history of architecture COLOSSEUMINTRODUCTION * Location:Rome * Built in:70-82AD * Type ofbuilding:Amphitheatre * Built by: Vespasian and Domitian * The name: Itis also called for a colossalstatus of Nero hat once stood nearby , but its real name FLAVIANAMPHITHEATRE * Style:Ancientroman , classical , Doric ionic and Corinthian engaged columns , Corinthian pilasters. * Emperor Vespasian started the works, and Emperor Titus completed it. * It is the biggest amphitheatre built by the Roman Empire * It had seating for 80,000 peopleHISTORY * The Flavian Amphitheater was built in the center of Rome where all citizens could enjoy its entertainment. * They were divided into three levels: the level that was closest to the arena floor was reserved for the senators and the emperor. * The majority of people sat in the second level. These people were called Plebeians or the middle class. Most of these men were farmers orartisans. * The last level was at the top of the amphitheatre and furthest from the arena floor, theslaves and thewomen stood up here There were no seats for these people. + The Domus AUrea was torn down.lake used for the Colosseum, * Schools for gladiators and other buildings were built in the center of the city: in effect. placing it in the ral and symbolic heart of Rome.EXTERIOR * The external facade, about 48 m high was divided into four storeys, each one had 80 external arch openings. * The amphitheater was ringed by 80 entrances at ground level, 76 of which were used by ordinary spectators. * Each entrance and exit was numbered, as was each staircase. * The northern main entrance was reserved for the Roman Emperor and his aides, whilst the other three axial entrances were most likely used by the elite. * All four axial entrances were richly decorated with painted stuccoreliefs. * The outer wall is estimated to have required over 100,000 cubic meters of travertine stone which were set without mortar held together by 300 tons of iron clamps. wisToRY OF ARCHITECTUREINTERIOR * Each seating level at the Colosseum was reservedby law for people of a specific status orprofession. * These levels reflected the rigid social andclass system of imperial Rome. * The emperor had a special reserved box seat at the arena-side; directly across from him was another box reserved for the Vestal Virgins, the priestesses of the goddess Vesta. Senators also had arena-side seats; they brought their own chairsand sat in white togas with the broad purple stripe that designated their senatorial class * Directly above the senators sat the knights(known as equites) followed by ordinary Roman citizens (plebians). The knights and plebians also wore togas to theColosseum. * Seatings were made of marble. * Seats are made of marble and inscribed with a number. * Aline divides each seat from its neighbor.PLAN * The ancient Roman Colosseum was designed using the principle of the Arch. It is elliptical in plan and is 189 meters long and 156 meters wide, with a base area of 6 acres . The perimeter originally measured 545. The central arena is an oval 87 m long and 55 m wide, surrounded by a wall 5 m high, above which rose tiers of seating.SECTION * The public seating (cavea) was divided based on a social class, The cavea was divided in 5 sectors which were separated by corridors. The seats closest to arena were reserved for senators, Knights and other social categories occupied the upper stands, while the highest sector, also known as summa cavea, was intended for the plebs. The complex was designed not only to control the crowds, but to keep them comfortable. OF CROSS SECTION t COLOSSEUM Me! MIsTORY OF ARCHITECTUREELEMENTS WALLS. * A framework of columns was made from a limestone called travertine. * On the lower floors, a local volcanic stone called tufa provides the filler. * Ceilings are made from a light volcanic stone calledpumice. * There was no mortar used to hold the wall together. ARENA * Arena floor size: 86.1M long- 54M wide. * It's a wooden floor covered with sand. * Parts of the floor can be lowered and raised to introduce scenery or animals into the arena.‘Secon oor olan: Cornhan cok 6.40mhigh First floor column: onic 6.45mhigh ‘Ground fleor column:Derie column 7.05 high COLUMNS * The colosseum includes all the ancient architectural orders which are style recognizable mainly by the columns employed. * Columns were utilized both for structural purpose and for decoration. ARCHES * The arch’s engineering purpose is to directpressure down and ‘out, creating compressive stress in the arch. * When the Colosseum was built, Roman concrete was a recent discovery which could support the weight of large scale structures, but the Romans were unsure of its lifespan. * The builders combined Roman concrete with stone to build the arches to increase its strength. * The Colosseum has 80 arches lining its perimeter, each 4.2 meters wide and 7.05 meters tall on the ground floor, and 6.45, meters tall on the upper floors with a total of fourfloorsVAULTS * Vaulted arches were made of Roman concrete, which added strength to the building without adding much weight. * Vaults were invented by the Romans by combining multiple arches for structural support. * The ceilings of the passages and corridors on the exterior all had vaulted arches with supports made of durable limestone. * Vaults made the ceiling much stronger than a flat ceiling and transferred weight from the arches down through the columns. * Barrel vaults were present on the first floor of the colosseum, lining the entire outer perimeter. * Groined vaults were constructed in the interior of the structure.HYPOGEUM * It consisted of a two-level subterranean network of tunnels and cages beneath the arena where gladiators and animals were held before contests began. * Eighty vertical shafts provided instant access to the arena for caged animals and scenery pieces concealed underneath VELARIUM * Velarium means retractable, * It was a type of awning stretched over the whole seating area protecting spectators from rain and provides shade * The main use of velarium wasto create a ventilation updraft creating circulation and a cool breeze.MATERIALS * Travertine it is a sedimentary stone made of calcite which is whitish , yellowish,reddish in colour. Used as main pillar the ground floor and external wall * Tuff; it was used for some pillar and radial walls. * Tiles and brick : they were produced with clay mixed with water and often with sand straw and finely ground pozzolana. * Brick could be used in wall structures as roofing andfilling * Tiles were used for the floor of the upper storeys and the walls * Cement or concrete : it is a building material usually produced by mixing finely ground limestone and clay. It is used in vault. * Motar: a mix and binding agent and water or with water and sand, * Lime : it is a binding agent that romans obtained by heating limestone in a kiln* The main structural framework and facade are travertine(a variety of limestone), the secondary walls are volcanic tufa, and the inner bowl and the arcade vaults are concrete.The Coliseum had a retractable roof. * On hot days an awning called a velarium was unfurled above the upper deck to shade spectators from the Sun. * It was operated by sailors from the Roman Navy who were stationed around the top of the Colosseum's arcade * All the marble seats and decorative materials disappeared, as the site was treated as little more than a quarry for more than 1,000 years.* Bellow Arena was hypogeum, aextensive grid of tunnels and corridors as well as cellars which are still visible today in the middle of the construction. * Cellars were used as chambers for the gladiators, slaves, weapons, equipment needed for the games and the cages for the animals.* Construction contained lifts operated by pulleys and ropes which led directly to the arena through the trap doors. * It had 110 drinking fountains and two restrooms large enough to accommodate a packed house * The Arena floor was wood covered with sand.BIBLIOGRAPHY * https://www.ehow.com/list_6714196_different-types-roman-columns.html * https:/Awww.smithsonianmag.com/history/secrets-of-the-colosseum-75827047/ Wwww.rome.net/colosseum © https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/roman-coliseum/ * https://www.britannica.com/topic/Colosseum