BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

The binary number system, also called the base-2 number system, is a method of representing
numbers that counts by using combinations of only two digits: zero (0) and one (1). Computers use
the binary number system to manipulate and store all of their data including numbers, words,
videos, graphics, and music.

The term bit, the smallest unit of digital technology, stands for "BInary digiT." A byte is a group of
eight bits. A kilobyte is 1,000 bytes or 8,000 bits.

Example: 110100 has 6 bits

How do we count using binary?

Base Base 2/Binary

10/Decimal
0 0
1 1
∙
2 10
∙∙
3 11
∙∙∙
4 100
∙∙∙∙
5 101
∙∙∙∙∙
6 110
∙∙∙∙∙∙
7 111
∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
8 1000
∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
9 1001
∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
10 1010
∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
11 1011
∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
12 1100
∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
13 1101
∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
14 1110
∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
15 1111
∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
How to count in binary:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=puaaRoWL-Ec

CONVERSION OF BINARY NUMBERS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rsxT4FfRBaM&t=44s
 A. Binary to Decimal

Binary 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 . 0 1 1
Number
Place … 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 2−1 2−2 2−3 …
Value Or Or Or
1 1 1
21 22 23
Place … 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 1 1 1 …
Value 2 4 8
Example:

𝑎) 1012

1 0 1
22 21 20
4 2 1
We will only focus on the binary digit 1 then we add. So we have 4 and 1 then 4 + 1 = 5.

Therefore 1012 = 5
𝑏) 10102
1 0 1 0
23 2 2
21 20
8 4 2 1
8 + 2 = 10

𝑐) 10101. 1012
1 0 1 0 1 . 1 0 1
24 23 22 21 20 . 2−1 2−2 2−3

Like we did, we will focus on the number containing 1.

24 + 22 + 20 + 2−1 + 2−3
1 1
16 + 4 + 1 + +
2 8
16 + 4 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.125
21.625

*do not round off your answer

Try This!
1. 111001. 1101 = 57.8125
2. 110111.0110 = 55.375
3. 10111. 01001 = 23.265625
4. 101001. 10001 = 41.515625
B. Decimal to Binary
B.1 Subtraction Method
𝑎) 58
List the powers of 2
64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Look for the highest number that is less than 58 which is 32.

64 32 16 8 4 2 1
58 32 + 16 + 8 + 2

58 – 32 = 26 (Then you are going to look for another highest base 2 number less than 26)
26 – 16 = 10
10 – 8 = 2
2-2=0

Then add those four numbers will give the sum of 58. Once you have that you can start
writing the binary numbers. You’re going write 1 on the numbers used to have 58 as sum
and for those number that we didn’t use we put 0.

64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 1 1 0 1 0

Therefore 58 in binary number is 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟐 .

Try This!
 208 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐
156 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟐

B.2 Successive Division Method

𝑎) 58

58 ÷ 2 = 29 R 0
29 ÷ 2 = 14 R 1
14 ÷ 2 = 7 R 0
7÷2=3 R 1
3÷2=1 R 1
1÷2 =0 R 1

When we write it into binary, you will start from bottom to top. Then don’t forget to
write subscript of 2.
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟐
𝑎) 121.625
How about on the number on right side you’re just going to multiply it by 2 until you reach
the 1.0
You put the whole number on the right side because it will become your binary number

.625 x 2 = 1 .25 1
.25 x 2 = 0. 50 0
.50 x 2 = 1.0 1
When writing this binary number, you start from top to bottom. So we have 101.
Therefore 121.625 is equal to 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟏. 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐
Try this!
1. 150.78125 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟐

2. 220.578125 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐

BINARY OPERATIONS

ADDITION

When adding two binary numbers, there is a basic rule to consider when performing
the operation:

0+0=0
1+0=1
1 + 1 = 0, then you need to carry 1
1
1 1
1 1
10 2

1 + 1 + 1 = 1, then you need to carry 1

 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
11 3

Now to check if your answer is correct, you can convert it into a decimal number.

Checking
E1.
1 1 1
+ 1 0 0 1 0 18
1 0 1 1 1 23
1 0 1 0 0 1 41
32 16 8 4 2 1

E2.
1
1 0 0 1 0 18
+ 1 0 1 0 1 21
1 0 0 1 1 1 39
32 16 8 4 2 1

NOTE:

You can check the link below for you to easily understand the topic.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5F6orbqZigI&list=RDCMUCEWpbFLzoYGPfuWUMFPSa
oA&start_radio=1&t=520

SUBTRACTION

Like on the addition, there are rules we need to consider when performing the given
operation.

0-0=0
1-0=1
1-1=0
0 – 1 = 1, it will give you a negative answer, but if there is a number before that you need
to borrow.
For Example
0 10
1 0 2
1 1
0 1 1

Examples

For checking like we did on the Addition, we are going to convert the given binary numbers
into a decimal number.

ES.1
10
0 0 10
− 10 11 01 1 1
0 0
1
1
55
25
0 1 1 1 1 0 30
32 16 8 4 2 1

ES.3
1 1
0 10 10 10 0 10 0 10
1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 277
− 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 234
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 43
256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

NOTE:
You can check the link below for you to easily understand the topic.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OHf0Eg9ZhGQ

MULTIPLICATION
When performing this operation, it is necessary that you really understand the concept of adding
binary numbers, because we are going to apply the rules in the addition of binary numbers.

In this operation like we did in normal multiplication that 𝟏 × 𝟏 = 𝟏 and 𝟏 × 𝟎 = 𝟎.

Examples

EM.1
10110
× 101
10110
APPLYING THE RULES OF ADDING
+ 0 0 000
BINARY NUMBERS
10110
1101110

EM.2
× 1 11 11 01 10 11
111011
000000 APPLYING THE RULES OF ADDING
+ 111011 BINARY NUMBERS
111011
111011
11010101111

CHECKING

EM.1
10110 22
× 101 5
10110 110
+ 00000
10110
1101110
64 32 16 8 4 2 1

NOTE:
You can check the link below for you to easily understand the topic.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Va_UvwJULcI&t=19s

DIVISION

In this operation we are going to apply the rule of subtraction. It is the same on how we divide
decimal numbers. Remember that if the dividend is greater than divisor we use 1 as our quotient,
but if the divisor is greater than dividend we use 0 as our quotient.
 QUOTIENT
DIVISOR DIVIDEND

REMAINDER

NOTE:
You can check the link below for you to easily understand the topic.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubCCemtuZH8&t=16s
References:

https://www.encyclopedia.com/computing/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/binary-number-
system#:~:text=The%20binary%20number%20system%2C%20also,videos%2C%20graphics%2C%20
and%20music.

https://www.mathsisfun.com/binary-number-system.html