CHEMISTRY

code -(042)
A PRACTICAL FILE

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the certificate

of

CLASS – XII

from

CBSE – NEW DELHI

AKSHIT SHARMA

Submitted to:

MOHAMMAD DANISH

(PGT –CHEMISTRY)

SESSION: 2022-23

THE ESPEE GLOBAL SCHOOL, ROORKEE

UTTARAKHAND – 247667 (INDIA)

 The Espee Global School

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Master Akshit Sharma Roll No:_________________ has

successfully completed the project Work entitled ELECTROMAGANETIC

INDUCTION in the subject PHYSICS laid down in the regulations of CBSE for the

purpose of Practical Examination in Class XII to be held in The Espee Global

school on______________.

Signature of PGT(IP)

_______________

Signature of External Examiner

Name: _______________________

Examiner Number: _______________

 Acknowledgement

I wish to express my deep gratitude and

sincere thanks to the school Principal, for his
encouragement and provided facilities for this
school project. I sincerely appreciate his
generosity by taking me into his fold for which I
shall remain indebted to him. I extent my
appreciation to Mr. Danish, our physics teacher
who guided me to the successful competition of
this project. I take this opportunity to express my
deep sense of gratitude to her invaluable
guidance, ongoing encouragement, enormous
motivation, which has sustained my efforts at all
the stages of project development.
 INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS ELECTOMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Electromagnetic or magnetic induction is the

production of an electromotive force (emf) across an electrical
conductor in a changing magnetic field.
Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of
induction in 1831, and James Clerk Maxwell mathematically
described it as Faraday's law of induction. Lenz's law describes
the direction of the induced field. Faraday's law was later
generalized to become the Maxwell–Faraday equation, one of
the four Maxwell equations in his theory of electromagnetism.
Electromagnetic induction has found many applications,
including electrical components such
as inductors and transformers, and devices such as electric
motors and generators
 THEORY

Faraday's law of induction and Lenz's law

Main article: Faraday's law of induction

A solenoid

The longitudinal cross section of a solenoid with a constant

electrical current running through it. The magnetic field lines are
indicated, with their direction shown by arrows. The magnetic
flux corresponds to the 'density of field lines'. The magnetic flux
is thus densest in the middle of the solenoid, and weakest
outside of it.
Faraday's law of induction makes use of the magnetic
flux ΦB through a region of space enclosed by a wire loop. The
magnetic flux is defined by a surface integral:[12]

where dA is an element of the surface Σ enclosed by the wire

loop, B is the magnetic field. The dot
product B·dA corresponds to an infinitesimal amount of
magnetic flux. In more visual terms, the magnetic flux through
the wire loop is proportional to the number of magnetic field
lines that pass through the loop.
When the flux through the surface changes, Faraday's law of
induction says that the wire loop acquires an electromotive
force (emf).[note 1] The most widespread version of this law states
that the induced electromotive force in any closed circuit is
equal to the rate of change of the magnetic flux enclosed by the
circuit:[16][17]

where  is the emf and ΦB is the magnetic flux. The direction of

the electromotive force is given by Lenz's law which states that
an induced current will flow in the direction that will oppose the
change which produced it.[18] This is due to the negative sign in
the previous equation. To increase the generated emf, a
common approach is to exploit flux linkage by creating a tightly
wound coil of wire, composed of N identical turns, each with the
same magnetic flux going through them. The resulting emf is
then N times that of one single wire.[19][20]

Generating an emf through a variation of the magnetic flux

through the surface of a wire loop can be achieved in several
ways:

1. the magnetic field B changes (e.g. an alternating

magnetic field, or moving a wire loop towards a bar
magnet where the B field is stronger),
2. the wire loop is deformed and the surface Σ
changes,
3. the orientation of the surface dA changes (e.g.
spinning a wire loop into a fixed magnetic field),
4. any combination of the above
 Maxwell–Faraday equation

See also: Faraday's law of induction § Maxwell–Faraday

equation
In general, the relation between the emf  in a wire loop
encircling a surface Σ, and the electric field E in the wire is
given by

where dℓ is an element of contour of the surface Σ, combining

this with the definition of flux

we can write the integral form of the Maxwell–Faraday equation

It is one of the four Maxwell's equations, and therefore plays a

fundamental role in the theory of classical electromagnetism.

Eddy currents
By Lenz law of electromagnetic induction, the current swirls
in such a way as to create a magnetic field opposing the change.
Because of the tendency of eddy currents to oppose, eddy
currents cause a loss of energy. Eddy currents transform more
useful forms of energy, such as kinetic energy, into heat, which
isn’t generally useful. In many applications, the loss of useful
energy is not particularly desirable, but there are some practical
applications. Like:

 In the brakes of some trains. During braking, the brakes

expose the metal wheels to a magnetic field which
generates eddy currents in the wheels. The magnetic
 interaction between the applied field and the eddy
currents slows the wheels down. The faster the wheels
spin, the stronger is the effect, meaning that as the train
slows the braking force is reduces, producing a smooth
stopping motion.



 Application of Eddy Currents:

 1. Dead Beat Galvanometers:

The oscillation of a moving coil galvanometer generally take

a long time to die out. But by winding its coil on a metallic frame
made of copper or aluminium the galvanometer can be made
dead beat. It is because, due to production of eddy currents in
a metallic frame. The coil of galvanometer comes to rest very
soon.


 2. Speedometer:
 In speedometer, a small magnet is geared to the main
shaft of the vehicle. The magnet is mounted in an
aluminium cylinder with the help of hair springs. Due to
rotation of magnet eddy currents are produced which led
the drum to oppose the motion of relating magnet drum
experience torque and gets deflected at certain angle.

 3. Electric Brakes:
 A metallic drum is coupled to the wheels of train; so that
when train rotates drum also rotates. In order to stop the
train magnetic field is applied to rotating drum. The eddy
currents produced oppose the motion of drum. Since drum
is connected to wheels of train, it comes to halt.

 There are few galvanometers having a fixed core which

are of nonmagnetic metallic material. When the coil
oscillates, the eddy currents that generate in the core
oppose the motion and bring the coil to rest.
 Induction furnace can be used to prepare alloys, by
melting the metals. The eddy currents generated in the
metals produce high temperature enough to melt it.
 APPLICATION OF EMI
1. Electromagnetic induction in AC generator

2. Electrical Transformers

3 .Magnetic Flow Meter

1.Electromagnetic induction in AC generator

.

One of the important application of electromagnetic

induction is the generation of alternating current.

The AC generator with an output capacity of 100 MV is a more

evolved machine. As the coil rotates in a magnetic field B, the
effective area of the loop is A cosθ, where θ is the angle
between A and B. This is a method of producing a flux change is
the principle of operation of a simple ac generator.  The axis of
rotation coil is perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field.
The rotation of the coil causes the magnetic flux through it to
change, so an emf keeps inducing in the coil.

2. Electrical Transformers

Another important application of electromagnetic induction is

an electrical transformer. A transformer is a device that
changes ac electric power at one voltage level to another level
through the action of a magnetic field. A step-down
transformer is the one in which the voltage is higher in the
primary than the secondary voltage. Whereas the one in which
the secondary voltage has more turns is a step-up
transformer. Power companies use a step transformer to
boost the voltage to 100 kV, that reduces the current and
minimizes the loss of power in transmission lines. On the other
end, household circuits use step-down transformers to
decrease the voltage to the 120 or 240 V in them.

3. Magnetic Flow Meter

Magnetic flow meters, also known as electromagnetic flow
meters or mag meters, are often selected because they are
obstruction less, cost-effective, bi-directional, and provide
highly accurate volumetric flow measurement. A range of liner
materials, electrode options and line sizes accommodate a
wide variety of process applications. For aggressive high noise
applications, look to our Slurry Platform for optimum
performance.
USES-Magnetic flow meters are well suited for a variety of
applications across a range of industries including pulp and
paper, metals and mining, water and wastewater, food and
beverage, chemical and petrochemical and oil and gas.
Because the magnetic flow meter design does not leave any
protrusions or obstructions in the pipe, they are able to
accommodate an array of applications from clean and sanitary
liquids to slurries and highly corrosive or abrasive fluids.

Expression for Motional e.m.f.

Consider that a uniform magnetic field B confined to the region

PQRS
and a coil ABCD is placed inside the magnetic field. The
direction of magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of the
coil and in inward direction.
Consider that at any time t, the part BA’ = CD’ = x(say) of the
coil inside the magnetic field. If l is the length of the arm BC of
the coil, then area of coil inside the magnetic field at any time t.
A = BCX CD’ = lx
Therefore magnetic flux linked with the coil at any time t.
f = BA = Blx
Suppose that the coil is pulled out of the magnetic field with
velocity n. As the coil is pulled out magnetic flux linked with the
coil changes. The time rate of change of magnetic flux linked
with the coil is given by
If e is induced e.m.f. produced, then

e = -Bln
The negative sign shows that induced e.m.f. opposes to the coil
being pulled out of magnetic field.
Mutual Induction :

Consider two coil P and S are placed very close to each

other. Coil P consists of battery and tapping key and coil S
consists of galvanometer G. When the key of coil P is pressed
then magnetic flux is building and induced e.m.f. produced in it
opposes the flow of magnetic flux. Because coil P and coil S
are very close to each other. So magnetic flux also changed in
coil S and induced current is produced which opposes the
direction of flow of magnetic lines of force in coil P.
The phenomenon according to which an opposing e.m.f. is
produced in a coil as a result of change in current or magnetic
flux linked with a neighbouring coil is called mutual induction.

Coefficient of Mutual Induction:

Suppose that current I is flowing through coil P and f be the
magnetic flux linked with coil S
f a I
f = MI
M = Coefficient of mutual induction.
Let e be the induced e.m.f. in coil S.
e =    – (-ive sign shows opposition of induced e.m.f.)
M = e / 
The mutual inductance of two coils is said to be one Henry, if a
rate of change of current of 1 ampere per second in one coil
induces an e.m.f. of 1 volt in neighbouring coil.
Self-Induction

Consider a coil connected to a battery and a tapping key. When

key K is pressed magnetic lines of forces starts growing
through it and induced e.m.f. is produced. Direction of induced
e.m.f. is opposite to that of growth of current. On the other
hand, when key is released the current in the coil decreases
and e.m.f. is produced in opposite direction. Thus during both
growth and decay of current an opposite induced e.m.f. is
produced. This e.m.f. is called back e.m.f.
The phenomenon according to which an opposing induced
e.m.f. is produced in the coil as a result of change in current or
magnetic flux linked with the coil is called self-induction.

Coefficient of Self Induction:

Suppose when key is pressed, current I flows through the coil

and magnetic flux f linked with the coil.
f a I
f = MI
L is called coefficient of self-induction.
Let e be the induced e.m.f.
e = 
e =   (-ive sign shows opposing nature of induced e.m.f.)
M = e / 
Self-inductance of a coil is said to be one Henry if a rate of
change of current of 1 ampere per second induces an e.m.f. of
one volt.