* Roman Empire : The Roman Empire was founded when Augustus
Caesar proclaimed himself the first emperor of Rome in 31 BCE and
came to an end with the fall of Constantinople in 1453.
+ The ancient Romans influenced countries and civilizations in the following
centuries. Their language, Latin, became the basis for many other European
languages. Governments and legal systems in the western world were founded
on Roman law. The ancient Romans were the first to build bridges, concrete
roads and a sewage system that took waste water away from houses and
homes.
* Roman aqueduct systems were built over a period of about 500 years, from
312 B.C. to A.D. 226. Both public and private funds paid for construction.
High-ranking rulers often had them built; the Roman emperors Augustus, =
Caligula, and Trajan all ordered aqueducts built. Son tae
(23 september 88 Auus ADH)Aqueduct of Segovia, Spain.
+ Aqueducts were used to carry fresh water to Rome. They are like bridges that we walk over. They
would carry water through pipes directly to latrines(Roman toilets)and some private homes.
Aqueducts also brought water to Roman baths. They were called aqueducts , from the Latin word
for water (aqua) and the Latin word for channel (ductus).* As Roman towns got bigger, in the course of the Roman Republic, it got too hard for the people
who lived in the towns to get drinking and washing water. Because raw sewage was draining into
the rivers, people who drank river water often got very sick or died.
+ Local governments, first in the city of Rome and then elsewhere in the growing Empire, decided to
build long stone channels to carry clean water from nearby hills to the towns.
+ Romans were the first to use for bridges. Roman bridges
were built with stone and had the arch as the basic
structure built with concrete. The Romans constructed
aqueducts throughout their Republic and later Empire.
Innovative structure ever created.
* The arch most commonly used by the Romans in their
architecture is called the round or semi circle arch. P
+ These arches are built by using a support bridge to hold aims
the stones until the final stone, the keystone, is placed.+ There were three main aqueduct designs including tunnels, siphons and bridges.
ROowAN_#UEoUCT sreucTURES
acces GSD ED a
+ Each design required different construction techniques.
+ They were made from a series of pipes, tunnels, canals, and bridges. Gravity and the natural slope
of the land allowed aqueducts to channel water from a freshwater source, such as a lake or spring,
toacity* Aqueducts moved the water through gravity alone, which was being built at a slightly lower angle
in the masonry network. Some were buried underground and, following their outline, obstructions:
to the top of the mountain were avoided, or less so as tunnels. Where there are valleys or
lowlands, the channel is taken to make a bridge.
Inspection shafts
Settling tank Covered channel
Distribution tent Ww* There were several different materials used in construction aqueducts.
* Roman aqueducts were built from a combination of stone, brick and the special volcanic cement
pozzuolana. They also used lead and earthenware clay to construct pipes.
* The simplest form of binding material was lime mortar, a mixture of slaked lime and sand. When
it was available, also gypsum was used. Later on - from the time of August and later - pozzulana
was added.
‘cavty epson Wate
Lead pipes Earthenware pipes+ The aqueduct symbolizes a unique and sophisticated engineering that the Rome had to offer. A
critical part to any city is the constant water supply of fresh water. The Romans constructed
numerous aqueducts in order to bring water from distant sources into cities and towns, supplying
public baths, latrines, fountains and private households. This unique aqueduct of water supply
expanded over miles, which created an irrigation of water from distant sources into their cities and
towns.
* In order to bring fresh water into the cities Romans had to have access to the lakes or springs.
Hundreds of miles away a tunnel was dug to the mountains with the use of hand tools.
aqueduct+ The Romans took a water supply natural springs or even part of a
river and put them into an artificially constructed channel and lead that
channel of water into the city of Rome by gradient flow. The majority of
the channels built by the Romans for their aqueducts are under
ground in which 500 km of channels 5% (25 km) above the ground
95%(475km) below ground.
+ To maintain the waters precise decent through the high mountains
Roman engineers dug perfectly angled tunnels through them when the
pipe lines reached the low valleys they were elevated on stone walls if
the walls needed to be higher 6 and a half feet off the ground the
Romans saved building material while still adding strength by perfecting
an ancient engineering concept " The arch”.* The arches were built around a temporarily wooden frame work that held each stone in place until
the keystone was lead in the center. The keystone evenly distributed weight down each side of the
arch allowing builders to stake additional stones above it. A six miles column of arches carried the
aqua Claudia across the valleys on its way to Rome.
* Many aqueducts were built at the foot of the mountains, offering flow from the melting snow.+ The Pont du Gard is an ancient Roman aqueduct bridge builtin the first century AD to carry water
over 50 km (31 mi) to the Roman colony by crossing the river Gardon .
* The Pont du Gard is the tallest of all Roman aqueduct bridges, as well as one of the best
preserved.
* The main construction material used is LIMESTONETHANK YOU