Phrases

Example :
Yudi’s friends, Ines, have a crush on my
brother.
Meaning of Phrases Yudi dijelaskan memiliki teman bernama Ines.
A group of words consisting of two or more words  Non-restrictive appositive
(as part of a sentence or clause) and functioning as Nouns or noun phrases that are considered
a unit that gives meaning. non-essential, because if they are omitted, this
does not disturb the integrity of the meaning of
the sentence.
Prepositional Phrase
Meaning of Prepositional Phrase
Prepsitional phrase is a combination of two or more
Gerund
words that provide information about a place, time, Words that end in -ing. That is, verbs that use the
or condition. ending -ing.
Pattern :
 Preposition + Noun, Pronoun, Gerund, or Types and Example
Clause  As the subject of the sentence
 Preposition + Modifier(s) + Noun,  Dancing is my hobby.
Pronoun, Gerund, or Clause  Reading is my favorite thing to do.
Example :  As the object of the sentence
 I will sleep all day long at home.  He enjoys that band’s guitar playing.
At dalam kalimat di samping merupakan  Patrick and I love watching anime.
preposisi atau preposition sedangkan home
merupakan noun.  As a complement
 I got it from my mom.  My mother’s daily activity is eating
From my mom adalah sebuah prepostion  His hobby is collecting stamps.
phrase. From merupakan preposisi dan my  As the object of a preposition
mom merupakan noun.  I was thinking about placing a new
swing in the garden.
Types  I am angry for intentionally letting
myself fail an exam.
 Prepositional single
Since In
After Through Invitive Phrases
To By A phrase in which there is an infinitive, object, or
Without Unlike modifier (the modifier itself can be a word, phrase,
or clause which is an adjective/adverb.
Between For
Example :
With
 To make you smile is my dream.
 Preposition Complex Infinitive phrase dalam kalimat tersebut
Next to Because of berfungsi sebagai nouns. Ia merupakan subjek
In front of Far from dari ‘is’.
As for Along with
In case for As well as  He was bored to hear your story.
On behalf of Due to Infinitive phrase dalam kalimat tersebut
According to berfungsi sebagai objek langsung dari ‘wants’.

Appositive Pharse Participle and participial Phrase

A word or phrase that functions to explain or describe the Meaning Participle and Participial
noun or pronoun it follows. A participle is a verbal ending in -ing (present) or -
ed, -en, -d, -t, -n, or -ne (past) that functions as an
Types appositive phrase adjective, modifying a noun or pronoun. A
participial phrase consists of a participle plus
 Restrictive appositive modifier(s), object(s), and/or complement(s).
Nouns or noun phrases that contain important Participles and participial phrases must be placed as
information (essential elements) related to the close to the nouns or pronouns they modify as
noun they describe.
possible, and those nouns or pronouns must be  The Labors had been demonstrating
clearly stated. for two hours before you came
A participial phrase is set off with commas when it:  As an Adjective
 comes at the beginning of a sentence  The novels written by Raditya are my
 interrupts a sentence as a nonessential favorite novels
element  The bike which is being parked the is
 comes at the end of a sentence and is
Ducatti
separated from the word it modifies.
Example :
 The girl wearing a black dress is my sister.
 The man running for 2 hours, is my uncle.

 The athlete carrying the ball is from

Mexico.
 The boy playing basketball is my brother

Present Participle
Meaning Present Particple
The form of the verb which in English ends in –ing
and comes after another verb to indicate continuing
action. The present participle is used to form the
present continuous.

Types
 Continuous Tense
 Ama and her sister are shopping in the
mall near my house.
 I was cleaning my house when my
aunt came.
 Sense Verbs
 I saw her carrying a large box.
 I Heard the teaching discussing the
study tour.
 Participial Adjectives
 It was such an interesting story.
 His words were convincing enough.

Past Participle
Meaning Past Participle
The third verb or verb 3 of the verb used in the
present perfect tense. As a verb, this tense has a
form that ends in “ed” and “d”.

Types
Sentences
 As a verb. Meaning Sentences
 That room is cleaned every day A collection of meaningful words,
patterned as subject and verb, can stand
alone, and express an idea or notion in full. Interrogative Sentences
In writing, a sentence begins with a capital Interrogative sentences are sentences that
letter and ends with an ending sign in the are used to make questions, whether they
form of a full stop (point), question mark, are in the form of affirmative or negative.
or exclamation mark. Example :
Are they ready for the trial?
Simple Sentences Don’t you feel it?
Simple sentence is a simple sentence that
consists of one main clause. Exclamatory Sentence
Example : Exclamatory sentences are sentences that
 Tom typed the paper himself. are used to express strong feelings.
 They are going to celebrate the Example :
victory. How big this statue is!
 Everything is under control. Just do it!

Compound Sentences Imperative Sentences

A sentence formed from two main Imperative sentences are sentences that
sentences connected by a coordinate function to give commands or prohibitions.
conjunction (and, or, but), a conjunctive Example :
adverb (however, therefore, hence), or a Close the lid after shutdown.
semicolon. Don’t leave your luggage unguarded.
Example :
 He is tired, but he is excited.
 He is tired; however, he is excited.
 He is tired; he is excited.

Compound-complex
sentence
A sentence that joins two main clauses and
one or more subordinate clauses.
Example :
 Although he is tired, he is excited,
but he does not want to go there
again.

Use Sentences
Declarative Sentences
Declarative sentence is a sentence that is
used to make a statement, either in
affirmative (positive) or negative form.

Example :
Word Classes
The scenery is very picturesque. Meaning Word Classes
I don’t want to get bored with it. Group of words in language units based on
categories of form, function, and meaning in the
grammatical system.

Noun
Words that name things, such as people, places,
things, even ideas or ideas.
Common Noun
Nouns that describe the names of people, things, or
places in general.
Example :
Singer, tower, restaurant, theme park, zoo,
mountain, etc.
Proper Noun
Consists of one or two words and we must always
start with a capital letter. Usually these nouns are
used for names of institutions, organizations, days,
months, nations, religions, and places.
Example :
Tissue – Kleenex
Ocean – Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean
Country – Indonesia, Australia
Dog – Chihuahua, St. Bernard
Singular Noun
Nouns denote things that are one in number. These
nouns are usually preceded by the article “a, an,
the”.
Example :
An airplane, A letter, A bicycle, A map, a boy, A
photograph, A bus, A refrigerat.
Plural Nouns
When you are talking about Two or more people,
animals, Places, or things, use plural nouns. Most
nouns are made Plural by adding -s at the end.
Example : camels, desks, Dolls, beaches,
sandwiches, etc.
Collective Noun
A word that can describe a collection or group of
people or other things.
Example :
Abstract Noun
Intangible nouns, cannot be perceived by the five
senses. Abstract nouns include feelings, ideals,
qualities, characteristics, and actions.
Example :
Sorrow, belief, truth, religion, taste, disbeliefe,
heaven, movement, and adventure.
Adjectives
Words used to describe nouns or pronouns which
can be people, places, animals, objects or abstract
concepts.
Cooperative Adjectives
An adjective used to compare two objects by
adding the suffix ‘-er’ to the end of the adjective.
By adding the suffix ‘-er’.
Example :
Dinda is more honest than her sister.
Erick is more handsome than his brother.
Your home is more modern than my home.
Ferrari is more expensive than BMW.
Superlative Adjectives
Adverbs or adjectives that indicate that the object
being described has more quality than other similar
objects.
Example :
My personal computer is the cheapest
Today is the worst day ever
Positive Adjectives
Describe people, places, and things in a positive
way. Using these noun modifiers, you can express
emotions such as satisfaction, love, amusement,
hope, and more.
Example :
Steve is happy today.
Her wise words fired up the crowd.
Suzy’s always cooperative with her classmates.
Pronoun
Pronouns are words that are used to replace nouns.
In this case, a noun can be a person, an object, a
place, even an action or an idea.
Singular Pronouns
Is a pronoun for a person in the singular. What is
included in the singular pronoun namely :
First person : I, me, my, mine,and myself.
Second person : you, your, yours and yourself.
Third person : he, she, it, him, her, his, its, himself,
herself, and itself.
Plural Pronouns
Pronouns used for nouns that number more than
one, aka plural. The part of a plural pronoun is :
First person : we, us, our, ours, and ourselves.
Second person : you, your, yours, yourselves.
Third person : they, them, their, themselves.
Verb
Verbs that function to describe actions or
circumstances directly or indirectly, seen or not
seen.
Verb past
Verbs used in sentences that express or
relate to the past or the past.
Example :
Regular verb.
Tina cleaned her room this morning
I checked the package last night
Irregular verb
I bought a new cell phone yesterday.
My mother saw her old friend at the café.
Future Verb
A form of a verb that expresses an action or state in
the future.
Example : will eating, is going, to eat.
Present Verb
Verb used in the present tense.
Example : eats is eating
Imperative Verbs
Imperative verbs are not only classified as verb
groups, but also mood verbs, which mean verbs that
aim to express. The expression of the imperative
verb itself is in the form of an imperative sentence /
imperative sentence, and imperative verbs can be
categorized as those that appear at the beginning of
a sentence or get additions.
Example :
Close the door when I do my creative projects!
Clean up those clutters for me!
Negative Verbs
A negative verb is formed by adding “not” to a
main verb, making the whole statement untrue.
Example :
It was not raining.
I do not like reading.
Interrogative Verbs
Is a verb that includes a semantic wh element and is
used in wh questions
Example :
When will you visit your moms?
Where do you live?
Conditional Verb
Are used to create conditional sentences, which
express hypothetical or unlikely situations.
Example :
If I had enough money, I would travel around the
world.
If Alex finishes his essay, he will come over
tomorrow.
Active Verbs
The type of verb that impresses the subject does
what is in the verb. Simply put, active verbs are
part of direct speech or direct speech. Active verbs
are not always verb 1 or -ing verbs.
Example :
Charlotte talks for an incredibly long time.
Anthony is throwing the football.
Passive Verbs
Verb where the subject is subjected to a job or
action from the verb, meaning that the subject is not
the one who performs an action.
Example :
The red car is driven by my mother everyday.
The lime is being squeezed by Rara.
Adverb
Adverbs or additional words that provide a clearer
and more detailed description of verbs, adjectives,
or other adverbs.
Comparative Adverb
An adverb’s job is to modify a verb, so we use a
comparative adverb to compare two verb actions to
one another.
Example : More quietly, More slowly, more
seriously.
Superlative Adverb
Mostly function to compare a person, place, or
thing to three or more other people, places, or
things.
Example : worst, farthest, least, beast.
Degree Adverb
Tell us about the intensity of something. Adverbs
of degree are usually placed before the adjective,
adverb, or verb that they modify, although there are
some exceptions.
Example : almost, very, too, enough.
Conjunction
Conjunctions are words used to connect equivalent
language units (word to word, phrase to phrase,
clause to clause, sentence to sentence, and so on).
Time links
Conjunctions are used to connect words and
sentences together. Time conjunctions are words
that tell use when something happened.
Example : after, before, until, since, when, While,
as, Whenever, by.
Causal links
Conjunctions that function to explain reasons and
why or cause and effect, where one thing can cause
another thing to happen.
Example : as a result, because, consequently, duet
to the, therefore, for this reason.
Conditional Links
Words that we can use instead of if in conditional
sentences.
Example : provided that, providing that, as long as,
supposing, on condition that.
Place links
A kind of subordinating conjunction talking about
the whereabouts of something.
Example : beyond, opposite to, here, adjacent to,
next to.
Preposition
Words that come before nouns and pronouns.
In (di, didalam)
In indicates that something is in or is in a place.
Ex : I live in bandung
On (di, diatas permukaan)
On is used to indicate a more specific place than in,
namely on the floor of a building, on a street, and
on the surface of an object.
Ex : The bakery is on Jalan Beo.
Under (dibawah)
Under which means under is used when the
position of the object in question is under
something or another object and it is covered.
Ex : There are many coral reefs under the sea.
Up (tinggi)
Up to talk about a higher position or movement to a
higher position.
Ex : He was up a ladder painting.
After (setelah)
After can be used before a noun phrase.
Ex : The bank is just after the park, on the left.
With (dengan)
In the same place as someone or something’ or
‘accompanying.
Ex : She arrived with her boyfriend
Round
Is often used with verbs of movement, such as
‘walk’ and ‘drive’, and also in phrasal verbs such as
‘get round’ and ‘hand round’.
Over
To talk about movement or position at a higher
level than something else
Ex : A beautiful white bird flew over the lake.
Trough
From one end or side of something to the other.
Ex : They walked slowly through the woods.
Determiners
A word that introduces a noun or gives information
about the quantity of a noun.
The Articles
The articles is divided into three types, namely : a,
an, the.
The is commonly called the definite article. The
definite article use them with singular nouns to talk
about any single person or thing only.
The words a and an are called indefinite articles.
Can use with singular nouns to talk about any
single person or thing only.
Example : the idea a dictionary an apple
The race a book an elephant
Demonstrative Determiners
This, that, these and those are demonstrative
Determiners. Used to tell which thing or person you
mean.
This and these to point to people near you.

That and those to point to people or things that are

farther from you.
This and that before singular nouns
These and those before plural nouns

Example : I am keeping these book

I am selling those book

Interrogative Determiners
Use the words what, which, and whose before
nouns to ask about people or things. These words
are called interrogative Determiners or
interrogative adjectives.

Example : What color is her hair?

Which kind of clothes do you like to wear?
Whose footprints are these?

Possessive Determiners
The words my, your, his, her, its, our, their call
possessive Determiners. Use these words before
nouns to say who something belongs to.
First person : my and our.
Second person : your.
Third person : his, her, its, and their.
Example : The dentist asked his patients to open
her mouth. I lent Margaret my guitar.

Paragraph Structure
Meaning
The parts that make up a paragraph. The
goal of writing paragraphs using structure
is to make them logical, effective, and easy
to understand.

Topic Sentence
State the main topic, opinion, or idea.
Often the topic sentence is placed at the
beginning of the paragraph, although not
always.
This idea is later explained by other
sentences. To make things easier, state the
important information first.
Example : A nutritious diet is one way of
maintaining good health.
Topik paragraf tersebut adalah maintaining
good health. Lalu gagasan utamanya
adalah melakukan nutritious diet.
of owning a hybrid car, it is likely that
many more people will follow Alex’s
example in the near future.

Supporting Sentences
Supporting sentences explain the ideas that
have been mentioned in the topic sentence.
Supporting sentences can contain
explanations, facts, statistics, quotes,
examples, or evidence.
Example :
Barnard (2000) suggests that “. . . the
depiction of women in the commercials . . .
reveals radio’s true perception of and
attitude towards the female listener.”
(Supporting sentence: quotation) His
suggestion here would be that daytime
radio tends to reinforce gender stereotypes;
(Supporting sentence: reason) however the
decision to hire Zoe Ball to host the BBC
Radio 1 Breakfast Show in 1997 reflects a
decision to redress the balance.
(Supporting sentence: example) Ball’s
image as being a hardened drinker and her
controversial lifestyle have been cited as
contributing to what became known in the Tenses
late 1990s as the ‘ladette culture.’ Simple Present Tense
(Supporting sentence: fact) Meaning of Present Tense
A sentences that is used to describe an
Concluding Sentence action that is carried out routinely or on a
Concluding sentence Summarizes all the daily basis.
ideas conveyed in the paragraph. This
sentence repeats the main discussion in the Characteristics
topic sentence without using the exact
same words. This sentence will connect • The predicte from of the
with the next paragraph. sentences in this tense always
Concluding sentences may contain in the form of bare infinitive,
repetition of the main idea, a summary of which means that in third
the discussion, conclusions, predictions, person the verb is singular,
suggestions, or recommendations. always ends in letter (s/es/it’s) .
Example : • The form of Interrogative
Topic sentence: There are numerous sentence in verbal sentence is
advantages to owning a hybrid car. formed by adding the words
Concluding sentence: Given the low do/does an to be (am, is, are)
running costs and environmental benefits for non verbal sentences.
 • In the form of negative (-) The train does not leave at 6.00 a.m.
sentences add the word do not (?) Does the train leave at 6.00 a.m?
(don’t) the suffix (s/es/ies) is
removed from the verb.
Function

• To express habit, truth, general

truth, repeat an action or
unchanging situations emotions
and desires.
• To give instructions or
directions
• Express the future after several
conjunctions.
Types
 Nominal Sentences
Are sentences whose predicates or
verbs do not action but state the name,
state, and place.
• Positive Sentences
Pattern : S + to be (am, is, are)
+N
• Negative Sentences.
Pattern : S + to be + not + N
• Interrogative Sentences
Pattern : To be + S + N

Example :
(+) Susan helps her aunt in aunt’s flower
shop.
(-) Susan do not help her aunt in aunt’s
flower shop.
(?) Does Susan help her aunt in aunt’s
flower shop?
 Verbal Sentences
Is a sentences that States an event that
becomes a habit or is carried out a
certain time.
o Positive Sentences
Pattern : S + Verb 1 + O
o Negative Sentences
Pattern : S + do/does + not + V1 +
O
o Interrogative sentences
Pattern : Do/does + S + Verb 1 + ?

Example :
(+) The train leaves at 6.00 a.m.