Carbohydrate-2 Polysaccharides

Some Properties
Storage: starch, glycogen Structural: chitin, cellulose Cellular recognition, communication Also called glycans: Homopolysaccharides: glucans (only glucose), mannans (only mannose) Heteropolysaccharides Possible linkage: 1,2; 1,3; 1,4; 1,6 Linear, branch or
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Some Polysaccharides
Structural: Cellulose and chitin Storage: Starch and Glycogen

-D-Glucose-(1

4)--D-Glucose-(1

4)-...
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Cellulose Structural Model

Starch
Principal carbohydrate reserve in plants Mixture of glucans. Composition: -amylose (10-30%); (1,4) glucose, left-handed helix Amylopectin (90-70%); branched (1,4) and (1,6) glucose In animals, starch is hydrolyzed by -amylase

Glycogen
Glycogen is the storage polysaccharides in animals Glycogen is like amylopectin, but more highly branched Degraded by glycogen phosphorylase

-Amylose

8 Amylopectin

Glycoproteins
Proteins that are covalently associated with carbohydrates Glycoprotein carbohydrate chains are highly diverse Bacterial cell walls are framework of peptidoglycans

10 Peptidoglycan framework in bacterial cell wall

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Major Carbohydrate Pathways

Glycogen related Glycogen Glucose (Green) Glucose related Glucose Others (Red) Other Other (Yellow, Blue) Other related Other Other (Purple)

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Abbreviations
2PG 3PG ADP ATP 1,3-BPG DHAP FBP F6P GAP G1P G6P Glc PEP Pi PPi Pyr UTP UDPG - 2-phosphoglycerate - 3-phosphoglycerate - Adenosine diphosphate - Adenosine tri phosphate - 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate - Dihydroxyacetonephosphate - Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate - Fructose-6-phosphate - Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate - Glucose-1-phosphate - Glucose-6-phosphate - Glucose - Phosphoenolpyruvate - Phosphate - Inorganic pyrophosphate - Pyruvate - Uridine triphosphate - Uridine diphosphate-glucose

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Glycogen Metabolism (Green Label)

Why do we need glycogen in the place of fat: 1. Muscles cannot mobilize fat as fast as glycogen 2. Fatty acids cannot be metabolized anaerobically 3. In animals, fatty acids cannot be converted to glucose Storage of glycogen: Liver and muscle Important hormones involved: Insulin, Glucagon, Epinephrine Where is it taking place: Cytosol

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Glycogenolysis (degradation)
1. Glycogen (n residues) + Pi Glycogen (n-1) + G1P Glycogen phosphorylase From non-reducing ends Stop when only 4 sugar units (Limit branch/dextrin) 2. Glycogen debranching enzyme (a) Transfer of three sugars from limit branch to another ((1,4)-glycosyl transferase) (b) Release the last sugar from branch point (amylo-(1,6)glucosidase) 3. G1P G6P G6P (Phosphoglucomutase) Glc (Gluco-6-phosphatase)
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Glycogenolysis (degradation)

Part-a

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Glycogenolysis (degradation)

Part-b

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Glycogenesis (Formation)
1. Glc + ATP G6P G1P G1P + UTP G6P + ADP (Hexokinase) (Phosphoglucomutase) UDPG + PPi (UDPG pyrophosphorylase) UDPG Glycogen (n+1)(Glycogen synthase) (-(1,4 1,6)-glycosyl transferase)

2. Glycogen (n) +

3. Glycogen branching

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