Introduction to operating

System
Prof. Vaishali Joshi
Operating System – Definition:

An operating system is a program that controls the execution of application

programs and acts as an interface between the user of a computer and the
computer hardware.

A more common definition is that the operating system is the one program
running at all times on the computer (usually called the kernel), with all else
being application programs.
Major Functionalities of Operating System:
Memory Management: Refers to the management of primary memory. The
operating system has to keep track, how much memory has been used and by
whom. It has to decide which process needs memory space and how much.
OS also has to allocate and deallocate the memory space.
Security/Privacy Management: Privacy is also provided by the Operating system
by means of passwords so that unauthorized applications can’t access
programs or data.
Resource Management: When parallel accessing happens in the OS
means when multiple users are accessing the system the OS works as
Resource Manager, Its responsibility is to provide hardware to the user.
It decreases the load in the system.
Process Management: It includes various tasks
like scheduling, termination of the process. OS manages various tasks
at a time. Here CPU Scheduling happens means all the tasks would be
done by the many algorithms that use for scheduling.
Storage Management: The file system mechanism used for the
management of the storage. NIFS, CFS, CIFS, NFS, etc. are some file
systems. All the data stores in various tracks of Hard disks that all
managed by the storage manager. It included Hard Disk.
The main function of a batch processing system is to automatically keep
executing the jobs in a batch. This is the important task of a batch processing
system i.e. performed by the ‘Batch Monitor’ resided in the low end of
main memory.
In the early job processing systems, the jobs were placed in a job queue and
the memory allocate or managed the primary memory space, when space was
available in the main memory, a job was selected from the job queue and was
loaded into memory.

Once the job loaded into primary memory, it competes for the processor. When
the processor became available, the processor scheduler selects job that was
loaded in the memory and execute it.
In batch strategy is implemented to provide a batch file processing. So in this
approach files of the similar batch are processed to speed up the task.
Advantages:

1) Same jobs in the batch are higher executed speed

2) 2) A process is complete its execution, next job from job spool get executed without
any user interaction.
3) CPU utilization gets improved.
4) To speed up the processing speed, the batch process can partition into the number of
processes.
Disadvantages:
1) Difficult to debug.
2) If a job gets to enter in an infinite loop, other jobs wait for unknown time.
3) Batch systems are costly.
 Batch processing is a technique in which an Operating System collects the
programs and data together in a batch before processing starts. An operating
system does the following activities related to batch processing −
• The OS defines a job which has predefined sequence of commands, programs
and data as a single unit.
• The OS keeps a number a jobs in memory and executes them without any
manual information.
• Jobs are processed in the order of submission, i.e., first come first served fashion.
• When a job completes its execution, its memory is released and the output for
the job gets copied into an output spool for later printing or processing.
Real Time Operating System

A real-time system means that the system is subjected to real-time, i.e., the
response should be guaranteed within a specified timing constraint or the
system should meet the specified deadline.
For example flight contro real-time system means that the system is subjected
to real-time, i.e., the response should be guaranteed within a specified timing
constraint or the system should meet the specified deadline. For example flight
control systems, real-time monitors, etc. l systems, real-time monitors, etc.
Real-Time Operating System

In Real-Time Systems, each job carries a certain deadline within which the job is
supposed to be completed, otherwise, the huge loss will be there, or even if the result
is produced, it will be completely useless.
1. Hard real-time system: This type of system can never miss
its deadline. Missing the deadline may have disastrous
consequences. The usefulness of results produced by a
hard real-time system decreases abruptly and may
become negative if tardiness increases. Tardiness means
how late a real-time system completes its task with
respect to its deadline. Example: Flight controller system.

2. Soft real-time system: This type of system can miss its

deadline occasionally with some acceptably low
probability. Missing the deadline have no disastrous
consequences. The usefulness of results produced by a
soft real-time system decreases gradually with an increase
in tardiness. Example: Telephone switches. Web browsing.
1. Firm Real-time Tasks :
Firm real-time tasks are such type of real-time
tasks which are associated with time bound and
the task need to produce the result within the
deadline. Although firm real-time task is
different from hard real-time task as in hard
real-time once deadline is crossed and task is
not completed, system fails but in case of firm
real-time task even after the passing of deadline,
system does not fail.
Application of Real Time OS
The Application of a Real-Time system exists in the case of
military applications.
• Airlines reservation system.
• Air traffic control system.
• immediate updating eg weather
• Used in any system that provides up to date and minute information
on stock prices.
• Defense application systems like RADAR.
• Networked Multimedia Systems
• Command Control Systems
• Internet Telephony
• Anti-lock Brake Systems
• Heart Pacemaker
Advantages of Real-time operating
system:
• Easy to layout, develop and execute real-time
applications under the real-time operating system.
• In a Real-time operating system, the maximum
utilization of devices and systems.
Disadvantages of Real-time operating system:
• RTOS system can run minimal tasks together, and it concentrates only on
those applications which contain an error so that it can avoid them.
• RTOS is the system that concentrates on a few tasks. Therefore, it is really
hard for these systems to do multi-tasking.
• Specific drivers are required for the RTOS so that it can offer fast response
time to interrupt signals, which helps to maintain its speed.
• Plenty of resources are used by RTOS, which makes this system expensive.
• The tasks which have a low priority need to wait for a long time as the RTOS
maintains the accuracy of the program, which are under execution.
• Minimum switching of tasks is done in Real time operating systems.
• It uses complex algorithms which is difficult to understand.
• RTOS uses lot of resources, which sometimes not suitable for the system.
Examples of Real-Time Operating Systems are:

Scientific experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial

control systems, weapon systems, robots, air traffic control
systems, etc
. Time-Sharing Operating Systems

Each task is given some time to execute so that

all the tasks work smoothly. Each user gets the
time of CPU as they use a single system. These
systems are also known as Multitasking Systems.
The task can be from a single user or different
users also. The time that each task gets to
execute is called quantum. After this time interval
is over OS switches over to the next task.
Advantages of Time-Sharing OS:
•Each task gets an equal opportunity
•Fewer chances of duplication of software
•CPU idle time can be reduced

Disadvantages of Time-Sharing OS:

•Reliability problem
•One must have to take care of the security and integrity of
user programs and data
•Data communication problem
Examples of Time-Sharing OSs are: Multics,
Parallel systems

Parallel systems are the systems that can process the data
simultaneously, and increase the computational speed of a
computer system.

Parallel systems work with the simultaneous use of multiple

computer resources which can include a single computer
with multiple processors.
Tasks are performed with a more speedy process
These systems are multiprocessor systems
 These systems share a memory, clock, and peripheral
devices
These systems have close communication with more than one
processor.

In this, all processors share a single master clock for

synchronization
Distributed Operating System.
• Various autonomous interconnected computers communicate
with each other using a shared communication network.
• Independent systems possess their own memory unit and CPU.
• These are referred to as loosely coupled systems or distributed
systems.
• These system’s processors differ in size and function.
• The major benefit of working with these types of the operating
system is that it is always possible that one user can access
the files or software which are not actually present on his
system but some other system connected within this network
i.e., remote access is enabled within the devices connected in
that network.
Advantages of Distributed Operating System:

• Failure of one will not affect the other network

communication, as all systems are independent from each
other
• Electronic mail increases the data exchange speed
• Since resources are being shared, computation is highly fast
and durable
• Load on host computer reduces
• These systems are easily scalable as many systems can be
easily added to the network
• Delay in data processing reduces
Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System:

• Failure of the main network will stop the entire

communication
• To establish distributed systems the language which is used
are not well defined yet
• These types of systems are not readily available as they are
very expensive. Not only that the underlying software is
highly complex and not understood well yet