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Structural Engineering Review-03-07-07-FINAL
Structural Engineering Review-03-07-07-FINAL
Structural Engineering Review-03-07-07-FINAL
PREPARED FOR
MARCH 2007
M3-PN07010
EXCEL CRUSHER TECHNOLOGIES
TINTAYA CRUSHER REPLACEMENT
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING REVIEW
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1 BACKGROUND
Ken Klemons of FFE Minerals and Excel Crusher Technologies contacted M3
Engineering & Technology, leading to purchase order 44970-000 dated 1/16/2007
for structural review. The purpose of this structural engineering review is to
provide a review of the existing concrete foundations for the new Excel 1100
Crushers to be installed at the Tintaya Project in Peru.
The service level forces on the structure from the crusher operation and possible
seismic loads appear to cause stresses in the concrete foundation that are less than
the tensile strength of the concrete. This is desirable to preclude deterioration of
the dynamic performance of the structure. Review of the existing concrete
foundation on the construction drawings show typical reinforcement details.
There is no detail for abrasion-resistant liners at the discharge throat of the
crusher. M3’s experience is that liners are required and significant concrete
erosion can be prevented by providing a diverging cone-shaped discharge as
shown in Sketch 1 (see Appendix A).
Ken Klemons
Excel Crusher Technologies / FFE Minerals
543 A.J. Allen Circle, Suite B
Wales, WI 53183
+1 262 968 9095 x114
Mobile +1 262 501 2424
KenK@excelcrushers.com
2 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
2.1 ANALYSIS
A finite element analysis (FEA) model was constructed using the FEA software
RISA-3D. The software is a three-dimensional FEA program used primarily for
structural analysis and design. The model was constructed using plate elements
for the concrete walls, slab and footing. The soil supporting the foundation was
modeled using spring elements. Three basic static load cases were analyzed:
1. Dead Load
2. Dead Load Plus Seismic
3. Dead Load Plus Crusher Lateral
A dynamic analysis was run to evaluate potential harmonic frequencies that could
amplify the response of the structure to the crusher lateral loads. The first few
modes of the dynamic analysis were evaluated.
The crushers are supported on a 1.0m thick slab which in turn is supported on
1.6m thick wall segments along the short axis of the structure. The wall segments
are supported by a mat foundation that is 1.70m thick. The mat foundation is cast
on a rock foundation.
The vertical loads of the crushers are carried primarily in bending in the top slab.
Frame action transmits some bending to the support walls and foundation. The
lateral loads from the crusher operation and seismic shear are resisted in the
longitudinal direction by frame action combined with wall segments acting as
shear walls. In the transverse direction, the lateral forces are resisted by shear
walls.
The longitudinal direction of the structure is stiff due to the shear wall segments
and the overall stability from the 36.8m long foundation. The transverse direction
of the structure is relatively more flexible due to the bending stiffness of the frame
action and the shorter 8.475m wide foundation dimension.
The crusher center of gravity is approximately 14.0m above the bottom of the
concrete foundation. This results in an included stability angle of 34°. The
The mass ratio of the concrete foundation to the crusher mass is 5.3 to 1. This
exceeds the recommended minimum of 3 to 1.
1. Dead Load
2. Dead Load & Seismic Z
3. Dead Load & Crusher Lateral Z
Load Case 1 included the dead load of the concrete and the dead load of the
crusher. This load case was used for the dynamic analysis.
Load Case 2 included Load Case 1 plus seismic lateral load of 28% of gravity on
the concrete and crusher dead load in the transverse (Z) direction.
Load Case 3 included Load Case 1 plus crusher operating lateral load of 33% of
the crusher dead load in the transverse (Z) direction.
Load Case 2 and 3 were used to analyze the stresses in the concrete structure to
assess potential of cracked concrete sections that can significantly reduce the
structural stiffness and increase dynamic response.
Crusher geometry and foundation loading was obtained from Excel Crusher
drawing RXL 1050-0005 Rev. 3 and drawing RXL 1050-0012 Rev. 0. These
drawings are included in Appendix A – Reference Documents.
The elastic and shear modulus values were used to model an equivalent spring on
elastic foundation stiffness for the FEA model. A value of 13,000 k/cubic foot
(2.05 KN/cubic cm) was used for the vertical coefficient of subgrade reaction.
Tributary areas of the foundation finite element grid were used to calculate
equivalent springs. As an example, for a 2 ft. x 2 ft. tributary area (4 sf), a
vertical spring stiffness of 52,000 k/ft (760 KN/mm) was used. The lateral spring
stiffness was modeled as 40% of the vertical stiffness.
For the geometry of the crusher foundation, this equivalent spring stiffness is
fairly rigid and therefore does not influence amplification of the dynamic
response.
320-42-101 Rev. 4
320-42-102 Rev. 3
320-42-104 Rev. 5
320-42-105 Rev. 3
320-43-203 Rev. 5
320-45-004 Rev. 2
320-45-005 Rev. 3
320-45-314
320-45-320
M3’s experience has shown that extensive erosion of the concrete can occur
below the crusher discharge. Although abrasion-resistant liners are typically
provided, maintenance procedures after startup usually do not replace liners as
frequently as needed. The result is the loss of the liners and then the erosion of
unprotected concrete. Once the concrete has eroded enough to destroy the liner
mounting fixtures, erosion continues until reinforcing steel in the concrete is
compromised. The catastrophic result is failure of the concrete supporting the
crusher. M3 recommends a diverging conical shape below the crusher discharge
that is shown in Sketch 1. This configuration reduces liner wear to near zero and
precludes the destructive erosion of concrete.
2.6 RESULTS
A dynamic analysis was run using the Existing Foundation (Figure 1). Load Case
1 was used for the foundation mass and the crusher mass. The first three vibration
modes were obtained and are shown in Figures 2, 3 and 4. The two relevant
modes are vertical vibration associated with the top slab supporting the crusher
and transverse vibration associated with the frame action in the Z direction.
Longitudinal modes are not relevant in this model since only a slice of one
crusher and foundations was analyzed. The longitudinal modes will be much
higher.
These three modes had frequencies of 433 rpm transverse, 542 rpm longitudinal
and 567 rpm twisting. The crusher has a variable speed drive with countershaft
speed of 588 to 836 rpm and eccentric speed of 215 to 305 rpm. The eccentric
speed compared to the transverse frequency is the primary concern due to the
associated unbalanced force of 28,000 pounds. The ratio of the transverse
frequency (433 rpm) to the eccentric speed is 1.42 to 2.01. The recommended
ratio is 1.5 minimum. This simplified analysis indicates that the transverse
stiffness is slightly below the recommended minimum.
This mode shape is excited only if all three crushers are synchronized together.
This phenomenon is considered very unlikely.
An independent static analysis was run to check the structural strength of the
proposed foundation as follows:
The purpose of this analysis is to assess the stresses in the concrete structure due
to dead load, operational load, and seismic load. The stresses must be less than
the allowable stresses permitted by the governing building code, but also to
prevent cracking in the concrete which can significantly reduce the stiffness of the
structure.
The dynamic analysis was based on uncracked sections of the concrete walls and
slab. This means that stresses due to loading conditions do not exceed the tensile
strength of the concrete. This is important because concrete sections that crack
due to bending stresses that exceed the concrete tensile strength can have cracked
section stiffnesses that are 20% of the uncracked sections. This can reduce the
vibration frequency of the structure by a factor of up to 2, thereby reducing the
frequency ratios from 1.5 to less than 1.0.
The Von Mises stress combines axial and shear stress together to represent the
effects of combined stresses on the concrete. The maximum stress for the six
stress contour plots is 1.63 MPa (236 psi). The proposed foundation appears to be
sized to preclude cracked sections.
Drawings:
“Sketch 1”
“Sketch 2”
“Sketch 3”
M3 is a specialist in study and detail design of crushing and grinding plants worldwide. M3 makes
use of the most proven flowsheet simulation and material handling computer programs. Recently
M3 has installed two (2) SAG mills in North America, the only such projects recently completed.
PROJECT YEAR
PROJECT YEAR
PROJECT YEAR
Maricunga 1998
Refugio Chile
• Foundation Base Changes for Crusher Changeout
PROJECT YEAR
PROJECT YEAR
PROJECT YEAR
PROJECT YEAR
Phelps Dodge Chino SAG Mill Circuit, New Mexico USA 1991
• Four, WF800, Waterflush Pebble Crushers, Nordberg
Interfacing with 28' diameter SAG Mills
and 16.5' diameter Ball Mills
• Recycle Crusher Foundation Upgrades
PROJECT YEAR