III Juliano Group5 Chapter1 Week1

PROJECT ASTRA: SENTINEL FOR WOMEN PROTECTION
A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty
Of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
LAGRO HIGH SCHOOL
Quezon City, Metro Manila
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion
By:
Cuba, Ken Arvie
Tan, Luis Anthony
Galang, Ronian
Sanchez, John Paul
Gallito, Stefanie Rose
Bulao, Rezy Marie
September 2022
MARION JENNIFER SANTOS
RESEARCH ADVISER
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Project Astra: Sentinel for women Protection
Page
Number
TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………. i
APPROVAL SHEET …………………………………………………… ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………………………………………………. iii
DEDICATION …………………………………………………………… v
ABSTRACT …………………………………...………………………… vi
Chapter I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction ……………………………………………………... 1
Background of the Study ...……………………………………… 5
Research Framework ……………………………………………. 8
Statement of the Problem ……………………………………... 9
Significance of the Study ……………………………………… 10
Scope and Limitations ………………………………………... 11
Definition of terms ……………………………………………… 11
Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Literature ………..…………..…………………………….. 14
Studies …………………………………………………... 31
Chapter III METHODOLOGY
Research Design ………………………………………………. 47

Respondents of the Study …………………………………….. 48
Data Gathering Procedure …………..………………………. 49
Validity of the Study ………………………………………….. 49
Statistical treatment of Data ………………………...………… 50
Chapter IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA 54
Chapter V SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings ……………………………………………... 97
Conclusions ………………………………………………………… 100
Recommendations …………………………………………………. 101
BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………….. 105
APPENDICES ………………………………………………………….. 106
CURRICULUM VITAE …………………………………………………. 107

CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Preventing sexual assault against women is one of the most serious concerns
that every government faces. Based on the latest statistics provided by the Philippine
Statistics Authority from the Philippine National Police (PNP) and the Department
of Social Welfare and Development, more women were raped in 2019 than 2018.
Thus, according to Ms. Ordinario (2020), the information recorded by the PSA from
the PNP as of February 2020, there were 2,162 rape incidents reported to the police
in 2019, higher from 1,656 instances reported in 2018.
After analyzing the gathered data, researchers were convinced that the
phenomenon is growing and very alarming. We can't help but feel disappointed and
indignant about it. For the reason that it is a shameful crime, sexual assault is
comparable to murder. As a consequence, we must not allow this problem to persist;
we all know that the vast majority of people are doing all possible to prevent a
situation like this. We pointed out that the purpose of this research is to learn more
about ways to decrease and prevent violence against women. Col. Lawrence Cajipe,
director of the Bulacan Police Provincial Office, said the number of index crimes
from January 1 to June 9 this year including rape. He said rape went down from 130
to 60 incidents.
People are locked down in their houses due to COVID pandemic to protect
themselves from the danger outside. However, sexual assault crimes have not been
discouraged by COVID-related lockdowns. The Philippine National Police reported
that there were 3,016 cases of rape nationwide since March 17, the start of the
enhanced community quarantine until the end of August, thus saying that the
average number of rape cases is 18 rape cases per day, which is 26.09% higher than
reported cases 6 months before the lockdown.
Based on statistics, rape cases in the Philippines are growing. Those numbers
concern us. The research aims to gather and present facts and solutions about the
growing phenomenon. We are eager to protect the community and observe the
nature of the phenomenon that keeps on happening and growing. Another purpose is
to educate readers on why the phenomenon happens, what are the triggering events,
who to blame, and what to blame.
1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
NASA researcher Jack Cover first developed CEW (Conducted Electrical
Weapon). Late 1960s American physicist and researcher Jack Cover developed a
weapon that produces electric current, this non-lethal device is what we call taser.
This was developed with the intention of quelling riots that were taking place across
the United States of America (Braidwood, 2019). In the mid-1990s, TASER
International was founded in Canada, and in 1974, CEW technology was first made
available to law enforcement personnel in the United States (House of Commons
Canada [HCC], 2008). By 2001, Canadian law enforcement agencies had adopted
the use of CEWs and had started instructing officers on how to use them and what
impacts they have (Canadian Mental Health Association, 2008). More than 16,200
law enforcement organizations in more than 40 nations already utilize TASER
devices, according to TASER international (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
[CBC], 2009).
The goal of this research is to develop a solution that will assist or assist
women in protecting themselves from violence and crime. As the number of violent
incidents rises, researchers are eager to find a solution to reduce the number of such
incidents. As a result, the focus of this study will be on dealing with and assisting
women in the face of uncertain events, and the blame must not be placed on the
victim or how they dressed, but on the offender's moral principle and lack of respect.
The research focuses on developing a device that allows women to protect
themselves from certain situations in order to reduce the rising rates of crime and
violence. The Sentinel, a product formulated with the researchers' ideas, including
the overall designs and features, is the prototype created by the researchers. The
researchers put in time and effort to ensure that the prototype was effective and
functional. The prototype device, which is similar to a Taser, is extremely useful as a
defensive item because it can be attached to battery-powered items, in our case a
mini fan.
1.3 OBJECTIVES
The primary goal of this study is to develop a device, solution for women's
protection during periods of violence and crime.
Specifically, the goal of this study is to:
● determine the efficiency of this device;
● determine the effectivity of this device,
● determine and establish enough voltage needed to paralyze human.
1.4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The general problem of this study is how this safety project protects women
against crime and violence as the cases increase.
This study will specifically seek answers to the following questions:
● how efficient is this device?
● how effective is this device?
● how much voltage is needed to paralyze human?
1.5 RESEARCH FRAMEWORK
Conceptual Framework
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
Variables Collecting the Project Astra

needed (Taser): Sentinel for
Project Astra materials/variables women Protection
(Taser) Voltage Test
Statistical Analysis
Published articles of data
and research about
Taser (Project Astra)
To show this, the researchers use arrows and boxes, which are fundamental
design elements. Each variable is displayed here in a box. Each arrow should
originate from the cause, the independent variable, and point to the effect, the
dependent variable, to denote a causal relationship (the effect).
The expected cause, “Project Astra,” is the independent variable (the
predictor, or explanatory variable). The expected effect, “Efficiency,” is
the dependent variable (the response, or outcome variable).
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The findings of this study will significantly advance our understanding of the
probable rise in rape cases in society and their effects. The following stakeholders
will greatly benefit from important study findings.
Women - This study's prospective findings will significantly improve the safety
of women. Giving comfort and advice, particularly to women who experience
anxiety in certain situations, will also improve their mental health and help them
build self-esteem. Additionally, it's crucial to gain prior information and a thorough
understanding of self-defense. Additionally, this study might be able to address
government concerns about the rise in rape cases.
Employees - According to this study, employees who struggle and work away
from home are more likely to be in danger, particularly those who work overnight or
during other irregular hours. Giving security also eases the employees' hearts,
allowing them to provide the security and comfort they desire. Additionally, having
thorough knowledge and awareness is a benefit that lowers the likelihood of risk.
Students - The Students will greatly benefit this research since they will learn
things that will make them more conscious of their surroundings.
Future Researchers - The future researchers can use this research study as a
starting point for their own studies that are linked to the research that is proposed,
which is another advantage of our study. And this study might act as a foundation for
a wider study.
1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATION
This study focuses on dealing with and assisting women in the face of
uncertain events, and the blame must not be placed on the victim or how they
dressed, but on the offender's moral principles and attitude of disrespect. Developing
a solution to help or facilitate women in protecting themselves against violence and
crime as the number of violent incidents rises, researchers are eager to find a
solution to reduce the number of incidents. This also focuses on a prototype created
with the researchers' concepts, including the general designs and features.
Researchers create an idea wherein the main components of this taser are
portable/handy electric mini fan. Compared to the original idea of taser, this new
invention is much more efficient in terms of finances, time, and manpower. Aside
from that, all materials in this invention are all recycled. It means that all of our
materials are found inside our houses, and it makes our invention more innovative.
This study is only limited to developing a prototype device as a self-defense tool
for women to help or facilitate them in protecting themselves against violence and
crime. As the number of violent incidents rises, we are eager to find a solution to
reduce the number of incidents. Other issues that are not related to the study will not
be analyzed in this paper, such as other people (men) that are outside the scope of
this study.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Astra. A Sanskrit word which means weapon.
Moral Principles. Personal beliefs and values regarding right and wrong behavior.
Phenomenon. An event that occurs in society.
Prototype. An original model from which other forms are produced or replicated.
Sentinel. A person or thing whose job is to keep watch.
Sexual Assault. A form of sexual violence in which a person is forced to perform a
sexual act without their consent.
Taser. A device or weapon that produces a small electric shock that makes the target
unable to move temporarily.
Violence - An individual's behavior that uses physical force to hurt someone.

Independent and Dependent Variables. independent variable (the predictor, or
explanatory variable) while dependent variable (the response, or outcome variable).
Moderator Variable. Alters the effect that an independent variable has on a
dependent variable.
Mediator Variable. helps explain how or why the IV affects the DV.
Control Variable. Not relevant to your research question, and it does not interfere
with the results.
CEW ( Conducted Electrical Weapon). an electric shock weapon.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 TASER
NASA researcher Jack Cover first developed CEW (Conducted Electrical
Weapon). Late 1960s American physicist and researcher Jack Cover developed a
weapon that produces electric current, this non-lethal device is what we call taser.
This was developed with the intention of quelling riots that were taking place across
the United States of America (Braidwood, 2019). In the mid-1990s, TASER
International was founded in Canada, and in 1974, CEW technology was first made
available to law enforcement personnel in the United States (House of Commons
Canada [HCC], 2008). By 2001, Canadian law enforcement agencies had adopted
the use of CEWs and had started instructing officers on how to use them and what
impacts they have (Canadian Mental Health Association, 2008). More than 16,200
law enforcement organizations in more than 40 nations already utilize TASER
devices, according to TASER international (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
[CBC], 2009).
The electric stun gun is a modern, portable, personal-protection appliance.
The high voltage is applied to two electrodes which require only light contact to be
effective. The electric stun gun taser is a power supply which consists of a micro-
size regenerative amplifier/oscillator coupled to an energy multiplier section.
However, the taser may be used for heating and burning applications, or anywhere a
high voltage DC supply is required. The Taser Public Defender used gunpowder as
its propellant, which led the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms to classify it
as a firearm in 1976. 1 Circuit Diagram of Stun Gun 8 Principle of Operation
Electroshock weapon technology uses a temporary high-voltage, low-current
electrical discharge to override the body's muscle-triggering mechanisms. The
recipient feels pain, and can be momentarily paralyzed while an electric current is
being applied. It is reported that applying electroshock devices to more sensitive
parts of the body is even more painful.

The internal circuits of most electroshock weapons are fairly simple, based
on either an oscillator, resonant circuit , and step-up transformer or a diode capacitor
voltage multiplier to achieve an alternating high-voltage discharge or a continuous
direct- current discharge. Some psychiatric hospitals intend to use them in their
emergency departments to improve the management of volatile situations.
(Choudhary, Richa; Sabri, Imran; Sabri, S. Kamran A.)
2.2 WOMEN PROTECTION
Violence against women and girls is widespread around the world, but has long been
downplayed and tolerated. The growing international awareness of these violations
opens the door to their abolition, albeit solutions will not be quick or easy. Governments
must address the political, social, and economic systems that oppress women, as well as
adopt national strategies and make financial pledges to engage in multi-sectoral
initiatives to prevent and respond to abuse. The importance of prevention cannot be
overstated. Community and group interventions including both men and women can help
to modify discriminatory societal norms, lowering the risk of violence.
Understanding the nature and scope of violence against women necessitates a
consideration of male dominance and patriarchy. Furthermore, the prevalence of
violence against women demonstrates the extent to which being female is a risk factor.
U.S. According to Department of Justice data, documented crimes against women are
increasing while crimes against men are dropping. According to national statistics, up to
4 million women are assaulted each year, yet only around 48% of these cases are
reported to the police. There are flaws in federal and state data collection initiatives, and
actions are being done to address them.

2.3 ELECTRIC STUN GUN AS SELF DEFENSE
Electric stun guns have become a popular choice for self-defense in recent years.
They are easy to carry and can be used to immobilize an attacker with a single touch.
There are many different types of electric stun guns on the market, so it is important
to choose one that is right for you. The most important factor to consider is the
voltage. Higher voltage stun guns are more effective, but they can also be more
dangerous. Electric Stun Guns are designed and used to produce electrical current in
order to paralyze a person or ensure excessive pain. Several of the most challenging
and dangerous police duties include helping a suicidal subject or breaking down a
hyper-agitated person's resistance so they can be arrested without causing or
suffering serious injuries (Kroll & Ho, 2009). Self defense weapons help officers
limit their personal risks while also lowering the possibility of bystander fatality
(Perkins, 1998). Tasers are commonly used by police officers as an alternative
weapon to guns, these tasers are considered as a safer idea for bullets. Moreover, as
of the report there have been cases submitted about the number of fatalities
happening around the world which cause fatality.
Based on a Journal Article of Oxford Academic, they found out that southern and
western peoples are much more likely to carry weapons for their own protection
against violence especially women. Most of their findings found that most of black
people use / carry knives and guns to control the risk of victimization. The best way
to learn how to use an electric stun gun is to take a self-defense class from a
qualified instructor. This will ensure that you know how to use the weapon safely
and effectively.
2.4 SYNTHESIS
Electric stun gun make sense in terms of protection, not just for women but also
for everyone. This invention was invented by NASA researcher Jack Cover, this stun
gun is used as an protection for crime and violence. But this time most of the crime
and violence are all women victims because some women can be easily manipulated
by strong men, that’s why taser are more effective than other weapon like gun etc.
The recipient feels pain, and can be momentarily paralyzed while an electric current
is being applied. It is reported that applying electroshock devices to more sensitive
parts of the body is even more painful.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
This research aims to develop a device called Taser. To be able to present a
taser, researchers must provide precise information in order to know how this taser
works. The researchers use experimental research design to establish the effect or a
factor of independent variable to dependent variable. This enables us to test and

validate the relation of each variable to construct an analysis. As per our research, on
the latest statistics provided by the Philippine Statistics Authority from the
Philippine National Police (PNP) and the Department of Social Welfare and
Development, more women were raped in 2019 than 2018. Thus, according to Ms.
Ordinario (2020), the information recorded by the PSA from the PNP as of February
2020, there were 2,162 rape incidents reported to the police in 2019, higher from
1,656 instances reported in 2018. The problem that we need to find a solution to is
the crime rate that has the involvement of women. To resolve the issue, the
researchers conducted a study about tasers and this study can help to reduce the rate
of violence and crime.
There are factors that the researchers need to take into consideration. First is
the financial aspect. Second, is the consumed time needed. And lastly, the making of
the invention. This experimental research will take a long time before making. The
researchers will use Copper Wire, Aluminum Foil, Voltage Booster, Electrical Tape,
Batteries, etc. for the materials, while in conducting tests we decided to have a
voltage test for professionals.
3.2 RESEARCH VARIABLES
The researchers will have two types of research variables, which are the
Independent and Dependent variable. The independent variable will be Project Astra,
or so called electrical weapon in hinduism, this is a prototype taser invention. The
Researchers are keen to identify a way to lessen the frequency of violent situations
as they increase. As a result, this study will support women in the face of unclear
circumstances. Meanwhile, Protection for Women will be the dependent variable.
There is no denying that Tasers have the power to dissuade attackers and safeguard
women. According to study, it was discovered that 96% of the time when Tasers
were deployed, an attack was successfully stopped (1). Another study indicated that
Tasers were 100% effective at stopping an attack when they were applied (2). These
studies demonstrate that Tasers can be a useful tool for safeguarding women.
3.3 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
In this research, the researchers used experimental research with a scientific
approach using two sets of variables which is the Project Astra (Taser) (IV), and
Protection for Women (DV). Researchers used different materials as listed below:
Materials
● Copper Wire - Tasers are battery-operated hand-held units that fire two
barbed electrodes up to 35 feet. Copper wires connect these electrodes to the main
unit that delivers a pulse of up to 50,000 volts of electricity, temporarily disrupting
electrical conduction in the body.
● Mini Electric Fan - The researchers will use it as an external appearance of
our taser.
● Voltage Booster - This will help the battery to boost the power from the
battery.
● Batteries (lithium-ion Battery) - A device that stores energy and then
discharges it by converting chemical energy into electricity. The researchers use
Lithium-Ion Batteries because it is rechargeable and it is a common use in handheld
tools.
● Switch - It is a device that will be used for making and breaking electric
current in a circuit. This will be used to turn on/off the equipment.
● Multimeter - This will be used to measure the amount of voltage present
in the taser.
● Insulator - It is used to hold conductors in position, separating them from
one another and from surrounding structures.
● Aluminum Foil - This is essentially the casing for the device that will
hold the components together.
● Electrical Tape - The tape will be used to insulate materials that conduct
electricity, specifically electrical wires.
Test Factors
The researchers will use a voltage tester and a multimeter. In order to
determine if the taser is working properly, the researchers will use a voltage tester to
detect the presence of voltage in the taser. To use a voltage tester, you only need to
touch the tip of the tester to the wire or, if testing an outlet, the tip of the tester needs
to be placed on the faceplate of a smaller plug slot. If the tester lights up and/or
makes a sound, it means the voltage is present. The researchers will use a multimeter
to know the amount of voltage present in the taser. A multimeter will measure the
voltage present in the taser. The researchers were unable to do this without the help
of a technician who would guide them and tell them what to do.
3.4 DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

3.5 DATA ANALYSIS
Descriptive data analysis will be used by the researchers to determine if the
product or taser prototype can be used as a protection for women. Researchers will
also use the statistical data on voltage from the test.
Gathered data showing the number of crime cases that happened in different
countries will be used in descriptive analysis. Statistical data from the test will be
used to determine if the women can use the prototype taser for their own protection.
In addition, the result of the test voltage will help us know if the prototype is
dangerous or not for using it as a weapon.

CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
4.1
Table 1. Title
Table 1 presents the summary of the result from the data gathered..
4.2
Figure 1. Title
4.3
4.4
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
5.2 CONCLUSIONS
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ordinario, C. (2020, March 9). More women raped, physically abused last

year–govt data - BusinessMirror.
https://businessmirror.com.ph/2020/03/09/more-women-raped-
physically-abused-last-year-govt-data/?
fbclid=IwAR0t7RpQ0pTy7bJGCKfy1ozBmLsPtZZGSmSX0HTa6e5BLKM6Zex
AHpDHnWg
(PDF) Development of Self-Defense Devices for Women. (n.d.).

ResearchGate.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321874428_Development_of_
Self-Defence_Devices_for_Women
Manu Khandelwal. (2015, August 2). Final Report Electric Stun Gun.

https://www.slideshare.net/ManuKhandelwal2/final-report-electric-stun-
gun
Pare, P.-P., & Felson, R. (2010, March 1). Gun Cultures or Honor Cultures?
Explaining Regional and Race Differences in Weapon Carrying. Oxford
Academic. Retrieved September 28, 2022, from
https://academic.oup.com/sf/article-abstract/88/3/1357/1936410
Bradshaw, S. (n.d.). Taser Technology in Canada: Examining Whether

Tasers Constitute Reasonable or Excessive Force. Taser Technology in
Canada: Examining Whether Tasers Constitute Reasonable or Excessive

Force. Retrieved September 28, 2022, from
https://www.sju.ca/sites/default/files/HEADLEY_2012_Samantha
%20Bradshaw.pdf
García-Moreno, C., Zimmerman, C., Morris-Gehring, A., Heise, L., Amin, A.,
Abrahams, N., Montoya, O., Bhate-Deosthali, P., Kilonzo, N., & Watts, C.
(2015). Addressing violence against women: a call to action. The Lancet,
385(9978), 1685–1695. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61830-4
Violence Against Women as Bias Motivated Hate Crime: Defining the

Issues | Office of Justice Programs. (n.d.). Www.ojp.gov.
https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/violence-against-
women-bias-motivated-hate-crime-defining-issues
‌
APPENDICES
CURRICULUM VITAE

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PROJECT ASTRA: SENTINEL FOR WOMEN PROTECTION

A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty

Of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

LAGRO HIGH SCHOOL

Quezon City, Metro Manila

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

MARION JENNIFER SANTOS

TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………. i

APPROVAL SHEET …………………………………………………… ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………………………………………………. iii

Chapter I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Background of the Study ...……………………………………… 5

Research Framework ……………………………………………. 8

Statement of the Problem ……………………………………... 9

Significance of the Study ……………………………………… 10

Scope and Limitations ………………………………………... 11

Definition of terms ……………………………………………… 11

Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Chapter III METHODOLOGY

Research Design ………………………………………………. 47

Respondents of the Study …………………………………….. 48

Data Gathering Procedure …………..………………………. 49

Validity of the Study ………………………………………….. 49

Statistical treatment of Data ………………………...………… 50

Chapter IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND

Chapter V SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND

Summary of Findings ……………………………………………... 97

Conclusions ………………………………………………………… 100

Recommendations …………………………………………………. 101

BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………….. 105

APPENDICES ………………………………………………………….. 106

CURRICULUM VITAE …………………………………………………. 107

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

in 2019, higher from 1,656 instances reported in 2018.

comparable to murder. As a consequence, we must not allow this problem to persist;

discouraged by COVID-related lockdowns. The Philippine National Police reported

reported cases 6 months before the lockdown.

who to blame, and what to blame.

1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

NASA researcher Jack Cover first developed CEW (Conducted Electrical

the United States of America (Braidwood, 2019). In the mid-1990s, TASER

available to law enforcement personnel in the United States (House of Commons

law enforcement organizations in more than 40 nations already utilize TASER

devices, according to TASER international (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation

The research focuses on developing a device that allows women to protect

functional. The prototype device, which is similar to a Taser, is extremely useful as a

defensive item because it can be attached to battery-powered items, in our case a

protection during periods of violence and crime.

Specifically, the goal of this study is to:

● determine the efficiency of this device;

● determine the effectivity of this device,

● determine and establish enough voltage needed to paralyze human.

1.4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

against crime and violence as the cases increase.

This study will specifically seek answers to the following questions:

● how efficient is this device?

● how effective is this device?

● how much voltage is needed to paralyze human?

1.5 RESEARCH FRAMEWORK

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Variables Collecting the Project Astra

dependent variable, to denote a causal relationship (the effect).