Laboratory Exercises in Hospital Pharmacy

EXERCISE NO. 3

PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS

I. OBJECTIVES
1. To enhance student's knowledge on different dosage forms
. o determine the correct method of administration ofthe different dosage torms

II. DISCUSsION
A form. In
oSage Torm is the way of identifying the drug in its physical
detemining dosage form, FDA examines such factors as (1) physical appearance of
the drug product; (2) physical form of the drug product prior to dispensing to the
patient, (3) the way the product is administered; (4) frequency of dosing; and (5) how
phamacists and other health professionals might recognize and handle the product.

The following are the different dosage forms available:

I. Liquid
A. Solutions
1. Aqueous solutions
a. Water
b. Aromatic waters
C. Aqueous acids
d. Diluted acids
e. Solutions
f. Douches
g. Enemas
h. Gargles
Mouthwashes
j. Juices
k. Nasal Solutions
. Otic Solution
2 Sweet or other viscid aqueous solutions
a. Syrup
b. Honeys
C. Mucilages
d. Jellies
3. Non-aqueous solutions
a. Collodion
b. Elixirs
C. Glycerin or glycerites
d. Inhalation and inhalants
e. Liniments
f. Oleovitamins
g. Spirits
h. Toothache drops
CEU School of Pharmacy 18 P age
Laboratory Exercises in Hospital
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B. Emulsions

C. Suspensions
1. Gels
2. Lotions
3. Magmas and milks
4. Mixtures

I. Extracts
A. Tincture
B. Fluid Extract
C. Extract

III. Parenteral Preparations

A. Solutions ready for
injection
B. Dry, soluble product
C. Suspensions ready for
injection
D. Dry, insoluble product
E. Emulsion

IV. Intravenous Admixtures

A. Intravenous fluids
B. Intravenous admixture
C. Total Parenteral Solution

V. Ophthalmic Preparations
A. Solutions
B. Suspensions
C. Ointments
D. Lens Care Products
1. Wetting solutionss
2. Cleansing solutions
3. Disinfection solutions
4. Soaking solutions
5. Artificial tears

VI. Medicated Applications

A. Ointment
B. Cataplasm
C. Pastes
D. Powders
E. Dressings
F. Creams
G. Plasters
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Laboratory Exercises in Hospital Pharmacy

H. Suppositories
VI. Powders
A. Oral Powders
B. Dentifrices
C. Douche Powders
D. Dusting Powders
E. Insufflations
F. Triturations

VIll. Oral Solid Dosage Forms

A. Tablets
B.Capsules
C. Pills
D.Troches
E. Cachets
F. Pellets

IX. Aerosols

X. Radiopharmaceuticals

XI. Biological Products

A.Vaccine
B. Toxoid
C.Immune globulin
D. Hyperimmune serum
E. Antitoxin
F.Antiviral serum
G.Antivenin

XII. Diagnostics

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Laboratory Exercises in Hospital Pharmacy

Route of Administration and Delivery System of Primary Dosage Forms

Route Dosage Forms Route Dosage Forms

Oral Tablets Contact lens
Conjunctival
Capsules solution
Solutions Ointments
Syrups Intra-ocular/ Solutions
Elixirs
Suspensions
Intra-aural Suspensions
Solutions
Intranasal
Magmas Sprays
Gels Inhalations
Powders Ointments

Intrarespiratory Aerosols
Sublingual Tablet Rectal Solutions
Ointments
Suppositories
Parenteral Solutions Gels
Suspensions Vaginal Solutions
Epicutaneous, Ointments Ointments
Transdermal Gels Emulsion foams
Creams Gels
Infusion pumps Tablets
Pastes Inserts,
Plasters Suppositories
Powders
Aerosols Urethral
Sponge
Solutions
Lotions Suppositories
Transdemal
patches, discs
Solutions

Il. PROCEDURE
1. ldentify the generic name, dosage forms available, potency, strength and method
of administration of the 30 drugs listed in the activity.

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Laboratory Exercises in Hospital
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Name
Year and Section Date
Score

Exercise No. 3

Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

Brand Generic Dosage Method of
Name Name Forms Potency/Strength Administration
1. Ventolin Available

2. Fluimucil

3. Aeknil

4. Dulcolax

5. Canesten

6. Dazomet

7. Isordil

|8. Macroxam
9. Garamycin

10. KY Jelly

11.Lidocaine
12. Motilium
13. Januvia

14. Recormon

15. Zantac

16. Azithromax

17. Fleet
221 P age
CEU School of Pharmacy
Laboraiory Exercises in Hospital Pharmacy

Brand Generic Dosage Method of

Forms Potency/Strength Administration
Name Name
Avaiiable
18. Piogrel

19.Cardene SR

20. Betadine

21.Zegen
22. Drixine

23.Voitaren
24. Bactigras

25. Solcoseryl

26. Lactated
Ringer's
Solution
27. Orudis EC

28. Solmux

29. Duofilm

30. Tetavax

23| P a ge
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Laboratory Exercises in Hospital Pharmacy

Questions:
1. Differentiate the various pharmaceutical
preparations in terms of their route of
administration. What dosage forms require special gadgets in order to be
administered?

2. In what available forms are drugs used as suspensions?

3. What particular dosage formm is recommended for babies, children, adult?

4. Differentiate the following:

a. Sublingual tablet.
b. Buccal tablet-
c. Perlingual tablet-
d. Enteric coated tablet-
e. Fast release tablet-
f. Controlled release tablet-
g Effervescent tablet-
h. Chewable tablet-
CEU School of Pharmecy
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Laboratory Exercises in Hospital Pharmacy

EXERCISE NO. 4

THERAPEUTIC CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS

I. OBJECTIVES
1. To be familiar with the therapeutic classification of drugs
2. To differentiate each therapeutic category

I1. DISCUSSION
of drugs is continuously increasing. How does anyone begin to
ne number
learn such tremendous number of drugs? A rational classification may aid in

orientng tne students to the vast arsenal of present-day pharmaceuticals. Drugs

should be studied based on major drug classes or therapeutic classtication raner
than individual drugs. Focusing on major drug class will enable the
student/pharmacist to look at characteristics associated with each drug class,
therefore, there is a good possibility that each drug in the class., will exhibit those
characteristics. An additional advantage of studying drug classes is the large
number of drugs with which the student/pharmacist will become familiar

There is a lack of absolute consistency in drug classification; drugs can be

classified according to various criteria:
a. By origin sources of drug
b. By mechanism of action
C. By site of drug action
d. By chemical structure
e. By therapeutic use

The best way to facilitate learning with the massive amount of information
about each drug is to review each class. Another is to highlight important features
associated with each group and learn the names of the most commonly used drugs
in each group. One can also interrelate information and keep up with current
information by reading drug journals and other drug literature.

The following are the therapeutic categories based on Philippine National

Drug Formulary (PNDF).
1.0 Medicines Acting on the Nervous System
1.1 Anesthetics
General anesthetics
Inhalational agents
.Intravenous agents
Adjuvants and oxygen
Non-opioid analgesics
Opioid analgesics
Neuromuscular blockers
Cholinesterase inhibitors

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Anxiolytics
Anticholinergic
Sympathomimetic
Beta adrenoceptor blocker
Oxygen
1.2
Local anesthetics
3 Anticonvulsant/Antiepileptics
Antimigraine
1.4 Antiparkinsonism

Dopaminergics (only for idiopathic parkinsonism)

1.5
Anticholinergics (for idiopathic and drug-induced parkinsonism)
Antipyretics
1.6 Antivertigo
1.7 Medicines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
1.8 Medicines for pain management (ADHD)
Non-opioid analgesics
Opioid analgesics
1.9
.Medicinesfor neuropathic pain
Medicines to reduce cerebral edema
1.10 Medicines for dementia
1.11 Psychopharmacological agents
Antidepressants
. Antipsychotics

Atypical antipsychotics
Typicalantipsychotics
Anxiolytics
Hypnotics
Mood stabilizers

2.0 Medicines acting on the muskuloskeletal system and joints

2.1 Antigout
F o r acute gout
ForFor chronic gout
2.2 Anti-osteoporosis medicines
.Anti-resorptive agents
Biphosphonates
Hormone replacement therapy
Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)
Vitamins and minerals

2.3 Disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)

2.4
2.4 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Nonselective COX inhibitors
Selective COX 2 inhibitors

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2.5 Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

Spasmolytics
Neuromuscular blockers
Depolarizing agents
Non-depolarizing agents
3.0 Anti-Infectives
3.1 Antibacterials
Aminoglycosides
Aminocyclitol
Carbapenems
Cephalosporins
First generation
Second generation
Third generation
Fourth generation
Chloramphenicol
Glycopeptide
Lincosamide
Macrolides
Nitroimidazoles
Penicillins
Quinolones
First generation (non-fluorinated)
Second generation (fluorinated)
Third generation (fluorinated)
Sulfonamide
Tetracyclines (also for chlamydiae, mycoplasma and rickketsiae)
Anti- H.pylori (in conjunction with bismuth subcitrate or proton pump
inhibitor)
Antileprosy medicines
Antituberculosis medicines
Urinary antiseptics
3.2 Antifungals

3.3 Antiparasitics
Anthelmintics
.Medicines for common roundworm infections
Antifilarials
Antischistosoma
Antiprotozoals
Amebicides
Antimalarials
Antipneumocytosis (also antitoxoplasmosis)

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Laboratory Exercises in Hospital Pharmacy

3.4 Antivirals
Antiherpes agents
Anticytomegalovirus
Antiretroviral agents
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTis)
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)
Protease inhibitors (Pls)
Anti-influenza Aand B
4.0 Immunologicals
4.1 Diagnostic agent
4.2
4.2 Sera and immunoglobulins
4.3 Vaccines

5.0 Cardiovascular Medicines

5.1 Cardioactive agents
Inotropic agents
Cardiac glycosides
Adrenergic agents
Antianginal agents
Nitrates
Beta-adrenoreceptor blockers
Fatty acid oxidation (pFOX) inhibitor
Medicines for acute coronary syndrom
Nitrates
.Anticoagulants
Antithrombotics
Thrombolytic (Fibrinolytic)
Antiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
Beta-adrenoreceptorblocker
.Opioid analgesic
Post-myocardial infarction maintenance medicines
.Antithrombotic
. Beta-adrenoreceptor blocker
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
Antiotensin-2 receptor blockers (ARBs)
. Antiarthythmic agents
Ventricular
.Supraventricular
Anticongestive heart failure
Antialdosterone/rennin angiotensin aldosterone (RAA)
modulator
Diuretics
Cardiac ghlycoside
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

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Combined aipha and

beta-adrerioceptor biocker
5.2 Antihynertad-adrenoceptor
Antihypertensives biockers
Diuretics
.Antiadrenergics
Beta-adrenoreceptor blockers
Centrally acting antinypertensives (aipha-2
Direct vasodilators agonists)
Calcium channei blockers
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
Antiotensin-2 receptor biockers (ARBSs)
5.3 Fixed-dose combinations
Medicines for blood lipid disorders
Hypercholesterolemia
5.4 Hypertriglyceridemia
Medicines for shock
Anapnylactic shock
CaraiogenicVascular shock
Hemorrhagic/Hypovoiemic shock
Septic shock
5.5 Chronotropic agent
5.6 Medicines peripheral anery occlusive disease
5.7 Medicines for venous thrombosis/thromboembolism (anticoagulant)
6.0 Diuretics

7.0 Respiratory Medicines

7.1 Antiasihma
Relievers (quick relief/rescue medications)
Bronchodilators
Corticosteroids
.Controliers (prophylactic/maintenance medications)
Bronchodilators (symptom controllers)
.Corticosteroids (inflammation controlilers)
.Fixed dose combination inhalation corticosteroid and beta-2
adrenoceptor agonists
. Leokotriene receptor antagonist
7.2 Medicines for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Relievers (quick relief/rescue medications)
Maintenance medication
7.3 Centraily acting antitussives
7.4 Respiratory stimulant
7.5 Surfactant

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Laboratory Exercises in Hospital
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8.0 Antiallergics
8.1 H1-receptor
8.2 H2-receptor antagonists
antagonists (Anthistamines)
8.3 Corticosteroids
8.4 Adrenergic agent

9.0 Antineoplastics and Immunisuppressives

9.1 Antineoplastics
Cell cycle-specific agents

9.2 Cellcycle-nonspecific agents

Hormones and antihormones in malignant diseases
9.3 Immunotherapeutics
Immunomodulators
9.4
Immunosuppressives
Radiopharmaceutical
9.5 Miscellaneous anticancer agents
9.6 Adjuncts and antineoplastic chemotherapy
10.0 Medicines Affecting the Blood
10.1 Hematinics
10.2 Hematopoietic growth factors
10.3 Anticoagulants
10.4 Antithrombotics (antiplatelets)
10.5 Thrombolytic (fibrinolytic)
10.6 Anti-fibrinolytic

11.0 Blood Products and Blood Substitute

11.1 Plasma expanders/substitutes (colloids)
11.2 Plasma fractions for specific uses

12.0 Antidotess
12.1 General antidotes
12.2 Specific antidotes/antagonists

13.0 Gastrointestinal Medicines

13.1 Anticholinergics
13.2 Antiemetics
13.3 Antimotility
13.4 Antipeptic ulcer medicines
13.5 Bile acid malabsorption
13.6 Bile salt
13.7 Bowel anti-inflammatory
13.8 Direct smooth muscle relaxant
13.9 Laxatives/Cathartics
13.10 Gastrokinetics (Prokinetics))
13.11 Hemostatic Medicines for Esophageal Varices

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14.0 Hormones and Homone Antagonists

14.1 Corticosteroids
14.2 Anterior pituitary hormones and
14.3 Posterior pituitary hormones pituitary-like hormones
14.4 Hypothalamic hormones
14.5 Sex hormones and
antagonists
Androgens
Anti-androgens
Estrogen
Dopamine agonist (forhyperprolactinemia)
Ovulation inducing medicines
.Progestins (Progestogens)
Hormonal contraceptives
Hormonal replacement therapy
14.6 Medicines forbenign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
14.7 Thyroid hormones and antithyroid medicines
Thyroid hormone replacements
Antithyroid medicines
Thioamides
lodides and radioactive iodine (therapeutic)
Adjunct for crisis states
14.8 Insulins and other antidiabetic medicines
.Insulins
Short-acting
.Intermediate-acting
.Oral hypoglycemic
Sulfonylureas
Biguanide
Thiazolidinedione
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor
14.9 Anti-hypoglycemics

15.0 Medicines acting on the uterus

15.1 Oxytocics (uterine stimulants)
15.2 Tocolytics (uterine relaxants)
16.0
16.0 Medicines correcting water electrolyte, acid-base and caloric disturbances
16.1 Rehydration solutions
Oral rehydration salts
Parenteral
16.2 Electrolyte or IV Additive solutions
16.3 Enteral nutrition
16.4 Parenteral nutrition
Caloric medicines

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Laboratory Exercises in Hospital Pharmacy

Amino acids, crystalline standard

16.5
Amino acids, combined
Peritoneal dialysis solutions
16.6 Hemodialysis solutions
Potassium-free dialysate
Low-calcium dialysate
17.0 Diagnostic Agents
17.1 Ophthalmic
17.2 Radiocontrast media
lonic
Non-ionic
Other radiocontrast media

18.0 Dermatological and Mucous Membrane Agents (Topical)

18.1 Anti-infectives
Antibacterials
Antifungals
.Scabicides and pediculicides
18.2 Anti-inflammatory and antipruritics
18.3 Antiseptics
18.4 Keratolytics
18.5 Anti-psoriasis
18.6 Emollient

19.0 Ophthalmological Preparations

19.1 Adjuvant to surgery
19.2 Anti-infectives
19.3 Anti-inflammatory
Steroidal
Non-steroidal
19.4 Diagnostics
19.5 Glaucoma, medicines for
Cholinergic agonists (miotics)
Beta adrenoceptor blocker
Adrenergic agonists (alpha-2 selective)
Prostaglandin analogues
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Systemic
Locally-acting
Hyperosmotic agents
19.6 Local anesthetics
19.7 Mydriatics
Anticholinergics (cycloplegics)
Adrenergic agonist

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Laboratory Exercises in Hospital
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19.8
Dysfunctional tear syndrome (dry eyes)
Immunosuppressive
Lubricants
20.0 Ear, Nose and Throat
20.1 Agents for Preparations
chemical
20.2 Topical anesthetic cautery
20.3 Topical antibiotics
20.4 Topical antimicrobial combinations
20.5 Topical antibiotic +corticosteroids
20.6 Topical nasal corticosteroids
20.7 Topical nasal decongestant
21.0 Vitamins and Minerals
21.1 Vitamins
21.2 Minerals
21.3 Vitamins and minerals
22.0 Disinfectants

III. PROCEDURE
1. Given the following drugs in the activity, identify their therapeutic category,
brand name, dosage form and potency.

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Laboratory Exercises in Hospital
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Name
Year and Section Date
Score

Exercise No. 4

Therapeutic Classification of Drugs

Practice Exercise

Generic Name Therapeutic Brand Name Dosage

Category Form Potency
1. vancomycin
2. sodium bicarbonate
3.prednisone
propranolol
5. paclitaxil
6. oseltamivir
7. metronidazole
7. epinephrine
8. diphenhydramine
9.zolpidem
10.heparin
11.tranexamic acid
12.Sodium nitropruSside
13.sucralfate
14.raloxifine
15.phenytoin
16.pethidine
17.nalbuphine
18.naproxen
19.naloxone
20.methylphenidate
21.mupirocin
22.lactulose
23. vasopressin
24.telmisartan
25. imatinib
26.itraconazole
27.haloperidol
28.gentamicin
29.digoxin_
30.doxycycline

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Laboratory Exercises in Hospital Pharmacy

Questions
1. What are the advantages of studying drugs by generic names?

2. How does
therapeutic classification differ from indication?

3. Are generic drugs available in different brand names bioequivalent?

4. What are the criteria used for the selection of drugs to be given to the patient?

5. Why is studying drugs by therapeutic category more relevant to pharmacists?

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Laboratory Exercises in Hospital
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EXERCISE NO. 5
HEALTH CARE SUPPLIES
I. OBJECTIVES
1. To be familiar with
the health care
1o determine
supplies used in the hospital
2 the significance of the different health
care supplies used by
both ambulatory and
institutional patients
1. DISCUSSION
An
important contribution to the health team concept is the extension of the
hospital pharmacy professional service, the health
recent years, there is a
accessory department. In the
growing involvement of pharmacist in selecting and fitting
health accessories to cater to specific needs of a patient. Pharmacists do not
select a particuiar health accessory but also
only
give instructions to the patient on how
to properly use such heaith accessory and its maintenance. Many pharmacists
care
who are successfuly involved in providing comprehensive health accessories
service realize that when they give better service in order to provide and
improve the
quality of life of a patient..

To be successful in providing these services, one must develop and

acquire
skills and expertise to recommend the right equipment and supplies for
every
individual patient. The initial step in selecting appropriate health accessory is
thorough evaluation of both the patient and the available accessories including age,
ifestyle, diagnosis, prognosis, disability related factors, patient and equipment
requirements. Each of these factors should be considered when selecting the most
appropriate health accessory for the patient.

List of Health Care Supplies

A. Ambulatory Aids
1. Canes
2. Crutches
3. Walkers
4. Wheelchairs

B. Bathroom Equipment
1. Commodes
Laboratory Exercises in Hospital
Pharmacy

C. Blood Pressure Monitors

1. Mercury sphygmomanometer
2. Aneroid sphygmomanometer
3. Electronic or
digital monitor
D. Orthopedic Braces and Supports
E. Urology and Incontinence Supplies
1. Urinals
2. Incontinence pants
3. Catheters
4. Rectal tubes
5. Wee Bag

F. Ostomy Appliances and Accessories

1. Solid waste appliances
2. Semisolid waste
appliances
3. Urinary diversion appliances

G. Respiratory Equipment
1. Vaporizer
2. Atomizer
3 Nebulizer
4. Intermittent positive pressure breathing machine (IPPB)

H. Thermometers

I.HypodermicEquipment
1. Hypodermic syringes and needles
2. Bulb syringes

J. Dressings and first aid supplies

1. Sterile rolls and pad of gauzes
2. Elastic bandages
3. Eyepads
4. Hot water bottles
5. Steam packs
6. Electric heating pads
7. lce bag or ice cap
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Laboratory Exercises in Hospital Pharmacy

K. Trusses

L. Other sickroom supplies

1. Bedpans
2. Douche pans
3. Emesis
4. Sputum cups
5. Medicine cups
6. Mattress
7. Glucometer
8. Fat Analyzer

IlI. PROCEDURE
Given the different health care supplies,illustrate and givei

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 Laboratory Exercises in Hospital Phamacy

Name Date
Section:
Score
Exercise No. 5

Health Care Supplies

Practice Exercises:
I.Give the illustration and use/s
of the following health care supplies
Health Care Supplies llustration Usels
1.Wheelchair

2. Thermometer

3. Crutches

4. Bedpans

5. Commodes

6. Canes

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 Laboratory Exercises in Hospital Pharmacy

Health Care Supplies lustration Usels

7.Urinary catheters

8. Syringe and needles

9. Nebulizer

10. Orthopedic braces

11. Ostomy appliances

12. Sphygmomanometer

13. Atomizer

14. Incontinence pants

15. Ice bag

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Laboratory Exercises in Hospital
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Questions:
1. Differentiate the four kinds of
crutches. Which of the four crutches is commonly
used?

2. Give examples of health accessories commonly used by orthopaedic patients?

3. lustrate and differentiate rectal and oral thermometer. Which of the two
thermometers will give the most accurate reading of body temperature?

4. What are the different sizes of needles and types of syringes?

This condition is commonly seen in what type of

5. What is: urinary incontinence?
patients?

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