vehicles

• Modification in Traffic operations

• Designing streets, buildings and areas for producing less noise

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Measures for Controlling Air pollution

o Improve Vehicle design

o Patronage of public transport system.

o Staggering work hours

o Road pricing

o Parking Restriction

o Constructing bypass and ring roads

o Signal coordination

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