CHM1 11 - 12 Q2 1301 FD

Unit 13: Wave-Particle Duality of Light and Matter

Lesson 13.1
Dual Nature of Light

Contents
Introduction 1
Learning Objectives 2
Warm Up 2
Learn about It! 4

Classical Physics to Quantum Theory 4
Nature of Waves 6
Electromagnetic Radiation 7
Limitations of Classical Physics 12
Planck’s Quantum Theory 13
The Photoelectric Effect 18
Key Points 24
Key Formulas 25
Check Your Understanding 26
Challenge Yourself 28
Bibliography 29
Key to Try It! 30

Lesson 13.1
Dual Nature of Light

Introduction
Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength that can be detected by the
human eye. It covers a wide array of uses, making it essential in our daily lives. For
example, the presence of light causes our eyes to see objects. It is also a vital component of
the photosynthesis of plants. For years, different forms of light were used to further
understand the nature of matter. It took years before scientists finally defined the nature
of light. This lesson aims to cover the significant ideas that led to the dual nature of light.

13.1. Dual Nature of Light 1


Learning Objectives DepEd Competency

In this lesson, you should be able to do the This lesson serves as a prerequisite for
the following DepEd competency:
following:

● Differentiate the frequency and Describe the quantum mechanical
amplitude in a wave. model of the atom
● Understand the relationship of the (STEM_GC11ES-IIa-b-52).
wavelength, the speed of light, and

the frequency.
● Describe the electromagnetic
spectrum, Planck’s quantum theory,
and the photoelectric effect.
● Solve problems involving Planck’s
quantum theory and the photoelectric
effect.

Warm Up
Anatomy of a Wave 30 minutes

A vibrating disturbance causes a wave. If a moving wave has an oscillation that is
perpendicular to the direction of the wave, it is a transverse wave. On the other hand, if the
moving wave has an oscillation that is parallel to the direction of the wave, it is a
longitudinal wave. Many factors affect the amplitude, frequency, and wavelength of a wave.
In this activity, we will try the different factors that affect it.

Materials
● 2-meter rope or string
● 12-inch stick
● ring keychain
● two sheets of graphing paper
● three pencils or pens with different colors



Procedure
1. First, attach one end of the two-meter rope to the 12-inch stick. Try to disturb the
string in pulse. Observe and record the movement of the wave produced.
2. Attach the other end of the rope in the ring keychain and insert the stick at the
center of the ring keychain. Try to disturb the string in pulse. Observe and record the
movement of the wave produced.
3. With a loose end, try to disturb the rope in pulse. Observe and record the movement
of the wave produced.
4. Graph the three scenarios in the same graphing paper and label each line graph as
fixed, loose, and no end.
5. Repeat procedures 1 to 4, but this time, with a continuous oscillating disturbance.

Observation Table
Table 13.1.1. Description of the wave produced from the different scenarios
Scenarios Pulse Disturbance Oscillating Disturbance
Fixed End
Loose End
No End

Guide Questions
1. What is the difference in the wave produced on a pulse disturbance if the end of the
rope is (a) fixed, (b) loose, and (c) no end?
2. What is the difference in the wave produced on an oscillating disturbance if the end
of the rope is (a) fixed, (b) loose, and (c) no end?



3. Does the kind of disturbance on the rope affect the appearance of the wave
produced?

Learn about It!

Classical Physics to Quantum Theory
Many were fascinated with the behavior and nature of light. Some say it is a stream of
particles, while others say it is a wave. The concept of light started from 5th B.C. to 3rd B.C.
Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) was the first scientist that described light as a particle through
his prism experiment. He explained that light consists of colored particles.

In Newton's experiment, he took a glass prism and placed it in the sunbeam. The result was
a spectacular multicolored band of light just like a rainbow. The multicolored band of light is
called a color spectrum.

Newton thought that all the colors he saw were also the sunlight. He thought he should be
able to combine the colors of the spectrum and make the light white again. He tested it by
placing another prism upside-down in front of the first prism, as shown in Fig. 13.1.1. He
was right, the band of colors combined again into white sunlight.

Fig. 13.1.1. Representation of Newton’s prism experiment

On the other hand, Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695) describes light as a wave. He postulated
that the more light was "bent" or refracted by a substance, the slower it would move while
traversing across that substance. The scientist who believed him concluded that if light were
composed of a stream of particles, then the opposite effect would occur because light


entering a denser medium would be attracted by molecules in the medium and experience
an increase, rather than a decrease, in speed.

Although the perfect solution to this argument would be to measure the speed of light in
different substances, air, and glass, for example, the devices of the period were not up to
the task. The light appeared to move at the same speed regardless of the material through
which it passed. He uses this theory of light as a wave to explain the light reflection and
refraction phenomenon.

Even though Huygens thought light as a wave, the idea of Newton still prevails as he
explained that there were other explanations for color, and for the interference and
diffraction effects that were observable at the time. The wave character of light was only
accepted when an English physicist and physician Thomas Young (1773–1829) did his
double-slit experiment in 1801. In his experiment, pure-wavelength light was sent through a
pair of vertical slits. It was diffracted into a pattern on the screen of numerous vertical lines
that spread out horizontally as shown in Fig. 13.1.2.

Fig. 13.1.2. Young’s double slit experiment


In 1900, the new era of physics started with the discovery of a young German physicist
named Max Planck. He analyzed the data on the radiation emitted by solids at various
temperatures. He discovered that atoms and molecules emit energy only in specific discrete
quantities, called quanta. Physicists always assumed that energy is continuous, which meant
that any amount of energy could be released in a radiation process; that is why Planck’s
quantum theory turned physics upside down.

What is the nature of light? Is it a wave or a particle?

Nature of Waves
Understanding quantum theory requires knowledge of the nature of waves. A wave can be
defined as a vibrating disturbance by which energy is transmitted. The speed of a wave
relies on the type of wave and the nature of the medium through which the wave is
traveling—for example, air, water, or a vacuum.

The distance between identical points on successive waves is called the wavelength or λ
(lambda). The frequency or 𝜈 (nu) of the wave is the number of waves that pass through a
particular point in one second. On the other hand, the amplitude is the vertical distance
from the midline of a wave to the peak or trough. Fig. 13.1.3. illustrates the difference
between wavelength and amplitude. It also shows two waves that have the same amplitude
but different wavelengths and frequencies.

The speed (u) is an essential property of a wave traveling through space. It is given by the
product of its wavelength and its frequency, as shown in Equation 13.1.1.

Equation 13.1.1

Wavelength is expressed in units of meters, centimeters, or nanometers, and frequency is
measured in hertz (Hz), where 1 Hz = 1 cycle. Thus, the product of these terms results in
dimensions of distance/time, which is speed.



Fig. 13.1.3. The wavelength and amplitude of a wave

Electromagnetic Radiation
There are different kinds of waves, such as water waves, sound waves, and light waves.
James Clerk Maxwell theorizes that visible light consists of electromagnetic waves.
According to his theory, an electromagnetic wave both have an electric field and a magnetic
field component. Both have the same wavelength and frequency, and thus, the same speed.
However, they travel in mutually perpendicular planes, as shown in Fig. 13.1.4.

Fig. 13.1.4. The electric field and magnetic field components of an electromagnetic wave



Maxwell’s theory gives a mathematical description of the general behavior of light. His
model accurately describes how energy in the form of radiation propagates through space
both as a vibrating electric and magnetic fields. Electromagnetic radiation is defined as
the emission and transmission of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves.

Electromagnetic waves travel 3.00 ✕ 108 meters per second or 186,000 miles per second in a
vacuum. This speed differs from one medium to another, but not enough to distort the
value significantly. The symbol c is used or the speed of electromagnetic waves or the
speed of light.

Fig. 13.1.5. shows different types of electromagnetic radiation, which differ from one
another in wavelength and frequency. Radio waves have the longest wavelengths, while
gamma rays have the shortest. It also shows that the longer the wavelength, the shorter the
frequency, and vice versa.

Fig. 13.1.5. The regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.


Let's Practice!
Example 1
Calculate the speed of an unknown light with a frequency of 4.63 ✕ 1013 /s and a
wavelength of 456 nm.

Solution
Step 1: Identify what is being asked.
You are asked to get the speed of an unknown light.

Step 2: Identify what is given.
The frequency and wavelength of the unknown light is 4.63 ✕ 1013 /s, and 456
nm, respectively.

Step 3: Write the equation for the speed of the unknown light.

Step 4: Substitute the given values.

Step 5: Solve for the speed of the unknown light.
2.11 ✕ 107 m/s

Therefore, the speed of an unknown light is 2.11 ✕ 107 m/s.

1 Try It!
Calculate the speed of an unknown light with a frequency of 7.89 ✕ 1012 /s and a
wavelength of 576 nm.


Example 2
What is the frequency of a radiation of a green light from a traffic signal if its wavelength is
centered at 522 nm?

Solution
You are asked to get the frequency of radiation of green light.

The wavelength of the light is at 522 nm.

Step 3: Write the equation for the frequency of the green light.

Consider that u is equivalent to c, which is the speed of light.


Step 5: Solve for the frequency of the green light.
5.75 ✕ 1014 /s

Therefore, the frequency of the light with a wavelength of 522 nm is 5.75 ✕ 1014 /s.



2 Try It!
What is the frequency of a radiation of a green light from a traffic signal if its
wavelength is centered at 509 nm?

Example 3
What is the wavelength (in meters) of an electromagnetic wave whose frequency is 3.643 ✕
107 /s?

Solution
You are asked to get the wavelength of an electromagnetic wave.

The frequency is 3.643 ✕ 107 /s.

Step 3: Write the equation for the wavelength.

Consider that u is equivalent to c, which is the speed of light.




Step 5: Solve for the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave.
8.2350 m

Therefore, the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave with a frequency of 3.643 ✕ 107 /s
is 8.2350 meters.

3 Try It!
What is the wavelength (in nanometers) of an electromagnetic wave whose
frequency is 6.73 ✕ 108 /s?

Limitations of Classical Physics
According to classical physics, light is an electromagnetic wave that is produced when an
electric charge vibrates. A hot object has electrons that vibrate in a random direction that
can produce light. The hotter the object, the more vibrations, and more light is emitted.
Thus, it will glow brighter. However, when a metal is heated, it appears dull red first. Then,
as its temperature increases further, it turns yellow, white, and ultimately blue-white. The
light emitted from the object did not follow a continuous increase in the brightest. Instead, it
follows a particular color in the electromagnetic spectrum. Furthermore, according to
classical physics, there is no limit to the energy of the light produced by the electrons
vibrating at high frequencies. However, it does not appear experimentally.

Lastly, classical physicists expected that when using very dim light, it would take some time
for enough light energy to build up to eject an electron from a metallic surface. This
statement is in relation to using the idea that light is a wave with the energy distributed
evenly throughout the wave. However, experiments show that if the light of a specific
frequency can remove electrons from metal, it makes no difference how dim the light is;
there is never a time delay. These limitations of classical physics led to the start of a new era
of ideas.


Planck’s Quantum Theory
When solids are heated, they release electromagnetic radiation with a wide range of
wavelengths—for example, the red glow of the metal coil of the electric heater and the
white glow from the tungsten light bulb. Some objects absorb all radiation that is incident
on it; they are called a blackbody. The Sun and other stars, lightbulb filaments, and the
element in a toaster are some examples.

Blackbody objects are perfect absorbers and emitters of radiation, in the sense that heating
the black body to a particular temperature causes the black body to emit radiation with a
spectrum that is characteristic of that temperature. The radiation produced by this object is
called the blackbody radiation. Examples of the spectra emitted by objects at particular
temperatures are shown in Fig. 13.1.6.

Fig. 13.1.6. The spectra of electromagnetic radiation emitted by hot objects



When a blackbody is heated, it is expected that the amount of radiation emitted in a given
frequency range should be proportional to the number of modes in that range, as stated in
Rayleigh-Jeans Law. However, the predicted continual increase in radiated energy with
frequency did not happen. Rayleigh-Jeans Law accurately predicts experimental results at
radiative frequencies below 105 GHz but begins to diverge with empirical observations as
these frequencies reach the ultraviolet region, as shown in Fig. 13.1.6. This observation is
also called the ultraviolet catastrophe.

Did You Know?

Rayleigh-Jeans Law is a classical law approximately describing the
intensity of radiation emitted by a blackbody. Lord Rayleigh and
James Jeans derived it by counting the number of standing wave
modes in an enclosure. The Rayleigh-Jeans law agrees with
experimental results at large wavelengths or low frequencies but
strongly disagrees at short wavelengths or high frequencies.

Observations taken in the late nineteenth century reveals that the amount of energy
emitted by an object at a specific temperature relies on its wavelength. Explanations from
wave theory and thermodynamic laws only partially explained this observation.

Max Planck solved the problem by assuming that atoms and molecules could emit or
absorb energy only on discrete quantities, which he termed as quantum (plural: quanta).
Quantum is the smallest quantity of energy energy that can be emitted or absorbed in the
form of electromagnetic radiation. His theory is summarized by Equation 13.1.2, where h
is called Planck’s constant, and 𝜈 (greek letter nu)is the frequency of radiation. The value of
Planck’s constant is 6.63 ✕ 10 -34 J · s.

Equation 13.1.2



Since , Equation 13.1.2 can also be expressed as Equation 13.1.3.

Equation 13.1.3

Quantum theory explains that the energy is always emitted in multiples of h𝜈. For example,
h𝜈, 2h𝜈, 3h𝜈, so on. It will never emit numbers like 1.37 h𝜈 or 3.78 h𝜈. Despite this, Planck still
can not explain why energies are quantized.

How will you arrange the blue, red, and yellow in
increasing energy?

Let's Practice!
Example 4
Calculate the energy of a photon in an infrared region with a wavelength of 3.75 ✕ 104 nm.
Express your answer in joules.

Solution
You are asked to get the energy of a photon in an infrared region.

The wavelength of the photon is 3.75 ✕ 104 nm.

Step 3: Write the equation for the energy of the photon.




Step 5: Solve for the energy of the photon.
5.30 ✕ 10-21 J

Therefore, the energy of the photon is 5.30 ✕ 10-21 J.

4 Try It!
Calculate the energy of a photon in the X-ray region with a wavelength of 3.75 ✕ 10-2
nm. Express your answer in joules.

Example 5
A photon has an energy of 5.87 ✕ 10-20 J. Calculate its wavelength in nanometers.

Solution
You are asked to get the wavelength of a photon.

The energy of the photon is 5.87 ✕ 10-20 J.

Step 3: Write the equation for the wavelength of the photon.




Step 5: Solve for the wavelength of the photon.
3.38 ✕ 103 nm.

Therefore, the wavelength of the photon is 3.38 ✕ 103 nm.

5 Try It!
A photon has an energy of 8.79 ✕ 10-20 J. Calculate its wavelength in nanometers.

Example 6
Calculate the wavelength in nanometers of radiation that has an energy content of 1.0 ✕
10-16 kJ? Which region of the electromagnetic spectrum is this radiation found?

Solution
You are asked to get the wavelength of the wave.

The energy is 1.0 ✕ 10-16 kJ.

Step 3: Write the equation for the wavelength.




Step 5: Solve for the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave.
2.0 ✕ 10 -3 nm

Therefore, the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave is 2.0 ✕ 10 -3 nm. Referring to
Fig. 13.1.3., it belongs to the gamma-ray region.

6 Try It!
Calculate the wavelength in nanometers of radiation that has an energy content of
1.89 ✕ 10-6 J? Which region of the electromagnetic spectrum is this radiation found?

The Photoelectric Effect
Five years after Planck’s theory, the German-American physicist, Albert Einstein, introduced
another theory that solves another mystery in physics. He introduced the photoelectric
effect. It is a phenomenon in which electrons are ejected from the surface of certain metals
exposed to the light of at least a particular minimum frequency called the threshold
frequency. Fig. 13.1.7 illustrates how the photoelectric effect works. When monochromatic
light with a high frequency strikes the metal plate, electrons are ejected from the plate and
travel to the positive electrode, creating a current.



Fig. 13.1.7. Demonstration of the photoelectric effect

The amount of electrons ejected is proportional to the intensity of the light, but not with the
energies of the ejected electrons. If the frequency is below the threshold, no electrons were
ejected regardless of the intensity of light.

Einstein could not explain the photoelectric effect using the wave theory of light; instead, he
assumed that the beam of light is a stream of particles. He later called these particles of
light as photons. Considering Planck's quantum theory of radiation, he deduced that each
photon contains energy E, given by equation Equation 13.1.2, where 𝜈 is the frequency of
light.

Electrons are held in metal by attractive forces. Removing electrons from the metal will
require light with a sufficiently high frequency and energy. Directing a beam of light to the
surface of the metal is like shooting a beam of photons to the metal atoms. When the
frequency of photons has a value such that h𝜈 is equal to the energy that binds the
electrons in the metal, the light will have sufficient energy to knock the electrons loose.



Once light with a higher frequency is used, it will not only knock the electron loose, but it will
also acquire some kinetic energy. This phenomenon can be summarized by Equation 13.1.4
shown below:

Equation 13.1.4

wherein KE is the kinetic energy of the ejected electron, and W is the work function, which is
a measure of how strongly the electrons are held in the metal. Work function can also be
defined as the minimum amount of energy needed to eject the electron. Rearranging
equation Equation 13.1.4. will lead to:

It shows that the greater the energy the photon has, the greater the kinetic energy of the
ejected electron. If two beams of light have the same frequency, but different intensities,
the more intense beam of light will remove more electrons from the metal. Therefore, the
higher the intensity of the light, the greater the number of electrons ejected. Also, the higher
the light frequency, the greater the kinetic energy of the emitted electrons.

Einstein's theory explains the photoelectric effect but is not consistent with the wave
behavior of light. It posed a dilemma for scientists that was only resolved when they accept
the idea that light possesses both particle-like and wave-like properties. This idea is later
called the “dual nature of light.”

Let's Practice!
Example 7
When light with a frequency of 2.11 ✕ 1015 /s is directed on the surface of the metal, the
kinetic energy of ejected electrons is 5.83 ✕ 10 -19 J. What is the work function of metal?



Solution
You are asked to get the work function of the metal.

The frequency is 2.11 ✕ 1015 /s, while the kinetic energy of the ejected electrons is
5.83 ✕ 10 -19 J.

Step 3: Write the equation for the work function.

Rearranging,


Step 5: Solve for the work function.
8.15 ✕ 10 -19 J

Therefore, the work function of the metal is 8.15 ✕ 10 -19 J.

7 Try It!
When light with a frequency of 3.41 ✕ 1015 /s is directed on the surface of the metal,
the kinetic energy of ejected electrons is 8.37 ✕ 10 -19 J. What is the work function of
metal?


Example 8
Magnesium metal has a work function of 5.86 ✕ 10-19 J. Calculate the kinetic energy of the
ejected electron if the light of frequency 2.00 ✕ 1015 /s is used for irradiating the metal.

Solution
You are asked to get the kinetic energy of the ejected electron.

The work function is 5.86 ✕ 10-19 J, while the frequency of the light is 2.00 ✕ 1015 /s.

Step 3: Write the equation for kinetic energy.

Rearranging;


Step 5: Solve for the kinetic energy.
7.39 ✕ 10-19 J

Therefore, the kinetic energy of the ejected electrons is 7.39 ✕ 10-19 J.

8 Try It!
A metal has a work function of 9.86 ✕ 10-19 J. Calculate the kinetic energy of the
ejected electron if the light of frequency 3.11 ✕ 1015 /s is used for irradiating the
metal.



Example 9
Magnesium metal has a work function of 5.86 ✕ 10-19 J. What will be the minimum
frequency of light required to release electrons from the metal?

Solution:
You are asked to get the minimum frequency of light required to release electrons
from the metal.

The work function of the metal is 5.86 ✕ 10-19 J.

Step 3: Write the equation for the frequency of light required to release electrons
from the metal.

Since KE = 0, we can write;
Thus, rearranging the equation;


Step 5: Solve for the frequency of light required to release
electrons from the metal.
8.84 ✕ 1014 / s

Therefore, the frequency of light required to release electrons from the metal is 8.84 ✕ 1014
/s.


9 Try It!
A metal has a work function of 9.86 ✕ 10-19 J. What will be the minimum frequency of
light required to release electrons from the metal?
Did You Know?

Albert Einstein received a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his
services to Theoretical Physics. Specifically for his discovery of the
law of the photoelectric effect, and not for his theory of relativity.

He received his Nobel Prize one year later, in 1922. It is because,
during the selection process in 1921, the Nobel Committee for
Physics decided that none of the year's nominations met the
criteria as outlined in the will of Alfred Nobel. The award is awarded
a year later since, according to Nobel Foundation's statutes, the
Nobel Prize can be reserved until the following year.
Key Points
___________________________________________________________________________________________
● A wave can be defined as a vibrating disturbance by which energy is transmitted.

● The distance between identical points on successive waves is called the wavelength,
λ (lambda).
● The frequency, 𝜈 (nu), of the wave is the number of waves that pass through a
particular point in one second.
● The amplitude, A, is the vertical distance from the midline of a wave to the peak or
trough.
● James Clerk Maxwell theorizes that visible light consists of electromagnetic waves.
● Max Planck assumed that atoms and molecules could emit or absorb energy only
on discrete quantities, which he termed as quantum.


● Albert Einstein introduced the photoelectric effect. It is a phenomenon in which
electrons are ejected from the surface of certain metals exposed to the light of at
least a particular minimum frequency called the threshold frequency.
___________________________________________________________________________________________

Key Formulas
___________________________________________________________________________________________

Concept Formula Description
Relating speed of Use this formula to

a wave to its solve for the speed of a
where:
wavelength and
● u is the speed of the wave in wave, wavelength, or
frequency.
meter per second (m/s). frequency.
● λ is the wavelength of the wave
in meters (m).
● ν is the frequency of the wave
(/s).
Relating energy of Use this formula to

a quantum (and of solve for the energy of
where:
a photon) to the
● E is the energy of the photon in a photon given its
frequency.
joules (J). frequency.
● h is the Planck’s constant, which
is 6.63 ✕ 10-34 J·s
● ν is the frequency of the photon
in per second (/s).
Relating energy of Use this formula to

a quantum (and of solve for the energy of
a photon) to the where: a photon given its
wavelength.
● E is the energy of the photon in wavelength.
joules (J).
● h is the Planck’s constant, which


is 6.63 ✕ 10-34 J·s.
● c is the speed of light, which is
3.00 ✕ 108 m/s.
● λ is the wavelength of the wave
in meters (m).
The photoelectric Use this formula to

effect solve for the kinetic
where:
● h is the Planck’s constant, which energy of the ejected
is 6.63 ✕ 10-34 J·s. electrons, the work
● ν is the frequency (/s). function, or the
● KE is the kinetic energy of the frequency.
ejected electrons in joules (J).
● W is the work function wave in
joules (J).

___________________________________________________________________________________________

Check Your Understanding

A. Match the terms in Column B to the phrases or

definitions in Column A.

Column A Column B
_______ 1. He theorizes that visible light consists of A. Albert Einstein
electromagnetic waves.
_______ 2. It is a vibrating disturbance by which energy B. Max Plank

is transmitted.
_______ 3. It is the vertical distance from the midline C. James Clerk Maxwell
of a wave to the peak or trough.


_______ 4. He assumed that atoms and molecules D. amplitude
could emit or absorb energy only on
discrete quantities.
_______ 5. He introduced the photoelectric effect. E. frequency
_______ 6. It is a phenomenon in which electrons are F. wavelength

ejected from the surface of certain metals
exposed to the light of at least a particular
minimum frequency called the threshold
frequency.
_______ 7. It is the number of waves that pass through G. wave

a particular point in one second.
_______ 8. It is the distance between identical points H. photoelectric effect

on successive waves.
_______ 9. It is an object that absorbs all incident I. Rayleigh-Jeans law

radiation.
______ 10. It states that the intensity of radiation J. blackbody

emitted by a blackbody for a given band of
wavelength is directly proportional to the
temperature.
B. Complete the table below by calculating the frequency of the wave

or light using the following given.
Given λ = 456 nm
Formula (1)
Final Answer (2)


Given W = 3.68 ✕ 10 -19 J
KE = 0
Formula (3)
Final Answer (4)
Given λ = 556 nm
Formula (5)
Final Answer (6)
Given E = 9.8 ✕ 10 -19 J
Formula (7)
Final Answer (8)
Given W = 8.6 ✕ 10 -19 J

KE = 9.8 ✕ 10 -19 J
Formula (9)
Final Answer (10)
Challenge Yourself

Answer the following questions.
1. Give one everyday example that illustrates the concept of quantization.

2. What is the difference and similarity between microwave and ultraviolet radiation?
3. What is the wavelength in nanometers of radiation that has an energy content of
9.18 ✕ 108 J/mol? Which region of the electromagnetic spectrum is this radiation
found?


4. Some marine organisms exhibit bioluminescence. It occurs when excited
singlet-state molecules return to their lowest energy by releasing photons in the
visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Photostomias guernei, a spiny-rayed
oceanic fish, is bioluminescent at 470. nm. What is the frequency of this
bioluminescence?
5. Damaging UV-C radiation from the sun is absorbed by stratospheric ozone. It
prevents the radiation from reaching the Earth’s surface. What will be the frequency
and energy per photon of UV-C radiation that has a wavelength of 270 nm?

Bibliography

Adams, W.K. n.d. “Anatomy of a Wave for High School Students.” Explore Sound! Last
modified December 1, 2017.
https://exploresound.org/2017/09/anatomy-wave-high-school-students/.

Chang, Raymond. 2010. Chemistry (10th ed). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Moore, John W., and Conrad L. Stanitski. 2015. Chemistry: The Molecular Science. Stamford,
CT: Cengage Learning.

Padolina. Ma. Christina. 2010. Conceptual and Functional Chemistry (2nd ed). Manila:
Vibal Publishing House, Inc.

Petrucci, Ralph H. 2011. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications. Toronto:
Pearson Canada.

Silberberg, Martin S. 2007. Principles of General Chemistry. New York: McGraw Hill.


Key to Try It!

1. 4.54 ✕ 106 m/s
2. 5.89 ✕ 1014 /s
3. 4.46 ✕ 108 nm
4. 5.30 ✕ 10-15 J
5. 2.26 ✕ 103 nm
6. 1.05 ✕ 10-10 nm, it belongs to the gamma-ray region
7. 1.42 ✕ 10-18 J
8. 1.07 ✕ 10-18 J
9. 1.49 ✕ 1015 /s


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Unit 13: Wave-Particle Duality of Light and Matter

Learn about It! 4

Key Points 24

Key Formulas 25

Check Your Understanding 26

Challenge Yourself 28

Key to Try It! 30

Dual Nature of Light

Learning Objectives DepEd Competency

wavelength, the speed of light, and

Anatomy of a Wave 30 minutes

Scenarios Pulse Disturbance Oscillating Disturbance

Learn about It!

What is the nature of light? Is it a wave or a particle?

Did You Know?

Since , Equation 13.1.2 can also be expressed as Equation 13.1.3.

Did You Know?

● A wave can be deﬁned as a vibrating disturbance by which energy is transmitted.

Concept Formula Description

Relating speed of Use this formula to

Relating energy of Use this formula to

Relating energy of Use this formula to

The photoelectric Use this formula to

Check Your Understanding

A. Match the terms in Column B to the phrases or

_______ 2. It is a vibrating disturbance by which energy B. Max Plank

_______ 5. He introduced the photoelectric eﬀect. E. frequency

_______ 6. It is a phenomenon in which electrons are F. wavelength

_______ 7. It is the number of waves that pass through G. wave

_______ 8. It is the distance between identical points H. photoelectric eﬀect

_______ 9. It is an object that absorbs all incident I. Rayleigh-Jeans law

______ 10. It states that the intensity of radiation J. blackbody

B. Complete the table below by calculating the frequency of the wave

Given λ = 456 nm

Final Answer (2)

Final Answer (4)

Given λ = 556 nm

Final Answer (6)

Given E = 9.8 ✕ 10 -19 J

Final Answer (8)

Given W = 8.6 ✕ 10 -19 J

Final Answer (10)

Answer the following questions.

1. Give one everyday example that illustrates the concept of quantization.

Key to Try It!

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