GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA

FLEXIBLE DOMINICAN EDUCATION MODULE

COURSE: CPE 313
MODULE NO.: 2
MODULE TITLE: DATA AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
TOPIC: PROTOCOLS, ERROR DETECTION AND CORRECTION
WRITERS: Engr. Exequiel M. Sabater

To do well in this module, you need to remember the following:

1. Pause and pray before starting this module.

2. Read and go through the module at your own time and pace.
3. You may open suggested references for supplemental activities and exercises.
4. Honestly answer the activities and sample exercises. The answers are provided on the succeeding pages.

OPENING PRAYER

May God the Father bless us. May God the Son heal us. May God the Holy Spirit enlighten us, and
give us eyes to see with, ears to hear with, hands to do the work of God with, feet to walk with, a
mouth to preach the word of salvation with, and the angel of peace to watch over us and lead us at
last, by our Lord's gift, to the Kingdom. Amen.

Learning Outcomes
Subtopic Title “I SHOULD BE ABLE Estimated time
TO”…
TRANSMISSION MEDIA AND  Understanding that
TRANSMISSION the TCP/IP layers
TECHNOLOGIES are the network
support
 GUIDED  Describes the
TRANSMISSION MEDIA physical address
 WIRELESS will change from 11 Hrs.
TRANSMISSION hop to hop, but to
 WIRELESS logical address is
PROPAGATION usually remain the
 LINE OF SIGHT same
TRANSMISSION  Determine that the
 INTRODUCTION data can be analog
COMPONENT OF A or digital
DIGITAL  Acquire the
COMMUNICATION knowledge that the
SYSTEM analog data are
 COMMUNICATIONS continuous and
CHANNEL MODELING take continuous
values.
 Identify that digital
data have discrete
states and take
discrete values.
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA

MODULE INTRODUCTION AND FOCUS QUESTION(S):

Data and Digital Communication forms part of the core curriculum for all Leaving Certificate Applied students. It
is intended to give students the skills and understanding to use computers in both their current and future lives. The
Leaving Certificate Applied program offers the ideal forum for students to apply these skills in a practical way,
particularly in presenting task work and key assignments across the full spectrum of the curriculum. The achievable goals
of developing accuracy, neatness and presentation skills generate a sense of pride in work done by students which
enhances self-esteem and motivates students to maximize their potential in other aspects of the course and in their
personal lives.

Pretest

To further gauge your level of understanding and where you currently stand in this topic, please answer the following
pre-test questions honestly. Take note of the items that you were not able to correctly answer and look for the right
answer as you go through this module.

1. The least expensive and most widely used guided transmission medium is ?
coaxial cable
twisted pair
stranded wire
fiber optic wire
2. In the telephone system, individual residential telephone sets are connected to the local telephone exchange, or
“end office,” by twisted-pair wire.
coaxial cable
twisted pair
subscriber loop
spiral pattern
3. is ordinary telephone wire
coaxial cable
twisted pair
shielded Twisted pair
unshielded Twisted Pair
4. UTP cables and associated connecting hardware whose transmission characteristics are specified up to 20 MHz
category 3
category 4
category 5
category 6
5. like twisted pair, consists of two conductors.
coaxial cable
twisted pair
stranded wire
fiber optic wire
6. wide variety of applications. The most important of these are (which is not belong to the group)
Television distribution
Long-distance telephone transmission
Short-run architecture system links
Local area networks
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
7. is a thin (2 to 125 ), flexible medium capable of guiding an optical ray.
coaxial cable
twisted pair
stranded wire
fiber optic wire
8. The source is converted by an __________ into an electrical waveform referred to as the baseband signal or
message signal.
source
input transducer
transmitter
channel
9. The __________ modifies the baseband signal for efficient transmission
source
input transducer
transmitter
channel
10. The ________ originates a message, which could be a human voice, a television picture or data.
source
input transducer
transmitter
channel

Study Time

TRANSMISSION MEDIA AND TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGIES

GUIDED TRANSMISSION MEDIA

For guided transmission media, the transmission capacity, in terms of either data rate or
bandwidth, depends critically on the distance and on whether the medium is point-to-point or multipoint. Table
4.1 indicates the characteristics typical for the common guided media for long-distance point-to-point
applications; we defer a discussion of the use of these media for multipoint LANs to Part Four.

Table 4.1 Point-to-Point Transmission Characteristics of Guided Media [GLOV98]

GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
The three guided media commonly used for data transmission are twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber
(Figure 4.2). We examine each of these in turn.

Twisted Pair

The least expensive and most widely used guided transmission medium is twisted pair.

Physical Description

A twisted pair consists of two insulated copper wires arranged in a regular spiral pattern. A wire pair acts as a
single communication link. Typically, a number of these pairs are bundled together into a cable by wrapping
them in a tough protective sheath. Over longer distances, cables may contain hundreds of pairs. The twisting
tends to decrease the crosstalk interference between adjacent pairs in a cable. Neighboring pairs in a bundle
typically have somewhat different twist lengths to reduce the crosstalk interference. On long-distance links, the
twist length typically varies from 5 to 15 cm. The wires in a pair have thicknesses of from 0.4 to 0.9 mm.

Applications

By far the most common transmission medium for both analog and digital signals is twisted pair. It is the most
commonly used medium in the telephone network and is the workhorse for communications within buildings. In
the telephone system, individual residential telephone sets are connected to the local telephone exchange, or
“end office,” by twisted-pair wire. These are referred to as subscriber loops. Within an office building, each
telephone is also connected to a twisted pair, which goes to the in-house private branch exchange (PBX)
system or to a Centrex facility at the end office. These twisted-pair installations were designed to support voice
traffic using analog signaling. However, by means of a modem, these facilities can handle digital data traffic at
modest data rates. Twisted pair is also the most common medium used for digital signaling. For connections to
a digital data switch or digital PBX within a building, a data rate of 64 kbps is common. Twisted pair is also
commonly used within a building for local area networks supporting personal computers. Data rates for such
products are typically in the neighborhood of 10 Mbps. However, twisted-pair networks with data rates of to 1
Gbps have been developed, although these are quite limited in terms of
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA

Figure 4.2 Guided Transmission Media

the number of devices and geographic scope of the network. For long-distance applications,
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
twisted pair can be used at data rates of 4 Mbps or more. Twisted pair is much less expensive
than the other commonly used guided transmission media (coaxial cable, optical fiber) and is
easier to work with.

Transmission Characteristics Twisted pair may be used to transmit both analog and digital
transmission. For analog signals, amplifiers are required about every 5 to 6 km. For digital
transmission (using either analog or digital signals), repeaters are required every 2 or 3 km.
Compared to other commonly used guided transmission media (coaxial cable, optical fiber),
twisted pair is limited in distance, bandwidth, and data rate. As

Figure 4.3 Attenuation of Typical Guided Media

Figure 4.3a shows, the attenuation for twisted pair is a very strong function of frequency.
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
Other impairments are also severe for twisted pair. The medium is quite susceptible to
interference and noise because of its easy coupling with electromagnetic fields. For example, a
wire run parallel to an ac power line will pick up 60-Hz energy. Impulse noise also easily intrudes
into twisted pair. Several measures are taken to reduce impairments. Shielding the wire with
metallic braid or sheathing reduces interference. The twisting of the wire reduces low-frequency
interference, and the use of different twist lengths in adjacent pairs reduces crosstalk.

For point-to-point analog signaling, a bandwidth of up to about 1 MHz is possible. This

accommodates a number of voice channels. For long-distance digital point-to-point signaling, data
rates of up to a few Mbps are possible; for very short distances, data rates of up to 1 Gbps have
been achieved in commercially available products.

Unshielded and Shielded Twisted Pair

Twisted pair comes in two varieties: unshielded and shielded. Unshielded twisted pair
(UTP) is ordinary telephone wire. Office buildings, by universal practice, are prewired with excess
unshielded twisted pair, more than is needed for simple telephone support. This is the least
expensive of all the transmission media commonly used for local area networks and is easy to
work with and easy to install. Unshielded twisted pair is subject to external electromagnetic
interference, including interference from nearby twisted pair and from noise generated in the
environment. A way to improve the characteristics of this medium is to shield the twisted pair with
a metallic braid or sheathing that reduces interference. This shielded twisted pair (STP) provides
better performance at higher data rates. However, it is more expensive and more difficult to work
with than unshielded twisted pair.

The new standard reflects advances in cable and connector design and test methods. It
covers 150-ohm shielded twisted pair and 100-ohm unshielded twisted pair.

EIA-568-A recognizes three categories of UTP cabling:

• Category 3: UTP cables and associated connecting hardware whose transmission

characteristics are specified up to 16 MHz
• Category 4: UTP cables and associated connecting hardware whose transmission
characteristics are specified up to 20 MHz
• Category 5: UTP cables and associated connecting hardware whose transmission
characteristics are specified up to 100 MHz

Coaxial Cable
Physical Description
Coaxial cable, like twisted pair, consists of two conductors, but is constructed differently to
permit it to operate over a wider range of frequencies. It consists of a hollow outer cylindrical
conductor that surrounds a single inner wire conductor.
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
Applications
Coaxial cable is perhaps the most versatile transmission medium and is enjoying
widespread use in a wide variety of applications. The most important of these are
• Television distribution
• Long-distance telephone transmission
• Short-run computer system links
• Local area networks

Optical Fiber
Physical Description
An optical fiber is a thin (2 to 125 ), flexible medium capable of guiding an optical ray.
Various glasses and plastics can be used to make optical fibers. The lowest losses have been
obtained using fibers of ultrapure fused silica. Ultrapure fiber is difficult to manufacture; higher-
loss multicomponent glass fibers are more economical and still provide good performance. Plastic
fiber is even less costly and can be used for short-haul links, for which moderately high losses are
acceptable. An optical fiber cable has a cylindrical shape and consists of three concentric
sections: the core, the cladding, and the jacket (Figure 4.2c). The core is the innermost section
and consists of one or more very thin strands, or fibers, made of glass or plastic; the core has a
diameter in the range of 8 to Each fiber is surrounded by its own cladding, a glass or plastic
coating that has optical properties different from those of the core. The interface between the core
and cladding acts as a reflector to confine light that would otherwise escape the core. The
outermost layer, surrounding one or a bundle of cladded fibers, is the jacket. The jacket is
composed of plastic and other material layered to protect against moisture, abrasion, crushing,
and other environmental dangers.

Applications
One of the most significant technological breakthroughs in data transmission has been the
development of practical fiber optic communications systems. Optical fiber already enjoys
considerable use in long-distance telecommunications, and its use in military applications is
growing. The continuing improvements in performance and decline in prices, together with the
inherent advantages of optical fiber, have made it increasingly attractive for local area networking.
The following characteristics distinguish optical fiber from twisted pair or coaxial cable:
• Greater capacity: The potential bandwidth, and hence data rate, of optical fiber is
immense; data rates of hundreds of Gbps over tens of kilometers have been demonstrated.
Compare this to the practical maximum of hundreds of Mbps over about 1 km for coaxial
cable and just a few Mbps over 1 km or up to 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps over a few tens of
meters for twisted pair.
• Smaller size and lighter weight: Optical fibers are considerably thinner than coaxial cable
or bundled twisted-pair cable—at least an order of magnitude thinner for comparable
information transmission capacity. For cramped conduits in buildings and underground
along public rights-of-way, the advantage of small size is considerable. The corresponding
reduction in weight reduces structural support requirements.
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
• Lower attenuation: Attenuation is significantly lower for optical fiber than for coaxial cable
or twisted pair (Figure 4.3c) and is constant over a wide range.
• Electromagnetic isolation: Optical fiber systems are not affected by external
electromagnetic fields. Thus the system is not vulnerable to interference, impulse noise, or
crosstalk. By the same token, fibers do not radiate energy, so there is little interference with
other equipment and there is a high degree of security from eavesdropping. In addition,
fiber is inherently difficult to tap.
• Greater repeater spacing: Fewer repeaters mean lower cost and fewer sources of error.
The performance of optical fiber systems from this point of view has been steadily
improving. Repeater spacing in the tens of kilometers for optical fiber is common, and
repeater spacing of hundreds of kilometers have been demonstrated. Coaxial and twisted-
pair systems generally have repeaters every few kilometers

Five basic categories of application have become important for optical fiber:
• Long-haul trunks
• Metropolitan trunks
• Rural exchange trunks
• Subscriber loops
• Local area networks

WIRELESS TRANSMISSION AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION

Components of a Communication System

The source originates a message, which could be a human voice, a television picture or data.
The source is converted by an input transducer into an electrical waveform referred to as the
baseband signal or message signal.
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA

The transmitter modifies the baseband signal for efficient transmission. The transmitter generally
consists of one or more of the following subsystems: a pre-emphasizer, a sampler, a quantizer, a
coder and a modulator. „

The channel is a medium through which the transmitter output is sent, which could be a wire, a
coaxial cable, an optical fiber, or a radio link, etc. Based on the channel type, modern
communication systems are divided into two categories: wireline communication systems and
wireless communication systems.

The receiver reprocessed the signal received from the channel by undoing the signal
modifications made at the transmitter and the channel. The task of the receiver is to extract the
message from the distorted and noisy signal at the channel output. The receiver may consist of a
demodulator, a decoder, a filter, and a de-emphasizer. „

The receiver output is fed to the output transducer, which converts the electrical signal to its
original form. „

Transmitters and receivers are carefully designed to overcome the distortion and noise. The Goal
of Physical layer Communication System is to transmit information accurately and efficiently
(power and spectrum).

Digital vs. Analog Communications

Noise immunity of digital signals – digital data can be recovered without any error as long as
the distortion and noise are within limits. On the other hand, for an analog message, even a slight
distortion or interference in the waveform will cause an error in the received signal. „

Regenerative repeaters––Based on this “noise immunity”, when transporting a bit stream over a
long distance, regenerative repeaters or repeater stations are placed along the path of a digital
system at distances short enough to ensure that noise and distortion remain within a limit. The
viability of regenerative repeaters is the main reason for the superiority of digital systems over
analog ones. „

Every possible communication can be carried on with a minimum of two symbols , i.e., by
using a proper binary sequence. In the last 20 years, digital communication gradually replace its
analog competitors, and the revolution is now nearly complete.

Interface of Analog and Digital Systems -- A/D and D/A Conversion

GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
Sampling Theorem A meeting ground exists for analog and digital signals: conversion of analog
signals to digital signals. The backbone that supports the interface is Shannon's Sampling
Theorem, which states that if the highest frequency in the signal spectrum is B (in hertz), then the
signal can be recovered from its samples, taken at a rate not less than 2B samples per second. „
Quantization each sample is approximated, or round off to the nearest quantized level, the
information is thus digitalized. The quantized signal is an approximation of the original one. We
can improve the accuracy of the quantized signal to any desired degree by increasing the number
of levels.

Coding „
Source coding Convert the quantized signal into binary sequences. „ Channel coding
Introduce redundancy in a controlled manner to overcome the effects of noise and
interferences. „
Mapping Map binary sequence into symbols. „
Transmission Symbols are applied to a transmitter filter, which produces a continuous signal for
transmission over a continuous channel.

Examples of Wireless Communication Systems

 Codeless telephones --- use radio to connect a portable handset to a dedicated base
station over a distance of a few tens of meters. „
 Paging systems --- Communication systems that broadcast a page from every base station
in the network and send brief messages to a subscriber.
 Cellular telephone systems --- provide a wireless connection to the PSTN (Public Switched
Telephone Network) for any user location within the radio range of a system. „
 Garage car opener „
 Remote controllers for home entertainment equipment „
 Hand-held walkie-talkies „
 Wireless keyboard and mouse „
 Wireless Lan router and adapter

LINE OF SIGHT TRANSMISSION

Author study in this paper a link in a communication system one needs to focus on
important points to create efficient new link, this link can be defined as connecting two points
separated at distance, where one point may act as transmitter and another point act as a receiver.
Implementation of data link is an integral part of communication engineering design and
performance of data links that significantly affect the overall communication system performance.
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
Telecommunications transmission facilities are the physical means of communicating large
amounts of information over distance. Without exception, communication signals (speech,
images, video, or computer data) are electromagnetic waves traveling along transmission lines
such as those in

Figure. 1. For a given route, the type of transmission line selected depends on the
topography, the amount of information to carry, and the cost. Even though fiber optic cable carries
more information with higher reliability than does any other transmission medium, for a long
distance over remote or rugged terrain, a microwave relay system is sometimes the better
economic alternative Coaxial Cable.

The presence of the various forms of precipitation such as rain, snow, cloud and fog in a
radio wave or microwave path are always capable of producing major impairments to terrestrial
communications. The hydrometeors can introduce significant attenuation, together with a degree
of depolarization, through their ability to absorb and scatter radio waves. Today wireless
technology is used in many applications well integrated into our Everyday life. Planning a good,
stable and reliable microwave network can be quite challenging. Careful planning and detailed
analysis is required for a Microwave radio system before the equipment can be installed, a poorly
designed Path can result in periodic system outages, resulting in increased system latency,
Decreased throughput, or worst case, a complete failure of the system.
INTRODUCTION COMPONENT OF A DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Digital communication has proliferated in a big way in the previous years. Digital
communication is the physical transfer of data over Point-To-Point or Point-To-Multipoint
communication channel. It is transfer of discrete messages. Digital communication plays a vital role in
today’s electronic world. In digital communication the data transfer rate depends upon it’s
characteristics. Digital communication can be done over large distances through internet and other
things. It provides facilities like video conferencing which save a lot of time, money and effort.
Communications technology that intimidated many of us just a few years ago is now a part of
everyday life. Think of the evolution of the cell phone in your pocket. In addition to changing our
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
daily lives, the transformation in digital communications also raises important economic, public policy
and societal questions.

Why Digital Communications? :

The repeaters prevent accumulation of noise along the path This is not possible with analog
communication systems Two-state signal representation. The input to a digital system is in the form of a
sequence of bits (binary or M-array) Immunity to distortion and interference Digital communication is rugged
in the sense that it is more immune to channel noise and distortion

Can combine different signal types – data, voice, text, etc. Data communication in computers is digital
in nature whereas voice communication between people is analog in nature. Using digital techniques, it is
possible to combine both format for transmission through a common medium Encryption and privacy
techniques are easier to implement. Better overall performance Digital communication is inherently more
efficient than analog in realizing the exchange of SNR for bandwidth Digital signals can be coded to yield
extremely low rates and high fidelity as well as privacy

Digital Communications System

In its simplest form a telecommunications system consists of a transmitter, a channel, a receiver and two
transducers.

Transducer
• Converts the input message into an electrical signal. Examples of transducers include:
– Microphone – converts sound to electrical signal
– Camera – converts image to electrical signal
• A transducer is also used to convert electrical signals to an output message (or approximation of the input
message), e.g., sound, images etc.

Transmitter
• Converts electrical signal to a form that is suitable for transmission through the transmission medium or
channel.
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
• Generally matching of signal to channel is done by modulation.
• Modulation uses the information (message signal) to vary the amplitude, frequency or phase of a sinusoidal
carrier,e.g. amplitude/frequency modulation AM/FM.
• The transmitter also filters and amplifies the signal.

Receiver
• Recovers the message contained in the received signal
• Receiver demodulates the message signal
• Receiver filters signal and suppresses noise

Communication Modes
There are a few basic modes of communication:
• Point-to-Point: where one user wishes to communicate with one other user, or with a small group of
nominated users. Examples include the telephone network or email. Communication is normally two-way.
• Broadcast: Where one sender communicates with all capable receivers who cannot respond. the
communication is therefore normally one-way.
• Multicast: One sender communicates with a nominated set of receivers who cannot respond.

Methods of Data Transmission

There are a few basic methods of data transmission:
• Simplex: Data is transmitted in one direction only. The receiver cannot communicate with the sender.
• Duplex: Data transmission can take place in both directions simultaneously.
• Half-Duplex: Data transmission can take place in both directions but not at the same time.

Time Constraints
There are generally two sets of time restraints; real-time or time-lapse:

• Real-Time: Real-time communication is instant and data must be sent and received simultaneously. An
example of this is the telephone network or two-way radio communications. If a conversation is to be
maintained there must be immediate interaction between the talkers. Delays will make the conversation difficult
or impossible.
• Time-Lapse: Data may be received at any time after having been sent. Examples include email, radio and TV
broadcasts. The time of receipt is not important.
 Consider the case of radio and TV in more detail. It does not matter when a particular program is
transmitted - time lapse is possible. However, once transmission begins it must be continuous and at a
constant rate during reception it appears as real-time.
 There are also cases where time delay is not critical unless it is excessive e.g. downloading a file from a
central server or from the Internet. A delay of a few seconds or even minutes is acceptable, but a delay
of several hours is not acceptable.
 In addition, components of a message should be received in the sequence in which they are sent
(otherwise speech will be garbled). This may require that packets of data must be re-sequenced at the
receiver end.
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
Transmission Modes
All transmission is analogue, in the sense that physical quantities (voltage, current, electromagnetic
radiation) must vary in a smooth way. However, the representation of the underlying signals may be either
analogue or digital.

Analogue versus Digital

Analogue
In the past most signals were generated, transmitted and received in analogue form i.e. as a sine wave or as a
more complex signal which could be made up from a series of sine waves. This was done because speech is an
analogue signal and it was easier to implement analogue electronic circuitry than digital. However, analogue
has the following disadvantages:
• It is inflexible, in that to make any changes to the system all of the changes have to be made in hardware. This
becomes more difficult and expensive as the system grows in size.
• It is prone to noise and distortion.
• Control and manipulation of signals is difficult..

Digital
Computers deal in ‘1s’ and ‘0s’. Therefore communication between computers is a matter of transferring digital
sequences between machines. The next step is to convert speech and other analogue signals into a digital format
to permit a combined network. These days digital electronic circuitry is cheaper than analogue circuitry for the
implementation of complex functions. Digital has the following advantages:
• Normally large scale digital systems are software controlled so that it is possible to make changes to the
system in software and remotely.
• It is less prone to noise or distortion, a ‘1’ remains a ‘1’ and will not be mistaken for a ‘0’, unless there is an
extreme level of distortion.
• If noise or distortion does occur, methods exist to determine that this has happened, and if appropriate to
correct the error which has occurred.
• It is relatively easy to manipulate signals.
The mathematical treatment is not as straight forward as that for analogue.

Research:

List down an examples of guided transmission Media and it category of each examples:
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA

Analysis
Choose one from the Topic listed on the first page and write at least 50 words based on your
understanding.

______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________.

Action: Hi Guys!
Pls. do not forget.

ILLUSTRATE THE BASIC ELEMENT OF

(DCS)
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA

POST TEST

I. Mark your best answer.

1. The least expensive and most widely used guided transmission medium is ?
coaxial cable
twisted pair
stranded wire
fiber optic wire
2. In the telephone system, individual residential telephone sets are connected to the local telephone exchange, or
“end office,” by twisted-pair wire.
coaxial cable
twisted pair
subscriber loop
spiral pattern
3. is ordinary telephone wire
coaxial cable
twisted pair
shielded Twisted pair
unshielded Twisted Pair
4. UTP cables and associated connecting hardware whose transmission characteristics are specified up to 20 MHz
category 3
category 4
category 5
category 6
5. like twisted pair, consists of two conductors.
coaxial cable
twisted pair
stranded wire
fiber optic wire
6. wide variety of applications. The most important of these are (which is not belong to the group)
Television distribution
Long-distance telephone transmission
Short-run architecture system links
Local area networks
7. is a thin (2 to 125 ), flexible medium capable of guiding an optical ray.
coaxial cable
twisted pair
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
stranded wire
fiber optic wire
8. The source is converted by an __________ into an electrical waveform referred to as the baseband signal or
message signal.
source
input transducer
transmitter
channel
9. The __________ modifies the baseband signal for efficient transmission
source
input transducer
transmitter
channel
10. The ________ originates a message, which could be a human voice, a television picture or data.
source
input transducer
transmitter
channel

Put a check on each topic weather you can understand it on your own, need more reference material, or if you can’t
understand.
SELF ASSESSMENT
I can do it with the help
I can do it on my own. I still can’t understand.
of a reference material.
Determine that the
evolution of the
communication
Acquire the knowledge
that the communication
has a limits
Identify the year where
all communications was
develop.

RUBRICS
Category 4 3 2 1
Neatness and The work is presented in The work is presented in The work is presented in The work appears
organization a neat, clear, organized a neat and organized an organized fashion but sloppy and unorganized.
fashion that is easy to fashion that is usually may be hard to read at It is hard to know what
read. easy to read. times. information goes
together.
Understanding I got it!! I did it in new I got it. I understood the I understood parts of the I did not understand the
ways and showed you problem and have an problem. I got started, problem.
how it worked. I can tell appropriate solution. All but I couldn’t finish.
you what math concepts parts of the problem are
are used. addressed.
Explanation Complete response with Good solid response Explanation is unclear Misses key points
a detailed explanation with clear explanation
Demonstration of Shows complete Response shows Response shows SOME Response shows a
Knowledge understanding of substantial understanding complete lack of
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
questions, ideas, and understanding understanding
processes
Requirements Goes beyond the Meets the requirements Hardly meets the Does not meet the
requirements requirements requirements

CLOSING PRAYER

May God the Father bless us.

May God the Son heal us.
May God the Holy Spirit enlighten us,
and give us eyes to see with,
ears to hear with,
hands to do the work of God with,
feet to walk with,
a mouth to preach the word of salvation with,
and the angel of peace to watch over us and lead us at last,
by our Lord's gift,
to the Kingdom.
Amen.

This module was developed based on the following references:

 Behrouz A. Forouzan (2016) – DATA COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING (Fourth Edition)

 5g Physical Layer, Principles, models and Technology Components (2018) by  Ali Zaidi, Fredrik Athley, Jonas Medbo, Ulf
Gustavsson, Giuseppe Durisi, Xiaoming Chen
 Analog and digital communication first (2015) edition by Dr. J.S Chitode