International Journal of Thermal Sciences 125 (2018) 405–418

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International Journal of Thermal Sciences

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijts

A comprehensive investigation of vortex induced vibration effects on the T

heat transfer from a circular cylinder
Ehsan Izadpanaha,b,∗, Yasser Aminia,b, Ali Ashouria
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran
b
Oil and Gas Research Center, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: In this paper, the effect of vortex induced vibration (VIV) on convective heat transfer from an elastically
Vortex induced vibration mounted rigid circular cylinder in cross-flow is investigated numerically. The motion of cylinder is modeled by
Convective heat transfer using a mass-spring-damping system. The effect of reduced velocity and damping ratio on the vortex formation,
Circular cylinder vortex shedding process, cylinder displacement amplitude, Nusselt number and the position of maximum local
Reduced velocity
Nusselt number is studied. In this study the Reynolds Number and the mass ratio are 150 and 2, respectively.
Damping ratio
Furthermore, different values of reduced velocity and damping ratio are investigated (Ur = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and ζ =
0. 0.01, 0.05, 0.1). The numerical results demonstrate that the reduced velocity and damping ratio can affect the
heat transfer considerably. The beating phenomenon is occurs at Ur = 4 and ζ = 0.05 which leads to changes in the
displacement amplitude and Nusselt number widely with respect to the time. In the beating phenomenon the
total Nusselt number decreases in comparison with a stationary cylinder. The maximum heat transfer en-
hancement is obtained at Ur = 4 , ζ = 0 .

1. Introduction transversal movement cylinder, namely, periodical and non-periodical

Nowadays, the heat exchangers are utilized in a wide range of in-
dustrial applications such as power plants, oil and gas industry, che-
mical processing, food and pharmaceutical industries, refrigeration and
air conditioning devices, etc. The shell and tube and the tube-fin heat
exchangers are the most common types of the heat exchanger in which
fluid flows past the tubes, and vortex shedding phenomenon occurs at
certain Reynolds number. Shedding vortices exert periodic forces on the
tube that causes it to oscillate, so-called vortex induced vibration.
Synchronization or lock-in phenomenon occurs when the vortex shed-
ding frequency is close to the natural frequency of the structure, which
leads to significant oscillation in amplitude.
In the recent years, several studies were accomplished on the vortex
induced vibrations. Bishop and Hassan [1], Feng [2], Griffin and
Ramberg [3], Williamson and Roshko [4] and Koopmann [5] were the
first researchers that have investigated the vortex-induced vibration of
a cylinder and have demonstrated that the vortex-induced vibration is a
self-limiting motion. Chen [6] reported the various states that are re-
lated to the flow induced vibration of a circular cylinder.
Jiang et al. [7] simulated the flow induced vibrations of a square
cylinder in a channel at Reynolds number of 200 by using the Lattice-
Boltzmann method. They founded that two types of vibration exist for
ones, which depend on the density ratio of the cylinder to the fluid.
Chung [8] examined the wall effect on the vibrations of a circular cy-
linder with the Reynolds number of 200 and found that by decreasing
the gap ratio, the vibration amplitude decreases and the lock-in domain
increases. Also for the smaller gap ratio the maximum vibration am-
plitude happens at a larger reduced velocity.
The vortex-induced vibration of the circular cylinder for turbulent
flow at three ranges of Reynolds number was studied numerically by
Wanderley and Soares [9]. Their results show the strong influence of
Reynolds number on the vibration amplitude, lift coefficient, and re-
sponse frequency for a low mass-damping parameter. Zhao et al. [10]
investigated the VIV of two and three-dimensional circular cylinder at
Reynolds number ranging from 150 to 1000, the mass ratio m∗ = 2 and
zero-damping. Their results show that for a cylinder undergoing VIV at
a fixed reduced velocity of 6 in the lock-in region, the transition of the
flow from 2D to 3D occurs at the higher Reynolds number in compar-
ison with a stationary cylinder. So it can be deduced that the cylinder
vibrations lead to increase in the critical Reynolds number, ranging
from 250 to 300.
Zhao [11] studied the effect of the inclination angle of 0° and 45° on
the VIV of a circular cylinder at Re = 150 and 1000, a mass ratio mr =2
and zero-damping, numerically. They found that the response

∗
Corresponding author. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran.
E-mail address: e.izadpanah@pgu.ac.ir (E. Izadpanah).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2017.12.011
Received 24 December 2016; Received in revised form 10 July 2017; Accepted 11 December 2017
Available online 21 December 2017
1290-0729/ © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
E. Izadpanah et al.
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the computational domain and its boundary condition.
amplitude and frequency at Re = 150 for two inclination angles are the
same, both inside and outside of the lock-in region. But for Re = 1000
these parameters are slightly different. The effect of using a pair of
synthetic jets (SJs) on control the VIV of cylinder at the Reynolds
number of 100, the mass ratio mr =2 and zero-damping were studied by
Wang et al. [12]. They observed that the VIV of cylinder can be effec-
tively suppressed by using SJ control with three parameter combina-
tions.
Cui et al. [13] investigated the flow induced vibrations (FIV) of a
square and rectangular cylinder with different incidence angle. They
found that for square and rectangular cylinder the galloping, a self-
excited instability with strong vibration at a lower frequency, occurs at
the incidence angle of zero. The galloping was not observed at the in-
cidence angle of 45 for rectangular cylinder and incidence angles of
22.5 and 45 for a square cylinder. Joly et al. [14] studied about the
galloping phenomenon, too. Zhao et al. [15,16], Zhou et al. [17],
Franzini et al. [18] and Jain and Modarres-Sadeghi [19] reported about
the effect of the flow incidence angle on the VIV of the cylinder in their
researches. Zhu et al. [20] studied the effect of a free-to-rotate dartlike
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International Journal of Thermal Sciences 125 (2018) 405–418
overlay on the VIV of a circular cylinder. They found that the rotation of
dartlike overlay is counterclockwise and leads to disturb the boundary
layer near the body and suppress the vibration response to critical re-
duced velocity.
Recently, the effect of the free surface on VIV of the cylinder [21],
the Wake-induced vibration of a small cylinder located in the wake of a
larger cylinder [22] and flow-induced vibrations of circular cylinders
arranged in a tandem configuration [23] were investigated, numeri-
cally.
As aforementioned, the influence of VIV on the aerodynamic and
hydrodynamic aspects of cylinders was studied in the literature, widely.
However, there are many situations where the heat transfer char-
acteristics of the cylinder are essential. For example, when the tubes of
heat exchangers vibrate due to the vortex shedding, their heat transfer
coefficient are changed. The change in the heat transfer coefficient is
critical for heat exchanger and should be examined. The heat transfer
characteristics of stationary cylinders was studied by many authors
[24–28]. But based on the authors' knowledge, the influence of VIV of
cylinders on the heat transfer coefficient are not studied, yet. In the
present work, the effect of cylinder oscillation on the quantity of heat
transfer are investigated. In this study, the fluid is taken as water, and
different values of damping coefficient and the reduced velocity are
considered. The Reynolds number of the present work is taken to be
150. Since this value is under the critical Reynolds number, the 2D
numerical solution is performed [10].
2. Problem description and formulation
The external flow over the circular cylinder investigated numeri-
cally. The cylinder is allowed to vibrate only in cross-flow direction.
The computational domain is schematically shown in Fig. 1. At the
inlet, the x-component of the velocity and the temperature are con-
sidered uniform U∞ and isothermal T∞, respectively. The cylinder is
Fig. 2. Grid distribution (a) in the computational domain,
(b) Enlarged view of the cylinder in the initial position (c)
Enlarged view of the cylinder in the maximum displace-
ment.
E. Izadpanah et al. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 125 (2018) 405–418

Table 1 ∂u ∂u ∂p ∂ 2u
ρ ⎡ i + (uj − uj ) i ⎤ = − + μ ⎛⎜ 2i ⎞⎟
Details of numerical simulations results at different grid size for Re = 150 , m* = 2 , ζ = 0
and  Ur = 4 .
⎢ ∂t
⎣ ∂x j
⎥
⎦ ˆ∂x i ⎝ ∂x i ⎠ (2)

Mesh Number of cells on the Total cells A CL ∂T ∂T ⎛ ∂ 2T

= α ⎜ 2 ⎞⎟
Nu
name cylinder
D
∂t
+ (uj − uj )
∂x j ˆ ⎝ ∂x j ⎠ (3)
G1 48 21608 0.4616 14.722 1.9145
G2
G3
100
200
50140
72520
0.5765
0.5780
15.658
15.191
1.6043
1.4232
ui is the velocity component of the fluid flow in the x i -direction and uj
is the velocity component of mesh movement in the x j -direction. Also ρ ,
ˆ
G4 300 108665 0.5782 15.2762 1.4294 T , t , p , μ and α are fluid density, temperature, time, static pressure,
dynamic viscosity and thermal diffusivity, respectively. The cylinder
vibration in transverse direction is predicted with using a mass-spring-
Table 2 damping system as follows:
Comparison of present results with literature values at case 1.
meq y¨ + Ceq y˙ + K eq y = fL (t ) (4)
Re Article Nu St Cd Cl
where y , ẏ and ÿ are the displacement, the velocity and the acceleration
100 Present study 5.159 ± 0.002 0.169 1.373 ± 0.010 ± 0.339 of the cylinder in the transverse direction of the flow, respectively. meq ,
Mahír and Altaç 5.179 ± 0.003 0.172 1.368 ± 0.029 ± 0.343 Ceq , K eq are the mass equivalent, the damping factor equivalent and the
[29] spring stiffness equivalent of the vibration system, respectively. fL is the
Liu et al. [30] 0.164 1.35 ± 0.012 ± 0.339
lift force exerted by the fluid on the cylinder. The non-dimensional
Eq. (13) 5.19
Eq. (14) 5.16
equation for the oscillating cylinder can be expressed as follows:
150 Present study 6.395 ± 0.009 0.187 1.355 ± 0.027 ± 0.534
d 2y∗ 4πζ ⎞ dy∗ 4π 2 C
Mahír and Altaç 6.383 ± 0.022
∗2
+⎛ ⎜
∗
+ ⎜⎛ 2 ⎞⎟ y∗ = L
⎟

[29] dt ⎝ Ur ⎠ dt ⎝ Ur ⎠ 2mr (5)

Eq. (13) 6.26
Eq. (14) 6.26 Ur = U∞/ fn D is the reduced velocity. mr = meq / ρD 2
is the mass ratio.
200 Present study 7.452 ± 0.026 0.200 1.336 ± 0.046 ± 0.700 1
ζ = Ceq/2 meq K eq is the damping ratio. fn = 2π K eq/ meq is the natural
Mahír and Altaç 7.474 ± 0.028 0.192 1.376 ± 0.048 ± 0.698 2 1
[29] structure frequency. Cl = fL (t )/ 2 ρU∞ D is the lift coefficient.
∗ ∗
y = y / D and t = tU∞/ D are dimensionless displacement and time,
Liu et al. [30] 0.192 1.31 ± 0.049 ± 0.69
Ding et al. [31] 0.196 1.348 ± 0.050 ± 0.659 respectively. The boundary conditions for the present flow configura-
Eq. (13) 7.16
tion (Fig. 1) as follows:
Eq. (14) 7.19
At the inlet boundary: The flow is uniform and isothermal,
U = U∞, V = 0 and T = T∞ (6)

Table 3 On top and bottom boundaries: Slip boundary conditions are used,
Comparison of present results with literature values at case 2.
∂U ∂T
= 0 , V = 0 and =0
A ∂y ∂y (7)
D

On the circular cylinder: No-slip boundary condition with a constant

Ur =3 4 5 6 7 8
temperature is considered,
Present study 0.073 0.578 0.534 0.469 0.377 0.082 U = 0 , V = 0 and T = Tw (8)
Wang et al. [12] 0.073 0.575 0.539 0.480 0.399 0.080
Jiang et al. [34] 0.081 0.580 0.550 0.490 0.401 0.09 At the outlet boundary: the Neumann condition is used,
Bao et al. [35] 0.066 0.568 0.550 0.477 0.394 0.083
∂U ∂V ∂T
=0, = 0 and =0
∂x ∂x ∂x (9)
Table 4 The Reynolds number is defined as Re = ρU∞ D / μ . The local Nusselt
Comparison of present results with literature values at case 3.
number on the surface of the cylinder for constant wall temperature is
Present study Leontini et al. Bahmani and Akbari Mysa et al. evaluated as follows:
[36] [37] [23]
hD ∂T
Nu (θ , t ) = =−
A 0.468 0.478 0.450 0.457 k ∂ns (10)
D

where ns represents the unit vector normal to the cylinder surface; h

and Nu (θ , t ) are the local heat transfer coefficient and local Nusselt
assumed to be at a constant temperature TW . The rectangular compu-
number, respectively; and θ is the polar angle determined in counter-
tational domain is chosen with the length L and the height H in the in-
clockwise direction with respect to cylinder center. The surface-average
line and the transverse directions. xu and x d are the distance of the
Nusselt number is calculated by averaging the local Nusselt number
center of the cylinder from the inlet and outlet boundaries, respectively.
over surface of the cylinder as follows:
The center of cylinder is placed in the middle of the height H. The
2π
values of xu , L and H are considered 12D, 48D, and 24D, respectively. 1
The governing equations for an unsteady, incompressible, laminar Nu(t ) =
2π
∫ Nu (θ, t ) dθ
0 (11)
and 2D Newtonian fluid flow with assuming the constant thermo-phy-
sical properties and neglecting the viscous dissipation, on a dynamic The total time averaged Nusselt number is obtained by integrating
mesh are as follows (the Einstein notation is used for the i and j in- the surface-average Nusselt number, Nu , over one period of oscillation,
dexes): as follows:
τ
∂ui 1
∂x i
=0
(1)
Nu =
τ
∫ Nu(t ) dt
0 (12)

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E. Izadpanah et al. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 125 (2018) 405–418

Fig. 3. Vorticity (First column) and temperature

contours (second column) at a period of vibration
for ζ = 0 and Ur = 4 .

3. Numerical methodology method for the pressure linked equations) scheme is applied for pres-
sure-velocity coupling. The second order upwind scheme is employed to
The presented results are obtained numerically using the commer- discretize the convection terms in momentum and energy equations. A
cial software ANSYS FLUENT (version 17.0). The SIMPLE (semi-implicit User-Defined Function (UDF) is utilized to calculate the motion of the

408
E. Izadpanah et al.
cylinder. In each time step, after obtaining the lift forces by solving the
fluid dynamic equations (Eqs. (1) and (2)), the displacement and the
velocity of the cylinder are determined by solving the equation of the
cylinder motion (Eq. (4)). The smoothing method of the dynamic mesh
which adjusts the mesh by moving the boundary is selected for cylinder
motion. The convergence criteria of 10−6 for the continuity, x- and y-
components of the velocity and energy equations is considered. The
first order implicit scheme is used for the time discretization. Selection
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International Journal of Thermal Sciences 125 (2018) 405–418
Fig. 4. Instantaneous vorticity and tempera-
ture contours for ζ = 0 , a) Ur = 3 , b) Ur = 4 , c)
Ur = 5 , d) Ur = 6 , e) Ur = 7 , f) Ur = 8.
of an optimal time step is significant to achieve reliable and accurate
UΔt
results. The time step study is conducted for ur = 4 and D < 0.002
[11] and the results are independent on the time step size.
The multi-block structured quadrilateral cells with non-uniform
mesh spacing are used. Enough number of cells is considered around
the cylinder to cover the high velocity and temperature gradient near
that. In addition, to increase the quality of the grid its size grows
smoothly. The generated computational mesh and its enlarged view
E. Izadpanah et al.
around the cylinder are displayed in Fig. 2.
For the grid dependence study, four grids with a different number of
cells are considered. The non-dimensional vibration amplitude
(A/ D = (ymax − ymin )/2D) , the total time averaged Nusselt number (Nu )
and the amplitude of the lift coefficient (CL) for Re = 150 , m* = 2, ζ = 0
and  Ur = 4 , at different grids are presented in Table 1. The symbols G1,
G2, G3 and G4 are illustrated the total number of cells in the domain.
The maximum deviation between results of grids G3 and G4 is less than
0.6%. Therefore, the grid G3 sufficiently refined to resolve the flow and
temperature fields with acceptable levels of accuracy.
4. Verification of the results
The present results are validated with the published data for three
different cases. In the first validation case, the flow around stationary
heated circular cylinder at Re = 100, 150, 200 and Pr = 0.7 is in-
vestigated. The values of Nu , St , Cd and Cl are compared with the
published results [29–31] in Table 2. In addition, the Nusselt number is
compared with the correlations which are presented by Knudsen and
Katz [32] eq. (13) and Churchill and Bernstein [33] eq. (14).
Nu = 0.638 Re 0.466Pr 1/3 (13)
0.62 Re1/2Pr 1/3 ⎡1 + ⎛ Re ⎞ ⎤
5/8 4/5
Nu = 0.3 +
[1 + (0.4/ Pr )2/3]1/4 ⎢ ⎝ 282000 ⎠ ⎥ (14)
⎣ ⎦
According to Table 2, the maximum deviation from literature values
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International Journal of Thermal Sciences 125 (2018) 405–418
Fig. 5. Instantaneous vorticity and tempera-
ture contours for Ur = 4 , a) ζ = 0 , b) ζ = 0.01,
c) ζ = 0.05 , d) ζ = 0.1.
is smaller than 4.2%. In the second validation test case, the vibration of
cylinders in the transverse direction at Re = 150, m∗ = 2 and , ζ = 0.01
is studied. The cross-flow vibration amplitude A/D are compared with
literature for Ur =3–8 in Table 3. An excellent agreement can be ob-
served between the present values and the results of Wang et al. [12]
(mean discrepancy of 1.95%). The small difference between the results
of present work and corresponding values of references Jiang et al. [34]
(mean discrepancy of 5.38%) and Bao et al. [35] (mean discrepancy of
3.82%) is related to the use of different numerical methods and grid
generation.
In the third validation test case, the verification is performed for the
vibration of cylinders in the cross-flow direction at Re = 200, m∗ = 10
, ζ = 0.01 and Ur = 5. According to Table 4, the maximum deviation is
found to be less than 2.4%. By comparison of present results with lit-
erature in three cases, it can be declared the results are reliable and
have acceptable levels of accuracy.
5. Result and discussion
In this section, the effect of VIV on the heat transfer from circular
cylinder is investigated for Ur = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and ζ = 0. 0.01, 0.05,
0.1 at Re=150 and mr =2. Vorticity and temperature contours at ζ = 0
and Ur = 4 for five different cylinder position, namely a-e, in one period
of the cylinder displacement are depicted in Fig. 3. The location of these
points (a-e) are shown in the time history curves of the non-dimensional
displacement and the surface-average Nusselt number (top of Fig. 3).
E. Izadpanah et al.
Dash-line in the contours indicate the initial position of the cylinder at
y∗ = 0 . Vorticity contours show that the vortex-shedding pattern is 2S
mode (two single vortices shed per the cycle of the displacement, like
the classic Karman street) with two horizontal rows of vortex street. The
vortices at the top and bottom rows have clockwise and counter-
clockwise rotation, respectively. The space between two consecutive
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International Journal of Thermal Sciences 125 (2018) 405–418
Fig. 6. Time histories of the transverse displacement and
the surface-average Nusselt number for ζ = 0 , and
Ur = 3 − 8 .
Fig. 7. Time histories of the transverse displacement and
the surface-average Nusselt number for ζ = 0.01, and
Ur = 3 − 8 .
vortices in a row is 3.24D and the distance between two rows of the
vortex street is 2.86D. The temperature and vorticity contours have the
same features. The effect of VIV on thermal boundary layer and con-
sequently on the thermal energy transfer by the flow can be seen in
temperature contours and the time history curve of the surface-average
Nusselt number. The asymmetry of the vortexes behind the cylinder in
E. Izadpanah et al. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 125 (2018) 405–418

Fig. 8. Time histories of the transverse displacement and

the surface-average Nusselt number for ζ = 0.05 , and
Ur = 3 −  8 .

Fig. 9. Time histories of the transverse displacement and

the surface-average Nusselt number for ζ = 0.05, and Ur = 4 .

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Fig. 10. Time histories of the transverse displacement and

the surface-average Nusselt number for ζ = 0.1 and
Ur = 3 − 8 .

Fig. 11. Time histories of the transverse displacement and

the surface-average Nusselt number for ζ = 0.1, and Ur = 4 .

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E. Izadpanah et al. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 125 (2018) 405–418

Table 5
Numax , Numin , ΔNu and fNu for Ur =   3–8 and ζ =0–0.1.

ζ Ur Numax Numin Numax − Numin fNu

0 3 14.20 13.92 0.28 0.013

4 15.69 14.68 1.01 0.014
5 15.51 14.88 0.63 0.013
6 15.01 14.64 0.37 0.011
7 14.39 14.16 0.23 0.010
8 14.19 14.16 0.03 0.011
0.01 3 14.20 13.92 0.28 0.013
4 15.40 14.64 0.76 0.014
5 15.40 14.83 0.57 0.013
6 14.93 14.60 0.33 0.011
7 14.30 14.11 0.19 0.010
8 14.19 14.16 0.03 0.011
0.05 3 14.19 13.91 0.28 0.013
4 14.97 12.84 2.13 0.014
5 15.04 14.70 0.34 0.013
6 14.69 14.51 0.18 0.011
7 14.13 14.09 0.04 0.011
8 14.22 14.19 0.03 0.011
0.1 3 14.20 13.90 0.3 0.013
4 14.10 13.50 0.60 0.013
5 14.74 14.59 0.15 0.013
6 14.54 14.46 0.08 0.011
7 14.25 14.21 0.04 0.011
8 14.25 14.22 0.03 0.011

the vortex shedding phenomenon results in a periodic nonzero lift force

which leads to a periodic oscillation of the cylinder. As can be observed,
the positive and the negative values of vortex strength are identical.
Consequently, the amplitude of cylinder motion in the positive and the
negative directions are equal and the mean value of cylinder motion are
zero. In a similar way, the periodic pattern of vortex shedding leads to a
periodic behavior of the Nusselt number.
Fig. 4 shows instantaneous vorticity and temperature contours for
ζ =0 and Ur =3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Each snapshot is taken at y∗ =0, when cy-
linder moves from up to down. At all reduced velocity the vortex-
shedding pattern is 2S mode. A significant difference is observed at
Ur =4 for which the vortex street behind the circular cylinder has two
rows, while in the other reduced velocities only one row of vortex street
exists. The vortex size and the number of vortexes shed from the cy-
linder at Ur =4 is minimum and maximum, respectively in comparison
with the corresponding values for the other reduced velocities. Fig. 4
depicts the effect of the vortex shedding from the cylinder on the
temperature contours. To disappear the temperature variation, more Fig. 12. Variation of the vibration amplitude and total average Nusselt number with the
length is required behind the cylinder at Ur =4 comparisoning with reduced velocity and damping ratio.
other reduced velocities. By comparing the contours, it can be men-
tioned that the reduced velocity has a significant effect on vortex for- vortex streets. The distance between two rows of the vortex street
mation and shedding pattern and consequently on the heat transfer. changes by increasing the damping ratio. For ζ = 0 and 0.01 unlike
When the vortex shedding frequency is approached to the natural ζ = 0.05 and 0.1 the two vortex streets are parallel. These contours in-
frequency of the mass-spring system of the cylinder, the locking phe- dicate that the damping coefficient has not considerable effect on
nomenon is occurred. At this condition, the vibration of the cylinder vortex size and its intensity.
increases, considerably. Since, the reduced velocity is a function of Fig. 6 shows time histories of the non-dimensional displacement of
natural frequency, at certain values of reduced velocity the locking cylinder and the surface-average Nusselt number for ζ = 0 , and
phenomenon are occurred. Ur = 4 is in the range of the locking region. Ur = 3 − 8. The time histories of cylinder displacement and Nusselt
Therefore, the amplitude of the cylinder movement increases and number fluctuate periodically for all reduced velocity. The cylinder
consequently, the vertical distance between the vortexes are enhanced motion is produced by the lift force. This force composed of pressure
and vortex shedding occurs in two distinct rows. Other values of Ur are and friction components. The values of these components are not equal
not close to the locking region. Therefore, the amplitude of the cylinder and they have a phase difference. Their differences in value and phase
movement decreases that leads to generate more stretched vortexes change by increasing the reduced velocity. The mean value of dis-
along one row with longer time period for vortex shedding. As shown in placement in all reduced velocities are zero, so the circular cylinder
the following figure the difference in shape of vortexes and shedding oscillates around its initial position, y∗ = 0 . Because of symmetric
pattern has considerable effects on the thermal boundary layer and movement of the cylinder with respect to y∗ = 0 , two period of the
consequently heat transfer. average Nusselt number occur at each period of the cylinder displace-
The instantaneous vorticity and temperature contours for different ment. The Nusselt number changes by the thermal boundary layer
damping ratio at Ur = 4 and y * =0 are presented in Fig. 5. The vortex variations and the thermal boundary layer affected by the periodic
shedding pattern for all damping ratios are the 2S mode with two-row behavior of vortex shedding and also the vibrations of cylinder. The

414
E. Izadpanah et al.
Fig. 13. a) Time histories of surface-average Nusselt number and b) maximum value of local Nusselt number versus angle for  ζ = 0 and  Ur = 3 − 5 .
damping ratio and reduced velocity can change the vibrations of the
cylinder. Therefore, they can changes the amplitude and the frequency
of variations of Nusselt number, too. As can be seen, oscillating cylinder
with Ur =4, 5, 6 has more heat transfer value with respect to the sta-
tionery one; Conversely, for the oscillating cylinder with Ur =3, 8 the
heat transfer is lower than stationary one and for Ur = 7 both oscillating
and stationary cylinders have similar values of the heat transfer. It is
seen that Ur =3 and 4 have minimum and maximum vibration amplitude
(and heat transfer) respectively.
As shown in Fig. 7, the non-dimensional displacement of cylinder
and the surface-average Nusselt number diagrams for ζ = 0.01 are si-
milar to the corresponding diagrams for ζ = 0 (Fig. 6), but the Nusselt
number at Ur = 7 for ζ = 0.01 is less than the stationary cylinder one.
The influence of reduced velocity on A/ D and Nu for ζ =0.05 is
shown in Fig. 8. In all reduced velocity (except Ur = 4) the time
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International Journal of Thermal Sciences 125 (2018) 405–418
histories of cylinder displacement and Nusselt number fluctuate peri-
odically over constant values but at Ur = 4 the variation of A/ D and Nu
are different, see Fig. 9. At this reduced velocity, the beating phe-
nomenon occurs. This interesting phenomenon occurs when the forcing
frequency is close to but not precisely identical to the natural frequency
of the system. The beating phenomenon impose an unfavorable effect
on the heat transfer and caused to the vibration amplitude and average
Nusselt number periodically changes in a wide range with time (0.126D
to 0.461D for amplitude vibration and 13.26 to 14.97 for surface-
average Nusselt number). At Ur =4, each period of the displacement
includes about 18 local peaks where in the other cases each period of
displacement contains only one local peak.
As seen in Fig. 10 time histories of the non-dimensional displace-
ment of cylinder and the surface-average Nusselt number at ζ = 0.1 for
Ur =3, 5, 6, 7, 8 is similar to those at ζ = 0.05. Even though for Ur = 4
E. Izadpanah et al.
Fig. 14. a) Time histories of surface-average Nusselt number and b) maximum value of local Nusselt number versus angle for ζ = 0 and  Ur = 6 − 8.
some differences are observed. According to Fig. 11 the vibration am-
plitude at ζ = 0.1 varies between 0.312D to 0.328D which is smaller
than the corresponding one at ζ = 0.05. Also the number of peaks at
each displacement period for ζ = 0.1 is lower than corresponding one
for ζ = 0.05. The surface-average Nusselt number for Ur = 4 and ζ = 0.1
varies from 14.01 to 14.104 which decreases in comparison with those
for ζ = 0.05. Also the maximum value of the surface-average Nusselt
number is changed from 14.97 for ζ = 0.05 to 14.104 for ζ = 0.1. The
surface-average Nusselt number at Ur = 4 and ζ = 0.1 is lower than the
other cases, even than the stationary cylinder.
The maximum (Numax ), minimum (Numin ) and the range of variation
(ΔNu = Numax − Numin ) of the surface-average Nusselt number and the
frequency ( fNu ) of its variation for Ur =   3–8 and ζ = 0–0.1 are presented
in Table 5. The maximum and minimum values of ΔNu is belong to
Ur =   4 and 8 (for all the damping ratio), respectively. The variation of
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International Journal of Thermal Sciences 125 (2018) 405–418
ΔNu is affected by cylinder displacement and vortex formation. The
maximum value of variation is observed For Ur =   4 and ζ =0.05 because
of the beating phenomenon. The frequency of variation of the surface-
average Nusselt number is twice of the frequency of lift forces and for
stationary cylinder its value is fNu = 0.012. The values of fNu for
Ur =   3–5 are greater than those of stationary cylinder that indicate the
higher rate of variation of the Nusselt number in comparison with
stationary cylinder. For all the damping ratio the maximum value of the
fNu is belong to Ur =   4.
Fig. 12 shows the effect of reduced velocity and damping ratio on
the non-dimensional vibration amplitude ( A D ) and the total average
Nusselt number (Nu) . For all damping ratios by increasing the reduced
velocity from Ur = 3, the vibration amplitude increases and reaches to a
maximum value at a specified reduced velocity (Ur =4 for ζ = 0 and 0.01;
Ur = 5 for ζ =0.05 and 0.1). Then, the vibration amplitude decreases by
E. Izadpanah et al.
increasing the reduced velocity. The minimum response amplitude
corresponds to Ur = 3 which indicates a weak vibration induced by
vortex shedding. Also the response amplitude for Ur = 8 are close to
Ur = 3. For Ur = 4 to 6 the vibration amplitude decreases by increasing
the damping ratio. The effect of damping ratio on vibration amplitude
for Ur =3 and 8 is insignificant. The maximum and minimum values of
the total average Nusselt number are obtained at Ur = 4 and ζ = 0
(6.81% increase to stationary cylinder) and at Ur = 4 and ζ = 0.1 (3.45%
decrease to stationary cylinder), respectively and represents a sig-
nificant effect of damping ratio on heat transfer at Ur = 4. Generally Nu
decreases by increasing the damping ratio for Ur = 4 to 6. The effect of
damping ratio on the total average Nusselt number for Ur = 3 and 8 is
insignificant. The values of Nu for all damping ratio at Ur = 8 are closed
to the stationary cylinder (maximum difference of 0.56%). It can be
concluded that the reduced velocity and damping coefficient have
considerable effects on the cylinder displacement and the heat transfer.
The Nusselt number changes on the surface of the cylinder by a
developing thermal boundary layer. For stationary cylinder the max-
imum value of local Nusselt number (Numax ) occur at stagnation point,
θ=180 (counterclockwise angle), where the thermal boundary layer
starts to growing. When cylinder oscillates, the stagnation point and
Numax location changes which indicate to existence the asymmetry
boundary layers on the top and bottom of the cylinder. For examining
the effects of cylinder vibration on the value and location of maximum
local Nusselt Number, 17 points on one period of the surface-average
Nusselt number are selected and shown in the left diagrams of Figs. 13
and 14. In the right diagrams of these figures for these selected points
the maximum value of the local Nusselt number are plotted versus the
location of maximum local Nusselt Number. The locations of Numax are
symmetric around θ = 180° because the cylinder displacement is sym-
metric around y∗ = 0 . The effect of the reduced velocity on Numax
variation are observed. The maximum changes of Numax and θ are re-
lated to Ur =4 (24.95 ≤ Numax ≤ 28.71 and 140.34° ≤ θ ≤ 219.53°) and the
minimum corresponding changes are belong to Ur =3 (with
25.56 ≤ Numax ≤ 25.61 and 174.59° ≤ θ ≤ 185.4°) and Ur =8
(25.43 ≤ Numax ≤ 25.48 and 174.59° ≤ θ ≤ 185.4°). So by increasing re-
duced velocity from 4 to 8 the range of Numax and θ decreases.
6. Conclusion
The vortex-induced vibration of a circular cylinder with convective
heat transfer is investigated based on 2D numerical simulation at
Red = 150 and mr = 2 . The circular cylinder is allowed to oscillate in the
transverse direction. Simulations are conducted over ranges of
3 ≤ ur ≤ 8 and 0≤ ζ ≤ 0.1.
The vorticity and temperature contours are obtained to understand
and interpret the effect of the reduced velocity and the damping ratio of
the vortex shedding pattern and the heat transfer. The vortex shedding
pattern for all examined reduced velocity and damping ratio is in the 2S
mode. The reduced velocity impresses on the vorticity formation and
vortex street and consequently the cylinder displacement and heat
transfer changes. The damping ratio can affect the vibration pattern and
has considerable effect on displacement amplitude and heat transfer
especially at ur = 4 for which the beating phenomenon is occurred (for
ζ = 0.05). This phenomenon causes to a wide range variation of the
vibration amplitude and average Nusselt number therefore the heat
transfer reduces even in comparison with stationary one. Consequently,
the variation of reduced velocity and damping coefficient cause to in-
crease or decrease the heat transfer coefficient of oscillating cylinder
with respect to those for stationary cylinder. The maximum and
minimum of heat transfer is related to Ur = 4 , ζ = 0 (Nu=15.231) and
Ur = 4 , ζ = 0.1 (Nu=13.767), respectively. Viv of the cylinder has a
considerable effect on the position of stagnation point and maximum
local Nusselt number. The range of changes for Numax and θ decreases
by increasing the reduced velocity from 4 to 8 at. ζ = 0
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International Journal of Thermal Sciences 125 (2018) 405–418
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