SEWERAGE SYSTEM

TABLE OF CONTENT
No. Content
1 Introduction
2 Guideline and Specifications
3 Design Flow of Sewerage System
4 Pipe Reference System
5 Sewer Computation Table
6 Proposed STP at Site A
7 Proposed Septic Tank at Site B
8 Profile of Sewer Line
9 Sewer Detail Plan
10 Manhole
11 Bedding
12 Conclusion
Appendix
INTRODUCTION
An effective sewerage system ensures sewage being treated and disposed in a safe and environmental-
friendly manner. Sewage includes human waste, urine and wastewater from kitchens, bathrooms and laundries.
Sewerage system consists of a network of underground sewer pipes, pump stations, sewage treatment plants and
sludge treatment facilities. It is designed to collect, transfer, treat and dispose of human waste and wastewater.
This system usually operates based on by gravity due to the slope of the pipe which reduces high cost required
for pumping.
There are three types of sewerage systems, including separate system, partially separate system and
combined system. In our project, separate sewerage system is used which the wastewater is transported in
separate pipes from storm sewers, industrial sewers and sanitary sewers. Sanitary sewers carry only human
waste and household wastewater whereas industrial and trade waste is treated separately by on site industrial
waste treatment plant.

GUIDELINE AND SPECIFICATION

The planning, material selection of pipes and design requirement of sewerage system in this report are
according to the following guidelines:
a. Malaysian Standard MS1228:1991, Code of Practice for Design and Installation of Sewerage System
b. Malaysian Sewerage Industry Guideline Volume III, SEWER NETWORKS AND PUMP STATIONS
(2009), National Water Services Commission (SPAN)
c. SPAN, Volume 5 : Septic Tanks, 3rd Edition, 2009

DESIGN FLOW OF SEWERAGE SYSTEM

Identify the nearest sewerage

treatment plant and the sewer Propose initial Do pipe reference
pipeline, existing manholes sewer layout system
location and its invert level

Produce sewer detail

plan{pipe, length, diameter Produce a profile Work out sewer
and flow direction, manhole of sewer line computation table
detail, and bedding detail}
Pipe Reference System

Sewer Computation Table

To complete the computation table, there are four main aspects that are needed to be determined,
including:
a. Location of manholes
b. Flow computation
c. Sewer design
d. Sewer layout

Moreover, sewer pipe selection is crucial in designing the sewerage system. Different type of pipes may
affect the infiltration of water into the pipe. In this project, vitrified clay (VC) is selected to be used as the
material of the sewer pipes. According to MSIG VIII (2009), 2.1.4, only size 150 mm or above shall be
used and the minimum size for public sewer shall be at least 225 mm. Besides, pipe shall not be used in
unstable ground. Vitrified clay pipes are permitted for gravity sewers. It is categorized as rigid gravity sewer.
A gravity sewer is a conduit utilizing the energy resulting from a difference in elevation to remove unwanted
water (flow through gravity flow). In Malaysia, flexible joints are recommended to be installed in vitrified
clay pipe. This material is chosen because the existing sewer pipes are using the same material. Furthermore,
vitrified clay pipe has extra chemical resistance that is suitable for sewerage applications. The VC pipe may
be used even under very corrosive sewage environment. Besides, it is reliable because of its long-lasting
durability. However, the potential for infiltration is great and must be minimised by careful laying
procedures on site.
Location of Manholes
The location of manholes is essential to complete the determination of pipe diameter, pipe capacity, velocity
of sewerage in sewer, manhole invert level and so on. It can be identified using the initial sewer layout and
pipe reference system as mentioned in the previous topics.
Flow Computation
In this aspect, population equivalent and peak flow rate of sewer are critical to be determined.
(i) Population Equivalent (PE)
Population equivalent (PE) in wastewater treatment is the number expressing the ratio of the sum of the
pollution load produced during 24 hours by industrial facilities and services to the individual pollution load
in household sewage produced by one person in the same time. PE is important in computing the peak flow
in sewer pipes.
Buildings Units Gross Area (per Population Equivalent Population
unit(m2) (recommended in MS 1228:1991) Equivalent (PE)
Shop Office 27 260.1 3 per 100 m2 gross area 211
（2 floors）
Semi-detached 2 - 5 per house 10
house
Terrance house 10 - 5 per house 50
Type of Units Population Population Equivalent Population
Premises (Person) (recommended in MS 1228:1991) Equivalent (PE)
（Assumed）
Sport Complex 1 100 0.5 per person 50
Total 271

(ii) Peak Flow Rate

a. Population Equivalent (PE) = 71

= 71 / 1000
= 0.071

b. Water Consumption, q = 225 L/capita day

= 0.225 m³ / capita day

c. Dry Weather Flow, DWF = q × PE

= 0.225 × 71
= 15.98 m3 /day

d. Peak Flow Factor, Fpeak = 4.7p ⁻⁰˙¹¹

= 4.7 (0.071) ⁻⁰˙¹¹
= 6.287

e. Peak Flow Rate, Qpeak = Fpeak × DWF

= 6.287 × 15.98
= 100.47 m³ /day
= 0.00116 m³/s

f. Minimum Flow Rate, Qmin = DWF / Fpeak

= 15.98 / 6.287
= 2.542 m³ /day
= 0.000029 m³/s
Sewer Design
To complete the sewer design, pipe length, gradient, pipe diameter, velocity of sewerage in the sewer and
the pipe capacity are important.
(i) Length of Sewers
Line From manhole To manhole Length of sewer(m)
1.1 1 2 45.47
1.2 2 3 60.00
1.3 3 4 46.46
1.4 4 STP 10.91
2.1 2A 2 21.26
3.1 3A 3 28.65
All the length of sewer pipe is within the requirement mentioned in the guideline, which is, the spacing
between manholes shall not be more than 100 m for sewers less than 1.0 m in diameter.

(ii) Gradient of Sewers

While selecting the gradient of the sewers, there are a few considerations:
a) To cater for peak flow.
b) To ensure that there will be a sufficient velocity during each day to sufficiently cleanse the sewer
of slime and sediment.
c) To limit the velocity to avoid scouring of sewers.

The slope of sewers selected in this project is 1:200. This is because the existing sewers in the area have
gradient of 1:200. Hence, designing new sewer pipe with the similar gradient with the existing system will
ease the installation job later.

(iii) Pipe Diameter

Pipe diameter required to cater the peak flow in the sewer pipe is determined by calculating the discharge at
full flow, as following:

Type of sewer = VCP

Manning's coefficient, n = 0.01

<
Slope, S = 0.005 m/m 0.02m/m OK!

Designing at 75% full

d/D = 0.5

From the graph

Qp/Qfull = 0.5
v/vfull = 1
 Qfull = QP/(QP/Qfull)
= 0.0042/0.5
3
= 0.0084 m /s

Qfull = (1/n)AR2/3S1/2
= (1/n)(πD2/4)(D/4)2/3S1/2
= (1/n)(D8/3)(π/4)(1/4)2/3S1/2
Diameter of pipe, D = {[Qfull(n)(4)(42/3)]/[(π)(S1/2)]}3/8
= {[0.0084(0.01)(4)(42/3)]/[(π)(0.005/2)]}3/8
= 0.124 m

Diameter of pipe, D = 0.225 m >0.2m OK!

124 mm is the diameter required to cater the discharge at full flow. However, following the Malaysia
Sewerage Industry Guidelines (MSIG) VIII (2009), 2.1.5, the minimum size of public gravity sewers shall be
225 mm in diameter. Thus, the pipe diameter provided in this project is 225 mm.

(iv) Velocity of Sewerage in the Sewers

According to the Malaysia Sewerage Industry Guidelines (MSIG) VIII (2009), 2.1.17, the maximum design
velocity at peak flow shall not be less than 0.8 m/s, and more than 4.0 m/s. (0.8 m/s < v < 4.0 m/s) Otherwise,
low velocity will cause the suspended material in the sewerage to be silted up. Thus, this minimum velocity can
be considered as the self-cleansing velocity in the sewer. Meanwhile, the smooth interior surface of a sewer pipe
gets scoured due to continuous abrasion caused by the suspended solids present in the sewage. It is, therefore,
necessary to limit the maximum velocity, to prevent cracking or leakage of sewer pipe after continuous abrasion.

Area of pipe, A = πD2/4

2
= 0.0398 m

Hydraulic radius, R = D/4

= 0.05625 m

Qfull = (1/n)AR2/3S1/2
= (1/0.01)(0.00398)(0.05625)2/3(0.005)1/2
3
= 0.0413 m /s
 vfull = (1/n)R2/3S1/2
= (1/0.01)(0.05625)2/3(0.005)1/2
= 1.038 m/s

vmax = (v/vfull)(vfull)
= 1(1.038)
= 1.038 m/s >0.8m/s, <4.0m/s OK!

Qmin/Qfull = 0.0001/0.0554
= 0.004
From the graph
vmin/vfull = 0.5
vmin = (vmin/vfull)(vfull)
= 0.50(1.038)
3
= 0.519 m /s >0.6m/s, <1.0m/s OK!

Sewer Layout
Fall of sewers, sewer pipe invert elevation and manhole level are required to complete the sewer layout part.
Sample calculation for pipe no. 1.1:
(i) Fall of sewers = Length × Gradient
= 45.47 × 1/200
= 0.23 m
(ii) Manhole Level
Pipe no. 1.1 connects manhole 1 (MH 1) and manhole 2 (MH 2).
MH 1 invert level = 0.80m
MH 1 depth = Ground level – Invert level
= 2.30 – 0.80
= 1.50m

MH 2 invert level = Lower end sewer pipe invert elevation

= 0.80m
MH 2 depth = 0.80 – 0.23
= 0.57m
 SEWER COMPUTATION TABLE

Flow Computation Pipe Computation Manhole and Level Computation Manhole Type & Size Remarks
MH PE Cumulative Peak Peak Diameter Length Gradient Qfull Dreq Vmax Capacity Fall Ground Invert Depth
To PE Flow Flow Level Level
MH Factor of Pipe
(1) (2) (3) (5) (6) (8) (9) (10) (11) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17)
MH No. (PE) (PE) (m3 /s) (mm) (m) (m3 /s) (mm) (m/s) (m3 /s) (m) (m) (m)
1 2.30 0.80 1.50 1200mmø Precast Concrete
PROPOSED
13 13 7.58 0.0003 225 45.47 0.005 0.00013 25.81 1.038 0.0413 0.23 600mmø Ductile Iron 'IWK' Std.
2 2.30 0.57 1.73 1200mmø Precast Concrete
PROPOSED
103 116 5.96 0.0018 225 60.00 0.005 0.00090 53.59 1.038 0.0413 0.30 600mmø Ductile Iron 'IWK' Std.
3 2.30 0.27 2.03 1200mmø Precast Concrete
PROPOSED
100 216 5.56 0.0031 225 46.46 0.005 0.00156 65.95 1.038 0.0413 0.23 600mmø Ductile Iron 'IWK' Std.
4 - 2.30 0.04 2.26 1200mmø Precast Concrete
PROPOSED
55 271 5.43 0.0038 225 10.91 0.005 0.00191 71.13 1.038 0.0413 0.05 600mmø Ductile Iron 'IWK' Std.
STP 2.30 0.00 2.30 1200mmø Precast Concrete
PROPOSED STP
600mmø Ductile Iron 'IWK' Std.

2A 2.30 0.80 1.50 1200mmø Precast Concrete

PROPOSED
8 8 7.99 0.0002 225 21.26 0.005 0.00008 21.95 1.038 0.0413 0.11 600mmø Ductile Iron 'IWK' Std.
2 2.30 0.69 1.61 1200mmø Precast Concrete
PROPOSED
600mmø Ductile Iron 'IWK' Std.

3A 2.30 0.80 1.50 1200mmø Precast Concrete

PROPOSED
10 10 7.80 0.0002 225 28.65 0.005 0.00010 23.65 1.038 0.0413 0.14 600mmø Ductile Iron 'IWK' Std.
3 2.30 0.66 1.64 1200mmø Precast Concrete
PROPOSED
600mmø Ductile Iron 'IWK' Std.

Total PE = 271.00 Total Length = 212.75 m

PROPOSED STP at SITE A
1. PRIMARY SCREEN DESIGN

Specifications:
Single Inlet chamber required (PE < 20000)
Manually Raked (< 5000
PE) Source: SPAN Volume IV - Table 5.1
Duty: 1 unit SPAN Volume IV - Table 5.2
Bypass: 1 unit

Design parameter for Primary Screens Source: SPAN Volume IV - Table 5.3
Manual screen Units
Maximum Clear spacing/opening size, S 25 mm
30° to
Slope to the vertical 45° degree
Maximum approach velocity at feed channel 1.0 m/s
Maximum flow through velocity at the screen face, v 1.0 m/s
Minimum freeboard, H 150* mm
Estimated volume of screenings per volume of sewage 30 m3/106m3
Storage period of screenings 7 days
Depth of wasterwater at maximum flow rate, D 0.5 m
Minimum channel width 500 mm
Minimum channel depth 500 mm

Assumed size of opening, S = 25 mm < 25mm OK!

Assumed blade size, B = 10 mm

Assumed depth of wastewater in chamber, D = 0.85 m

Assumed height of freeboard, H = 200 mm >150mm OK!


Designed screen velocity, v
Chamber width, W
Number of blades needed
New chamber width, W
Height of screen
From the graph
Amount of screenings at Qp
Volume of wastewater in 7
days
Amount of screenings
< 1.0
= 0.9 m/s m/s OK!
= [(B+S)/S][Qp/(vD)]
= [(10+25)/25][0.0512/(0.9x0.85)]
= 0.008 m
= 8 mm
= W/(B+S)
= 128/(10+25)
= 0.219
= 3 blades
(Number of blades
= needed)(B+S)
= 3(25+10)
= 105 mm
= 0.105 m
= D+H
= 0.85+0.2
= 1.05 m
m3/106m3
= 30 wastewater
QP (7)
=
= 362.17(7)
3
= 2535.224 m
= Volume of wastewater in 7 days x Amount of screenings at Qp
= 2535.2(30/106)
3
= 0.08 m
Dimension of storage of screenings
Length : width = 2:1
Depth = 1 m

2W2(1m) = 0.08 m
3

Width, W = 0.20 m
Length, L = 2W
= 2(0.20)
= 0.40 m

2. PUMP STATION DESIGN

Inlet Pump Stations for PE<1000 （Source: SPAN Volume IV - Table 5.4）

Descriptions Design Parameters Units

Number of pumps 2, 1 duty, 1standby (100% standby) -
Pumps design flow each at Qpeak -
Maximum retention time, t at Qave 30 min
Min pass through openings 75 mm
100 mm
Depth of tank , D 1 m

Number of pumps = 2 1duty, 1standby(100% standby) PE<1000 OK!

Pump design flow = 0.25QP

= 0.25(0.0042)
3
= 0.0010 m /s

Retention time, t = 15 mins <30 mins OK!

= 900 s
Volume of tank, V = Pump design flow (t)
= 0.0010(900)
3
= 0.94 m

Dimension of tank
Length : width = 3:2
Depth = 1 m

1.5W2(1m) = 0.94 m
3

Width, W = 0.79 m
Length, L = 1.5W
= 1.5(0.79)
= 1.19 m

3. SECONDARY SCREEN DESIGN

Specifications: Source: SPAN Volume IV - Table 5.5

Number of Scondary Screen (PE < 5000)
Duty: 1 unit manual
Bypass: 1 unit screen

Source: SPAN Volume IV - Table 5.6

Design parameter for secondary screens
Manually Raked Unit
Maximum clear spacing, S 12 mm
Maximum flow through velocity at the screen face, v 1 m/s
Slope to the vertical (0° - 45°) 30 - 45 degree
Maximum approach velocity at feed channel 1.0 m/s
Maximum flow through velocity at the screen face, v 1.0 m/s
Minimum freeboard,H 150* mm
 Storage period of screenings 7 days
Blade width, B 10 mm
Minimum channel width 500 mm
Minimum channel depth 500 mm

Size of opening, S = 12 mm <12mm OK!

Blade size, B = 10 mm

Design Screen Velocity, v = 1 m/s

Depth of wastewater in chamber,

D = 1 m

Storage of screenings, S = 7 days

Chamber width, W = [(B+S)/S][Qp/(vD)]

= [(10+12)/12][0.0042/(1x1)]
= 0.0077 m
= 8 mm

Number of blades needed = W/(B+S)

= 94/(10+12)
= 0.34932
= 5 blades

New chamber width, W = (Number of blades needed)(B+S)

= 5/(10+12)
= 0.23 m

From the graph

m3/106m3
Amount of screenings at Qp
= 90 wastewater

Volume of wastewater in 7 days = QP (7)

= 362.17(7)
 3
= 2535.2 m

Amount of screenings = Volume of wastewater in 7 days x Amount of screenings at Qp

= 2535.2(90/106)
3
= 0.23 m

Dimension of storage of
screenings
Length : width = 2:1
Depth = 1 m

2W2(1m) = 0.23 m
3

Width, W = 0.34 m
Length, L = 2W
= 2(0.34)
= 0.68 m

4. GRIT CHAMBER DESIGN

Specifications: Source: SPAN Volume IV - Table 5.7

Number of unit processes: (< 5000 PE)
Grit Removal System:
Duty: Manual 1 unit
Standby: Manual 2 unit
Source: SPAN Volume IV - Table 5.9
Descriptions 5000 < PE < 10000 Units
Grit removal Manual (tanker) -
Minimum detention time during, Qpeak 3 minutes
Maximum flow through velocity 0.2 m/s
Maximum centrifugal flow through velocity n/a m/s
Head loss (at parshall flume) 35% of depth -
Estimated grit quantity 0.03 m /103m3
3
 Ratio of Length: Width 2 to 1 -
Washing and Dewatering of Grit No -

Retention time, t = 4 mins >3 mins OK!

= 240 seconds

Volume of tank, V = QPt

= 0.0042(240)
3
= 1.006 m

Chamber dimension
Length : Width = 2:1
Depth = 1 m

2W2(2m) = 1.006 m
3

Width, W = 0.50 m
Length, L = 2W
= 2(0.50)
= 1.00 m

Surface Loading Rate, SLR = QP/AS

= 362.17/(0.50x1.00)
3 2
= 720 m /m /day

Flow through velocity, Vh = QP/Ah

= 0.0042/(1x0.50)
= 0.0084 m/s <0.20m/s OK!

3 3 3
Estimated grit quantity = 0.03 m /10 m of sewage

Storage time = 30 days

Amount of grit = QP x Storage time x Estimated grit quantity

= 362.17 x 30 x 0.03/1000
 3
= 0.33 m

Dimension of storage tank

Length : Width = 2:1
Depth = 1 m

2W2(1m) = 0.33 m
3

Width, W = 0.40 m
Length, L = 2W
= 2(0.40)
= 0.80 m

5. GREASE CHAMBER DESIGN

Retention time, t = 4 mins >3 mins OK!
= 240 seconds

Volume of tank, V = QPt

= 0.0042(240)
3
= 1.0060 m

Chamber dimension
Length : Width = 2:1
Depth = 1 m

3
2W2(1m) = 1.0060 m
Width, W = 0.50 m
Length, L = 2W
= 2(0.50)
= 1.00 m

Qpeak /
Horizontal velocity, Vh = Ab
= 0.002 m³/m² s < 0.2 m³/m² s Ok!
6. BALANCING TANK DESIGN
 SPAN Volume IV - Table
Design Parameters for Balancing Tanks Source: 5.10
Descriptions Design Criteria Units
Detention time, t at Qpeak 1.5 hours
Mixing power requirements 5 W/m³ of wastewater
Aeration 1 m³ of air/hour/m³ wastewater

Retention time, t = 1.5 hours

= 5400 seconds

Volume of tank = QPt

= 0.0042(5400)
3
= 22.64 m

Dimension of
tank
Length : Width = 2:1
Depth = 3 m

2W2(3m) = 22.64 m
3

Width, W = 1.68 m
Length, L = 2W
= 2(1.68)
= 3.36 m

Power
Watt per m3 of wastewater
requirement = 5

Power = Volume of tank x Power requirement

22.64 x
= 5
= 113.18 Watt
= 0.1132 kW
 7. TRICKLING FILTER DESIGN

Design Parameters for trickling filter Source: SPAN Volume IV - Table 5.10
Descriptions Design Criteria Units
Organic Loading (O.L) 0.5 - 2.0 kg BOD5/day/m3
Recirculation of flow to head of plant
Qrecycle > 1.0
Qinflow
HDPE, PVC, Stone, Slag, Coke,
Acceptable media etc.
Hydraulic Loading (HL) 10 to 40 m3/day/m2
kg sludge / kg BOD5
Sludge Yields 1 influent
Minimum depth of media 1.5 m

DWF = 67.5

BOD5 = 250 mg/L

3
= 0.25 kg/m

Diamater = 2.5 m

Height = 5 m

Surface Area = 4.909 m

Assume volume of void = 50%

Volume of void, V = surface area x height of tower x %void
= 12.2718 kg/m2.day

OL = DWF x BOD/V
= 1.375 kg/m3/day < 2.0 OK!

HL = DWF/A
Depth,D = 13.751 m3/m2/day < 40 OK!
 8. FINAL CLARIFIER DESIGN
Source: SPAN Volume IV - Table 5.14
Description Design Critera Unit
number of tanks (min. 2) 2
side water depth (min. 3m) 3 m
Hydraulic retention time (HRT) at Qpeak (min 2
hrs) 2 hours
surface overflow rate (SOR) at Qpeak ≤30 m³/m² /d
solid loading rate (SLR) at Qpeak <150 kg/m² /d
solid loading rate (SLR) at Qave <50 m³/m/d
weir loading rate at Qpeak <180

A number of 4 tanks is
designed

Q*P = QP/Number of tanks

= 362.17/4
3
= 90.54 m /day

Surface overflow rate, SOR =

3 2
30 m /m /day <30 m3/m2/day OK!
SOR = Q*P/AS
AS = Q*P/SLR
= 90.54/30
2
= 3.02 m

AS = πr2
Radius, r = (AS/π)0.5
= (3.02/π)0.5
= 0.98 m

Perimeter = 2πr
= 2π(0.98)
= 6.16 m
Depth of tank, d = 3 m

Height of cone, h = r tan θ

= 3.43 tan 7.5°
= 0.13 m

Volume of tank, V = Volume of cylinder + Volume of cone

= AS x d + (1/3) x (AS x h)
= 3.02 x 3 + (1/3) x (3.02 x 0.13)
3
= 9.18 m

Retention time, t = V/Q*P

= 9.18/90.54
= 0.10 day
= 2.43 hours > 2 hours OK!

Surface Loading Rate, SLR = Q*P/AS

= 90.54/3.02
= 30 m3/m2/day ≤ 150 m3/m2/day OK!

Length of weir = perimeter = 6.16 m

Weir loading rate, WLR = Q*P / Length of weir

= 90.54/6.16
= 14.70 m3/m/day < 180 m3/m/day OK!

9. SLUDGE DRYING BED DESIGN

Suspended Solids (SS) influent = 300 mg/L
= 0.3 kg/m3
BOD5 influent = 250 mg/L
= 0.25 kg/m3
Clarifier
Removal efficiency(BOD5) = 70 %

Specific Gravity of sludge(S.G.) = 1.02

density of sludge(ρ) = 1020 kg/m3

The sludge prodeced from clarifier

BOD5 entering clarifier = 250 mg/L
= 0.25 kg/m3

Dry weight(BOD5) = DWF x BOD x %BOD removal

= 67.5 x 0.15 x 0.7
= 12 kg/day

The amount of sludge produce = 12 kg/day

Convert kg/day to m3/kg

density(ρ) = mass/volume

Flow sludge = mass/density

= 12/1020
= 0.012 m3/day

Retention time, t = 30 days > 30 days OK!

Volume of tank, V = Flow sludge x t

0.012 x
= 30
 3
= 0.35 m

Dimension of tank
Length : Width = 3:1
Depth = 1 m

3
2W2(1m) = 0.35 m
Width, W = 0.24 m
Length, L = 3W
= 3(0.24)
= 0.72 m

OVERALL FLOW CHART OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS

Primary Secondary
Pump Station Grit Chamber
Screen Screen

Balancing Grease
Final Clarifier Trickling Filter
Tank Chamber

Sludge Drying
Final Effluent
Bed

PROPOSED SEPTIC TANK AT SITE B

C = 225PE
= 225 x 50 litre
= 11.25 m3

Assume L:W = 3:1 and take D = 1.5

Volume = 11.25 m3
= 3w (w) (1.5)
4.5 W = 11.25
W = 2.5 m
D = 1.5 m
L = 7.5 m
Profile of Sewer Line
Longitudinal Profile of Sewer Pipe (MH 1 –STP) (refer drawings)
Longitudinal Profile of Sewer Pipe (MH 2A –MH2) (refer drawings)
Longitudinal Profile of Sewer Pipe (MH 3A –MH3) (refer drawings)
Sewer Detail Plan
Sewer detail plan should include pipe length, pipe diameter, flow direction and manhole level.
Pipe diameter used for all pipes is 225 mm.
SITE A(refer drawings)
SITE B(refer drawings)
Manhole Details
According to Malaysian Sewerage Industry Guidelines (MSIG) VIII (2009), 2.2.1, manholes should be
constructed with pre-cast concrete sections surrounded by an in-situ concrete surround. Pre-cast concrete
manholes shall conform to MS 881 and BS 5911. Besides, according to Malaysian Sewerage Industry Guidelines
(MSIG) VIII (2009), 2.1.17, unless special arrangements have been agreed for the structural protection of pipes,
the minimum depth of soil cover over the sewer shall be 1.2 m. Moreover, sewers are not to be constructed
under buildings. These conclude that the minimum depth for manhole should be 1.2m. To determine the type of
the manhole (shallow, medium and deep), the depth of manhole is crucial:
(i) Shallow precast concrete manhole: Ground Level to Invert of Pipe 1.2 m≤Depth≤2.5 m

(ii) Medium precast concrete manhole: Ground Level to Invert of Pipe 2.5 m ≤ Depth ≤ 5 m

(iii) Deep precast concrete manhole: Ground Level to Invert of Pipe 5 m ≤ Depth ≤ 9 m
(iv) Drop precast concrete manhole: If an incoming sewer is higher than the outgoing sewer by 600
mm or more, a drop manhole shall be used. However, when the difference in elevation between the
incoming sewer and manhole invert is less than 600 mm, the invert shall be filleted at the corner to
prevent solids deposition. (Malaysia Standard MS 1228:1991, 4.5.7)
Manholes Depth(m) Type of Manhole
MH 1 1.50 Shallow precast concrete manhole
MH 2 1.73 Shallow precast concrete manhole
MH 3 2.03 Shallow precast concrete manhole
MH 4 2.26 Shallow precast concrete manhole
MH 2A 1.50 Shallow precast concrete manhole
MH 3A 1.50 Shallow precast concrete manhole

Apart from that, according to 2.3.1 in MSIG VIII (2009), the manhole covers and frames shall
comply with the specifications in this Guideline and BS EN124, where the specifications in this Guidelines
contradict the specifications given in BS EN124, the specifications in this Guidelines shall take precedence.
While from 2.3.2, manhole covers and frames shall be capable of bearing wheel loads of up to 400 kN and,
as such, shall meet the test load requirements for Class D400 manhole covers and frames given in BS
EN124. Moreover, the material for manhole covers and frames shall be of spheroidal or nodular graphite
iron (otherwise known as ductile iron) complying with the requirements specified in BS EN1563 for Grade
500/7. In this project the manhole cover and frame used is heavy duty ductile iron manhole cover and
frame with diameter of 600 mm
Bedding Details
There are four classes of bedding for sewer, which are class ‘Á’, ‘B’, ‘C’ and ‘D’. For class ‘Á’ bedding,
the pipe embedded in carefully which compacted crushed run 5-20 mm size range is extending halfway up
to sides of the pipe. The remainder side to fill and top with monoulthic plan concrete. For class ‘B’ bedding,
the pipe embedded in carefully which compacted crushed run 5-20 mm size range is extending halfway up
to sides of the pipe. The remainder side to fill and top carefully with backfill. The selected compact backfill
for vitrified clay pipe shall be compacted dry soil (free from vegetable organic materials and
excavation/compacted dry red earth/sand/stones not greater than 25). For class ‘C’ bedding, it is used
where soft ground is encountered, in which the soft ground shall generally be taken to be those soil having
a strength of CU greater than 2.5 kN/m2, as obtained by the in-situ vane shear test. The engineer shall
determine such the classification and extent of such soil following from the in-situ vane shear test carried
out by the contractor. Whereas for class ‘D’ bedding, it shall be also used in the case where very soft soil
is encountered. However, such very soft soil generally be taken to be those soil having strength of CU of
equal or less than 2.5 kN/m2, as obtained by the in-situ vane shear test. The length of piles to be used shall
be determined by the engineer after investigation to determine the soft layer has been carried by the
contractor.
In this project, the bedding used is class ‘B’ bedding. The site for this project is not considered as very soft
ground, thus, class ‘C’ and ‘D’ cannot be applied in this case. According to Malaysian Sewerage Industry
Guidelines (MSIG) VIII (2009), Appendix A, Figure A 16 (a), Table 2, for the vitrified clay pipe with
diameter 225 mm, and the depth of cover of the sewer pipe less than or equal to 3.5 m, class ‘B’ bedding
should be applied to those sewer pipes. As compared with class ‘A’ bedding which use concrete as the fill
material, class ‘B’ bedding is considered more economic which applied backfill as the granular fill material.
Besides, the existing sewers around the site applies class ‘B’ bedding. Moreover, class “A” bedding has
additional supporting strength which is suitable for sewer pipe under additional load such as building load.
Since our sewer pipe is just underlying the road way with no extra load on it, class “B” bedding will be
more preferable than class “A” bedding. In addition, Thus, class ‘B’ bedding is used to be the type of
bedding in our site.
APPENDIX

Table 1; Population Equivalent from Malaysia Standard MS 1228:1991 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND INSTALLATION OF SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
Table 2: Obtained from MSIG VIII (2009), Appendix A, Figure A 16 (a), Table 2