RESEARCH

PAPER ON

Exploring The Possibility of Replacing Conventional

Construction Equipment with Electrical Construction
Equipment

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF

ARCHITECTURE
IN
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
OF
SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY, PUNE

SUBMITTED BY
MR. ANIRUDDHA BAPURAO THORAT
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
AR. ASMITA PATWARDHAN

DR. D Y PATIL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE, AKURDI, PUNE,

2022-2023.
 Exploring the possibility of replacing Conventional
Construction Equipment with Electrical Construction
Equipment
 Acknowledgement

I express thanks to my college Dr. D.Y.Patil college of Architecture and professors for their
continued support and encouragement. I offer my sincere appreciation for the learning
opportunities provided by my supportive teaching faculty, respective project guides and
experienced senior.

However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of many
individuals and organizations. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them. My
completion of this project could not have been accomplished without the support of my
classmates, professors, guide, construction site project heads
Though only my name appears on the cover of this Report, a great many people have
contributed to its production. I owe my gratitude to all those people who have made this
possible and because of whom my Post-Graduate experience has been one that I will cherish
forever.
My deepest gratitude to my Subject Teacher Professor Ar. Asmita Patwardhan, I have been
amazingly fortunate to have a guide who gave me the freedom to explore on my own and at
the same time the guidance to recover when my steps faltered.
I have to appreciate the guidance given by other supervisor as well as the panels especially in our
project presentation that has improved our presentation skills thanks to their comment and advices.

Ar. Aniruddha B. Thorat

Second Year M.Arch.
D. Y. Patil College of Architecture, Akurdi
Pune.
 INDEX
List of abbreviations
List of figures
Chapter 1: Abstract

Chapter 2: Introduction/Background Study

Chapter 3: Literature Review

Chapter 4: Data Collection

Chapter 5: Data Sorting and Analysis

Chapter 6: Inferences

Chapter 7: Conclusion

Chapter 8: References
 Exploring the possibility of replacing conventional construction
equipment with electrical construction equipment

Aniruddha B. Thorat
Dr. D.Y.Patil College of Architecture
Email: aniruddhathorat21097@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:

Construction project execution is currently increasingly mechanised and becoming a more

significant aspect daily. The success of any building project has always depended heavily on
the choice of the appropriate equipment during the construction phase. Since there is now a
chance to promote environmental sustainability in the building industry, choosing construction
equipment today should take into consideration social and environmental factors in addition
to engineering and economic ones. In this situation, choosing the best machinery for a
particular building job is a difficult task.

As a result, this study looks at several ways to meet the sustainability standards for building
through an examination of electrical construction machinery. The productivity of the data
available from each electrical construction equipment firm was compared to that of
conventional equipment, and the list of brands of electrical construction equipment that are
now on the market was found, researched, and evaluated. It is envisaged that the findings
would serve as a foundation for background information about the selection of electrical
construction machinery for on-site construction.
The purpose of this research study is to examine whether using electrical construction
equipment instead of conventional construction equipment might be able to achieve
sustainability. This can be done by looking at the equipment list and possible methods by
analysing the productivity of electrical construction equipment, which was discovered by many
brands/companies and can lead to the creation of environments that support construction.
KEYWORDS: construction equipments, electrical construction equipments, environment,
sustainable approach.

INTRODUCTION/ BACKGROUND STUDY

Today, most building and construction activities including sheet piling, loading, moulding, and
digging are powered by diesel. As a result, especially in highly populated city centres, they
generate disruption, more traffic bottlenecks, and associated exhaust emissions. Large public
works also have a propensity to last for a very long time.
Construction projects inevitably cause a great deal of inconvenience, therefore it is obvious
that steps must be taken to reduce the noise and air pollution they produce. The truth is that
while construction equipment disruptions are unavoidable, their associated emissions are not.

1
Noise
Traditional construction tools are notoriously noisy and pollutant-heavy, which is terrible for
both the workers' and the neighbourhood’s health. Despite the fact that "impact equipment"
makes the majority of the noise, motors, pumps, generators, and compressors all provide
important noise-related contributions. This may be the consequence of operations like the
production of energy using diesel pumps, the heating or drying of materials, and traffic to and
from the facility.

Air Quality
As per a report, the construction sector contributes 23 percent of air pollution, 50 percent of
climate change, 40 percent of water pollution, and 50 percent of landfill wastes.
A significant side-effect of construction is the emission of exhaust fumes from machinery. In
London, construction sites are responsible for around 7.5% of the city's NOx emissions, 8% of
large particle matter PM10, and 14.5% of fine particle matter PM2.5.
The CO2 emissions
Only a small portion of the total CO2 emissions from the construction activity are caused by
using the machines. In fact, it's believed that only 0.5% of all greenhouse gas emissions come
from construction equipment.
Fuel is one of the most expensive inputs in our industry, therefore machinery makers are under
constant pressure to increase efficiency, which lowers fuel consumption and, in turn, lowers
CO2 emissions. In the past, the operational stage of construction machinery was where the
majority of CO2 emissions occurred. This might not be the case in the future with the arrival
of new technology.

2
Benefits of Electric Construction Machinery
There are multiple benefits and co-benefits to electrifying construction site machinery, both at
the societal level and at the consumer level.
Economic Advantages
At start purchasing electric engines makes financial sense because their lower operating costs.
Fuel is one of the most expensive inputs in construction operations, thus manufacturers have a
strong motivation to develop creative solutions that lower fuel usage while maintaining the
machines' high performance and compliance with ever-stricter exhaust pollution rules. One of
the key forces behind innovation has been and will continue to be increased fuel efficiency.
Here, electrification offers a potentially effective remedy.

Environmental Benefits
Electric machinery is a crucial part of sustainable construction policy, which aims to eliminate
waste from the construction industry. Electric machinery does not produce waste, such as
engine oil or filters. Machinery can be utilised indoors due to the absence of an exhaust, which
is more convenient for workers and boosts production at the construction site. To be mention,
energising NRMMs greatly lowers noise levels. This is very advantageous for projects done
close to sensitive sites, such schools and hospitals, and it permits contractors to work after
regular business hours in urban streets without upsetting locals.
Last but not least, through smart charging and demand response services, electrically powered
construction site equipment has the potential to become a source of flexibility for the electricity
grid, much like electric vehicles. This will support a greater grid-wide integration of renewable
energy sources, supporting the achievement of climate goals while enhancing the
environmental efficiency of electric construction equipment in comparison to its fossil
counterparts.
Barrier
There are still certain issues to be overcome before electrified construction equipment becomes
the standard. Some of the common criticisms of the broad usage of electro-mobility may recur
when arguing for the electrification of industrial and equipment.

Capital Expenditure
First off, small to medium sized businesses and contractors find electric machinery to be almost
prohibitively expensive due to its high initial cost. Small and medium-sized businesses are not
able to afford to cover the costs of creating the infrastructure and developing new technologies.
Due to the increased initial cost of buying electric machinery, financial aid or programmes will
be necessary. Additionally, some companies claim that while the Total Cost of Ownership of
electric gear will surely be cheaper, the complexity of calculating these will be just as
considerable, if not more so, despite the knowledge that operational expenses are lower and
acquisition costs are greater.

3
This is a result of operational modifications, since operators will now have to take into account
things like the need for charging, the extremely variable cost of electricity, battery life and
replacement prices, and the upkeep of electric motors.

Lack of Policy
The lack of clarity and direction that manufacturers and contractors currently experience due
to the policy gap addressing building emissions prevents them from fostering quick innovation
toward sustainable solutions. The initiatives demonstrate how making unequivocal
governmental decisions encourages innovation and can enable business to make the transition
to zero emissions with certainty.
The fact that no EU city presently promotes the purchase of zero-emission construction
equipment helps to explain why no company currently sells electric machinery in Europe, with
the exception of the Nordic NASTA, PON, Volvo, and Wacker Neuson, which have sizable
operations in Norway. As a result, the lack of political will and confidence in developing
solutions to poor air quality and emissions from building sites is a significant obstacle to the
adoption of electric gear.

Battery Technology
The technology needed to provide entirely electric and battery-powered heavy equipment will
need to advance further in order to achieve parity with conventional powertrains. Buses are
another subject that raises this query. However, because to governmental backing and city
initiatives to test the usage of electric buses, such as the Olectra Project in Pune-Maharashtra,
which was successful in proving that electric buses can operate with very little disruption to
the service, major breakthroughs have been made. It is obvious that such collaborations across
diverse groups of stakeholders might aid in identifying issues and solutions related to
electrification.

Economies of Scale
There is a problem with the economies of scale, as is the case with practically all new
technology. It is challenging to enter a new industry and compete with already-existing, less
expensive technologies because the manufacturing cost per unit is greatly dependent on the
ability to mass produce. Making zero-emission development sites inexpensive may be made
more difficult by varying standards set by various local authorities. This will require
standardisation and interoperability to be handled.

4
LITERATURE REVIEW
Electric vehicles (EVs) are increasingly being seen on building sites instead than on public
roads. The building sector is crucial to the fight against climate change. In total, the building
and construction industries are responsible for 38% of global carbon dioxide emissions,
according to a research from the UN.
According to Ben Benoit, head of the South Coast Air Quality Management District, which is
in charge of enhancing air quality in a region that includes Los Angeles and is home to 17
million people, off-road vehicles are the second-largest source of nitrogen oxide pollution in
our region. "Construction equipment is our next major area of concentration, and we're
incredibly excited to see some of the electro mobility results."
Just like in the transportation industry, electric versions of heavy machinery like excavators
and wheel loaders are just now becoming available.
According to Dr. Ray Gallant, head of product management and productivity at Volvo
Construction Equipment, electric equipment will construct tomorrow's highways, bridges, and
utility lines without emitting greenhouse gases (Volvo CE). Early adopters are already
employing electric construction equipment successfully, and they are discovering that they can
reduce their carbon footprint while maintaining great performance.
The governmental and private sectors are also pushing for sustainability. More clean-air laws
are being enacted by governments globally at the municipal and regional levels. Additionally,
a lot of businesses are implementing sustainability policies and asking their partners to assist
them in achieving their goals. Construction companies should anticipate that project
specifications will increasingly include sustainability considerations.
We must also keep in mind the local implications, says Benoit, "since there are unquestionably
significant global impacts with electro mobility." "A form of pollution from vehicle exhaust is
a risk factor for heart and lung conditions. Therefore, it's crucial that we address this issue for
the local population in addition to the global one.
It's not easy to introduce electro mobility to the building sector. Construction equipment has
the additional burden of being the machines responsible for developing or maintaining
infrastructure, which is an issue for on-road EVs as well. Perhaps the most important of these
is building out the charging infrastructure.
The lithium-ion batteries that power many electric vehicles may be recharged using a 220/240-
volt electrical outlet, the same kind of outlet that many bigger home appliances require.
Additionally, they have fast-charging capabilities that enable them to reach nearly full charge
in a matter of hours. In the near future, options like mobile power banks might be accessible
for charging in remote regions due to the rapid pace of research and development in this field.
Electric construction equipment is likely to have effects outside of the construction sector. They
could be utilised in locations where construction equipment has traditionally been unsuitable,
such as interior settings, orchards, and fish hatcheries, to mention a few, because of their low
noise and minimal emissions.
Additionally, improvements in EVs might benefit other EVs and vice versa. A new business
division was recently established by Volvo Group to assist battery and charging infrastructure

5
innovation. The trucking industry is being led by Volvo Trucks into electromobility, and
construction equipment can also profit from their lessons learned.
A jobsite's duties are completed with the best possible workflow to achieve process efficiency
(the second pillar). It includes selecting the best machine or assembling a network of connected
machines.
For a machine to be operated efficiently (the third pillar), trained personnel and/or autonomous
systems are required. A skilled staff is necessary for efficient management and teamwork,
which is a crucial component for this pillar to reach its full potential.

6
METHODOLOGY
 Finding Problem Statement for Research
 Background study
 Literature Review about topic
 Create Research questionnaire (Design-Validate-Distribute-Collect)
 Consider Focus Group for study
 Survey/Interview
 Identify the electrical construction equipment availability and their applicability (Listing
out Equipments)
 Identify and mapping of construction Equipment against available Electrical construction
equipment/Machinery (6/7 sites)
 Study typology for transitions of using EV Equipments
 Cost comparison analysis / Swat analysis
 Documentation
 Conclusion

Detailed Flowchart of Methodology

7
DATA COLLECTION

There were two parts to the data collection process. The first stage involves interviewing
various specialists involved in the implementation process and doing a literature search for
information on the effects of building activities on the environment. The main goal of the expert
interviews was to confirm a preliminary set of environmental effects of construction activities
collected from the literature and to learn from their knowledge of additional environmental
effects of construction activities.
The first stage entails researching the environmental effects of employing construction
equipment during building as well as the disadvantages of doing so in the present.
Semi-structured interviews with select contractors and consultants for the qualitative study
were also done during the same second stage. The interviews used an attitudinal technique,
which is used to evaluate subjectively how one or more individuals feel about a certain
attribute, variable, element, or topic.
The second phase entails compiling a list of the electrical building tools that are accessible and
in use. Data was analysed and evaluated in relation to each other to determine whether
machinery or equipment could be replaced.

8
 List of Electrical Construction Equipments done by Some Manufactures
Manufactures Product Weight Power Power Charging Time Range Description
source Capacity
CIFA Cement 4900 kg Lithium- 28,1 1 hour with fast Only the mixer
mixer ion kWh/100Ah charger is electric, the
battery truck is diesel
powered.
CIFA Truck 16000 Kg battery 36 The truck is
Mixer kWh/125Ah diesel
Pump powered, the
mixer and
pump are
electric.
Futuricum Concrete 40 t Lithium- 500 kW / 680 1.3 - 15 hours 190 km -
Mixer ion HP depending on 380 km
(NMC) charger (2 models depending
Battery available) and on battery
battery (3 models
available)
SANY Cement battery 250 km
truck
mixer

Manufacturer Product Weight Power Power Capacity Charging Operation Description

source Time Time
Bobcat (US) Mini 1220 kg batteries 12.7 kWh 2h 8h Prototype
Excavator
Green Mini- 1075 kg Battery 12.8 kWh 2h Prototype
Machine excavator 3890 kg 56 kWh
1270 kg 14 kWh
HITACHI Mini 2t battery/ 1-2 hrs 2.5 hrs
(JP) Excavator cable
Compact 9t battery/ Charge-Power: AC 44 1-4hrs 4-5 hrs has a fast
Excavator cable kW, DC 150 kW DC depending on charging
Discharge-Power: 75 charger option
kW (electric), limited (45mins)
by hydraulic pump
Mini 14-38t battery/ from 43 kW Permanently 30 min /
Excavator cable connected, continuous
will recharge when
when in use connected
Track 14-38t cable peak 210 kW Permanently Continuous operating at
Excavator plug-in connected the first zero
emission
construction
site in Oslo

9
Manufacturer Product Weight Power source Power Charging Time Operation Description
Capacity Time
Hyundai Mini 3.5 t battery 4.4 kWh 3 hours full work prototype
Construction Excavator shift'
Equipment (S.
KO)
JCB (UK) excavator 1862kg battery pack 20 kWh 2, 8 or 12 hrs 4 hrs
(3 bat.) depending on
charger
KOMATSU Mini 4.730kg battery 36 kWh quick charging 2h-6h
(JP) Excavator option
Kubota (JP) Excavator 1730 kg battery 20 kWh 70 mins 4-8hrs fast charging in
30mins possible;
operates between -
Excavator 5545 kg battery 80 kWh 180 mins 4-8 hrs
20 & +45 degrees

Limach Excavator 2990 kg battery 2.5 - 8 hrs 4-6 hrs

depending on
the charger
Mecalac Excavator battery 6-7 hrs 8 hrs

Nasta Excavator 9 tons battery 100 2.5 hours 4 hrs

(nominal kWh 1 hour with
power: 42 kW) quick charger

Pon Cat (NL) Excavator 11 tons battery 50 kWh 6 hrs (with 20.5 5-6 hrs
kW standard
charger) or 3
hrs (with 40.5
kW optional
charger)
TAKEUCHI Mini 3.890 kg 56 kWh 10 h 9h
(JP) Excavator

VOLVO (SW) Compact 2.5t 2 lithium ion 38 KWh 1h-6h 8h prototype

Excavator batteries (depending on
charger)
Wacker Excavator 1.596kg- battery 110-230 "overnight! full
Neuson (GE) 1.822kg V working
day

Manufacturer Product Weight Power Power Charging Operation Description

source Capacity Time Time
John Dheere Backhoe 6.654 tons battery 100 HP 8h Prototype

10
Manufacturer Product Weight Power Power Charging Time Operation Description
source Capacity Time
JCB Dumper 1625 kg 2 lithium- 10 kWh 2hr 35min "full day
ion 1hr 40min with shift"
batteries off-board fast
charger
dumpster 600 kg battery 4.9 kWh 2 hrs "full day
shift"
SANY Dumper 31000 kg fuel cell 500 km

Wacker Wheel 1950kg battery 300 Ah/ 8hrs 6.5hrs

Neuson (GE) Dumper 48V
Wacker Wheel 1509kg battery 8hrs 5hrs
Neuson (GE) Loader
Bobcat (US) Track 12,187 lb. lithium- 62 kW (100 4 hours Continuous
Loader (5528 kg) ion hp full day
battery equivalent)

Caterpillar Wheel Battery 41 kW 3 hrs 4.5 hrs

loader (medium-
duty
application)
Kramer Wheel 4150 kg battery 15 kW 6-7 hrs 3 hrs
loader (drive train)
22 kW
(hydraulic)

Schäffer (GE) wheel 2300 kg battery 21 kW w/ internal 5 hours 2 battery packs

loader charging system: which can also be
2 hrs per pack; w/ charged with
external CS: 15 external charging
mins per pack system in 15 mins
each
VOLVO (SW) Wheel 4.9t battery 2h-12h 8h 2 electric motors:
Loader (depending on one for the
charger) drivetrain and
one for the
hydraulics
Weidemann Wheel 2350 kg battery 6,5kW 6 hours 1.5 hours
Loader (48 V - 230 (drive train) (heavy
Ah) 8,5 kW materials) -
(hoist 3.5 hours
motor) (agricultural)

11
Data Collection
Interview and survey:
By conducting interviews and surveys while visiting building sites, it is shown that many
contractors are prepared to switch from conventional to electrical construction equipment, and
they think that in five years, all conventional construction equipment will unquestionably be
replaced.
According to the survey, medium and large scale construction sites will be more amenable to
adapting shifting or using electrical construction equipment for construction because basic
level construction sites are not yet ready to fully shift from conventional to electrical because
the cost may present a barrier for small construction sites.

DATA ANALYSIS

12
INFERENCE
During construction not only can save money when going to concentrate on incorporating
sustainability and sparing resource use into business model, but also can get more favour with
customers. By using sustainable construction methods, it may present construction company
as environmentally and socially responsible. Companies are increasingly looking for these
characteristics when selecting suppliers, partners, and construction firms.
The construction company will be better able to accept work from clients that want to build
greener structures by using eco-friendly materials and methods if can reduce environmental
footprint. There are several advantages to switching to greener equipment for business's
practical, everyday operations. Investing strategically in energy efficiency, according to score,
can save corporate costs by 10% to 30% yearly.

CONCLUSION
This study examined important criteria for choosing electrical construction equipment over
traditional construction equipment and study has identified basic criteria to achieve
sustainability by selection of on-site construction equipment based on the qualitative and
quantitative data. The recommended study criteria are intended to help civil contractors choose
and use electrical construction machinery and equipment that adheres to the sustainability triple
bottom line, i.e., profit, planet, and people. In addition, the list of electrical construction
equipment choices accurately reflects the worries of various project stakeholders. More
crucially, the study was conducted using the bare minimum of information that was readily
available at the time of conceptualization, making it possible to collect data quickly and easily.

13
REFERENCES

[1] Selinger S., Economic Service Life Of building Construction Equipment, American Society of
Civil Engineer’s Journal of Management in Engineering, 109(4), 1983, pp.355–482.

[2] William C.L., and Terveer K.R., Integrated Construction Preventive Maintenance System,
American Society of Civil Engineer’s Journal of Management in Engineering, 110(1), 1984, pp. 43–
59.

Construction Equipment-EV

https://www.nationalbusinesscapital.com/blog/eco-friendly-construction-equipment-save-bottom-
line/

https://www.shiniusa.com/2018/01/29/recycled-plastics-construction/

https://www.constructionbusinessowner.com/equipment/state-electric-vehicles-construction

https://www.ivtinternational.com/features/feature-the-many-benefits-of-electric-vehicles.html

https://app.croneri.co.uk/feature-articles/plugged-construction-electric-vehicles-and-machinery

https://www.ukconstructionmedia.co.uk/features/future-electric-vehicles-construction/

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/construction-equipment-makers-plan-
to-go-electric/articleshow/89230143.cms

https://www.icuerious.com/electric-construction-vehicle-report.html

https://www.bigrentz.com/blog/electric-construction-equipment

https://www.oemoffhighway.com/engineering-manufacturing/article/22119310/can-a-fully-electric-
construction-site-become-a-reality-in-the-us

https://www.google.com/search?q=electric+vehicles+used+in+construction+sector&rlz=1C1JJTC_enI
N1007IN1008&ei=pCtuY87uNvKEmgfN47qgCw&start=20&sa=N&ved=2ahUKEwjO0NOL_aX7AhVygu
YKHc2xDrQ4ChDy0wN6BAgBEAc&biw=1396&bih=656&dpr=1.38

https://www.forconstructionpros.com/concrete/equipment-products/buggies-conveyors-misc-
placing/product/22539240/the-toro-company-the-e2500-electric-ultra-buggy

https://www.forconstructionpros.com/rental/construction/article/22236614/bigrentz-going-electric

(very important link above and down link)

https://www.forconstructionpros.com/equipment/earthmoving-
compact/article/22093239/charging-strategy-required-for-batteryelectric-construction-equipment

https://www.forconstructionpros.com/equipment/document/22131502/can-a-fully-electric-
construction-jobsite-become-a-reality

https://www.conexpoconagg.com/news/understanding-government-incentives-and-tax-benefi

https://www.conexpoconagg.com/news/get-smarter-about-electric-construction-equipment

https://www.conexpoconagg.com/news/electric-demolition-robots-are-making-jobsites-saf

14
https://news.conexpoconagg.com/news/north-america-s-largest-demolition-robot-helps-new-york-
firm-get-the-job-done/4246.article?_ga=2.121044168.1938143238.1668410515-
1147471408.1668410515&_gl=1*1vl2agy*_ga*MTE0NzQ3MTQwOC4xNjY4NDEwNTE1*_ga_QLG8N
HE3BQ*MTY2ODQxMDUxNS4xLjEuMTY2ODQxMDgzNC42MC4wLjA.

https://www.hitachicm.com/global/en/sustainability/environment/

https://www.geospatialworld.net/blogs/the-rise-of-autonomous-construction-equipment/
(construction automation)

https://constructible.trimble.com/construction-industry/the-benefits-of-ai-in-construction (AI
Robotics)

https://www.constructionworld.in/heavy-construction-equipment/construction--industrial-
equipment-makers-to-shift-to-electric/32257

https://www.constructionworld.in/heavy-construction-equipment/connectivity-is-key-between-
automation---electro-mobility--volvo-md/29202 (Volvo MD Article)

https://ktla.com/morning-news/technology/bobcat-all-electric-excavator-loader-demo-los-angeles-
construction/

Construction Equipment

https://www.euractiv.com/section/air-pollution/opinion/why-construction-machinery-must-be-
included-in-the-clean-vehicles-directive/

https://www.ciiblog.in/towards-a-sustainable-construction-equipment-industry/

https://www.forconstructionpros.com/equipment/article/21579018/3-unexpected-equipment-
challenges-construction-is-facing-in-2021-and-what-to-do-now

https://www.conexpoconagg.com/news/sustainable-technology-on-construction-equipment

https://journal.hep.com.cn/fem/EN/10.15302/J-FEM-2017013

https://www.aefaulks.co.uk/environmental-impact-of-construction-machinery/

https://www.transportenvironment.org/discover/diesel-machines-law-will-cause-more-pollution-
and-health-problems/

https://www.safetystratus.com/blog/environmental-concerns-for-construction-projects/

https://aquabarrier.com/blog/information/decrease-environmental-impact-construction/

15
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272116787_Discussion_on_the_Environmental_Impact_
of_Construction_Machinery_and_its_Coping_Strategies

https://awv.com/blog/industrial-noise-pollution/

https://www.deskera.com/blog/factors-influencing-heavy-equipment/

https://www.trvst.world/environment/negative-impact-of-technology-on-the-environment/

https://www.economicsdiscussion.net/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-the-use-of-
machinery/1545

https://www.arizton.com/market-reports/india-construction-equipment-market (Market report for

construction equipment)

https://equipmentindia.com/construction-equipment-updates/excavator/Heading-towards-a-new-
high-/128217

Other

https://www.futurelearn.com/info/blog/general/moving-towards-sustainable-construction

https://www.volvoce.com/global/en/this-is-volvo-ce/what-we-believe-in/sustainability/ (Volvo
electric equipment)

a. https://www.volvoce.com/global/en/our-offer/emobility/
b. https://www.volvoce.com/global/en/this-is-volvo-ce/what-we-believe-in/innovation/volvo-
concept-lab-machines/
c. https://www.volvoce.com/global/en/news-and-events/news-and-stories/2021/infographic-
electromobility-milestones/
d. https://www.volvoce.com/global/en/this-is-volvo-ce/what-we-believe-
in/sustainability/construction-climate-challenge/

https://onekeyresources.milwaukeetool.com/en/sustainable-construction

https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/off-highway-electric-vehicle-market-
129288251.html (Electric Construction Equipment Available)

https://mobilityforesights.com/product/india-construction-equipment-market/ (India Electric

Equipment Market 2022-2027)

https://www.electric-ece.com/

https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/off-highway-electric-vehicle-market-
129288251.html

IMP

https://bellona.org/database-emission-free-construction-equipment-by-product-type (Product
Comparison)

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