SECOND QUARTER

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS

TEACHER: MRS. PIA LUZ DE SOLA

LECTURE TRANSCRIPT

TOPIC OUTLINE between groups, particularly the competition for scarce

resources.
● How Society is Organized
○ Sociological Perspectives of Society KARL MARX
○ Group • Karl Marx (1818–1883) saw society as being made up of
○ Kinship two classes, the bourgeoisie (capitalist) and the
proletariat (workers), who must compete for social,
material, and political resources.
According to Aristotle:
“Man is by nature a social animal.” Class Conflict Theory
Inequality between two classes under capitalism
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES OF SOCIETY
● Social groups are fundamental parts of human life. They
are a multitude of people who see each other often and
think of themselves as part of a group. BOURGEOISIE: owner of
means of production such as
STRUCTURAL – FUNCTIONAL THEORY machines & factory.
• Also called functionalism, sees society as a structure
with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological
and social needs of the individuals in that society.

HERBERT SPENCER
● Herbert Spencer (1820–1903) saw similarities between PROLETARIAT: the working
society and the human body. He argued that just as class; sells service to
the various organs of the body work together to keep the bourgeoisie.
body functioning, the various parts of society work
together to keep society functioning (Spencer 1898).

ÉMILE DURKHEIM
• Émile Durkheim believed that society is a complex
RACIAL CONFLICT
system of interrelated and interdependent parts that work
together to maintain stability (Durkheim 1893), and that • The race-conflict approach is a sociological perspective
society is held together by shared values, languages, that looks at disparity and tension between people of
and symbols. different racial and ethnic groups.

ROBERT K. MERTON GENDER EQUALITY

• Robert K. Merton laid out his theory of manifest function
(and latent function and dysfunction too) in his 1949
book Social Theory and Social Structure.
Social Functions according to Merton
Manifest Functions o The consequences of a social
process that are sought or
anticipated.
o Things that are put in place
intentionally to keep society moving
forward.
Latent Functions o The unintended consequences
from manifest function
Dysfunctions o Undesirable consequences for the
operation of society
CONFLICT THEORY
• a theory that emphasizes the role of coercion, conflict
and power in society and that social inequality will
inevitably occur because of differing interests and values
• Everyone must receive equal treatment
This includes:
➢ Equal pay and benefits for comparable roles
➢ Equal consideration of needs
➢ Equal opportunities for progression and
promotion.
CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS VS FALSE CONSCIOUSNESS
CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS FALSE CONSCIOUSNESS
False consciousness is Marx’s
These are just some of the term for the proletarian’s
structural constrains that inability to see her real
prevent workers from joining position within the class
together in what Marx called system, a mis-recognition that
class consciousness, or a is complicated by the control
common group identity as that the bourgeoisie often
exploited proletarians and exerts over the media outlets
potential revolutionaries. that disseminate and normalize
information.

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Class consciousness is
awareness of one's own social
class and economic rank in the
context of larger society
Involves people are who are
well-aware of their social and
economic situation in society
HERBERT BLUMER
False consciousness is a way
of thinking that prevents an
individual from perceiving the
true nature of their social or
economic situation
Involves people who do not
realize their true social and
economic situation in society
• Mead’s student, Herbert Blumer, actually coined the
term “symbolic interactionism” and outlined these basic
premises:
❖ humans interact with things based on meanings
ascribed to those things
❖ the ascribed meaning of things comes from our
interactions with others and society
❖ the meanings of things are interpreted by a
person when dealing with things in specific
circumstances (Blumer 1969)

Workers understand that they Hold values and beliefs that
are being exploited benefit the ruling class, and do
not understand that they are
being exploited
MAX WEBER
• German sociologist Max Weber agreed with some of
Marx’s main ideas, but also believed that in addition to
economic inequalities, there were inequalities of
political power and social structure that caused
conflict.
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONIST THEORY
• Symbolic Interactionist Theory is a micro-level theory that
focuses on meanings attached to human interaction,
both verbal and non-verbal, and to symbols.
Communication—the exchange of meaning through
language and symbols—is believed to be the way in
which people make sense of their social worlds.
Example: PSST!
➢ Some girls, consider it as a form of compliment
but to others it is a form of harassment.
➢ Republic Act No. 11313: Safe Spaces Act
(Bawal Bastos Law)
CHARLES HORTON COOLEY
• He introduced the looking-glass self (1902) to describe
how a person’s self of self grows out of interactions with
others.
• He is trying to understand how we understand ourselves.
Cooley was a symbolic interactionist, meaning he looked
at our individual interactions as a way of trying to
understand meaning in our lives and how we developed
a sense of self.
“ I am not what I think I am, I am not what you think
I am; I am what I think you think I am”
He had three steps to his theory.
1. We imagine how we appear to others.
2. We draw conclusions based on the reactions
we get.
3. We begin to develop an identity. Positive,
Neutral, Negative.
ERVING GOFFMAN
• He developed a technique called dramaturgical
analysis. Goffman used theater as an analogy for social
interaction and recognized that people’s interactions
showed patterns of cultural “scripts.”
• DRAMATURGICAL APPROACH
The focus on the importance of interaction in building a
society led sociologists like Erving Goffman (1922–1982)
to develop a technique called dramaturgical analysis.
• Frontstage- this is the carefully thought-out act
that you do in social settings just to gain favor.
• Backstage- is a much more private area of your
life that not a lot of people know about it. And
you can sort of kick back and relax, and do
whatever you want.
GROUP
• is any collection of people who interact on the basis of
shared expectations regarding one another’s behavior
(Kornblum, 2003).
• consists of two or more people who are bound together
in relatively stable patterns of social interaction and who
share a feeling of unity (Hughes and Kroeler, 2009)
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE GROUPS
1. There must be two or more people.
2. There must be interaction.
3. The members must be together physically.
REQUIREMENTS FOR A GROUP
1. Motivational base shared by individuals (based on
needs, interests, desires, noble activities, insecurities, or
problems)
2. Size of the group
3. Type of group goals
4. The kind of a group cohesion/unity (the capability to
function and interact collectively in the direction of their
goals)
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A GROUP
1. A group has identity identifiable by both its members and
outsiders.
2. A group has a social structure in the sense that each part
or member has a position related to other positions.
3. Each member in a group has roles to play.
4. There is mutual reciprocity among members in a group.

GEORGE HERBERT MEAD

• George Herbert Mead (1863–1931) is considered a
founder of symbolic interactionism, though he never
published his work on this subject (LaRossa and Reitzes
1993).

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GROUP AS DISTINGUISHED FROM OTHER COLLECTION OF PEOPLE
LIKE:
1. Aggregate - a simple collection of people who are in the
same place at the same time without interacting with
each other.
2. Category - a simple collection of people who share
distinctive characteristics.
3. Collectivity - Collection of people in a given place and
time
IMPORTANCE OF A GROUP
1. A group is a major source of solidarity and cohesion.
2. A group reinforces and strengthens our integration into
society.
3. A group shares basic survival and problem-solving
techniques to satisfy personal and emotional needs.
4. A group gives meaning and support to an individual.
HOW IS A GROUP FORMED?
• The desire to achieve an objective
KINSHIP BY BLOOD
• To meet the needs of the individual member
• People are treated alike by others
SOCIAL GROUP
• Can be defined as a collection of people who regularly
interact with one another (shared expectations, sense of
common identity, etc.).
Types of Social Groups:
A. According to the nature of social ties
• Primary
- Personal and intimate relationship;
face to face communication;
permanence duration; a strong sense
of loyalty or “we” feeling; small in size;
informal structure; traditional or non-
rational decision-making.
• Secondary
- Large; impersonal, aloof relationship;
indirect communication; temporary
duration; weak group cohesiveness
based on self-interest; rational
decision-making; formal structure.
B. According to reference/identification
• In-Groups
- Group with which the individual
identifies and which gives him sense of
belonging, solidarity, camaraderie,
esprit de corps, and a protective
attitude toward the other members.
• Out-Groups
- Viewed as outsiders by the in-group;
Any member of the in-group has
insufficient contact with the members
of the out-group
• Reference Groups
- Group that is significant to us as
models even though we ourselves
may not be a part of the group. Is one
which an individual does not only have
a high regard for but one after which
he or she patterns his/her life. Its
central aspect is self-identification
rather than actual membership.
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CONSEQUENCES OF GROUP BOUNDARIES
a. people gain a clearer sense of their diversity
b. ethnocentrism may grow
c. serious personal and social problems may arise
KINSHIP
• A social institution that refers to relations formed
between members of society.
• Sociologists define kinship as the different forms of
socially accepted relations among people develop
through blood or consanguineal relationships, marriage
or affinal relationships, adoptions, and other culturally
accepted rituals
TYPES OF KINSHIP
• Kinship by Blood
• Kinship by Marriage
• Kinship by Rituals
• Consanguineal kinship or kinship based on blood is
considered as the most basic and general form of
relations.
• The relationship is achieved by birth or blood affinity.
Example:
Relationships existing between:
• Parents and their children
• Between siblings
• Between nieces/nephews and aunt/uncles
❖ Lineage – refers to the line where one’s descent is
traced. Can be traced by studying either the
person’s paternal or maternal line or both.
❖ Descent – the tracking of kinship relationships
through parentage.
Unilineal descent system
- Identified by tracing the affiliation of a
person through descent of only one sex,
the female or the male, the mother or the
father in the ancestry line.
- Recognizes descent through only one
parent, either the father (patrilineal) or
the mother (matrilineal).
- Most common form of descent (60
percent of the world's cultures)
▪ Most associated with pastoralism,
horticulture, and agricultural
modes of production
Bilateral descent system
- Traces the affiliation of a person from
both the female and the male as
recognition of the equal worth and value
of both sexes in identifying the ancestry
line.
- A child is recognized as being related by
descent to both parents
▪ Most associated with foraging and
industrialism/informatics modes
of production.
o Patrilineal: tracing descent through the men only
o Matrilineal: tracing descent through women only
o Bilateral: tracing descent through both men and
women
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KINSHIP BY BLOOD o Group Marriage (co-marriage) - marriage
• Marriage in which several men and women have
- An important element of the family; Cultural sexual access to one another.
mechanism that ensure its continuity; An institution
consisting of a cluster of mores and folkways, of ❖ Patterns in Marriage
attitudes, and ideals of social definitions and legal Exogamy
restrictions. - marriage outside of a designated group
Some hypotheses:
• Bowman • prevent incest
- People marry for combined reasons: love, economic • modern genetics
and emotional security, the parents’ desires, escape • extend territory
from solitude or forlorn home situation, money, Endogamy
companionship, protection, adventure, or common - marriage within a particular group work to
interests. maintain cultural identity.
- Marriage makes sexual intercourse legitimate.
- It sanctions parenthood and provides a stable ❖ Types of Marriage
background for rearing of children. Referred Marriage
- Individual find their possible husband or wife
• Family Code of the Philippines through matchmakers which could be their
- August 3, 1988 friends or relatives.
- Special contract of permanent union between a man Fixed or Arranged Marriages
and a woman entered into in accordance with law for - In this kind of marriage, the man or woman’s
the establishment of conjugal and family life. parents, community leaders, religious officials
- Foundation of the family, an inviolable social or leaders determine the marital partner of the
institution. individual. (to ensure that the young man and
woman will marry the most appropriate person
❖ 2 Aspects of Marriage: Family Code according to the dictates and rules set by family,
1. As a contract community, or religious group).
✓ It applies to a man and a woman only
✓ It is permanent, compared to other ordinary ❖ Types of Arranged Marriages
contracts. 1. Child Marriage – it happens when parents
✓ The law also prescribes a penal and civil arranged for the marriage of their child long before
sanctions like criminal action, for adultery or the marriage takes place. The marriage will be
concubinage, legal separation or action for consummated in the future.
support. 2. Exchange Marriage – in this form of marriage,
2. As a status there is a reciprocal exchange of spouse between
✓ Once the contract of marriage is legal, the two countries, tribes, or groups.
status of being married is created between 3. Diplomatic Marriage – this form of marriage
parties. occurs when an arranged marriage has been
established between two royal or political families
in order to forge political or diplomatic alliances.
REQUIREMENTS 4. Modern arranged marriage – in this form of
FORMAL ESSENTIAL marriage, the child’s parents, with consent of the
child, choose from several possible mates. The
• Authority of the • Legal capacity of the
parents organized a meeting with potential partner
Solemnizing Officer. contracting parties
of their child. The two children will be given a short
who
time to get to know each other. In the process of
must be a male and
choosing the partner, the parents would usually
female.
have a say in their child’s choice.
• 18 years old and
above
KINSHIP BY RITUALS
• Consent freely given
in the presence of a • Compadrazgo
solemnizing officer - Literally translated as as “godparenthood”, is a
ritualized form of forging c0-parenthood or family
- Originated in the medieval Catholic church in
❖ Forms of Marriage Europe.
Monogamy - Can be done through the performance of Catholic
- Allows or permits a man to take only one rituals like baptism, confirmation and marriage.
spouse at a time. - Relationship between the child’s biological parents,
- It has advantage and emotional tensions. their children, and persons close to the parents but
Polygamy not related by blood become a family.
- One individual having multiple spouses at the - Spiritual parents of the child (co-parents).
same time. - Compadre or Kumpare & Kumare
o Polygyny - marriage of one man to 2 or - Inaanak
more women at the same time. - Ninong/Ninang
o Polyandry - marriage of a woman to 2 or - Usually present in Latin America and Catholic
more men at the same time. countries

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• The Family
- It is the basic unit of Philippine society and the
educational system begins to learn the ABC.
- The basic agent of socialization because it is here
where the individual develops values, behavior and
ways of life through interaction with members of the
family.
- Considered as the basic unit of social organization.
- Made up of a group of individuals who are linked
together by marriage, blood relations, or adoption.
- Constitute a single household that interrelates with
each other and performs the social roles of a
husband, wife, mother, father, brother, and sister.

• Characteristics of the Filipino Family

- Closely knit and has strong family ties.
- Usually extended one and therefore big.

• Functions of Family
- Reproduction of the race and rearing the young
- Cultural transmission or enculturation
- Socialization of the child
- Provides affection and a sense of security
- Provides social status

❖ Kinds of Family according to Authority:

Patriarchal
- When the father is considered the head and
plays a dominant role in the family.
Matriarchal
- When the mother is considered the head and
makes the major decisions in the family.
Equalitarian
- When both the father and mother share in
making decisions and are equal in authority

• The Family and the Household (Families vs.

Household)
- Two related concepts.
- UN defines family within a household as “those
members of a house who are related, to a specified
degree, though blood, adoption, or marriage.
- Household, on the other hand, can either be a one-
person household or a multi-person household

• One-person household
- refers to an arrangement in which one person
makes provision for his or her own food or other
essentials for living without combining with any other
person to form part of a multi-person household.

• A multi-person household
- refers to a group of two or more persons living
together who make common provision for food or
other essentials.

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