1.

Philosophy can be more appropriately understood as the “ love of exercising one’s curiosity
and intelligence”.
2. Socrates who pursued passionately in seeking the truth and the reason why we call people
who engage in philosophy as philosophers as lovers of wisdom.
3. philosophy is a science and like all other branches of science, it's also based on evidence.
4. city of Miletus in the Western Coast is consider as the birthplace of Philosophy, that can be
found in Greece.
5. Thales or other known as Thales of Miletus is the Father of Western Philosophy in the
Western Civilization.
6. He was the first who tried to explain the ultimate stuff that makes up the different things we
perceived, like the clouds, mountains, trees, animals, people and rivers, he believed that there
is underlying stuff or substance in which everything we perceived is composed. (thales)
7. Philosophers divided into three groups namely : Pre-Socratic, Pluralist and the Socratic
Philosophers
8. Anaximenes was a student of Thales, he believed that the air was the single substance and the
source of all things, he differed with his predecessors like Thales, who held that water is the
source of all things .
9. Anaximander held that everything orignated from the apeiron ( the infinite, unlimited and
indefinite) he postulated eternal motion, along with apeiron, as the originating cause of the
world.
10. Empedocles, a great statesman and poet born in Sicily asserted that all things are composed of
four elements air, water, fire and earth that undergo cosmic cycle
11. Empedocles’ world view of cosmic cycle of eternal change, growth and decay in which two
personified cosmic forces, love and strife, engage in an eternal battle for supremacy
12. Anaxagoras claims that the universe is composed of infinitely small particles called atoms.
Nous or the mind is what gives matter form.
13. Theres a portion of everything in everything. (Anaxagoras)
14. Heraclitus know as “ the Dark One ” change was the basis of the universe
15. “You can’t step on the same river twice” it will change from moment to moment (HIraclitus)
16. Paramenides contrast this idea and argued that the universe is defined by permanence, change
is only illusion, and reason is the important way to understand the world.
17. Socrates was born in Athens, famous for his claim that he didn’t know anything.
18. he was charged of impiety and corruption of the mind of youth and was sentenced to death
which he carried out by drinking hemlock. (Socrates)
19. PLATO was born to an aristocratic family; he travelled widely and founded his Academy in
Athens.
20. “The Republic,” (Plato)
21. Allegory of the Cave (plato)
22. Plato claimed that knowledge through the senses is no more than opinion and that in order to
have real knowledge we must gain philosophical reasoning
23. ARISTOTLE, the Athenian student of Plato, was a naturalist who provided the philosophical
basis of science.
24. He became the adviser of Alexander the Great the son of Philip. (Aristotle)
25. According to Aristotle, if you do something bad you feel unhappy.
26. Reflection is an activity that requires a person to examine his or her thoughts, feelings, and
action and learn from experience.
27. Gabriel Marcel, philosophical reflection is the act of giving time to think about the meaning
and purpose of our existence.
28. Primary Reflection which is the ability to think logically, the ability of the mind to construct
and evaluate arguments, it is more fragmentalized and compartmentalized thinking which
concern with definitions, essence and technical solution to problems
29. primary reflection also known as “ selfish thinking/ instrumental thinking, means end kind of
thinking.
30. Secondary Reflection According to Gabriel Marcel this type of reflection enable us to look
deeper into our experience and see the bigger picture of reality, it is more genuine and
unselfish thinking that enable us to see the broader perspectives of life.
31. Philosophy as a science is also a systematized body of knowledge but unlike other sciences
which employs observation and experimentation to prove their theories,
 32. philosophy uses reason to arrive at a certain knowledge or truth.
33. Opinions are statements that go beyond providing facts
34. Beliefs are statements that express convictions that are not easily and clearly explained by
facts.
35. Explanations are statements that assume the claim to be true and provide reasons why the
statement is true.
36. Truth is a statement that can be proven and test from the different source.
37. The Socratic Method, also known as method of elenchus, elenctic method, or Socratic debate,
is a form of cooperative argumentative dialogue between individuals, based on asking and
answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to draw out ideas and underlying
presuppositions.
38. According to Kant, however, the ancient Greeks used the word "dialectic" to signify the logic
of false appearance or semblance.
39. Dialectics is a term used to describe a method of philosophical argument that involves some
sort of contradictory process between opposing sides.
40. Empiricism states that sense experience is the only source of knowledge while rationalism
states that reason alone is the source of knowledge.
41. A theory of truth is supposed to tell us what it is for something to be true or false.
42. A theory is the belief that a proposition is true to the extent that it agrees with other true
propositions.
43. The correspondence theory of truth states that the truth or falsity of a statement is
determined only by how it relates to the world and whether it accurately describes that world.
44. A coherence theory of truth states that the truth of any (true) proposition consists in
its coherence with some specified set of propositions
45. It simply refers to the bearers of truth values, whatever they may be. (coherence)
46. Pragmatic theory of truth claim that a statement is truth when it is useful or has significant to
someone.
47. Logic – the science of art and correct thinking
48. Ethics – the science of morality of human acts
49. Metaphysics – deals with human reality and seeks to explain the fundamental concepts of
man
50. Epistemology – is the study of the nature and scope of knowledge and justified belief.
51. It analyzes the nature of knowledge and how it relates to similar notions such as truth, belief
and justification. (Epistemology)
52. It also deals with the means of production of knowledge, as well as skepticism about different
knowledge claims. (Epistemology)
53. Theodicy – the philosophical study of God
54. Social philosophy – the study of man in relation to the family, state and church
55. Philosophy of Man – it is the inquiry into man and his dimension as person and as existent
being in the world; his dignity, truth, freedom, justice, love, death, his relation with others and
God.
56. Cosmology – the study of inanimate things such as the universe, from the philosophical
viewpoint.
57. Aesthetics – the study of beautiful
58. Rational Philosophical Psychology – the study of life principle of living things, specifically

59. Man By definition, it is generally and commonly define to

represent the entire human race.

60. Human A term used to refer for various classifications and species. For
a living man, human is under the classification of Mamalia

61. Human Being A term used to separate man from other Human Classifications
like animals
 62. Person Refers to an individual who possess self-awareness, selfdetermination, rational mind,
and the capacity to interact with
other and with himself/herself

63. Personhood A general term refer to the state of being a person with unique,
sacred and ethical status within him/herself.

64. Human Nature A general term refers to the deepest and natural behaviour of a
65. Human nature person that distinguish human from animals.
A collective traitsthat formed and considered the very essence of humanity.

66. Embodied spirit is the living animating core within each of us, the driving force behind all
that we think, say and do.
67. “Self- awareness refers to person having a clear perception of oneself, including his or her
thoughts, emotions, identity, and actions
68. It is the ability of one’s consciousness to look inward thus discovering the presence of a self.
(Self- awareness)
69. The self is the subject that thinks, feels and acts.
70. Self-determination is “the capability of persons to make choices and decisions based on their
own preferences, monitor and regulate their actions, and be goal oriented and self-directed
71. A human person has an inherent value and importance. This is what we call dignity
72. St. Thomas Aquinas, a philosopher and one of the greatest theologian in the Catholic Church
in the 13th century, said that “of all creatures, human beings have the unique power to change
themselves and things for the better.”
73. A.PLATO’S NOTION OF HUMAN BEING
Man in his original state was pure soul. A soul exists and could exist apart from the body.

74. Soul consists of three parts:

1. Reason : Intellect and will
2. Passion : Drives and emotions
3. Appetite : sensual part
75. B. ARISTOTLE’S NOTION OF HUMAN BEING

Man is one substance whose matter is his body and whose form is his soul.
Ex: “If the eyes were an animal, sight would be its soul, for this is the eye’s substance that corresponds
to its principle. The eye is a matter for sight and if this fails is no longer an eye.

76. C. ST. AUGUSTINE’S NOTION OF HUMAN BEING

Man is neither his soul apart nor his body apart but the whole which is composed or a unity of body and
soul but the soul and body are not matter and form, but body and soul are two substance, soul ( rational
substance ) and body ( material substance )

77. D. ST.THOMAS AQUINAS’ NOTION OF HUMAN BEING

Man is composed of the unity of body and soul, but soul and body are not two substances, rather soul and
body are matter and form of one substance man. (Influence by Aristotle)
 78. E. RENE DESCARTES’ NOTION OF HUMAN BEING

Cogito ergo sum – “I think, therefore I am” The essence of I is consciousness, thinking

79. Cogito ergo sum – “I think, therefore I am” The essence of I is consciousness, thinking
80. F. GABRIEL MARCEL NOTION OF HUMAN BEING

The body is the most obvious datum, it is the starting point and basis of whatever assert and can assert,
including philosophical claim, in short Sentigo ergo sum “I sense, therefore I exist ”

81. Sentigo ergo sum “I sense, therefore I exist ”

82. Extensionism – expanding certain interpersonal virtues not only to human but also non -
human entities
83. Considerations of benefit to agent - providing the opportunity for aesthetic experience like
recreational activities, clean water and air
84. Consideration of human excellence refers to character disposition which is promoting the
well-being of the ecological community
85. Study of role models study the character traits of individuals who are recognized as
environmental role models
86. Philosophers believe that the human person has the ability to change the environment to suit
his purposes.
87. Anthropocentrism – focuses on the significant role of humankind in the world and considers
nature as the means by which humans are able to meet their needs and survive.

88. This view believes that humans are the most important species on the planet and they are free
to transform nature and use its resources (Anthropocentrism)

89. Biocentrism – believes that humans are not the only significant species on the planet, and that
all other organisms have inherent value and should be protected.
90. This view advocates ethical treatment of animals. (Biocentrism)
91. Ecocentrism – places great value on ecosystems and biological communities. This view
believes that humankind is a part of a greater biological system or community and that we
have a significant role as stewards or guardians of nature.
92. This view promotes the idea that order and balance in nature brings about stability and
beauty. (Ecocentrism)
93. Environmental Integrity- means that any human activities or economic
advances should not unduly disrupt the environment and human communities
located in the area.
94. Economic efficiency- this is to ensure that there is minimum to zero waste in
using our natural resource
95. Equity- it refers to conserving our natural resources so that the future
generations will still be able to use it
96. Social Ecology- Murray Bookchin, proponent of Social ecology, believes that ecological
problems can be traced to social problems.
97. Ecofeminism- It assumes that male-centered view of nature is the root cause of ecological
problems.
98. Prudence is the capacity to direct and discipline one’s activities and behavior using reason. It
is the behavior that is cautious and, as much as possible, keeps away from any risks.
99. frugality is the quality of being thrifty. It is the careful supervision of one’s resources.
100. Human Environment interactions are defined as the interactions between the human
social system and the rest of the ecosystem.
101. The terms coevolution and coadaptation describe the never- ending process of mutual
adjustment and change between human social systems and the environment.
102.