MICHAEL OKPARA

UNIVERSITY.

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 DEPARTMENT: FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

FST 413: FOOD

PROCESS ENGINEERING
O. U. Anselm
TOPIC 3

PIPELINE DESIGN

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PIPELINE DESIGN
̶ Features of piping system
‒ Stainless steel
‒ Cleanability
‒ Corrosion resistant
‒ Clean-in-place features
‒ Contains valves, elbow, tees

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PIPELINE DESIGN

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PIPELINE DESIGN
̶ Basic definitions:
̶ A pipe is a tubular or hollow cylinder made of metal, plastic, glass
etc. used mainly to convey substances which can flow.

̶ Pipeline refers to a system of pipes or tubular conduits used to

convey fluids (liquids and gases) from one location to another.

̶ Piping refers not only to pipes but components like fittings,

flanges, valves, bolts, gaskets and bellows etc.

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PIPELINE DESIGN
̶ Tubes vs pipes

̶ Tubes are thin walled cylindrical conduits whose nominal sizes are
based on the outside diameter.

̶ Pipes are thicker walled than tubes and the nominal size is based
on the inside diameter.

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PIPELINE DESIGN
̶ Selection of Piping Materials
̶ Resistant to stress.
̶ Resistance to corrosion.
̶ Resistance to wear.
̶ Design life.
̶ Hygienic consideration.
̶ Food industry regulation for piping.

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PIPELINE DESIGN
̶ Piping materials
̶ Metals:
‒ ferrous – alloy steel, carbon steel, stainless steel
‒ nonferrous – aluminium, copper etc.

̶ Non-metals: plastics, thermoplastics, glass, ceramics

etc.

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PIPELINE DESIGN
̶ Pipeline fittings
̶ Pipeline fittings include;
‒ pipe joints,
‒ change of direction,
‒ flow regulation.

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PIPELINE DESIGN
̶ Pipe Joints:
̶ Coupling: Couplings are used for the joining of two pipes.

̶ Union: Used in a pipeline for joining two pipes at a bend.

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PIPELINE DESIGN
̶ Flanges: Flanges are used when gases and vapours are involved.
̶ It provides a bolted, separable joint in piping.

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PIPELINE DESIGN
̶ Change of Pipe Direction:
̶ Elbow joints: Usually used to reduce pressure drop at the bend.

̶ Bends: Bends are somewhat the solution to weakness of the

elbow joint.
̶ The pressure drop are more compared to elbows.

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PIPELINE DESIGN
̶ T-joints: T-joints are used whenever we want to take an
additional connection or join some gadget (like
valves/taps) to a running line. T-joints come with inside
threading.

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PIPELINE DESIGN
̶ Flow Regulation:
̶ flow are regulated by the use of valves.
̶ Examples include:
‒ gate
‒ Globe
‒ check
‒ ball
‒ plug etc.

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PIPELINE DESIGN
̶ Gate valve:
̶ Used for rough control of flow.
̶ It is usually manually operated and designed for open and shut
operation.

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PIPELINE DESIGN
̶ Globe valve:
̶ It is for throttling, e.g. faucets on washbasin which throttle or
adjust the flow to suit a person’s needs.
̶ Flow must enter the valve and flow up against the seat, and
change the direction again to the outlet.
̶ The globe valve is equally used for rough control of flow.

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PIPELINE DESIGN
̶ Needle valve:
̶ Is used for fine control of flow.
̶ Very precise control is possible with these types of valve.
̶ Generally needle valves are not used with liquids.

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PIPELINE DESIGN
̶ Check valves:
̶ also known as one-way valves.
̶ They are also called foot valve since they are located
at the foot of the suction line of centrifugal pump (to
avoid priming).

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PIPELINE DESIGN
̶ PUMPS
̶ They provide mechanical energy for the movement of fluids
̶ Types:
̶ centrifugal
̶ positive displacement

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PIPELINE DESIGN
̶ Centrifugal pumps
̶ It uses centrifugal force to increase liquid pressure
̶ are most efficient with low-viscosity liquids with high
flow rates and moderate pressure requirements.
̶ Example: fruit juices

̶ The discharge flow is steady.

̶ it is easily adaptable to cleaning-in-place functions.

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PIPELINE DESIGN
̶ They are suitable for:
‒ either clean and clear liquids
‒ dirty and abrasive liquids.
‒ liquids containing solid particles (such as peas in water).

̶ Not suitable for:

‒ Liquids with high viscosities, such as honey

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PIPELINE DESIGN
̶ Positive Displacement Pumps:
̶ Suitable for liquids with high viscosities.
̶ Types ;
̶ Rotary pump
‒ sliding vane
‒ lobe type
‒ Internal gear
‒ Gear type pumps
̶ reciprocating pump

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PIPELINE DESIGN
̶ Rotary pumps deliver a steady discharge flow.
̶ Most reciprocating pumps are for low viscous liquids.
̶ The reciprocating pumps deliver a pulsating discharge flow.

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PIPELINE DESIGN
̶ Properties of fluid that are Fundamentals to Pipeline Design
̶ Density- as previously discussed
̶ Viscosity- as previously discussed
̶ Pressure
̶ Friction
̶ Temperature

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PIPELINE DESIGN
̶ Pressure
̶ P= F /A (pascal (Pa).
̶ One pascal = pressure generated by a force of 1 N acting over an
area of 1 m2.
̶ Other non-SI unit include:
̶ Bar = 105 Pa
̶ use particularly for pressures exceeding atmospheric pressure
(1.01325 × 105 Pa)

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PIPELINE DESIGN
̶ Pressure determines the direction of mass flow.
̶ Temperature determines the direction of heat flow.
̶ Therefore flow of fluid is from the region of higher pressure to that
of lower pressure.

̶ Pressure = fluid flow

̶ PRESSURE Losses due to bends and fittings > FRICTIONAL

LOSSES

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PIPELINE DESIGN
̶ Friction
̶ Pressure drop = friction loss
̶ Major factors affecting friction loss in pipe flow of any fluid are:
‒ Fluid properties.
‒ Fluid velocity. relative roughness, friction factor

‒ Type and size of the pipe.

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PIPELINE DESIGN
̶ Relative Roughness
̶ The type of pipe influences friction due to the roughness of pipe
walls.
̶ This roughness (∈) is presented in terms of a ratio called relative
roughness (∈/D)
̶ Roughness and pipe diameter are in the same units

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PIPELINE DESIGN
Values of Roughness for Pipes

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PIPELINE DESIGN
̶ Reynolds number
̶ Reynolds number is the ratio of the kinetic forces to the viscous
forces of a fluid in motion.
̶ Re = ρvD
μ
=
vD
u
…
̶ where u = μ
ρ
̶ Where
̶ 𝜌 is the density of the fluid (kgm-3)
̶ v the average velocity (ms-1)
̶ D is the internal diameter of the pipe (m)
̶ µ is the viscosity of the fluid
̶ u is kinematic viscosity

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PIPELINE DESIGN
̶ Reynolds number < 2100 laminar flow
̶ Reynolds number > 4000 turbulent flow
̶ Reynolds number between 2100 and 4000 transitional flow

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PIPELINE DESIGN
̶ Turbulent flow
̶ Contains a significant component of velocity that is at right angle
to the direction of flow.
̶ Rapid fluctuations in velocity and pressure, and probably
temperature
̶ Advantages:
‒ Promote mixing
‒ Promote heat transfer
‒ Promote mass transfer

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PIPELINE DESIGN
̶ Disadvantages
‒ pressure drop increases more rapidly with flow rate
̶ Laminar flow
̶ Flows with Reynolds number below 2000
̶ Steady flow of fluids
̶ flow along a given length of pipe is proportional to the flow rate of
the fluid

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PIPELINE DESIGN
̶ Friction Factor
̶ The friction factor is defined by the following expressions:

̶ Both friction factors differ by a factor of 4

̶ i.e fd = 4ff
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PIPELINE DESIGN

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PIPELINE DESIGN
̶ General guidelines
̶ 1.The design phase should be given proper planning to avoid
unwarranted losses.

̶ 2.The design must ensure a good future-enabled pipe layout by

using the fewest possible components while ensuring optimal
functioning of the plant.

̶ 3.Do not allow too much elbows as this will increase cost of
purchase and installation.

̶ 4.It is useful to use 3D drawings or perspective drawings to

illustrate the piping.
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PIPELINE DESIGN
̶ Piping arrangement:
̶ flexibility minimize stress due to mechanical or thermal
movement.
̶ Use of pipe racks, trenches, and vertical against steelwork
̶ Use standard available items
̶ Do not run pipes under foundations.
̶ established decision of pipe layout to avoid cutting through
concrete walls and floors.

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PIPELINE DESIGN
̶ JOINTS AND USES
̶ 1.Temperature fluctuations lead to metal expansion thus, use flexible
rubber joints.
̶ 2.Joints accommodate thermal expansion or other pipeline movements.
̶ 3.Reduce vibration transfer from pipeline to the pump and vice versa.
̶ 4.Take care of misalignment between pump and piping.
̶ 5.Facilitate maintenance in the pipeline without disturbing the pump.
̶ Reduce noise transmission.

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POWER REQUIREMENTS

EXERCISES NEXT

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̶ UNTIL NEXT TIME

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