Practical Research 2
Module 1: Introduction to Quantitative Research
How do you define Quantitative Research?
➢ Quantitative research designs use numbers in stating
generalizations about a given problem or inquiry in
contrast to qualitative research that hardly uses
statistical treatment in stating generalizations.
What is the Nature of Inquiry and Research? How
is this possible?
➢ Inquiry, is a term that is synonymous with the word
‘investigation’, is the answer to this question.
➢ When you inquire or investigate, you tend to ask
questions to probe or examine something.
➢ You do this kind of examination through you HOTS or
higher-order thinking strategies of inferential, analytical,
critical, creative, and appreciative thinking to discover
things beyond such object of inquiry.
➢ Thinking in this matter makes you open-ended questions
to elicit view, opinions and beliefs of others in relation to
your research. (Small 2012)
Characteristics of Quantitative Research
✓ It is objective not subjective
Objective- based on proof, factual evidence
Subjective - based on experience on how you feel
* Precision and accuracy of measurement and analysis.
✓ Research questions are clearly defined
* Precise and clear for which objective answers are sought
✓ Research instrument is clearly structured
* Well - organized and plan, and with different dimensions and
scales.
✓ Numerical Presentation of Data
* Data are organized and presented in the form of numbers
and statistics.
✓ Large Sample Sizes
Qualitative - participants
Quantitative - respondents
Slovin’s Formula - is used to calculate the sample size (n) given
the population size (N) and a margin of error (e). -It is
computed as n = N / (1+Ne2).
*Greater the sample sizes the more reliable data analysis
✓ Replicated but not Duplicate
* Reliable quantitative studies can be replicated or repeated
but not duplicated
✓ Data can be used to predict future outcomes or forecast
* Predicting future results
✓ Data can be used to verify existing facts and develop
new concepts
* Develop new ideas needed
Strengths of Quantitative Research
⚫ Objective and provides numerical data
- evidence should be supported by numerical data.
⚫ Data in quantitative research can be analyzed in a quick
and easy way
- by using statistical tools can be analyzed the quantitative
research quickly
⚫ Replicable
- Replicability- it might change
- might not be the same as the original one
⚫ Questionnaire, checklist, tests, or standardized
instrument.
- We can adopt or copy the research standard instruments on
the internet.
-The questionnaires are based on statement of the problem
(social researchers)
- The questionnaires is based on statement of the objectives
(experimental researcher)
Weaknesses of Quantitative Research
⚫ It requires a large number of respondents
-Sampling refers to the quantity of population
⚫ It is costly
⚫ Elaboration on contextual is not factors that can help
results or to explain variations
⚫ Information with sensitive issues is difficult to gathered
when using structured research instruments
-scientific experimental research
-structured instruments are orderly arranged
⚫ Made questionnaire was not done seriously and
correctly
⚫ Respondents who are just guessing in answering the
research instrument
⚫ Research instruments preparation and validation may
take time if no standardized tools are available
Types of Quantitative Research
(Non-experimental and Experimental)
*Experimental Research Design
- involves experimentation
- there is control variable
*Non-Experimental
-there is manipulation
-Placebo Effect- when you believe, and you think it will happen
- descriptive
Research Design Module 2: Kinds of Quantitative Research and Its
➢ Overall strategy that you choose to integrate the Importance Across the Field
different components of the study in a coherent and
logical way.
Research Design- framework of research methods and
➢ Also called as “blueprint of the research”
techniques of the researchers
➢ Blueprint for the selection measurement and analysis of
OVERALL STRATEGY
data.
-constitutes the blueprint for the selection, measurement, and
analysis of data
Experimental Research Design -research problem determines the research design you should
-Researcher to control the situation use
“What causes something to occur?”

-Ability to limit alternative explanations

Infer direct casual relationships

- Highest level of evidence for single studies

Two classes of Experimental Research Design

Provide better internal validity

Quasi-Experimental Design
-collect more data, either by scheduling more observations or
finding more existing measures.

True Experimental Design Experimental

- controls for both time-related and group-related threats, two -there is laboratory ex
or more differently treated groups and random assignment to -connecting of quantitative data
these groups. -we are doing scientific approach

Experimental Research Design

*Control group - there is no manipulation
*Experimentation - there is change
✓ Adheres strictly to the procedures of the scientific method.
✓ It allows the researcher to control the situation.
✓ It allows the researcher to answer the question, “What
causes something to occur?”
✓ It allows the researcher to identify the cause-and-effect
relationship between variables and to distinguish the placebo
effects from the treatment effect.
✓ Supports the ability to limit alternative explanations and to
infer direct relationships in the study

Non-Experimental Research True- Experimental

⚫ Pre-Test - form diagnostic test when there is still no
knowledge
Descriptive Research
⚫ Post Test - a formative type of text
-describing the nature characteristics and components of the
- comparing initial and final result
population or a phenomenon
⚫ Post Test Only/Control Group Design
- manipulation of variables or search for cause and effect is
-a research design in which there are at least two groups, one
not applicable
of which does not receive a treatment or intervention, and
- determine the frequency with which it occurs and to find
data are collected on the outcome measure after the
general attributes
treatment or intervention.
Correlational Research
- orderly systematic investigation of the nature of relationships,
TRUE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
-controls for both time-related and group related threats.
or associations between and among variables
-highest internal validity of all the designs.
- does not study the effects of extraneous variables on the
variables under study.
SAMPLE STUDIES THREE TYPES PRE-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
DESIGN
THE EFFECT VIRGIN COCONUT ➢ ONE-SHOT CASE STUDY RESEARCH DESIGN.
OIL TO CORONA VIRUS study is carried out after some treatment which was presumed
to cause change, making it a post-test study
➢ ONE-GROUP PRETEST POSTTEST RESEARCH DESIGN.
EFFECT OF MANIHOT ESCULENTA combines both posttest and pretest study by carrying out a
(CASSAVA) IN REDUCING BLOOD test on a single group before and after the treatment is
SUGAR AMONG THOSE DIAGNOSED administered
WITH DIABETES ➢ STATIC-GROUP COMPARISON.
2 or more groups are placed under observation, where only
one of the groups is subjected to some treatment while the
CONTROL OVER THE other groups are held static
EXPERIMENTAL TREATMENT AND
THE POWER TO PLACE SUBJECTS IN GROUPS
NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
-Does not use treatment or intervention.
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN -The researcher observes the phenomena as they occur
⚫ The researcher can collect more data, either by naturally, and no external variables are introduced.
scheduling more observations or finding more existing -The variables are not deliberately manipulated nor is the
measures. setting controlled.
⚫ Participants are not randomly assigned -Researchers collect data without making changes or
introducing treatments.
NON-EQUIVALENT CONTROL GROUP DESIGN
➢ chance failure of random assignment to equalize the DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
conditions by converting a true experiment into this kind DESCRIBING THE NATURE, CHARACTERISTICS, AND
of design, for purposes of analysis. COMPONENTS OF THE POPULATION OR A PHENOMENON
answers to the questions of who, what, when, where, and how
INTERRUPTED TIME SERIES DESIGN
➢ multiple measures before and after the experimental DOES NOT ANSWER THE QUESTION “WHY” because it does
intervention. not seek to explain why certain things happen.
➢ It differs from the single-group pre-experiment that has
only one pre-test and one post-test. TO DESCRIBE WHAT EXISTS AND NOT TO GATHER
➢ assume that the time threats such as history or INFORMATION ABOUT A CURRENT STATUS
maturation appear as regular changes in the measures
before the intervention. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
➢ SURVEY
SAMPLE STUDIES to provide a quantitative or numeric description of trends,
attitudes, or opinions of a population by studying a sample of
THE USE OF TRADITIONAL VERSUS that population
COOPERATIVE LEARNING GROUPS ➢ CORRELATIONAL
ON STUDENT’S ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE systematic investigation of the nature of relationships or
associations between and among variables without necessarily
THE EFFECT OF LOCALIZED MODULE investigating causal reasons underlying them
IN MATHEMATICS TO THE STUDENT’S ➢ EX-POST FACTO RESEARCH DESIGN
COMPUTATIONAL SKILL
non-experimental designs that are used to investigate causal
relationships
➢ COMPARATIVE DESIGN
THIS DESIGN USES SEVERAL WAVES OF
comparing two or more samples of study subjects on one or
OBSERVATION BEFORE AND AFTER THE
more variables, often a single point of time.
INTRODUCTION OF THE INDEPENDENT
(TREATMENT) VARIABLE X
➢ EVALUATIVE RESEARCH
assess or judge in some way providing information about
something other than might be gleaned in mere observation
PRE-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN or investigation of relationship
Either a group or various dependent groups are observed for
➢ METHODOLOGICAL
the effect of the application of an independent variable which
variety of methodologies forms a critical part of achieving the
is presumed to cause change simplest form of experimental
goal of developing a scale matched approach
research design treated with no control group apply with the
experimental design with the least internal validity
Decision Tree Matching Research Design Module 3: Kinds of Variables and Their Use

Variables
A characteristic of an individual or organization that can be
observed and measure.

COMMON VARIABLES IN SOCIAL RESEARCH

⚫ AGE
⚫ SEX
⚫ GENDER
Importance of Quantitative Research Across Field ⚫ EDUCATION
⚫ Accountancy Business and Management (ABM) ⚫ INCOME
DESIGN A NEW PRODUCT OR SERVICE development of a ⚫ MARITAL STATUS
product Age sex gender education income marital status education
ESTABLISH THE ENTERPRISE location, deliver quality goods
and services, analyze what the competitors are doing
How many different levels of measure for variables
⚫ Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics exist? NOMINAL, ORDINAL, INTERVAL, RATIO
(STEM) -levels of measure associated with the variables
EFFECTIVENESS AND EVEN SIDE EFFECT OF DRUGS AND
THERAPIES IN DIFFERENT POPULATIONS LEVELS OF MEASURE FOR VARIABLES
⚫ Nominal
EVALUATING EXPERIENCES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE best
naming and that is all you can do with variables measured on
practices and to ensure high-quality patient care
nominal scales (nominal variables)
CREATIVELY BEAUTIFUL DESIGNS convenience and efficiency
⚫ Ordinal
as they utilize modern technology to adapt to the ever- ordinal implies order (order means ranking)
changing society ⚫ Interval
property that differences in the numbers represent real
STRUCTURAL MATERIALS THAT CAN WITHSTAND VARIOUS differences in the variable
CALAMITIES AND DISASTERS ⚫ Ratio
have the properties of interval variables plus a real absolute
REINVENTION AND GROWTH Presentations are tools that can zero
be used for different purposes
4 Kinds of Variables
⚫ Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS) Such variables in statistics are broadly divided into four
solutions to social problems directly felt by people categories:
⚫ INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
societal behaviors and social issues probably cause, influence, or affect outcomes. They are
invariably called treatment, manipulated, antecedent, or
understanding of social interactions that may lead to the predictor variables
⚫ DEPENDENT VARIABLES
formulation of new theories and practices those that depend on the independent variables; they are the
outcomes or results on the influence of the independent
variable
⚫ INTERVENING VARIABLE OR MEDIATING VARIABLE
“Stand between” the independent and dependent variables,
and they show the effects of the independent variable on the
dependent variable.
⚫ CONTROL VARIABLE
special types of independent variables that are measured in a
study because they potentially influence the dependent
variable.