Laboratory Exercise 1a: SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Name: Bamba, Lyka Mae D. Year & Section: BSBIO 2-4

Course: BS Biology Schedule:

Introduction
The word science brings to mind different things to different students. To some
students, science is a textbook. To others, it’s a microscope, a dissected frog, or a course that
you take. In fact, science is none of those things. Some definitions are more useful than others,
but for biological research a good definition of science is the orderly process of posing and
answering questions about the natural world through repeated and unbiased experiments and
observations. This definition emphasizes that science is a process rather than a book, course,
or list of facts. Science is not a “thing.” It’s a way of thinking about and doing things—a way
of learning and knowing about the natural world.

Answer the ff. succinctly:

1. What practices besides science are used among world cultures to learn about the natural
world?
Besides science, the practices used among world cultures to learn about the natural world
are by means of the other academic ideas such as sociology, psychology, and philosophy. At some
point, religion can also contribute to discovering more knowledge of the natural world, but it is not
a principle of all. Social actions can also be used to learn about the natural world like dancing,
cooking, nature, language, travelling, literature, or ethnography that allows us to determine more
the identity of the natural society existing.

2. Make insightful observations: Consider

the ff. two observations.

Observation 1: Fungi often grow on leftover food.

Observation 2: Fungi such as mold and yeast grow more on leftover bread than on leftover
meat.

*Which of the above observations is the most useful for further investigation? Why?

The most useful observation between the two that can be helpful in further investigation is
the Observation 2 stating that the fungi such as mold and yeast grow more on leftover bread than
on leftover meat. This observation provides a more informative data than giving a general fact that
fungi often grow on leftover food. With this information, the researchers will be able to conduct
comparative studies and as well add to the idea of the meat and bread properties that allow this to
happen.

Prepared by: Ms. Ivy Joy Saen, MSc.

3. How can science be used to address “big” issues such as climate change?
Science can be used to address these big issues such as climate change by generally implying
the scientific knowledge on how to create solutions such as technology, application of principles
etc. to test theories or hypothesis in gaining answer to a problem. With scientific advancement,
more problems encountered by humans can be easily resolved for these make the tasks easier and
more convenient therefore, investing in science can contribute a lot of benefits especially industrial
innovation and medical field enhancement. With regards to the other big issues, first, science can
explicitly explain the idea of these conflicts and lay out all the causes, risks, and effects of it so
addressing it to humans would be very detailed and enlightening. Yet, science cannot completely
solve naturally occurring problems (climate change, poverty etc.) which are now difficult to
annihilate but still can somewhat be addressed and take action of to at least subside the problem.

Laboratory Exercise 1b: MICROMETRY

Introduction
Size is one of the most important physical features employed in the identification and
characterization of an organism. The exact size of a microorganism can only be determined by
utilizing a calibrated ocular micrometer. An ocular micrometer is a glass disc on which a series
of uniformly spaced lines has been inscribed. The ocular micrometer is placed in one of the
eyepieces of the microscope; however, the distance between the etched lines depends upon the
objective lens used to view the specimen. In order to determine the precise distance between
the lines of an ocular micrometer, it must be calibrated with a stage micrometer. The inscribed
lines on a stage micrometer are exactly 0.01 mm (or 10 µm) apart. In order to calibrate the
ocular micrometer for a particular objective lens, the ocular and stage micrometers are
superimposed, and the number of ocular graduations per stage micrometer graduation is
determined.

Calibrating the Constant

Procedure:
Using the theoretical measurements for the different objectives. Compute for the calibration
constants. (Show your solutions)

View under Scanner

Prepared by: Ms. Ivy Joy Saen, MSc.

Complete the table below for calibration constants of each objective:

c = (no. of stage units) x (µm/stage unit) no. of ocular units

a. Scanner
Given:
no. of stage units = 100
µm/stage unit = 10 µm
no. of ocular units = 38
µ𝑚𝑚
(𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛. 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢)𝑥𝑥 � �
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
𝑐𝑐 =
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛. 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢

10 µ𝑚𝑚
(100 𝑠𝑠. 𝑑𝑑. )𝑥𝑥 � �
𝑐𝑐 = 𝑠𝑠. 𝑑𝑑.
38 𝑜𝑜. 𝑑𝑑.

𝑐𝑐 = 26.3157

𝑐𝑐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 µ𝐦𝐦/𝐨𝐨. 𝐝𝐝

View under LPO

b. Low Power Objective

Given:
no. of stage units = 100
µm/stage unit = 10 µm
no. of ocular units = 74
µ𝑚𝑚
(𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛. 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢)𝑥𝑥 � �
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
𝑐𝑐 =
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛. 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢

10 µ𝑚𝑚
(100 𝑠𝑠. 𝑑𝑑. )𝑥𝑥 � �
𝑐𝑐 = 𝑠𝑠. 𝑑𝑑.
74 𝑜𝑜. 𝑑𝑑.

𝑐𝑐 = 13.5135

𝑐𝑐 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 µ𝐦𝐦/𝐨𝐨. 𝐝𝐝

Prepared by: Ms. Ivy Joy Saen, MSc.

 C

View under HPO

c. High Power Objective

Given:
no. of stage units = 6
µm/stage unit = 10 µm
no. of ocular units = 22
µ𝑚𝑚
(𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛. 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢)𝑥𝑥 � �
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
𝑐𝑐 =
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛. 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢

10 µ𝑚𝑚
(6 𝑠𝑠. 𝑑𝑑. )𝑥𝑥 � �
𝑐𝑐 = 𝑠𝑠. 𝑑𝑑.
22 𝑜𝑜. 𝑑𝑑.

𝑐𝑐 = 2.7272

𝑐𝑐 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 µ𝐦𝐦/𝐨𝐨. 𝐝𝐝

Scanner 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 µ𝐦𝐦/𝐨𝐨. 𝐝𝐝

LPO 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 µ𝐦𝐦/𝐨𝐨. 𝐝𝐝

HPO 𝟐𝟐. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 µ𝐦𝐦/𝐨𝐨. 𝐝𝐝

Prepared by: Ms. Ivy Joy Saen, MSc.

 Cell Measurements

Procedure:
With the constants you have for each objective, compute for the sizes of the given cells
below. (Refer to the illustrations & show your solutions)

Name the specimen:

Measurement:

View under Scanner

a. Scanner
Given:
No. of ocular units = 9
c = 26.32 µm/ocular unit

Solution:
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = (𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛. 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢) 𝑥𝑥 (𝑐𝑐)
26.32 µm
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = (9 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢) 𝑥𝑥 � �
ocular unit

𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 µ𝐦𝐦

Name the specimen:

Measurement:

View under LPO

Prepared by: Ms. Ivy Joy Saen, MSc.

b. Low power objective
Given:
No. of ocular units = 29
c = 13.51 µm/ocular unit

Solution:
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = (𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛. 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢) 𝑥𝑥 (𝑐𝑐)
13.51 µm
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = (29 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢) 𝑥𝑥 � �
ocular unit

𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 µ𝐦𝐦

Name the specimen:

Measurement:

View under HPO

c. High power objective

Given:
No. of ocular units = 83
c = 2.73 µm/ocular unit

Solution:
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = (𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛. 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢) 𝑥𝑥 (𝑐𝑐)
2.73 µm
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = (83 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢) 𝑥𝑥 � �
ocular unit

𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 µ𝐦𝐦

Prepared by: Ms. Ivy Joy Saen, MSc.

 View under LPO
Eyepiece lens: 10x

Linear Magnification:

d. Linear magnification
Given:
Eyepiece lens = 10x

Solution:
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 10 𝑥𝑥 10
𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

Draw the specimen above and compute for the magnification of your illustration if the given
calibration constant is 6.5µm/ocular division.

Given:
Scale bar image in mm = 65mm
c = 6.5µm/ocular division

Solution:
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

65000 µ𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 =
6.5 µ𝑚𝑚/𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜

𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

Prepared by: Ms. Ivy Joy Saen, MSc.