DESIGN OF CONCRETE

STRUCTURES - I

KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
CE 301
KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
ASST. PROF, UKFCET 1
MODULE 5
CONTENTS
Two- way slabs- simply supported and restrained slabs – design using IS
Code coefficients Reinforcement detailing.
Limit State of Serviceability- limit state of deflection- short term and long

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term deflection-IS code recommendations-limit state of cracking-
estimation of crack width- simple numerical examples Prepared by KRISHNENDU SIVADAS

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Two- way slabs
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Two-way slabs
• When the ratio of long side to short
side of a slab is less than two, it is
called two-way slab.
• The load gets divided in the two

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directions, depending on the ratio
of the sides.
• They bend in both directions.

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TWO WAY SLAB

• Two way slab: Two way slabs are

supported on all four sides and are
of such dimensions that the loads

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are carried to the support along both
directions.
• Example: Floors of multistorey
buildings

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 TWO WAY SLAB

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SLABS
• Annex D of IS 456 can be employed to determine the bending
moments in the two directions for two types of slabs:
• (i) restrained slabs

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• (ii) simply supported slabs.
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Restrained slabs
• Restrained slabs are those whose corners are prevented from lifting due to
effects of torsional moments.
• Restrained slabs as those slabs which are cast integral with RC frames and
which are not free to lift up at the corners.
• These slabs may be continuous or discontinuous at the edges.

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• Those which are discontinuous at edges are also referred to be simply
supported

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Restrained slabs
• It is essential to determine the positive and negative bending moments in
the two directions of restrained slabs depending on the various types of
panels and the aspect ratio Ly/Lx.
• Restrained slabs are considered as divided into two types of strips in each

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direction:
• (i) one middle strip of width equal to threequarters of the respective length
of span in either directions
• (ii) two edge strips, each of width equal to one-eighth of the respective
length of span in either directions.

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Restrained slabs
• The maximum positive and negative moments per unit width in a slab are
determined from:
• Mx= αx w L2
• My= αy w L2

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• where αx and αy are coefficients given in Table 26 of IS 456, Annex D, cl. D-
1.1.
• Total design load per unit area is w

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Simply supported slabs
• The maximum moments per unit width of simply supported slabs, not having
adequate provision to resist torsion at corners and to prevent the corners from
lifting.
• The respective coefficients of moments as given in Table 27 of IS 456, cl. D-2.
• The maximum positive and negative moments per unit width in a slab are

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determined from

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DESIGN OF CONCRETE
STRUCTURES - I

KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
CE 301
KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
ASST. PROF, UKFCET 1
MODULE 5
CONTENTS (9 hrs)
Two- way slabs- simply supported and restrained slabs – design using IS
Code coefficients Reinforcement detailing.
Limit State of Serviceability- limit state of deflection- short term and long

KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
term deflection-IS code recommendations-limit state of cracking-
estimation of crack width- simple numerical examples Prepared by KRISHNENDU SIVADAS

2
Torsion reinforcement

Two way restrained

Torsion Reinforcement

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Two way simply
supported

When corners are held down

(corners retrained to lift)

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Torsion reinforcement
Ly
Ly /5

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Lx /5
Top and

Lx
Bottom
Area = 0.75 Ast

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Detailing – Two way restrained slab- corners held down

• Long span = 7 m
• Short span = 5 m
• Beam width 230 mm

• Main bars

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• Along short span – 10 mm dai bars @ 120 mm c/c spacing (middle strip both
directions)
• Along Long span – 10 mm dia bars @ 190 mm c/c spacing (middle strip both
directions)

• Distribution bars – 8 mm dia bars @ 230 mm c/c spacing (edge strip both directions)
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• Torsion bars – 10 mm dia bars @ 160 mm c/c spacing
 0.1 Lx
Lx/8

8 mm bars @ 10 mm bars @ 120 mm c/c

230 mm c/c at
edge strips on
all sides ¾ Lx

5m

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Torsion re-bar 10
mm @160 mm c/c
10 mm bars @ 190 mm c/c
Ly/5
Torsion
Lx/5

Lx/8

Ly/8 ¾ Ly Ly/8 6
7m
Limit State of

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Serviceability-
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Limit State Method

Limit state of
Axial
collapse/ Flexure Shear Torsion
loads
strength

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Limit state of
Deflection Cracking
serviceability

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Limit state of serviceability
• The member should not undergo excessive deformation under service
loads. This limit state is generally referred to as the “limit state of
deflection.”
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• The width of cracks developed on the surface of reinforced concrete
members under service loads should be limited to the values prescribed in
the codes of practice. This limit state is referred to as the limit state of
cracking.

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Limit state of serviceability
• Depending upon the environmental conditions and type of structure, other
limit states such as durability and vibration should also be considered.
• Ex. Bridges located in marine environment
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Control of deflection
Two
methods
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Empirical
method

Theoretical
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Empirical method – Deflection of beams
• Based on L/d ratio

L L
• Permissible = x Kt x Kc x Kf
d d basic Prepared by KRISHNENDU SIVADAS

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L
• values
d basic
• Cantilever – 7
• Simply supported beam – 20 𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝟐𝟑. 𝟐. 𝟏 𝑰𝑺 𝟒𝟓𝟔 − 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
• Continuous beam – 26
• Flanged beam – multiply values for rectangular sections by factor Kf
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Empirical method – Deflection of beams
• Based on L/d ratio

L L
• Permissible = x Kt x Kc x Kf
d d basic Prepared by KRISHNENDU SIVADAS

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• Kt = modification factor for tension reinforcement
• Kc = modification factor for compression reinforcement
• Kf = modification factor for flanged sections

L L
• Permissible shall be greater than for safe in deflection
d d actual
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𝑲𝒕

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𝑲𝒄

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𝑲𝒇

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Empirical method – Deflection of slabs
• Based on L/d ratio

L L
• Permissible = x Kt x Kc x Kf
d d basic Prepared by KRISHNENDU SIVADAS

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• One way slab – 25 to 30
• Cantilever slabs – 10 to 12
• Two way simply supported
• 35 (Fe 250 grade steel)
• 28 (Fe 415 grade HYSD bars)
𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝟐𝟒. 𝟏 𝑰𝑺 𝟒𝟓𝟔 − 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
• Two way continuous slab
• 40 (Fe 250 grade steel) 17
• 32 (Fe 415 grade HYSD bars)
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Theoretical method – Deflection control

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Short–term deflection
• Short-term deflection refers to the immediate deflection after casting and
application of partial or full service loads, while the long-term deflection occurs
over a long period of time largely due to shrinkage and creep of the materials.

• The following factors influence the short-term deflection of structures:

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• (a) magnitude and distribution of live loads,
• (b) span and type of end supports,
• (c) cross-sectional area of the members,
• (d) amount of steel reinforcement and the stress developed in the
reinforcement,
• (e) characteristic strengths of concrete and steel, 25
• (f) amount and extent of cracking.
Long-term deflection
• The long-term deflection is almost two to three times of the short-term
deflection.

• The following are the major factors influencing the long-term deflection of

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the structures.
• (a) humidity and temperature ranges during curing,
• (b) age of concrete at the time of loading,
• (c) type and size of aggregates, water-cement ratio, amount of compression
reinforcement, size of members etc., which influence the creep and
shrinkage of concrete.
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DESIGN OF
CONCRETE
STRUCTURES - I

KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
CE 301
KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
ASST. PROF, UKFCET 1
MODULE 5
CONTENTS (9 hrs)
Two- way slabs- simply supported and restrained slabs – design using IS
Code coefficients Reinforcement detailing.
Limit State of Serviceability- limit state of deflection- short term and long

KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
term deflection-IS code recommendations-limit state of cracking-
estimation of crack width- simple numerical examples Prepared by KRISHNENDU SIVADAS

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