oh = Jie [agnwirrs awemble « household cireuit eo A juse and « power source, mprining three bulbs, three (onlofp) switches pparATUs AND MATERIAL s apparatus. No apparatus required in assembling a circuit ee embling a circuit. Les ee aaenee (SV, 1 W) each, fuse of 0.64, main switch a power supply (battery wi switches flexible connecting wire with red and black plastic covering, quse WIFE F ‘ ' supplementary. Main cleetric board with a two-pin socket and main switch. eoRY plectricity supplied to us for domestic purposes is 220 V A.C. and 50 Hz. The household rit, ll appliances are connected in “parallel” with mains. The switches are connected in Ges with each appliances in live wire. 5 A switches are required for normal appliances like, jubbs fluorescent tubes fans ete. 15 A sockets and switches are required for heavy load appliances jhe, refrigerator, air conditioner, geyser, hot plates ete. All appliances must have three wires taled live, neutral and the earth. Total power consumption ‘P’ at a time, P=P,+ Py + Pat nn bere P,, Py, P, are the powers drawn by appliances. ‘To protect the appliances from damage when unduly high currents are drawn fuse of itl higher rating, 10 to 20% higher than the current normally drawn by all appliances. For futher safety, a suitable value MAINS FUSE like rating 32 A is connected in series with supply source. DIAGRAM "@ 5 @ a 6 8 ‘ _ O—8—*.0/)_—_ Mac) A.C. ammeter Ms. FE 0246, F 10 = mane O10 10V “use (0 to 0.75 A) (@ & (a) Cireuit diagram, (b) Actual layout. _ PROCEDURE 1 Connect the bulbs B,, B, and B, in series with switches S,, S, and S, respectively and connect each set of B-S in parallel with each other. 2. Connect main supply to a step-down transformer (battery eliminator) to get required voltage from 0 to 10 V (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 V). Ca® @ iG ae - 3. Connect the mains fuse M.S. ins 4. Connect an A.C. ammeter in serie oe 5, Connect one end of power supply to one end of B-S se’ Sone t household circuit is complete, 6. Cher i sain to ensure that . Check the circuit one again to ens 7. Gradually increas ent to 0.75 A, the fuse must burn off at abo, . Gradually inercase the eurrer 75 A, 64 ries with the power supply (battery eliminate : .s with the B-S set. rr), ACTIVITY 4 _ Q Po assemble the components ofa given electrical cireuit. APPARATUS AND MATERIAL Apparatus. A voltmeter and an ammeter of appropriate range, a battery, a Theostat one way Key , Material, An unknown resistance or resistance coil, connecting wires, a piece of su, paper. } DIAGRAM the wk | tH : Ry ‘ @ R Leg PROCEDURE 1. Connect the com : ponents (Resistors, ind i 2. Cons and then in series withthe battery” S28 With each other as show @ ammeter in se ; 2 Cane rin series with the cireuit : Genet i Yoltmlerin paral tothe resistor trace noe the current: 5. Assembly of the spn SETS With the battery, Te {he Potential difference ee] ‘i : omy eetrical components in eACTIVITY 6 &, To draw the diagram of a given open cireuit comprising at least a battery, resistorirheostat, key, ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not cotnected in proper order and correct the cireuit and also the circuit diagram. APPARATUS AND MATERIAL ‘A battery eliminator or a battery (0 to 6 V), rheostat, two resistors, one-way key. D.C. ammeter (0-3) A and a D.C. voltmeter (0-3) V. THEORY ‘An open cireuit is the combination of primary components of electric circuit in a such @ manner that on closing the circuit, no current is drawn from the battery.Battery ar Rheostat *) al Unknown resistance jin pep Ifthe cireuit is not working it can have many causes. Some of them are: >| (i) Broken or fuse wires. (ii) Loose connections. (iii) Exhausted battery. (iv) Improper connection of components, ,—() SHH + : “yy {HH p60) Rreostat Rheostat @ = x spe Resistance l ANNA +@= ad « Incorrect circuits DIAGRAM - Resistance coil Voltincter Open circuit diagram (Components no: Ammeter t connected in proper order).With the battery eliminator. Led in parallel to the re Rheostat. It should be connected in series (in place climinator. Voltmeter. It should be connect stor. ‘ance coil) with the battery of resi Resistance coil. It should be connected in parallel (in place of rheostat). One-way Key, It should be connected in series to the battery eliminator. Correct cirenit diagram (Components connected in proper order) Dry coll Rheostat (Rh) ee Plug key SH oe il) Cee } |. : i Resistance wire to - = Conrtecting wire \ pS MAromnetes! Voltmeter (i) Corrected Circuit diagram PRECAUTIONS 1. Draw the given open circuit in auxillary notebook. 2. Check which components are connected in proper order and which are not. 3. Take out the key plug before connecting the components. 4, Always connect the voltmeter in parallel across the point for which you need to measure the potential difference. 5. Always connect the ammeter in series.Sy a To observe polarisation of light using two polaroids. APPARATUS Thin glass sheet, a source giving monochromatic light beam with parallel rays, a polar, THEORY When an unpolarised light is made incident on the interface of two transparent media at polarising angle, the refracted and reflected rays depart from each other at an angle of 90°, The reflected ray is completely plane polarised. It can be tested by a polaroid. DIAGRAM Reflected ray Incident ray (Plane polarised) (Unpolarised) Thin glass sheet Refracted ray Polarisation of light by reflection. Scanned with CamScannerwe ogpuRE ‘i t. in oF yp the thin glass sheet in a horizontal plane surface with a hole under the shee Keel it inci the ko a beam of monochromatic light having parallel rays and make it ineident on Tatof the glass sheet, fs gjust the angle of incidence to 57.5", Observe the reflected rays and the seh others ae © gesting of Polarisation ‘ (i) Take @ polaroid (P) and Keep it in between incident light and your eyes. Rotate it tamasis along incident ray, No change of intensity of light will be detected. It is so because *ineident light is unpolarised. ie” Gi) Take the second polaroid (A) and place it at a proper distance between polaroid (P) snd eye and parallel to it, Light is visible through them. (ii) Now rotate the polaroid (A) ranging from 0° to 360°, Keeping the polaroid (P) fix and ste the intensity of transmitted light. (io) When polaroid (A) and polaroid (P) at 90° than transmitted light through polaroid (A) willbe zero. RESULT refracted rays. They must make an angle of 90° with When the two polaroids are Parallel to each other, light is transmitted through it. But vhen they are perpendicular, there is no transmitted light. The light obtained through polaroid @)is plane polarised. The light has transverse nature, PRECAUTIONS ® Two polaroids and source of light should be in a straight line, (G) Rotate only second polarised from 0° to 360°, It is so, because the reflected light is completely plane polarised. Figure shows the arrangement for testing the polarisation of light by tourmaline erys- tals which act as polaroids. Unpolari- Sed light, Polarised Unpotarl- sed light, Polarised light (q) Parallel crystals (b) Crossed crystals Testing of polarisation of light by tourmaline erystats,-_ | ACTIVITY 6 | To observe diffraction of light due toa thin lit. APPARATUS TDwor Mlack paper a or blades, adhesive tapes, a sereen a source: of monochromatic light Vaser Peng) nd a plas plate, THEORY Diffraction is a phenomenon of bending of light around the corners or edges of a fn, opening or aperture, Diffraction takes place when order of wavelength is comparable or smal} to the size of slit or aperture, 'The diffraction effect is more pronounced if the size of the aperture or the obstacle is of the order of wavelength of the waves. The diffraction pattern arises due ty interference of light waves from different symmetrical point of the same wavefront, 7}, diffraction pattern due to a single slit consists of a central bright band having alternate dary and weak bright bands of decreasing intensity on both sides. For diffraction, dsin0=nd Hered = size of aperture or slit 0 = angle of diffraction n = order of diffraction 2. = wavelength of light. PROCEDURE 1. Fix the black paper on the glass plate by using adhesive. 2. Place two razor blades so that their sharp edges are parallel and extremely close to _ each other to form a narrow slit in between. / oo | |¢— Glass plate |} Black paper A thin slit made by using two razor blades, black paper and a glass plate, 3. Cut the small slit in between the sharp edges of blades and place at a suitable dis tance from a wall or sereen of'a dark room, | )v0 ahrow a beam of light on the slit by the laser pencil. 5, Adiffraction pattern of alternate bright and dark hands is seen on the wall. Intensity My Wel yor iyrar ele 22. a alg ale - CONCLUSION When light waves are incident on a slit or aperture then it bends away (spread) at the mers of slit showing the phenomena of diffraction of light. PRECAUTION | (i) Air gaps should not be left between glass plates and black paper. (ii) The razor blades should be placed extremely closed as possible. (iii) Diffraction pattern should be seen on a wall of a dark room. ight like laser torch should be used. (iv) A point source of monochromatic li= ACTIVITY 8 2 ) Te abtain a lens combination with the specified focal length by using two lenses from the given set of lenses. APPARATUS AND MATERIAL Apparatus. No particular apparatus is needed. Material. set of thin convex lenses, one of these is of given focal length (say 15 en), ¢ to select a second lens such that the combination gives a single lens of focal length 7, = 10 cm), lens holder with stand, a white painted vertical wooden board with broad stand, half metre scale. ave hi THEORY 1. The reciprocal of focal length in metre is called power of lens in dioptre (D). pa if 2. With a convex lens, the re its focal length. #17, and f, be the focal lengths of the two lenses and F be the focal length of t# combination, ‘al image of a distant object is formed at a distance equal Then, Por lenses of powers P, and P. 2 4nd combination of power P, we have P=Pi4P, : teaSc Image ea Board Measurement of focal length of convex lenses. pROCEDURE 1. Keep the white painted vertical wooden board to serve as a screen. 9, The conver lens (known focal length f= 15 om), fixed into a holder: standis put on the left of the screen. There are sunlight illuminated green trees at large distance on the left of the lens. 3, The lens is moved towards and away from the screen till a sharp, inverted image of trees is formed on the screen. 4, Distance between central lines of the screen and holder stand is measured by a half metre scale. 5, The distance gives the focal length of the convex Jens about 15 cm. 6, Replace first lens by second convex lens of required power and repeat the steps from 9. to 5. This gives the focal length of second convex lens. 1, Now bring both lenses jn contact and repeat the steps from 2 to 5, This gives the combined focal length. 8, Determine the focal length with other given lens. Determine the focal length of about six of the convex lenses. CALCULATIONS F (cm), 100 Let F = 10 em, so that p=10D (: PD) 4)———— —— Following combinations will be suitable (Note. The ideal values are given as sample.) VERIFICATION The above combinations may be tried and result verified. PRECAUTIONS 1. Thin lenses should be taken. 2. Lenses should have same aperture. SOURCES OF ERROR 1. Lenses may not be thin, 2. Lens apertures may not be same,