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Sobvcrsb mim O
Oikbhoia
ikbhoia Iut
Iutûoh
ûohli
li mc Lâ
Lâxbk
xbkhh 
Jikuatim mc Boncobcrìi
Mbvbsbûo mc Kbcokbis Fésbkis
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[clcstr c 6069 -6  
6069-6

AIFHVI]HVBH
AI FHVI]HVBH MC IKS[
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I R HP]BKI
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PVIK]BKI 6
HOMI[ CACK]VHLINOÂ]BKI[

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NVSPH 6 FVBNI
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DCVOIOMH 
NI[KI C[]VIMI DCVOIOMH

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9. Vcsulco

Soi homi cacktrhlinoâtbki pucmc scr ncocrimi phr uo clbshr guoth kho rckcpthr mc
jrckucokbi mc homis mhomc ai mbstiokbi cotrc caahs oh tbcoc quc sc tio nriomc y su éonuah
mc bokaboikbûo rcspckth ia htrh mc prcjcrcokbi mcfc mc scr kcrh kho ca kuia virbiomh ai
ahonbtum mc homi sc pucmc kiakuair ai rcaikbûo mc cocrnìi, jrckucokbi i pirtbr mc viahrcs
ifshauths khlh ai vcahkbmim mc ai auz y ai khostiotc mc Paioke, ahs viahrcs thlimhs mc ai
ahonbtum
csths mc homi
viahrcs jucrho
jucrho mcsmc
6.66x909; 9;300 i966>0 Uol\ ¹ 0.3, ais jrckucokbis kiakuaimis piri
i 9.99x90 UDz\, utbabziomh mcrbvimis pirkbiacs piri rcshavcr
ai bokcrtbmulfrc mc ai jrckucokbi j Udz\, ca kéakuah mc csti co prblcr hrmco khrrcsphomìi
cvcotuialcotc i uoi ckuikbûo kuimrétbki csth qubcrc mckbr, quc i liyhr mbstiokbi ( ε),
liyhr bokcrtbmulfrc y ah lbslh kho ai jrckucokbi y ai cocrnìi.  

Piri lcmbr ai cocrnìi mc cstis jrckucokb

jrckucokbis,
is, ah dikclhs co cacktrhovha
cacktrhovhatbhs
tbhs UcZ\ y
cs pirtbkuair
pirtb kuair piri kimi viahr mc jrckucokbi, cs mckbr, ai rcaikbûo mc jrckucokbi kho ai cocrnìi
cs juokbhoia.

Ca hgh dulioh pcrkbfc jrckucokbis i pirtbr mc =00 disti >00 Uol\ co cstc lirnco phmclhs
cokhotrir thmhs ahs khahrcs. 

Ai acy mc ai rcjrikkbûo mc [ocaa bombki quc ais aukcs mc mbjcrcotcs ahonbtumcs mc homi sc
rctriktio incocrialcotc
rcjrikkbûo mbjcrcotcs éonuahs kuiomh
mbslbouyc kho bokbmco shfrcmcuohomi
uoi ahonbtum litcrbia pcrlbsbfac. Ca ìombkc mc
krckbcotc.

6. Lirkh
Lirkh ]cûrbk
]cûrbkhh

Iqucaais homis quc oh ockcsbtio uo lcmbh litcrbia piri prhpinirsc sc acs khohkc khlh
homis cacktrhlinoâ tbkis,, khlh cgclpah, ai auz vbsbfac y ais lbkrhhomis.
cacktrhlinoâtbkis
]hmis sc prhpinio co ca vikìh i uoi vcahkbmim khostiotc iprhxblimi K<;x904Ul/s\.  Ais
Ul/s\. Ais
homis cacktrhlinoâtbkis sc prhpinio lcmbiotc uoi hskbaikbûo mc kilphs caâktrbkhs y
linoâtbkhs.

]hmi homi cacktrhlinoâtbki csté ishkbimi i mhs prbokbpiacs virbifacs quc mctcrlboio ais
kiriktcrìstbkis mc mbkdi homi, cstis sho ai ahonbtum mc homi quc mctcrlboi kimi kuioth
sc rcpbtc uoi homi co uo cspikbh mctcrlboimh, y ai jrcku cokbi mc homi, quc ohs bombki ca
jrckucokbi
o÷lcrh mc vckcs quc sc rcpbtc uoi homi co uoi uobmim mc tbclph.

Fiséomhohs co ahs miths mc ahonbtum y jrckucokbi mc uoi homi cacktrhlinoâtbki piri

kiakuair ai ripbmcz7
Uls\  
v<j Uls\ 
Mhomc v cs ai ripbmcz mc prhpinikbûo mc homi

ε  cs ai ahonbtum mc homi

j cs ai jrckucokbi mc homi
 

[cn÷o ai dbpûtcsbs
ai dbpûtcsbs mc Paioke,
Paioke, thmi
 thmi ai rimbikbûo cacktrhlinoâtbki csté kuiotbjbkimi, y sc
prhmukc co jbobths "piquctcs" mc cocrnìi quc aaililhs jhthocs h kuioths. Ca kuioth mc
cocrnìi mc uo jhtûo oh cs ai khostiotc mc Paioke d co sì, sboh ca prhmukth mc d phr ai
jrckucokbi. Ai kuiotbjbkikbûo blpabki quc uo jhtûo mc auz izua mc uoi ahonbtum mc homi h
jrckucokbi mimi, sbclprc tcomré ca lbslh tiliùh kuéotbkh mc cocrnìi.

C<dj UG\

Vckhrmiomh quc7
j<kUDz\

Hftcoclhs htri jhrli piri kiakuair ai cocrnìi7

C<dk<dj UG\

Mhomc C cs ai cocrnìi mca jhtûo mc rimbikbûo

d  cs ai khostiotc mc Paioke. d<:,:6:x90-;=UGs\<=,9;:x90-93UcZs\

j cs ai jrckucokbi mc homi
k cs ai vcahkbmim mc ai auz co ca vikìh
ε cs ai ahonbtum mc ai homi

Phr htri pirtc, ca cspcktrh vbsbfac 

vbsbfac mc auz cs
auz cs ca cspcktrh mc rimbikbûo cacktrhlinoâtbki quc
cs vbsbfac piri ca hgh dulioh. Zi mcsmc uoi ahonbtum mc homi mc =00 ol disti >00 ol
khlh sc pucmc hfscrvir co ai sbnubcotc blinco.

Ai mbspcrsbûo
mbspcrsbûo   mc ai auz quc cs ca jcoûlcoh phr ca kuia mbstbotis ahonbtumcs mc homi sc
rcjriktio kho éonuahs mbstboths ia itrivcsir lcmbhs litcrbiacs, ia pisir i trivâs mc âa uo
diz mc auz bokiomcskcotc. Ai mcpcomcokbi mc ai ripbmcz mc homi y mca ìombkc mc rcjrikkbûo
kho rcspckth i ai ahonbtum mc homi sc aaili mbspcrsbûo, ai kuia hfscrvirclhs co ca scnuomh
cxpcrblcoth.

So jcoûlcoh botcrcsiotc cs kuiomh sc dikc pisir uo diz mc auz shfrc uo prbsli khlh
co ai blinco sbnubcotc7
 

;. Litcrbia
Litcrbia y Hfgctbvhs

Litcrbia

Dcrrilbcotis mbnbtiacs  
Co ca mcsirrhaah mc csti préktbki sc clpaciréo ahs sbluaimhrcs
sbnubcotcs7 • Homis cacktrhlinoâtbkis iarcmcmhr mc riyhs vbsbfacs.  

dttps7//giviaif.hrn/co/cacktrhlinoctbkXwivcsXirhuomXhjXvbsbfacXriy
sXco/  
sXco/

• Prbsli ûptbkh. 

dttps7//www.cmukipaus.hrn/nilc/prbsli-hptbkh  

Hfgctbvhs

9. Mctcrlboir ai jrckucokbi y ai cocrnìi mca jhtûo mc uoi homi

cacktrhlinoâtbki. 6. Vcprhmukbr ca jcoûlcoh mc ai mbspcrsbûo mc
ai auz y hfscrvir ai phrkbûo vbsbfac mca cspcktrh cacktrhlinoâtbkh.

6. Mctcrlboir ai jrckucokbi y ai cocrnìi mca jhtûo mc uoi homi

cacktrhlinoâtbki. 6. Vcprhmukbr ca jcoûlcoh mc ai mbspcrsbûo mc
ai auz y hfscrvir ai phrkbûo vbsbfac mca cspcktrh cacktrhlinoâtbkh.

=. Mcsirrhaa
Mcsirrhaa h

CTPCVBLCO]H B. JVCKSCOKBI R COCVNÌI MCA JH]ÛO, MC SOI HOMI

CACK]VHLINOÂ]BKI.
 

 
Piri botcriktuir kho ca sbluaimhr ‑Homis cacktrhlinoâtbkis iarcmcmhr mc riyhs vbsbfacs“,
mcspaikc kho ca kurshr ca prbsli y hfscrvc khlh virìi ai ahonbtum mc homi (ε) y kûlh ai
homi scùiai ufbkikbhocs cspckìjbkis co ahs mbjcrcotcs botcrviahs mca cspcktrh
cacktrhlinoâtbkh quc sc ufbki i ai mcrckdi i ai mcrckdi.

 Ik tbvb
 Iktb vbmim
mim B.9.
Khostruyi uoi tifai khlh sc lucstri i khotbouikbûo y kiakuac piri kimi ahonbtum mc
homi (ε), ai jrckucokbi (j) khrrcsphombcotc, thliomh co khosbmcrikbûo ai ripbmcz mc
prhpinikbûo mc ais homis cacktrhlinoâtbkis, k < ; x 904 Ul/s\.  

Ackturis Ahonbtum mc Jrckucokbi Vcnbûo mca cspcktrh Cocrnìi Cocrnìi

homi (ε) Uol\  ( j ) UDz\  cacktrhlinoâtbkh mca jhtûo mca jhtûo
(lbkrhhomis, (Cj) UG\  (Cj) UcZ\ 
bojrirrhgh, SZ, ctk.) 
9
6
;
=
3
:
>
4
2
90

Vckucrmc quc7   <

 <,  <   
 5  < .  Þ ∖ U − \ cs ai khostiotc mc Paioke.

CTPCVBLCO]H BB. PHVKBÛO ZB[BFA C MCA C[PCK]VH CACK]VHLINOÂ]BKH.

CACK]VHLI NOÂ]BKH.
 

  MB[PC
MB[PCV[BÛO
V[BÛO MC AI ASW.

Kho ca sbluaimhr ‑Prbsli ûptbkh“, mcsabkc ahs khotrhacs y hfscrvc quâ juokbûo mcsclpcùi
kimi uoh.

9. [cackkbhoc ai auz faioki.

6. Cabgi piri ca prbsli uo ìombkc mc rcjrikkbûo o < 9.3, quc khrrcsphomc i kbcrth tbph
mc vbmrbh. quc sc pucmc lhmbjbkir ca puoth mc bokbmcokbi mca riyh mc auz y ca éonuah
;. Hfscrvc
mc bokbmcokbi, mcspaiziomh h nbriomh ai aélpiri.
=. Co ca cxpcrblcoth liotconi ai bokaboikbûo mc ai f isc (δ) co 0h y ai iokduri mc ai
fisc (a) co 6.0 uobmimcs.
3. I khotbouikbûo, scackkbhoc ca nhobûlctrh (triosphrtimhr). Hfscrvc quc pucmc
lhmbjbkir su phsbkbûo dikbcomh kabk co ca kcotrh mca aimh rckth y mcspaiziomh ca
kurshr. Isì lbslh khlprucfc quc sc pucmc nbrir ca triosphrtimhr utbabziomh ai aìoci
rhsi, y quc phr lcmbh mc caai sc lbmco ahs éonuahs kho rcspckth i ai aìoci izua.

 Ik tbvb
 Iktb vbmim BB.9  
mim BB.9
Lhmbjbkiomh ca éonuah mc bokbmcokbi ( ), hfscrvc ca diz mc auz quc siac mca prbsli y ohtc
quc ai scpirikbûo ionuair mc ahs khahrcs sc lhmbjbki kho ca éonuah mc bokbmcokbi ( ).
¸Kuéa mc ahs khahrcs sujrc uoi liyhr mcsvbikbûo ionuair8

 Ik tbvb
 Iktb vbmim
mim BB.6
Stbabziomh idhri auz lhohkrhlétbki, scackkbhoc uo éonuah mc bokbmcokbi ( ) mc :0 U°\,
khostruyi uoi tifai khlh ai sbnubcotc y lbmi kho ca triosphrtimhr ais mcsvbikbhocs
ionuaircs 9 y 6 piri ais ahonbtumcs mc homi ( ε) cspckbjbkimis, khlh sc lucstri co ais
jbnuris ;, = y 3.

εUol\\
εUol
=00
Khahr
Zbhacti  U°\  U°\ ν U°\
 

>00 rhgh

Jbnuri ;. Csqucli mca prbsli mbspcrshr, co quc sc bombkio ca éonuah mc bokbmcokbi co ai

kiri 9 mca prbsli (δb9) y ais mcsvbikbhocs ionuaircs quc tbcoco aunir co ais kiris 9 y 6
(ζ9 y ζ6). 

Jbnuri =. Lcmbkbûo mc ai mcsvbikbûo ionuair ζ9. Ai aìoci izua sbrvc  khlh rcjcrcokbi mc ai
mbrckkbûo hrbnboia mca diz mc auz.

Jbnuri 3. Lcmbkbûo mc ai mcsvbikbûo ionuair ζ6 Ai aìoci izua sbrvc khlh rcjcrcokbi mc ai

mbrckkbûo hrbnboia mca diz mc auz.
 

 Jboialcotc kiakuac ai mcsvbikbûo ionuair thtia (  < 9 + 6) piri csis lbslis ahonbtumcs
mc homi, y khlpactc ai tifai kho ahs viahrcs kiakuaimhs

 Ik tbvb
 Iktb vbmim BB.;  
mim BB.;
Bovcstbnuc co ai fbfabhnrijìi suncrbmi ahs jcoûlcohs mc ai rcjrikkbûo y ai mbspcrsbûo mc
homis y mcskrìfiahs frcvclcotc.

 Ik tbvb
 Iktb vbmim BB.=  
mim BB.=
Kho fisc co ai iktbvbmim BB.; cxpabquc phr quâ, co ca cxpcrblcoth kho ca prbsli, uo khahr
sc mcsvìi lés quc htrh.

 Ik tbvb
 Iktb BB.3  
vb mim BB.3
I obvca kuiabtitbvh
kuiabtitb vh ¸quâ rcaikbûo cxbstc cotrc ai ahonbtum
ahonbt um mc homi mc uo diz mc auz y ca éonuah
mc mcsvbikbûo () ia itrivcsir ca prbsli8 

3. Vcsuatimhs y Ioéabsbs
 Ik tbvb
 Iktb vbmim
mim B.9.
Khostruyi uoi tifai khlh sc lucstri i khotbouikbûo y kiakuac piri kimi ahonbtum mc
homi (ε), ai jrckucokbi (j) khrrcsphombcotc, thliom h co khosbmcrikbûo ai ripbmcz mc
prhpinikbûo mc ais homis cacktrhlinoâtbkis, k < ; x 904 Ul/s\.

 <  <  −  U\ 

  <  ,  < |
 |  +| | 
  

 < || +||  …  < 0 yi quc k cs uoi khostiotc (k < ; x 90  Ul/s\.) 
4

 < | |  

 < ℏ < ℏ U\ 
 <      <      U\ 
c< ∖9.:06 9>: 3:3(;3)90∖92 Uk\

ℏ <   :,:6: 0>0 93 x 90 ∖ ;= 

Ackturis Ahonbtum Jrckucokbi ( j ) UDz\  Vcnbûo mca Cocrnìi mca jhtûo (Cj) UG\  Cocrnìi mca
mc homi cspcktrh jhtûo (Cj) UcZ\ 
(ε) Uol\  cacktrhlinoâtbkh
 

¹0.3  (lbkrhhomis,
bojrirrhgh, SZ,
ctk.) 
9 9;300 6.66x909;¹ 4.6;x904 Bojrirrhgh 9=,>9x90-69¹3=,3;x90-6: -2x90-6
6 :>90 =.=>x909;¹;.;; x904  Bojrirrhgh 62,:6x90-69¹66,0:x90-6:  -94x90-6
; ;390 4.3=x909;¹9.69x9090 Bojrirrhgh 3:,32x90-69¹4,06x90-6=  -;3.;6x90-6
= 9>=4 9.>9x909=¹=.20x9090 Bojrirrhgh 99,;;x90-60¹;6,=>x90-6=  ->.0>x90-9
9= 99 -60 -6;
3: 4=4
340 ;.3;x90
3.9>x909=¹6.04x90
=.=3x9099 Bojrirrhgh
Auz (Ilirbaah) 6;,;2x90
;=,6:x90-60¹9;,>4x90
62,=2x90-6;   -9=.:0x90-9
-69.;4x90-9
> =63 >.03x9099¹4.;0x9099 Auz (Zbhacti) =:,>9x90-60¹33,x90-6;  -62.93x90-9
4 ;30 4.3>x909=¹9.66x9096 Satrivbhacti 3:,>2x90-60¹4,04x90-66  -;3.==x90-9
2 ;00 9x9093¹9.::x9096 Satrivbhacti :,:;x90-92¹99x90-66  -=.9;:
90 6>0 9.99x9096¹6.03x9096 Satrivbhacti >,;3x90-92¹9;,34x90-66  -=.329

 Ik tbvb
 Iktb vbmim BB.9  
mim BB.9
Lhmbjbkiomh ca éonuah mc bokbmcokbi ( ), hfscrvc ca diz mc auz quc siac mca prbsli y ohtc
quc ai scpirikbûo ionuair mc ahs khahrcs sc lhmbjbki kho ca éonuah mc bokbmcokbi ( ).
¸Kuéa mc ahs khahrcs sujrc uoi liyhr mcsvbikbûo ionuair8

Co cstc kish ca khahr vbhacti cs ca quc sujrc uoi liyhr mcsvbikbûo ionuair kho
rcspckth i ca éonuah mc bokbmcokbi   
 Ik tbvb
 Iktb vbmim
mim BB.6
Stbabziomh idhri auz lhohkrhlétbki, scackkbhoc uo éonuah mc bokbmcokbi ( ) mc :0 U°\,
khostruyi uoi tifai khlh ai sbnubcotc y lbmi kho ca triosphrtimhr ais mcsvbikbhocs
ionuaircs 9 y 6 piri ais ahonbtumcs mc homi ( ε) cspckbjbkimis, khlh sc lucstri co ais
jbnuris ;, = y 3.

εUol\\
εUol Khahr  U°\ ¹0.3U°\   U°\ ¹0.3U°\  ν U°\¹9U°\ 
=00 Zbhacti
Zb hacti 9: 69 ;>
>00 rhgh 9> 94 ;3

 Ik tbvb
 Iktb vbmim BB.;  
mim BB.;
Bovcstbnuc co ai fbfabhnrijìi suncrbmi ahs jcoûlcohs mc ai rcjrikkbûo y ai mbspcrsbûo mc
homis y mcskrìfiahs frcvclcotc.

Vcjrikkbûo. 
Kuiomh uoi homi aulbohsi bokbmc co uoi botcrjiz absi quc scpiri mhs litcrbiacs
triospircotcs (khlh ca ibrc y ca vbmrbh h ca inui y ca vbmrbh), ai homi co ncocria cs
rcjacgimi pirkbialcotc y tilfbâo rcjriktimi h trioslbtbmi pirkbialcotc
 

Mbspcrsbûo. 
Ai ripbmcz mc ai auz co ca vikìh cs ai lbsli piri thmis ais ahonbtumcs mc homi, pcrh
ai ripbmcz co uoi sustiokbi litcrbia cs mbjcrcotc piri mbstbotis ahonbtumcs mc homi.
Co khosckucokbi, ca ìombkc mc rcjrikkbûo mc uo litcrbia mcpcomc mc ai ahonbtum mc
homi. Ai mcpcomcokbi mc ai ripbmcz mc homi y mca ìombkc mc rcjrikkbûo kho rcspckth
i ai ahonbtum mc homi sc aaili mbspcrsbûo.  

 Ik tbvb
 Iktb vbmim BB.=  
mim BB.=
Kho fisc co ai iktbvbmim BB.; cxpabquc phr quâ, co ca cxpcrblcoth kho ca prbsli, uo khahr
sc mcsvìi lés quc htrh.

Ai acy mc ai rcjrikkbûo mc [ocaa bombki quc aukcs mc mbjcrcotcs ahonbtumcs mc homi sc

rcjriktio i mbjcrcotcs éonuahs kuiomh bokbmco shfrc uo litcrbia. Ca ìombkc mc
rcjrikkbûo ncocrialcotc mbslbouyc kho uoi ahonbtum mc homi krckbcotc, cs mckbr,
cxbstc uoi rcaikbûo bovcrsi. 

 Ik tbvb
 Iktb BB.3  
vb mim BB.3
I obvca kuiabtitbvh
kuiabtitb vh ¸quâ rcaikbûo cxbstc cotrc ai ahonbtum
ahonbt um mc homi mc uo diz mc auz y ca éonuah
mc mcsvbikbûo () ia itrivcsir ca prbsli8 
Hfscrvilhs quc khojhrlc cxbstc uo iulcoth khosbmcrifac mc ai ahonbtum mc homi
(ianuohs kbcoths mc oioûlctrhs), ca éonuah mc mbspcrsbûo sûah mckrckc uo pir mc
nrimhs. 

:. Khokaus
Khokaus bhocs

Piri ca prblcr cxpcrblcoth hfscrvilhs quc i lcmbmi quc ai ahonbtum mc homi

mbslbouyc, iulcoti ai cocrnìi quc phscco ahs jhthocs, ia bnuia quc su jrckucokbi,
y quc mcpcombcomh mc âsths viahrcs mc ahonbtum mc homi sc ac isbnoi uo botcrviah
co ca quc sc acs kitiahni khlh cspcktrh vbsbfac, uatrivbhacti, bojrirrhgh, ctk
 

Piri ca kiakuah mc ais bokcrtbmulfrcs sc liotuvh khostiotc ai vcahkbmim mc ai auz y

ai lcmbmi mc ai ahonbtum mc homi tuvh uoi bokcrtbmulfrc mc 0.3 ol, yi quc ai
bokcrtbmulfrc cs cskiair i liyhr jrckucokbi, sc tbcoco viahrcs krckbcotcs co ais
lcmbis mc ais bokcrtbmulf
bokcrtbmulfrcs.
rcs.

[c pumh hfscrvir quc i liyhrcs ahonbtumcs mc homi cxbstc uo lcohr éonuah mc

mcsvbikbûo y phr ah khotrirbh i lcohrcs ahonbtumcs mc homi cxbstc uo liyhr éonuah
mc mcsvbikbûo. Csth tilfbâo ah phmclhs rcaikbhoir kho ais jrckucokbis. I lcohr
jrckucokbi mc uoi homi, cxbstc uo lcohr éonuah mc mcsvbikbûo y i liyhr jrckucokbi
sc prcscoti uo liyhr éonuah mc mcsvbikbûo. 

>. Fbfa bhnr ijì

ijìi
i

h  Dckdt, C. (6000). ÛP]BKI (]crkcri cm.). Limrbm, Cspiùi7 Immbsho

^csacy Bfcrhilcr
Bfcrhilcrbkioi.
bkioi.

h  GiviAif. (s.j.). Cacktrhlinoctbk ^ivcs irhuom hj Zbsbfac Viys.

Hftcobmh mc GiviAif7
dttps7//giviaif.hrn/co/cacktrhlinoctbkXwivcsXirhuomXhjXvbsbfacXriy
sXco/  
sXco/
h  Pcùis, G. (9= mc Mbkbclfrc mc 609:). Prbsli ûptbkh UCotrimi mc Fahn\.
Fahn\ .
Cmukipaus.hrn7 dttps7//www.cmukipaus.hrn/nilc/prbsli-hptbkh  
Hftcobmh mc Cmukipaus.hrn7 

h  Vcsobke, V., Diaabmiy, M., & Erioc, E. (922>). Jìsbki 

Jìsbki  (]crkcri cm., Zha. B).
Lâxbkh7 K.C.K.[.I. 

h  ^basho, G. (9229). JÌ[BKI KHO IPABKIKBHOC[

IPABKIKBHOC[   ([cnuomi cm.). Lâxbkh7
LkNriw-Dbaa. 
h  Rhuon, D., & Jrccmlio, V. (609=). [cirs y Wcliosey JÌ[BKI
LHMCVOI   (Mckblhtcrkcri cm., Zha. 6).
SOBZCV[B]IVBI KHO JÌ[BKI LHMCVOI
Lâxbkh7 Pcirsho.