K@L@F@E
K`g`jhkhg
K`g`jhkhg Y`c` _hsbln Ougue Cbrb c`g Lhlhr`s`g
Lhlhr`s`g Nfhe Y`s`ga`g
L`bt`ggy` Chga`g Lhshe`t`g Yhrbg`t`f

Aug` Khkhgueb Yhgua`s`g K`t` Lufb`e : Ysblnfnab C`f`k Yr`ltbl Lhobc`g`g

Cnshg Yhga`kpu: Guruf Ebc`y`tug J., ].]S., K.Lho

Lhfnkpnl ?

Ar`mh Yngakhllbt` ?939193993

S`gtry ]ufbstbynw`tb ?939193905
Jhsgbt` ?9391939?2
Rhgb`g` R`euc` ?939193934
Chff` Kbhrsehff` ?9=91939?8
Ehrfbg` S`gcb ?939193998

@sybd` s`fs`obf` shtb`w`g ?939193902

_ns`rbg` =9391939=2
]ngb` Z`fd`e ?93919393?
 Gur Bgc`e Chwb ?9391939=8
_nob`tuf Gurf`bf` ?939193935

FNL@F O0
Y_NA_@K ]SXCB ]0 LHOBC@G@G

D@LXFS@] BFKX LH]HE@S@G

 

XGBTH_]BS@] ON_GHN S@_@L@G

?9?0
 

L@S@ YHGA@GS@_ 

 @ss`f`ku‒`f`bluk Q`r`ek`tuff`eb
Q`r`ek`tuff` eb Q`o`r`l`tue

Yujb syulur phgufbs e`turl`g lhe`cbr`t @ff`e ]QS, l`rhg` `t`s

r`ek`t
r`ek`t c`
c`g
g l`rugb`-Gy` y`ga t`l threbgaa` shebgaa` phgyusug c`p`t
khgyhfhs`bl`g tua`s lhfnkpnl
lhfnkpnl K`l`f`e chga`
chga`g
g jucuf
jucuf ‖K`g`jhkhg
Y`c`
Y`c` _hs
hsbl
bln
n Ougue
ugue Cbrb
Cbrb c`g
c`g Lhl
Lhlhr
hr`s
`s`g
`g Nfh
fhe
e Y`s`
Y`s`g
ga`g L`bt
L`bt`g
`gg
gy` Chga
Chga`g
`g
Lhshe`t
Lhshe`t`g
`g Yhrbg`
Yhrbg`t`f‛
t`f‛.. Yhgufbs`g k`l`f`e bgb  ohrtuju`g ugtul khkhgueb
tua`
tua`ss k`t` lufb`e Ysblnfnab
Ysblnfnab C`f`k
C`f`k Yr`ltbl
Yr`ltbl Lhobc`g`g
Lhobc`g`g c`g sho`a`b
sho`a`b  o`e`g
 phkohf`j`r`g y`ga cbe`r`pl`g c`
c`p
p`t khgj`cb rhdhrhgsb, khgbgal`tl`g
kntb
kntbv`
v`sb
sb sh
shrt
rt`` su
su`s
`s`g
`g`
` `l`c
`l`chk
hkbl
bl y`
y`ga
ga khgy
khgyhg`
hg`ga
gal`
l`g
g  o`ab

k`e`s
k`e`sbs
bsw`
w` l`r
l`rhg`
hg` sbsthk`tbl` y`ga thrstrultur sh
shsu
su`b
`b ch
chga
ga`g
`g tu
tuju
ju`g
`g
 phkohf`j`r`g.

=0 Nltnohr, ?9?0

Lhfnkpnl ?

=
 

C@DS@_ B]B

L@S@ YHGA@GS@_.......................
YHGA@GS@_...........................................
........................................
.........................................
.....................??
C@DS@_ B]B...................................
B]B.......................................................
........................................
........................................
........................=
....=
O@O B......................................
B..........................................................
........................................
........................................
................................
............33
YHGC@EXFX@G...................
YHGC@EXFX@G.......................................
........................................
...................................................
...............................33
0.0. F`t`r Ohf`l`ga....................................
Ohf`l`ga........................................................
...................................................3
...............................3
0.?. Suju`g.............................
Suju`g.................................................
........................................
...................................................
...............................88
O@O BB.......................................
BB...........................................................
........................................
........................................
..............................4
..........4
YHKO@E@]@G.....................
YHKO@E@]@G.........................................
........................................
........................................
................................
............44

@. Lhshe`t`g Khgt`f Yhrbg`t`f.......................................

Yhrbg`t`f.......................................................................4
................................4
O. Ougue Cbrb................................................
Cbrb....................................................................
.........................................
..............................4
.........4
M. _hsbln Ougue Cbrb Y`c` K`s` Yhrbg`t`f............................................
Yhrbg`t`f..................................................1
......1
C. K`g`jhkhgt _hsbln Ougue
Ougue Cbrb K`s` Yhrbg`t`f.........................
Yhrbg`t`f........................................5
...............5
H. Lhlhr`s`g Y`s`ga`g ]u`kb Bstrb............................................
Bstrb................................................................2
....................2
D. Ohgtul-Ohgtul Sbgc`l`g Lhlhr`s`g C`f`k _uk`e S`gaa`....................2
A. K`g`jhkhgt Lhlhr`s`g Nfhe Y`s`ga`g
Y`s`ga`g K`s` Yhrbg`t`f..........................09
Yhrbg`t`f..........................09
O@O BBB.......................................
BBB...........................................................
.........................................
...........................................
.........................0?
...0?
LH]BKYXF@G..........................
LH]BKYXF@G..............................................
........................................
........................................
...........................0?
.......0?
C@DS@_ YX]S@L@............................
YX]S@L@................................................
........................................
...................................
...............0=
0=

3
 

O@O B

YHGC@EXFX@G

0.0. F`t`r Ohf`l`ga

Yhrbg`
Yhrbg`t`f
t`f `t`u
`t`u p`rbf`
p`rbf`ebr
ebr khrup
khrup`l`
`l`g
g phrbnc
phrbnchh y`ga
y`ga kugmuf
kugmuf shlbt`
shlbt`rr p`c`
p`c`
w`ltu lhf`ebr`g (8 ouf`g shohfukgy` c`g s`tu ouf`g shsuc`egy`). Yrhbnch phrbg`t`f
thrj`cb p`c` ?? kbgaau shthf`e phrbnch ahst`sb fhw`t c`g ohr`lebr tujue e`rb shthf`e
lhf`eb
lhf`ebr`g.
r`g. Lhlhr`s
Lhlhr`s`g
`g thre`c
thre`c`p
`p phrhkp
phrhkpu`g
u`g shrbga
shrbga cbshou
cbshoutt sho`a`
sho`a`bb lhlhr`s
lhlhr`s`g
`g
 ohro`sbs ahgchr l`rhg` ohr`w`f c`rb suonrcbg`sb phrhkpu`g cb k`sy`r`l`t.
Lhcucul`g phrhkpu`g y`ga suonrcbg`tbd c`g thra`gtuga o`bl shm`r` hlngnkb c`g
snsb`f, khghkp`tl`g phrhkpu`g c`f`k pnsbsb rhgt`g thre`c`p lhlhr`s`g, thrk`sul 
 phga`gb`y``g ohruf`ga nfhe p`s`ga`ggy` Y`fbga shcblbt s`tu cb`gt`r` 8 phgcucul 
 phrhkpu`g c`f`k lhebcup`ggy` phrg`e khga`f`kb lhlhr`s`g dbsbl `t`u shlsu`f
y`ga
y`ga cbf`lu
cbf`lul`g
l`g nfhe
nfhe f`lb-f`
f`lb-f`lb.
lb. Lhlhr`s
Lhlhr`s`g
`g thre`c
thre`c`p
`p phrhkp
phrhkpu`g
u`g `c`f`e
`c`f`e ohgtul 
ohgtul 
 phf`gaa`r`g e`l `s`sb k`gusb` thrp`r`e y`ga ohfuk thrf`fu cb`lub nfhe cugb`, jua`
khru
khrup`
p`l`
l`g
g k`s`f
k`s`f`e
`e sh
shrb
rbus
us cb obc`
obc`ga
ga lh
lhsh
she`
e`t`
t`g
g l`
l`rhg
rhg`` khfh
khfhk`
k`el
el`g
`g hg
hghr
hrab
ab
 phrhkpu`g, khgablbs lhshe`t`g dbsbl c`g e`ra` cbrbgy`. Yhrhkpu`g chga`g rbw`y`t
 phga`gb`y``g dbsbl c`g shlsu`f jua` khgbgal`t rhsblngy` ugtul khga`f`kb
lhe`kb
lhe`kbf`g
f`g y`ga
y`ga tbc`l
tbc`l cbbgab
cbbgabgl`
gl`g,
g, phgy`l
phgy`lbt
bt khguf`
khguf`rr shlsu`
shlsu`ff c`g lhsuc`e
lhsuc`e`g
`g
lhe`kbf`g y`ga lur`ga o`bl 

_bsbln Ougue cbrb `c`f`e tbgc`l`g `arhsbd y`ga khrus`l cbrb shgcbrb c`g
c`p`t khga`lebrb
khga`lebrb lhebcup`g
lhebcup`g.. Yhrbf`lu
Yhrbf`lu ougue
ougue cbrb y`ga t`kp`l
t`kp`l p`c` shshnr`ga
cbsho`
cbsho`ol`
ol`g
g l`rhg`
l`rhg` str
strhss
hss y`ga
y`ga tbgaa
tbgaabb c`g lha`a`
lha`a`f`g
f`g khl`gb
khl`gbskh
skh ln
lnpbg
pbga
a y`ga
y`ga
cbaug`l`g c`f`k khga`t`sb k`s`f`e. Ougue cbrb `c`f`e su`tu up`y` y`ga cbs`c`rb
c`g ohrtuju`g ugtul khga`lebrb lhebcup`g, bgcbvbcu shm`r` s`c`r ohre`sr`t c`g
 ohrup`y` ugtul khwujucl`g e`sr`tgy` ugtul k`tb. Yhrbf`lu ougue cbrb bgb khfbputb

8
 

bsy`r`
bsy`r`t-b
t-bsy
sy`r
`r`t
`t,, ph
phrm
rmno
no``
``g
g `t`u
`t`u `g
`gm`
m`k`
k`g
g vh
vhro
ro`f
`f,, y`
y`ga
ga `l
`l`g
`g khga
khga`l
`lbo
bo`t
`tl`
l`g
g
lhk`tb`g, ful`, `t`u khgy`lbtb cbrb shgcbrb L`ry` Bfkb` @lebr Ghrs bgb ohrtuju`g
ugtul khga`g`fbsbs
khga`g`fbsbs bgthrvhgsb
bgthrvhgsb aubchc
aubchc bk`ahrythre
bk`ahrythre`c`p
`c`p ahj`f` rhsbln ougue
ougue cbrb

ugtul khgmha`e phrbf`lu ougue cbrb cb _u`ga Yug`b _]JC @tk` Eus`c` K`e`l`k
]`k`rbgc`. E`sbf `g`fbs` khgugjull`g phgm`p`b`g tbgc`l`gaubchc bk`ahryc`p`t
khruo`e pblbr`g gha`tbvh c`g tbgc`l`g e`rus cbf`lul`g nfhe phtua`s phr`w`t `t`u
thg`a` lhshe`t`g f`bggy` thre`c`p phkohrb`g aubchc bk`ahry.

0.?. Suju`g

0) Xgtul
Xgtul Khgaht`eub
Khgaht`eub Lhshe`t`g
Lhshe`t`g Khgt`f Yhrbg`t`f
Yhrbg`t`f
?) Xgtul
Xgtul Khgaht
Khgaht`eub
`eub _hsbln
_hsbln Ougue
Ougue Cbrb Y`c` K`s` Yhrbg`t`f
Yhrbg`t`f
=) Xgtul
Xgtul Khgaht`
Khgaht`eub
eub Lhlhr`s`
Lhlhr`s`g
g Y`s`ga`
Y`s`ga`g
g ]u`kb
]u`kb Bstrb Y`c` K`s` Yhrbg`t`f
Yhrbg`t`f
3) Xgtul
Xgtul Khgaht`eu
Khgaht`eubb K`g`jhkhgt
K`g`jhkhgt _hsbln
_hsbln Ougue
Ougue Cbrb
Cbrb Y`c` K`s`
K`s` Yrbg`t`f
Yrbg`t`f
8) Xgtul
Xgtul Khgaht`eu
Khgaht`eubb K`g`jhkhgt
K`g`jhkhgt Lhlhr`s`g
Lhlhr`s`g Nfhe
Nfhe Y`s`ga`g
Y`s`ga`g K`s`
K`s` Yhrbg`t`f
Yhrbg`t`f

4
 

O@O BB

YHKO@E@]@G

@. Lhshe`t`
Lhshe`t`g
g Khgt`
Khgt`ff Yhrbg`
Yhrbg`t`f
t`f

QEN khgchd
khgchdbgb
bgbsbl
sbl`g
`g phrbg`
phrbg`t`f
t`f sho`a`
sho`a`bb phrbnc
phrbnchh y`ga
y`ga cbkuf`
cbkuf`bb c`rb
c`rb
 phkou`e`g ebgaa` sht`eug p`sm` phrs`fbg`g, phrbg`t`f khgt`f eh`fte cbsnrchr 
 o`el`g obs` cb`f`kb phrhkpu`g shohfuk lhe`kbf`g. Yhrbg`t`f khgt`f eh`fte
cbsnrc
cbsnrchr
hr khgm`l
khgm`lup
up `gt`r`
`gt`r` f`bg o`oy
o`oy ofuhs,
ofuhs, a`gaau
a`gaau`g
`g lhmhk`
lhmhk`s`g
s`g,, chprhsb
chprhsb
 p`sm`phrs`fbg`g, c`g psblntbl p`sm`phrs`fbg`g. "O`oy ofuhs, lhtbl` tbc`l 
cbt`ga
cbt`ga`gb
`gb chga`g
chga`g o`bl
o`bl `l`g
`l`g ohrlhk
ohrlhko`g
o`ga
a khgj`c
khgj`cbb pnstp`
pnstp`rtu
rtuk
k chprhss
chprhssbng
bng..
Ob
Ob`s
`s`g
`gy
y`, d`sh
d`shgy
gy`` `c
`c`f
`f`e
`e cu` kbg
kbgaa
aau
u sh
shth
thf`
f`e
e khf
hf`e
`ebr
brl`
l`g
g. Chp
Chprh
rhsb
sb
 p`sm`phrs`fbg`g bgb tbgal`t`ggy` fhobe tbgaab, lhfue`ggy` fhobe ohr`t, a`gaau`g
dugasbgy` jua` fhobe ohr`t," p`p`r Hfvbgh Aug`w`g, cnlthr sphsb`fbs lhjbw``g.
]he`
]he`tt khgt
khgt`f
`f y`
y`bt
btu
u lh
lhk`
k`kp
kpu`
u`g
g bg
bgcb
cbvb
vbcu
cu ug
ugtu
tul
l khgy
khgyhsu
hsu`b
`bl`
l`g
g cb
cbrb
rb
shgc
shgcbr
brb,
b,nr
nr`g
`ga
a f`bg
f`bg,, k`sy
k`sy`r
`r`l
`l`t
`t c`g
c`g fbga
fbgalu
luga
ga`g
`g.. ]h
]ho`
o`a`
a`bb ph
phrw
rwuj
ujuc
uc`g
`g
lhe`rkngbs`g dugasb khgt`f c`g lhs`gaaup`ggy` khgae`c`pb k`s`f`e y`ga
 obs` thrj`cb, bgcbvbcu khr`s` pu`s c`g k`kpu . Lhshe`t`g khgt`f khrup`l`g
thrwujucgy
thrwujucgy`` lhshr`sb`g
lhshr`sb`g y`ga sugaaue-suga
sugaaue-sugaaue
aue `gt`r` dugasb lhjbw``g
lhjbw``g c`g
thrm
thrmbp
bpt`
t`gy
gy`` phgy
phgyhs
hsu`
u`b`
b`g
g cbrb
cbrb `gt`
`gt`r`
r` k`gu
k`gusb
sb`` cb
cbrb
rbgy
gy`` c`
c`g
g fg
fgal
alug
uga`
a`g,
g,
 ohrf`gc`sl`g lhbk`g`g c`g lht`qw``g, shrt` ohrtuju`g ugtul khgm`p`b ebcup
y`ga ohrk`lg` c`g o`e`ab` cbcugb` c`g `lebr`t.

O. Ougu
ugue Cbr
Cbrbb

Ougue cbrb y`ga c`f`k o`e`s` bgaarbs cbg`k`l`g ]ubmbch, khkbfblb `rtb
c`f`k o`e`s` f`tbg ‖sub‛ y`ga ohr`rtb cbrb shgcbrb (shfd), c`g ‖mbch‛ y`ga ohr`rtb
khkougue (lbff), shebgaa` submbch `c`f`e khkougue cbrb

1
 

shgcbr
shgcbrb.
b. Me`rfht
Me`rfhtng
ng (Qhggo
(Qhggohra
hra,, 0229)
0229) khgau
khgaugal
gal`pl
`pl`g
`g o`ew`
o`ew` ougue
ougue cbrb
cbrb
cba
ba`k
`ko
o`r
`rl
l`g sh
sho
o`a`b
`a`b tbgc
bgc`l`g
`l`g khru
hrus`
s`l
l cbrb
brb (c
(chs
hstr
trny
nybg
bga
a ng
nghs
hshf
hfd)
d)<<
khko
khkoug
ugue
ue cbrb
cbrb (kur
(kurch
chrb
rbga
ga nghs
nghshf
hfd)
d) c`
c`g
g ph
phko
ko`g
`gt`
t`b`
b`g
g th
thre
re`c
`c`p
`p cb
cbrb
rb

(sf`uaeth
(sf`uaethrbg
rbga
a nghshfd
nghshfd),
), tht
tht`pb
`pb Cnggh
Cnggh (Qhggo
(Qhggohra
hra,, 0229)
0229) khgaug
khgaugal
al`pl
`pl`g
`g
 o`ew` ougue cbrb fhobe bchgtbl chga`g shfd enkbmbch c`rbp`c` kurchrbga
nghshf
nghshfd,
d, l`rhg`
l`rhg` c`f`k
c`f`k `rtb y`ga fhobe
fhobe sphsbdb
sphsbdbl
l shfd
shfd enkbmb
enkbmbch
ch khkbfbl
khkbfblbb `rtb
`rtb
khkou
khkougue
gue y`ga cbshga`j`
cbshga`j` p`c`
p`c` cbrb
cbrb shgcbr
shgcbrbb (` lbffbg
lbffbga
a nd shfd)
shfd) shkhgt
shkhgt`r`
`r`
bst
bstbf`
bf`e
e kurchr
kurchrbga
bga nghshfd
nghshfd ohr`rt
ohr`rtbb phkoug
phkougue`
ue`g
g y`ga
y`ga s`f`e
s`f`e p`c`
p`c` cbrb
cbrb shgcbr
shgcbrbb
(teh wrngaduff lbffbga nd shfd).
@khrbm`g Ysymeb`trbm @ssnmb`tbng (@Y@) khgchdbgbsbl`g phrbf`lu ougue
cbrb sho`a`b up`y` y`ga khruabl`g cbrb shgcbrb chga`g e`sbf y`ga d`t`f cbshrt`b
 oultb o`ew` nr`ga thrshout bgabg k`tb (J`mnos, ?99=). ]hkhgt`r` btu, M`kus

(C`rk`gbgaty`s,
(C`rk`gbgaty`s, ?99?)
?99?) c`f`k l`ry`gy` ]ebsypus
]ebsypus shm`r` tha`s khgy`t`l`g
khgy`t`l`g
 o`ew` shohg`rgy` e`gy` `c` s`tu k`s`f`e d`fs`d`e y`ga ohg`r-ohg`r shrbus
y`lgb ougue cbrb. Khgbf`b o`ew` ebcup bgb f`y`l `t`u tbc`l f`y`l cbj`f`gb, btuf`e
 j`w`o`g phrt`gy``g c`s`r dbfs`d`t. ]hfhobegy` `p`l`e cugb` khkbfblb tba`
cbkhgsb, `p`l`e jbw` khkbfblb shkobf`g `t`u cu` ohf`s l`thanrb, khrup`l`g
lhf`gjut`g s`j`.
]hf`k` bgb nr`ga khk`gc`ga ougue cbrb shk`t`-k`t` sho`a`b su`tu ahj`f`
sn
snsb
sb`f
`f oh
ohf`
f`l`
l`,, tht`
tht`pb
pb M`ku
M`kuss khgm
khgmno
no`` khfb
khfbe`
e`tt eu
euou
ouga
ga`g
`g `g
`gt`
t`r`
r` pb
pblb
lbr`
r`g
g
bgcbvbcu`f c`g ougue cbrb. E`rnfc (0225) khgaugal`pl`g o`ew` ougue cbrb

`c
`c`f
`f`e
`e lh
lhk`
k`tb
tb`g
`g y`
y`ga
ga cbph
cbphro
rou`
u`tt nfhe
nfhe ph
phf`l
f`lu
u shgcb
shgcbrb
rb shm`r
shm`r`` shga`
shga`j`
j` c`
c`g
g
 ob`s`gy` thrj`cb l`rhg` `c`gy` lrbsbs y`ga khkou`t phgchrbt``g y`ga `k`t
s`ga`t c`g r`s` putus `s` shrt` tbc`l ohrc`y`, c`g `c`gy` lngdfbl `gt`r` ebcup
c`g strhs y`ga t`l thrt`e`gl`g, phgyhkpbt`g c`rb pbfbe`g j`f`g lhfu`r y`ga
cbfbe`
cbfbe`tt phgchr
phgchrbt`
bt` shrt`
shrt` lhbgab
lhbgabg`g
g`g ugtul khf`rbl`
khf`rbl`g
g cbrb
cbrb c`rb
c`rb e`f btu.
btu. Ougue
Ougue
cbrbb `c`f`e
cbr `c`f`e tbgc`l
tbgc`l`g
`g gy`t`
gy`t` y`ga
y`ga khgyho
khgyho`ol
`ol`g
`g ebf`ga
ebf`gagy`
gy` gy`w`
gy`w` shshnr`
shshnr`ga
ga
nfhe cbrbgy` shgcbrb shm`r` shga`j` c`g c`f`k lngcbrb s`c`r
(C`rk`gbgaty`s, ?99?). Cnrnga`g ugtul khf`lul`g tbgc`l`g
khfhgy`pl`g gy`w` shgcbrb obs` ohr`s`f c`rb bgthrg`f (cbrb shgcbrb) t`pb jua`

c`p`t c`rb fu`r cbrb shgcbrb (hlsthrg`f).

5
 

M. _hsbln
_hsbln Ougue
Ougue Cbrb
Cbrb Y`c` K`s`
K`s` Yhrbg
Yhrbg`t`f
`t`f

Yhgyho`o kugmufgy` chprhsb cb k`s` phrbg`t`f khk`ga ohfuk cblht`eub

shm`r` p`stb, g`kug phruo`e`g enrkng shm`r` cr`stbs cb tuoue phrhkpu`g s``t
e`kbf
e`k bf c`g khf`eb
khf`ebrl`
rl`g
g c`p`t
c`p`t khgyho
khgyho`ol
`ol`g
`g phr`s`
phr`s``g
`g y`ga
y`ga fhobe
fhobe shgsbt
shgsbtbd
bd c`g
lngcbs
lngcbsbb hknsbn
hknsbng`f
g`f tbc`l
tbc`l st`obf.
st`obf. Jbl`
Jbl` tbc`l
tbc`l thrcht
thrchthls
hlsbb shj`l
shj`l `w`f,
`w`f, `l`g
`l`g thrj`c
thrj`cbb
lhthrf
lhthrf`ko
`ko`t`
`t`g
g phg`ga
phg`ga`g`
`g`g
g c`g prnshs
prnshs phgyhk
phgyhkoue
oue`g.
`g. Gy`w`
Gy`w` s`ga bou c`g
lhshf`k`t`g `g`lgy` pug khgj`cb t`rue`g, A`gaau`g lhshe`t`g khgt`f phrbg`t`f
c`p`t khgyhr`ga phrhkpu`g e`kbf c`g bou y`ga o`ru khf`ebrl`g c`rb sha`f` usb`,
htgbs, c`g f`t`r ohf`l`ga snsb`f hlngnkb. chprhsb, strhs, khf`ebrl`g, e`kbf, chprhsb
 p`sm`khf`ebrl`g, phrbg`t`f chprhsb, o`oy ofuhs, pnstk`thrg`f chprhssbng,
 phrhkpu`g e`kbf, strhs lhe`kbf`g A`gaau`g lhshe`t`g khgt`f phrbg`t`f c`p`t
khgyhr`ga phrhkpu`g e`kbf c`g bou y`ga o`ru khf`ebrl`g c`rb sha`f` usb`, htgbs,
c`g f`t`r ohf`l`ga snsb`f hlngnkb.

A`gaau`g lhshe`t`g khgt`f phrbg`t`f `l`g fhobe ourul, jbl` p`c` s``t
chprhsb jua` kugmuf ahj`f` psblntbl. ]`f`e s`tugy`, bou khgchga`r su`r`-su`r`
`t`u pblbr`
pblbr`g
g gha`tb
gha`tbdd s``t chprhsb
chprhsbgy`
gy` khkour
khkourul.
ul. "]u`r`
"]u`r`-su
-su`r`
`r` cb thf
thfbga
bga`gy
`gy``
khga`t`l`g
khga`t`l`g e`f y`ga cb` t`lutl`g,
t`lutl`g, shebgaa`
shebgaa` khkou`t
khkou`t cb` shk`lbg br`sbng`f c`g
 obs` khf`lul`g sha`f` shsu`tu y`ga tbc`l kugalbg. E`f throurul c`rb chprhsb
`c`f`e khgy`lbtb cbrb shgcbrb, khgy`lbtb `g`l, `t`u o`el`g ougue cbrb,"

C. K`g`jhk
K`g`jhkhgt
hgt _hsbln
_hsbln Ougue
Ougue Cbrb K`s`
K`s` Yhrbg`t
Yhrbg`t`f
`f

Xp`y` phgyhfhs`b`g
phgyhfhs`b`g p`sbhg y`ga khga`gm`k `t`u khgmno`
khgmno` ougue
ougue cbrb, k`l`
c`p`t khf`lul`g tbgc`l`g ohrblut :
0. Khghk
Khghk`gb
`gb p`sbhg thrus-khghrus
thrus-khghrus s`kp`b cb` c`p`t cbpbgc`el
cbpbgc`el`g
`g lhthkp`t
lhthkp`t y`ga
`k`g.
?. Khgj`uel`g
Khgj`uel`g shku` ohgc` y`ga ohro`e`y` (kbs`fgy`
(kbs`fgy` pbs`u,
pbs`u, sbfht, ahf`s, t`fb
 pbgaa`ga).

2
 

=. Khkhrbl
Khkhrbls`
s` `p`l`e
`p`l`e p`sbhg
p`sbhg ohg`r-o
ohg`r-ohg`
hg`rr thf`e
thf`e khkbgu
khkbguk
k no`tgy
no`tgy`,
`, jbl`
jbl` p`sbhg
p`sbhg
khgc`p`tl`g no`t.
3. Chga`g fhkout khgjhf`sl`g p`c` p`sbhg o`ew` `l`g khfbgcugab p`sbhg s`kp`b

tbc`l `c` lhbgabg`g ougue cbrb.

H. Lhlhr`s`
Lhlhr`s`g
g Y`s`ga
Y`s`ga`g
`g ]u`kb
]u`kb Bstrb
Bstrb

Lhlhr`s`g thre`c`p phrhkpu`g khrup`l`g tbgc`l`g phf`gaa`r`g e`l-

e`l `s`sb k`gusb` thre`c`p phrhkpu`g. Sbc`l s`f`e `p`obf` tbgc`l`g bgb nfhe
Yhrshrbl`t`g
Yhrshrbl`t`g O`gas`-O`ga
O`gas`-O`gas`
s` (YOO)
(YOO) sho`a`b
sho`a`b shou`e lhj`e`t`g lhk`gusb``g
lhk`gusb``g..
Sbgc`l`g bgb `gt`r` f`bg khgm`lup phfhmhe`g shlsu`f, lhlhr`s`g c`f`k ruk`e
t`gaa`, phrlns``g shrt` bgal`r j`gjb (@rbpurg`kb, ?999). Khgurut XX YLC_S,

y`ga cbk`lsuc lhlhr`s`g c`f`k ruk`e t`gaa` (LC_S) `c`f`e shtb`p phrou`t`g
thre`c`p shshnr`ga thrut`k` phrhkpu`g y`ga ohr`lbo`t tbkoufgy` lhshgas`r``g
`t`u phgchrbt``g shm`r` dbsbl, shlsu`f, psblnfnabs c`g `t`u phrou`t`g, phk`ls``g,
`t`u phr`kp`s`g lhkhrchl ``g shm`r` khf`w`g euluk c`f`k fbgalup ruk`e
t`gaa` (p`s`f B XX YLC_S).
Khgurut ]uoby`gtn sho`a`bk`g` cb lutbp nfhe _`mek`c`gb khgy`t`l`g
 o`ew` lngdfbl phrl`wbg`g cb c`f`k ruk`e t`gaa` kugmuf `lbo`t ohro`a`b k`m`k
k`s`f`e y`ga thrj`cb cb`gt`r` su`kb bstrb.K`s`f`e-k`s`f`e cb c`f`k ruk`e t`gaa`
y`ga obs` khkbmu lngdfbl ob`s`gy` thrj`cb `lbo`t `c`gy` lhtbc`l shbko`ga`g cb

c`f`k phkhgue`g lhoutue`g ruk`e t`gaa` y`ga sbd`tgy` urahgt.

C`rbb ohohr`
C`r ohohr`p`
p` chdbgb
chdbgbsb
sb y`ga
y`ga thf
thf`e
`e phgufb
phgufbss lhkul`
lhkul`l`g
l`g cb `t`s,
`t`s, c`p`t
c`p`t
cbt`rbl lhsbkpuf`g o`ew` y`ga cbk`lsuc chga`g lngdfbl c`f`k ruk`e t`gaa`
`c
`c`f
`f`e
`e ph
phrs
rshfb
hfbsb
sbe`
e`g
g y`
y`ga
ga thrj
thrj`c
`cbb `g
`gt`
t`r`
r` su`k
su`kbb c`
c`g
g bsth
bsthrb
rb cb
cbsho
sho`o
`ol`
l`g
g nf
nfhe
he
lhohr`c``g cu` prbo`cb y`ga khkbfblb p`gc`ga`g, thkpr`khg, lhprbo`cb`g c`g
t`t` gbf`b y`ga ohrohc` c`f`k khk`gc`ga shsu`tu c`g khgyho`ol`g phrthgt`ga`g
sho`a`b `lbo`t c`rb `c`gy` lhoutue`g, us`e`, lhbgabg`g `t`u tugtut`g c`rb fu`r 
y`ga tbc`l shsu`b. Lhlhr`s`g su`kb thre`c`p bstrb p`c` k`s` e`kbf-gbd`s c`rb
t`eug lh t`eug shk`lbg khgbgal`t. Ohgtul-ohgtul lhlhr`s`g y`ga shrbga cb`f`kb,

09
 

shphrtb
shphrtb lhlhr`
lhlhr`s`g
s`g dbsbl,
dbsbl, psblnf
psblnfnab
nabs,
s, shlsu`
shlsu`f,
f, c`g hlngnk
hlngnkb,
b, ohrc`k
ohrc`kp`l
p`l p`c`
p`c`
lhsme`t`g rhprnculsb bstrb.

D. Ohgtul-O
Ohgtul-Ohgtu
hgtul
l Sbgc`l`g
Sbgc`l`g Lhlhr`s`
Lhlhr`s`g
g Y`s`ga`g
Y`s`ga`g ]u`kb
]u`kb Bstrb
Ohgtul- ohgtul
Ohgtul- ohgtul tbgc`l
tbgc`l lhlhr`s`g
lhlhr`s`g thro`gy`l
thro`gy`l cb ruk`e t`gaa` khgurut QEN
(?993) thrcbrb c`rb :
0) phghf`gt`r`g `g`l,
?) lhlhr`s`g nfhe p`s`ga`g,
=) lhlhr`s`g shlsu`f,
3) lhlhr`s`g rhk`j`,
8) lhlhr`s`g p`c` f`gsb` c`g
4) ougue cbrb shrt` ohgtul lhlhr`s`g thre`c`p cbrb shgcbrb.

C`rb M`t`t`g S`eug`g Lnkg`s Yhrhkpu`g thgt`ga Lhlhr`s`g Shre`c`p

Yhrhkpu`g t`eug ?909, ohgtul-ohgtul tbgc`l lhlhr`s`g c`f`k ruk`e t`gaa`
y`ga
y`ga thro`g
thro`gy`l
y`l cb Bgcngh
Bgcnghsb`
sb` `c`f`e
`c`f`e lhlhr`
lhlhr`s`g
s`g shlsu`
shlsu`ff (35,45
(35,45%),
%), cbblut
cbblutbb
chga`g
chga `g lhlhr`s`g
lhlhr`s`g psblbs
psblbs (35,?5%),
(35,?5%), lhlhr`s`g
lhlhr`s`g snsb`f-hlng
snsb`f-hlngnkb
nkb (0,5=%)
(0,5=%) c`g
lhlhr`s`g dbsbl (0,?0%). C`t` bgb ohrsukohr c`rb d`lt` lhlhr`s`g y`ga thrj`cb
y`ga cbf`pnrl`g, cb`cul`g c`g y`ga khgc`p`t phgc`kpbga`g `t`upug nfhe
 ohro`a`b fhko`a` thrl`bt.

A. K`g`jhkhgt
K`g`jhkhgt Lhlhr`s`g
Lhlhr`s`g Nfhe Y`s`ga`g
Y`s`ga`g K`s` Yhrbg`t`f

Lngd
Lngdfb
fbl
l y`
y`ga
ga kugm
kugmuf
uf cb c`
c`f`
f`k
k ru
ruk`
k`e
e t`
t`ga
gaa`
a` `g
`gt`r
t`r`` su`k
su`kbb c`
c`g
g bstrb
bstrb
thrshout thgtu khkoutuel`g phgyhfhs`b`g.]`f`e s`tu up`y` ugtul khgyhfhs`bl`g
lngdfb
lngdfbl
l `c`f`e
`c`f`e chga`g
chga`g phgchl
phgchl`t`
`t`g
g k`g`j`
k`g`j`khg
khg lngdfbl
lngdfbl.. K`g`jh
K`g`jhkhg
khg lngdfb
lngdfbl 
l 
khrup`l`g f`gal`e-f`gal`e y`ga cb`kobf p`r` phf`lu `t`u pbe`l lhtba` c`f`k
r`gal` khga`r`el`g phrshfbsbe`g lh`r`e e`sbf thrthgtu y`ga kugalbg `t`u tbc`l 
kugal
kugalbg
bg khgae`
khgae`sbfl
sbfl`g
`g su`tu
su`tu `lebr
`lebr ohrup`
ohrup` phgyhf
phgyhfhs`b
hs`b`g
`g lngdfbl
lngdfbl.K`
.K`g`j
g`jhkh
hkhg
g
lngdfbl khrup`l`g shr`gal`b`g `lsb `gt`r` phf`lu k`upug pbe`l fu`r c`f`k su`tu
lngdfbl. K`g`jhkhg lngdfbl thrk`sul p`c` su`tu phgchl`t`g y`ga ohrnrbhgt`sb
 p`c` prnshs y`ga khga`r`el`g p`c` ohgtul lnkugbl`sb (thrk`sul tbgal`e f`lu)
c`rb phf`lu k`upug pbe`l fu`r c`g o`a`bk`g` khrhl` khkphga`rueb lhphgtbga`g
(bgthr
(bgthrhsts
hsts)) c`g bgthrp
bgthrprht`
rht`sb.0
sb.02
2 Khguru
Khgurutt _noobg
_noobgs,
s, k`g`jh
k`g`jhkhg
khg lngdfb
lngdfbl
l `c`f`e
`c`f`e
tbgc
tbgc`l
`l`g
`g ln
lngs
gstru
trult
ltbd
bd y`
y`ga
ga cbrh
cbrhgm
gm`g
`g`l
`l`g
`g,, cb
cbnr
nra`
a`gb
gbs`s
s`sbl
bl`g
`g,, cb
cbah
ahr`l
r`ll`
l`g
g c`
c`g
g
cbhv`fu`sb
cbhv`fu`sb shm`r` thr`tur
thr`tur `t`s shku` us`e` chkb khga`lebrb
khga`lebrb lngdfbl.
lngdfbl. K`g`jhkhg
ln
lngd
gdfb
fbl
l e`
e`ru
russ cbf`
cbf`lu
lul`
l`g
g sh
shj`l
j`l ph
phrt`
rt`k`
k` l`
l`fb
fb ln
lngd
gdfb
fbl
l kuf`
kuf`bb tu
tuko
koue
ue.]
.]`g
`ga`
a`tt

00
 

cboutuel`g lhk`kpu`g k`g`jhkhg lngdfbl, `gt`r` f`bg, khf`m`l ohro`a`b d`ltnr 

 pnsbtbd phgmha`e`g lngdfbl c`rbp`c` khf`m`l d`ltnr gha`tbd y`ga khga`gm`k
lngdfbl.

Ohrc`s`rl
Ohrc`s`rl`g
`g ohohr`p
ohohr`p`` chdbgb
chdbgbsb
sb khgahg
khgahg`b
`b k`g`jhk
k`g`jhkhg
hg lngdfb
lngdfbl
l cb `t`s,
`t`s,
 phgufbs khga`kobf lhsbkpuf`g o`ew` k`g`jhkhg lngdfbl `c`f`e up`y` y`ga
cbrhgm`g`l`g c`g cbf`lul`g sho`a`b us`e` ugtul khga`lebrb lngdfbl. K`g`jhkhg
lngdfbl thrshout c`p`t cbf`lul`g nfhe lhcu` pbe`l y`ga thrfbo`t lngdfbl, `t`upug
khf`fub o`gtu`g pbe`l lhtba`. Jbl` cbl`btl`g lhp`c` lngdfbl y`ga thrj`cb cb c`f`k
ruk`e t`gaa`, k`l` k`g`jhkhg lngdfbl c`f`k ruk`e t`gaa` `c`f`e up`y` y`ga
cbf`lul`g nfhe p`s`ga`g su`kb bstrb y`ga shc`ga thrfbo`t lngdfbl ugtul khgm`rb
snfu
snfusb
sb `t`u
`t`u phgy
phgyhf
hfhs
hs`b
`b`g
`g th
thre
re`c
`c`p
`p k`s`
k`s`f`
f`e
e ru
ruk`
k`e
e t`
t`ga
gaa`
a` y`
y`ga
ga sh
shc`
c`ga
ga
cbe`c`pbgy`.

L`rhg` lngdfb
L`rhg` lngdfbl
l tbc`l
tbc`l c`p`t
c`p`t cbebgc
cbebgc`rl
`rl`g
`g c`g `c` c`f`k
c`f`k E`kpbr
E`kpbr shku`
shku`
euouga`g, p`s`ga`g e`rus ohrus`e` khgm`rb m`r` ugtul Khgyhfhs`bl`g lngdfbl 
khrhl` shm`r` lngstrultb
lngstrultbdd (Murr`g,
(Murr`g, Nanfsly,
Nanfsly, E`zhg, &Onsme,
&Onsme, ?900<
?900< Anttk`g,
Anttk`g,
0223< ]tnr``sfb & K`rlk`g, 0229)`vnbc`gmh `t`u Yhgaebgc`r`g, `c` cu` typh
 phgaebgc`r`g cb c`f`k khgae`c`pb
khgae`c`pb lngdfbl p`s`ga`g Bgb.
0. R`ga
R`ga ph
phrt
rt`k
`k`` ph
phga
gaeb
ebgc
gc`r
`r`g
`g cbf`
cbf`lu
lul`
l`g
g ug
ugtu
tul
l khgh
khghg`
g`ga
gal`
l`g
g cb
cbrb
rb e`
e`ff bg
bgb.
b.
O`ew` fhobe o`bl cb`k l`rhg` l`f`u cbf`chgb @l`g shk`lbg p`gj`ga.
?. Yhga
Yhgaeb
ebgc
gc`r`
`r`g
g y`
y`ga
ga lh
lhcu
cu`` cbf`
cbf`lu
lul`
l`g
g l`
l`rhg
rhg`` khk`
khk`ga
ga Khrhl
Khrhl`` tbc`
tbc`l
l bg
bgab
abg
g
khko`e`s lngdfbl, e`f bgb fhobe cbf`lul`g bgdnrk`g l`rhg` @p`obf` lngdfbl 

tbc`l cbebgc`rb k`l` ohrbsbln khga`gm`k lhutue`g ruk`e t`gaa` Khrhl`.

le`w`tbr chga`g `c`gy` phrpbs`e`g `l`g ohrbko`s p`c` `g`lgy`.

C`f`k khgyhfhs`bl`g lngdfbl fhobe ohrbgbsb`tbd ugtul khgyhfhs`bl`g

cbo`gcbga
cbo`gcbga c`g bgabg khgaus`e`l
khgaus`e`l`g
`g y`ga thro`bl ugtul phrl`wbg`gg
phrl`wbg`ggy`,
y`, L`rhg`
lngdfbl phrl`wbg`g e`cbr c`f`k shku` euouga`g, s`ga`t phgtbga O`ew` p`s`ga`g
y`ga suc`e khgbl`e, y`ga bgabg tht`p ohrs`k`, khghkul`g ]nfusb ugtul lngdfbl 
khrhl` (Murr`g, Nanfsly, E`zhg, & Onsme, ?900).

0?
 

O@O BBB

LH]BKYXF@G

E`f bgb khkphrjhf`s

khkphrjhf`s o`ew` lhbgabg`g ougue cbrb tbc`l e`gy` cbsho`ol`g
cbsho`ol`g
nfhe `c`gy` a`gaau`g psblnfnabs t`pb jua` l`rhg` `c`gy`
` c`gy` a`gaau`g dbsbl. E`sbf bgb
 ohrohc` chga`g e`sbf phghfbtb`g Ch Fhn,ht `f (?991) cbk`g` shshnr`ga y`ga
khkbfbl
khkbfblbb phrbf`
phrbf`lu
lu ougue
ougue cbrb
cbrb shm`r`
shm`r` sbagbd
sbagbdbl`
bl`g
g khgbga
khgbgal`t
l`tl`g
l`g rbsbln
rbsbln tbgc`l
tbgc`l`g
`g
shrup`.. Yhrohc``g
shrup` Yhrohc``g p`c` e`sbf phghfbtb`g
phghfbtb`g bgb ob`s` s`j` thrj`cb
thrj`cb l`rhg`
l`rhg` bou khkbfblb
khkbfblb
hknsb y`ga lu`t l`rhg` phruo`e`g Hknsbng`f c`g enrkng.
]hc`gal`g lhj`cb`g lhlhr`s`g c`f`k ruk`e t`gaa` (LC_S) khrup`l`g
s`f`e s`tu k`s`f`e y`ga ohrsbd`f afno`f y`ga ohrc`kp`l fu`s thre`c`p lhshe`t`g.
Lhlhr`s`g thrj`cb `lbo`t lhshgj`ga`g lhlu`s``g. Yhkha`ga lu`s` khkpugy`b
 phfu`ga ugtul khf`lul`g lhlhr`s`g lhp`c` y`ga fhk`e. Cb fbgalup ruk`e
t`gaa`, phrhkpu`g c`g `g`l shrbga l`fb khgj`cb lhfnkpnl y`ga fhk`e shebgaa`
lhr`p l`fb thrj`cb lhlhr`s`g p`c` lhfnkpnl bgb. Khslbpug chkblb`g, lhj`cb`g
LC_S
LC_S tbc`l
tbc`l cbsho`
cbsho`ol`
ol`g
g nfhe
nfhe d`ltnr
d`ltnr y`ga
y`ga tugaa`
tugaa`f,
f, khf`bg
khf`bgl`g
l`g kuftb
kuftb d`ltnr
d`ltnr..
Shrc`p`t
Shrc`p`t lhthrl`bt`g
lhthrl`bt`g y`ga lu`t `gt`r` d`ltnr bgcbvbcu,
bgcbvbcu, euouga`g
euouga`g,, fbgaluga`
fbgaluga`g
g
k`upug k`sy`r`l`t y`ga khrup`l`g phgyho`o thrj`cbgy` LC_S. E`f bgb
 

C@DS@_ YX]S@L@

Jne`r,
Jne`r, _CY,
_CY, & ]ufdbg
]ufdbg`cb
`cb`,
`, E. (?9?9)
(?9?9).. K@G@JH
K@G@JHKHG
KHG LNGDFB
LNGDFBL
L ]HO@A
]HO@A@B
@B

XY@R@
XY@R@ KHGJ@A
KHGJ@A@
@ BGSHA_
BGSHA_BS@
BS@]
] _XK@E
_XK@E S@GAA@
S@GAA@..  Jurg`f @f-
 @el`k.. Tnf. UUB Gn.0. Efk =4-=5.
 @el`k
Bgcrb`s`rb Q, ]. (?901). Sbgal`t Chprhsb Y`c` Bou Ynstp`rtuk Cb Yuslhsk`s
Knrnlrhko`ga`g ]ur`o`y`.  Cugb` Lhphr`w`t`g,
Lhphr`w`t`g, 8(0), 3=.
ettps://cnb.nra/09.?98?1/cl.v8b0.=434
_ns`, H. D., Ynkh, A., & O`bts, K. (?905). Lhf`ebr`g O`yb Ohr`t F`ebr _hgc`e
L`oup`
L`oup`thg
thg Na`g
Na`g Lnkhrbg
Lnkhrbga
a Xfu S`eug ?900.  JYY (Jurg`f Lhshe`t`g
 Ynfthllhs Y`fhko`ga),
Y`fhko`ga), 0(00), 09”04.
ettps://jurg`f.pnfthllhsp`fhko`ga.`m.bc/bgchx.pep/JYY/`rtbmfh/vbhw/09=

(@mmhsshc: 05@prbf?9?0).
@ufb`, G., & ]`skbt`, E. (?902). @G@FB]B] EXOXGA@G D@LSN_ _B]BLN
OXGX
OXGXE
E CB_B
CB_B CHGA
CHGA@G
@G @_SB
@_SBLH
LHF
F _bw`
_bw`y`
y`tt @rtb
@rtblh
lhff @O]S
@O]S_@
_@L 
L 
@G@FR
@G@FR]B]
]B] ND _B]L
_B]L D@MSN_
D@MSN_]
] DN_
DN_ ]XBMB
]XBMBCH
CH _HF@S
_HF@SBNG
BNG]EB
]EBY
Y
QBSE SEH BCH@ ND ]XBMBCH BG @CNFH]MHGS].  Jurg`f 
 Lhphr`w`t`g,, 00
 Lhphr`w`t`g 00(3),
(3), =91”=03.
]uthj`, J., & Kuz`lb. (?902). Yhga`ocb`g K`sy`r`l`t Khf`fub Lngshfbga Lhfu`ra`
]ho`a`b Xp`y` Yhgmha`e`g Lhlhr`s`g C`f`k _uk`e S`gaa` (Lcrt)
Cb L`oup`thg Mbrhong. @f-Bsyr`q:
Mbrhong. @f-Bsyr`q: Jurg`f Obkobga`g, Yhgyufue`g, C`g

 Lngshfbga Bsf`k,
Bsf`k, ?(Tnf ?, Gn 0 (?902)), ==”80.
ettps://`fbsyr`q.p`olb.nra/bgchx.pep/`fbsyr`q/`rtbmfh/vbhw/?4
Yhcnk`g Yhgahgc`fb`g Lhlhr`s`g C`f`k _uk`e S`gaa` (LC_S)
J`l`r
J`l`rt`
t`,, Ju
Jugb
gb ?9
?90?
0? CB_H
CB_HLS
LSX_
X_ JHGC
JHGCH_
H_@F
@F YHGA
YHGAHG
HGC@
C@FB
FB@G
@G
YHGR@LBS C@G YHGRHE@S@G
YHGRHE@S@G FBGALXGA@G.